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How do animals protect themselves from enemies? Performed by the teacher of Lyceum No. 180 in Nizhny Novgorod Bakhmetova Marina Valerievna

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? Most animals, even predators, can themselves become prey for other animals, so each species has its own ways of protecting itself from enemies.

In living nature, wherever a predator hunts for prey, there is a silent war, the weapon of which is color and color, and the strategy of both sides is camouflage. The slightest “puncture” threatens death, because the process of evolution knows no mercy. The art of camouflage in the animal kingdom has been perfected over millions of years, keeping pace with the development of body shapes and behavior. The result of this process was a myriad of color tricks and traps.

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? The hare has many enemies: wolves, foxes, stoats, weasels, yard and hunting dogs, as well as birds of prey. The hare has two ways to defend itself from enemies: - hide, become invisible among; - the hare is known to be rescued long legs.

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? When in danger, cats arch their backs, raise their fur, and hiss to appear scarier than they really are.

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? Strong legs and powerful antlers help the moose fight off even such dangerous predator like a wolf.

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? In an effort to divert the attention of enemies, some animals pretend to be dead, and lizards, in case of danger, are even ready to sacrifice their wonderful tail (in a few weeks they will grow a new one).

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? And here’s how the little bombardier beetle learned to defend itself from enemies: it “fires” at them, releasing a stream of caustic liquid with a sharp bang, which instantly turns into a gas cloud. The beetle can fire 8-10 “shots” in a row, causing all its enemies to run away in fear.

How do animals protect themselves from enemies? If a porcupine is threatened with an attack, it raises the quills on its back and tail with the point up and back. Then he rattles his "rattles" of needles, demonstrating that he is dangerous. If this does not work and the predator approaches, the porcupine lunges at the enemy with its backside, and its quills pierce the skin of the attacker.

Animals are camouflaged by an owl. For some animals, protective coloring or an amazing shape helps them seem to merge with the objects around them.

Animals camouflage the chameleon can even change color to match environment

Animals camouflage themselves When approaching the nest of a European bittern, this bird does not fly away, but, raising its head and stretching its neck, sways rhythmically along with the surrounding reeds, like the same reed in the wind.

Animals camouflage wolf

Animals camouflage owl

Animals camouflage lioness

Animals camouflage lion

Animals camouflage arctic fox

Animals camouflage partridges

Meeting with natural enemy usually ends in the death of the animal, therefore, in the process of evolution, only individuals with in effective ways protection. How do animals protect themselves from enemies, what protective devices have they acquired in the struggle for survival?

Animals defend themselves in different ways. Some quickly run away, others skillfully hide or disguise themselves, and others defend themselves. It all depends on the size of the animal, its lifestyle and the protective organs that Mother Nature has endowed it with. Below are the most interesting ways protection.

How animals defend themselves when running away from enemies

The hare, running away, reaches speeds of up to 70 km/h, but this is not a record. Saigas, gazelles and antelopes are able to flee from danger at a speed of 80 km/h. Moreover, some animals are capable of making ultra-long jumps while running: for example, a roe deer is up to six meters long, and an impala antelope is up to 11 meters long and up to 3 meters high.

How animals protect themselves by hiding from enemies

A hole is the most reliable shelter of an animal, but some animals, such as a fox or a beaver, “guessed” that it was better if there were two exits from it, distant from each other. And the beaver’s entrance and exit to its “hut” are completely underwater.

The same applies to such seemingly open shelters as bird nests. This is how the Cayenne swift builds a tube-shaped nest. One hole in such a nest is a wide and noticeable, but dead-end “entrance” for “strangers,” and the second is a small and inconspicuous entrance for the swift itself.

How animals protect themselves by camouflage

The real masters of camouflage are insects. So even the sharp eyes of birds cannot distinguish a praying mantis sitting on a bush or tree from a twig or leaf. Some insects even imitate the vibration of plants from the wind with their body movements.

The coloring of the surface of the body of many animals coincides with the primary colors of their usual habitat; it is, as they say, protective. It is for the purpose of camouflage that the seasonal molting of some animals living in the northern hemisphere, for example, hares, occurs.

How animals protect themselves by defending themselves

Animals defend themselves with whatever they can: with teeth, claws (wolves, cats, bears), horns, hooves (elk, deer), quills (hedgehogs, porcupines) and even tails (sea cat). But especially interesting are animals that use chemicals produced by their bodies to protect themselves.

