Nowadays, there are several alternative versions of the medieval history of Rus' (Kyiv, Rostov-Suzdal, Moscow). Each of them has the right to exist, since the official course of history is not confirmed by practically anything other than “copies” of once existing documents. One of these events in Russian history is the yoke of the Tatar-Mongols in Rus'. Let's try to consider what it is Tatar- Mongol yoke- historical fact or fiction.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke was

The generally accepted and literally laid out version, known to everyone from school textbooks and which is the truth for the whole world, is “Rus' was under the rule of wild tribes for 250 years. Rus' is backward and weak - it could not cope with the savages for so many years.”

The concept of “yoke” appeared during the time of Rus'’s entry into the European path of development. To become an equal partner for the countries of Europe, it was necessary to prove one’s “Europeanism” and not “wild Siberian orientality”, while recognizing one’s backwardness and the formation of the state only in the 9th century with the help of the European Rurik.

The version of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is confirmed only by numerous fiction and popular literature, including “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev” and all the works of the Kulikovo cycle based on it, which have many variants.

One of these works - “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” - belongs to the Kulikovo cycle, does not contain the words “Mongol”, “Tatar”, “yoke”, “invasion”, there is only a story about “trouble” for the Russian land.

The most amazing thing is that the later a historical “document” is written, the more details it acquires. The fewer living witnesses, the more little details are described.

There is no factual material that one hundred percent confirms the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

There was no Tatar-Mongol yoke

This development of events is not recognized by official historians not only throughout the world, but also in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space. The factors that researchers who disagree with the existence of the yoke rely on are the following:

• the version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke appeared in the 18th century and, despite numerous studies by many generations of historians, did not undergo significant changes. It is illogical, in everything there must be development and movement forward - with the development of the capabilities of researchers, the factual material must change;
• There are no Mongolian words in the Russian language - many studies have been carried out, including by Professor V.A. Chudinov;
• Almost nothing was found on the Kulikovo field after many decades of searching. The location of the battle itself is not clearly established;
• the complete absence of folklore about the heroic past and the great Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Everything that has been written in our time is based on information from Soviet history textbooks;
• Great in the past, Mongolia is still a pastoral country that has practically stopped in its development;
• the complete absence in Mongolia of a gigantic amount of trophies from most of the “conquered” Eurasia;
• even those sources recognized by official historians describe Genghis Khan as “a tall warrior, with white skin and blue eyes, a thick beard and reddish hair” - a clear description of a Slav;
• the word “horde”, if read in Old Slavic letters, means “order”;
• Genghis Khan - rank of commander of the troops of Tartaria;
• "khan" - protector;
• prince - a governor appointed by the khan in the province;
• tribute - ordinary taxation, as in any state in our time;
• in the images of all icons and engravings related to the fight against the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the opposing warriors are depicted identically. Even their banners are similar. This speaks more of a civil war within one state than of a war between states with different culture and, accordingly, differently armed warriors;
• numerous genetic examinations and visual appearance talk about complete absence Mongolian blood in Russian people. It is obvious that Rus' was captured for 250 - 300 years by a horde of thousands of castrated monks, who also took a vow of celibacy;

• There are no handwritten confirmations of the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the languages ​​of the invaders. Everything that is considered documents of this period is written in Russian;

• For the rapid movement of an army of 500 thousand people (the figure of traditional historians), spare (clockwork) horses are needed, on which riders are transferred at least once a day. Each simple rider should have from 2 to 3 wind-up horses. For the rich, the number of horses is calculated in herds. In addition, many thousands of convoy horses with food for people and weapons, bivouac equipment (yurts, cauldrons, and many others). To simultaneously feed such a number of animals, there is not enough grass in the steppes for hundreds of kilometers in radius. For a given area, such a number of horses is comparable to an invasion of locusts, which leaves behind a void. And the horses still need to be watered somewhere, every day. To feed the warriors, many thousands of sheep are needed, which move much slower than horses, but eat the grass to the ground. All this accumulation of animals will sooner or later begin to die out from hunger. An invasion of mounted troops from the regions of Mongolia into Rus' on such a scale is simply impossible.

What happened

To figure out what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - is it a historical fact or fiction, researchers are forced to look for miraculously preserved sources of alternative information about the history of Rus'. The remaining, inconvenient artifacts indicate the following:

• through bribery and various promises, including unlimited power, the Western “baptists” reached the agreement of the ruling circles Kievan Rus for the introduction of Christianity;
• destruction of the Vedic worldview and the baptism of Kievan Rus (a province that broke away from Great Tartaria) “with fire and sword” (one of the crusades, supposedly to Palestine) - “Vladimir baptized with the sword, and Dobrynya with fire” - 9 million people out of 12 who lived at that time in