An ordinary ladybug, when attacked or frightened, releases many droplets of an unpleasant-smelling bright yellow liquid called quinenone. Birds do not like the smell of quinenone; they mistake it for poison and, having grabbed a ladybug, immediately release it.

When in danger, southern bombardier beetles secrete a liquid that instantly evaporates in air with a slight “explosion,” forming a cloud. The beetle is capable of performing this “trick” several times in a row, and a series of such unexpected “explosions” very often scares away enemies.

Some types of cobras (Indian spitting, African black-necked and collared) defend themselves by “spitting” venom into the eyes of the enemy as a sniper. Moreover, the black-necked cobra can perform this operation up to twenty times in a row.

How does a skunk protect itself from enemies?

The legendary animal that defends itself using chemical secretions is the North American skunk. In defense, he turns his back to the attacker, raises his tail and pours very unpleasant-smelling secretions of the anal glands on the enemy.

These secretions literally repel the aggressor with their smell and, once on any surface, retain their smell for a very long time. North American motorists have been unable to wash their cars for several months after they were hit by a chemical skunk attack.

Some animals defend themselves from enemies by taking on a threatening appearance, leaving parts of their body in the paws of the attacker, or even pretending to be dead. There are many methods of protection, and their effectiveness can be evidenced by the fact that the representative of the fauna using them has not yet disappeared from the lists of the animal world of our planet.

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Slide captions:

HOW ANIMALS PROTECT FROM ENEMS Most animals, even predators, can themselves become prey for other animals, so each species has its own ways of protecting itself from enemies.

Methods of protection Flight Disguise Warning coloring Intimidation Hide in a hole Hit with horns, leg or hoof Shell Needles

DIGGING HOLES

DEFENSE WITH LEGS AND HORNS Strong legs and powerful horns help the elk fight off even such a dangerous predator as the wolf. YAKIs protect themselves from wolves by forming a circle. Zebras and ostriches fight off predators with powerful kicks.

As you know, the hare is saved by its long legs. Running for their lives

THEY USE PROTECTIVE COLORING For some animals, protective coloring or an amazing shape helps them blend in with the objects around them. And some of them (like the chameleon) can even change color to match their environment.

Leaf-tailed or satanic gecko (lizard).

Mimicking toad.

HIDING In an effort to divert the attention of enemies, some animals pretend to be dead, and lizards, in case of danger, are even ready to sacrifice their wonderful tail (it will grow back in a few weeks). a new one for yourself). Deer and roe deer hide very well in the forest.

Like armor - military equipment Shell

USING THE HELP OF NEIGHBORS Clown fish and hermit crabs use the stinging tentacles of sea anemones to protect themselves from enemies. Sea anemone venom is harmless to them.

TERRITIZATION Cats, when in danger, arch their backs, raise their fur and hiss to appear scarier than they really are. This technique is also used by some species of lizards.

Needles – hedgehog and porcupine

REMEMBER! Animals have claws, teeth, hooves, protective coloring to protect themselves from predators, but from humans and their modern weapons they have no protection. TAKE CARE OF ANIMALS! DON'T LET THEM DESTROY!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Presentation "How animals protect themselves"

Additional material for the lesson the world. The presentation clearly shows ways to protect wild animals from enemies....

A selection of information on methods of protecting animals." Used for work in groups (for independent study and preparation of a message for classmates." To accompany the report I used...

Introduction

Part 1. How do animals protect themselves?

Part 2. Viewing and analysis of documentaries and feature films about methods of protecting animals

Part 3. Experiment

Conclusion

Introduction

Before choosing a topic for my research, I asked myself the question: What interests me most? What do I do most often in free time? And I realized that I was very interested in the life of animals. And now I want to better and more fully convey my ideas to you. The topic of my research work is: “How do animals defend themselves?” I chose this topic because I love animals and I am interested in everything that happens in their world. This topic is experimental - theoretical.

Goal of the work: learn how different animals, birds and insects survive and protect themselves

Task: Learn animal self-defense techniques

Object of study- animals

Subject of study– ways to protect animals

Research methods:study and analysis of literature, conducting an experiment, observation method, using Internet resources.

Part 1.

How do animals defend themselves?

To solve this problem, I put forward a number of hypotheses - assumptions about how animals defend themselves?

Suppose animals defend themselves using features of their bodies.

Let's say animals defend themselves using their physical characteristics.

It is possible that they want to prove to everyone that they know how to defend themselves in any situation.

What if they didn't know how to defend themselves?

I started my research activities by working with the encyclopedia and books about animals. From V. Bianchi’s book “The First Hunt,” I learned how many animals defend themselves from enemies. The bittern is a swamp resident, standing on one leg among the reeds, itself with yellow and brown spots, the wind is blowing, the reeds are swaying, the yellow and brown stripes are swaying back and forth, where can you see the bird. The hoopoe spread out on the ground and looked like a bright rag, the whirligig bird has a longitudinal stripe on its back, when it wriggles, the stripe looks like a snake, this is how the bird camouflages itself. The lizard will not regret leaving the enemy’s tail; it will grow a new one, but it itself will remain intact. Very interesting information I got it by talking to my grandfather. It turns out that smell is also a protection. Skunk scares away predators unpleasant smell. The tiny bombardier beetle walks along the ground, not hiding anywhere. As soon as his enemy grabs him, he will immediately pour a caustic stream at him - the predator runs away, and the bombardier beetle goes on about its business.The wolf is a predator, it is protected by sharp teeth and strong, fast legs; wolves hunt in a pack. As you know, the hare is saved by its long legs.Strong legs and powerful antlers help the moose fight off even such a dangerous predator as the wolf.

Part 2.

Viewing and analysis of documentaries and feature films

In my research work Documentary and feature films have helped me a lot. It turns out that an animal lives in the eucalyptus forests; it looks like a bear, it is a koala. He spends most of his life sitting in the crown of trees and this is also a way of protecting himself from enemies, and the main enemy is humans, since koalas have valuable fur. The computer and the Internet played a huge role in my work. Some species of toad lizards, when in extreme danger, shoot their blood from the corners of their eyes at a predator at a distance of up to 1.5 meters. In an effort to distract the attention of enemies, some animals pretend to be dead: fox, chipmunk, goats and many others. When the Australian frilled lizard wants to scare away an enemy, it raises its brightly colored collar and opens its mouth wide. The size and color of the collar make the lizard look large and scary. Birds often use alarm calls to alert other birds that an enemy is approaching.

An animal's territory is usually the area in which the animal lives, feeds, and defends it from other animals.

The woodpecker declares its rights to the territory not only with sharp cries, but also with loud drumming, which it taps with its beak on ringing tree trunks.

Interesting and affordable way obtaining new knowledge - observation method. I watched the cat, how it behaves in case of danger. The cat arches its back, fluffs its tail, extends its claws and hisses terribly. With this pose she scares away enemies. When danger approaches, geese begin to scream loudly, spread their wings and try to pinch the enemy.

Part 3

Experiment

Further method of my research activities became an experiment.

1. I chose the object of observation - it was a turtle.
2. Prepared equipment and materials
3. Conducted an experiment

While the turtle feels safe, it crawls, eats grass or just lies down, but as soon as you tap your finger on its shell, the turtle immediately hides in its house and cannot be reached.After conducting an experiment with a turtle, I became convinced that as soon as you touch the animal, the turtle immediately hides in its shell.

This is how she protects herself from danger.thus, animals protect themselves and survive in the world around them.

I was very interested in doing this work. All my hypotheses were confirmed, some animals defend themselves using the features of their body, others, their physical characteristics, and others perhaps want to prove to everyone that they know how to defend themselves in any situation. Now I understand that if animals did not know how to defend themselves, they would simply disappear from the face of the earth.

Conclusion

It is very difficult for living beings to survive in this world. I think that the main task of people is not only to live on this planet, but also to provide living conditions for all living beings inhabiting our beautiful land.

The main task of people is to preserve and protect nature! Then you can continue your research and learn about how the inhabitants of the waters of our planet are protected, or about ways to protect the inhabitants of the Arctic. I plan to continue working in this direction because I like to learn something new from the life of animals. For my classmates and children who are interested in learning how animals protect themselves, I have prepared a small brochure. I would also like to thank you for your assistance in researching this topic of my class teacher Irina Vladimirovna, mother and my grandfather.

References: encyclopedia of animals, Bianchi's First Hunt

Preview:

Municipal educational institution

"Nasonovskaya secondary school"

Valuysky district, Belgorod region

How

Are the animals defending themselves?

(to help with lessons about the world around us)

Prepared by:

3rd grade student

Davydova Sofia

year 2013 1. PROTECTIVE PAINTING

Often the color of animals is similar to the color of the environment in which they live. For example, desert snakes or lizards are colored grayish-yellow, matching the color of the surrounding soil and vegetation, and animals living among the snow have white fur or plumage. A color that matches the main color of the environment and helps the animal remain invisible to the enemy is called protective, or protective. This type of coloration may be to some extent the same for animals from completely different geographical areas. natural areas. For example, grasshoppers or mantises, frogs, toads or lizards living in the grassy area of ​​the middle zone are characterized by a green color. It also predominates in the coloring of insects, amphibians or reptiles. tropical forests, where even among birds there are many species with green plumage. Often, protective painting includes a pattern. For example, ribbon butterflies have grayish-brown upper wings with many stripes, lines, and spots. When the ribbon fly sits along a tree trunk and folds its wings into a “house,” it literally merges with the color and pattern of the bark. An important element protective coloring is the principle of counter-shading, in which the illuminated side of the animal’s body is colored darker than that in the shadow. This protective coloration is found in fish swimming in upper layers water. Dark but illuminated sun rays the back and light but shaded belly make these fish hardly noticeable to predators both above and below. On the postcard: desert snake efa, red ribbon butterfly, tree mantis, mackerel fish.

2. REPEAL COLOR

Animals with bright colors are clearly visible against the surrounding background. As a rule, such animals stay open and do not hide when there is danger. They do not need to be careful or hasty, since they are most often inedible or poisonous. Their bright coloring is a kind of warning to others - don’t touch them! Repelling, or warning, colors are various combinations of the most contrasting colors: red, black, yellow, white. It is characteristic of many stinging insects that have poisonous glands, such as wasps or hornets, as well as insects with odorous glands, such as blister beetles, ladybugs, caterpillars of the spurge hawkmoth or swallowtail. Most birds usually do not touch insects with this coloration. Those species of animals whose skin glands secrete poisonous mucus, such as fire salamanders or dart frogs, also have a repellent coloration. The mucus of dart frogs is so poisonous that the natives use it to treat the tips of hunting arrows. One poisoned arrow can kill one large animal like a leopard. Some animals with intimidating colors, such as boxfish, have a hard “shell” that protects them from attack by other fish.

3. CHANGING COLOR

Nature has endowed some animals with the ability to change color when transitioning from one color environment to another. This property serves as reliable protection for the animal, as it makes it unnoticeable in any environment. In addition to the flounder fish, which is well known for its rapid color change, the thalassoma fish, which is blue in the water column and turns yellow at the bottom, changes its color to match its environment. Pipefish, pipits and blennies instantly become camouflaged: in the zone of red algae they become red, among green algae they become green, and in a yellow environment they become yellow. Some lizards also change color. This property is especially pronounced in tree lizard chameleon. The rapid change of color from green to yellow or brown makes it almost invisible on the branches among the foliage. In addition, the chameleon can scare away the enemy by quickly changing the color of contrasting colors, becoming either bright green, then red or black. The cephalopod mollusk octopus also changes color at a time of danger. This animal can also instantly camouflage itself under soil of any color, repeating the most cunning pattern of the seabed or algae. Cuttlefish do this especially skillfully. Some amphibians, crustaceans, insects and even spiders masterfully control their colors, for example the mizumena side-walking spider; its color becomes white, yellow, or green, depending on the color of the leaves and petals on which it moves.

4. TERRIFYING POSE

Many animals that do not have sufficient strength to repel the enemy still try to scare him away by taking various frightening poses. For example, the long-eared lizard spreads its legs wide, opens its mouth to the limit and stretches the parotid folds, which become filled with blood and together with the mouth create the impression of a huge mouth. The frilled lizard achieves an even more frightening effect. Taking a frightening pose, she suddenly, like an umbrella, opens the skin membrane located around the neck. The sudden appearance of a brightly colored collar (cloak) surrounding a widely grinning mouth scares away many of its enemies. Among snakes with a fearsome pose, cobras, collared snakes and especially the gray tree snake are interesting, in which, when scaring off an enemy, the shape and color of the front part of the body sharply changes. Some insects have also developed a frightening pose as a method of scaring them away. Mantises transform at the moment of danger, especially tropical species. It raises its elytra and reveals bright ocellated spots, while simultaneously striking an elaborate pose. When danger arises, the ocellated serrated butterfly spreads its protective wings to the sides and shows its bright hind wings, while rotating its abdomen.

5.DEFENSE SPOTS

There are many animals that, when in danger, “shoot” at the enemy with some liquid that has protective properties. These animals do not have a frightening coloration that could alert an attacker, and therefore the “shots” are unexpected and effective.
Among insects, bombardier beetles possess such amazing “weapons.” When in danger, they release a liquid that instantly evaporates in air, turning into a cloud with a slight explosion. The beetle can fire up to ten “shots”. Such an unexpected “bombardment” often forces the enemy to retreat, especially since the volatile fumes are poisonous. Cephalopods have reliable self-defense weapons. Octopuses, squids and cuttlefish release an “ink bomb” towards the enemy - a liquid, a few drops of which are enough to muddy the water around and hide unnoticed. Some cephalopods and deep-sea shrimp escape from predators by releasing a cloud of mucus consisting of luminous bacteria, and under the cover of such a light curtain they escape from the enemy. Among the reptiles there are sniper snakes: spitting Indian cobra and African black-necked and collared cobras. They defend themselves with a lightning-fast and accurate “shot” of poison into the enemy’s eye, and the black-necked cobra fires up to twenty “shots” in a row. Such protection scares away any predator. On the postcard: ribbed bombardier beetle, octopus, black-necked cobra.

FADING

A defensive tactic for some animals is a position of complete immobility. So, upon seeing an enemy, a running hare or deer freezes in place. Thanks to this, they can remain undetected. The freezing instinct is well developed in birds. Nocturnal birds, such as bitterns and nightjars, freeze for the day. This behavior is clearly expressed in solitary birds during the incubation period. Thus, a woodcock sitting on a nest, noticing danger, presses tightly to the ground and freezes. Concealing coloring and motionless pose make it completely invisible. There are animals that, at a moment of danger, fall into a state of stupor. A classic example is the behavior of the opossum. Unable to escape from the enemy in time, the animal falls on its side and becomes motionless, imitating death. The attacker, having sniffed the prostrate body, usually leaves, and after a while the possum “comes to life” and flees. This behavior may not be pretense, but the animal’s shock reaction to a critical situation. The state of reflex immobility (catalepsy) also occurs in insects. When frightened, moth butterflies fall to the ground and lie motionless; beetles from the family of little ones or pretenders “die.” Catalepsy is also characteristic of stick insects, which assume a certain posture and do not change it even with mechanical damage. The impression of death is also created by some reptiles, for example, hog snakes, which, in case of danger, lie motionless on the ground with their belly up. On the postcard: moth butterfly, hog snake (in catalepsy), woodcock, possum, stick insect.

COLLECTIVE DEFENSE

Often, for the sake of safety and procreation, animals unite in groups and act together against the enemy. For example, musk oxen, when attacked by wolves, form a circle in which the calves and females are hidden, and the males line up in the outer circle, exposing their strong horns to the enemy. Among rodents, a different tactic of collective defense has been developed. Beavers, for example, hit the water with their tail, thus notifying the other members of the colony that the enemy is approaching. In prairie dogs and some species of marmots and ground squirrels, in case of danger, each animal emits a piercing cry, warning its neighbors to hide. Schools of fish also developed as a method of protection. When in danger, herring fish gather in schools, and the anchovies cluster so tightly that they form a huge compact ball. On the surface of such a ball it turns out smallest number fish that are in immediate danger. Diadem sea urchins also gather in groups. On a flat area of ​​the bottom they are located from each other at a distance of the length of the needle. The long, mobile and poisonous needles of diadems make this group of animals inaccessible to many predators. Collective defense occurs in birds. Together, rooks, seagulls, and shorebirds protect their nests, selflessly engaging in the fight against birds of prey and animals. Mass accumulation for the sake of protection is also typical for some small insects, for example, colorful sawflies or soldier bugs. In a gathering, their warning coloration is more noticeable, which repels many insectivorous animals.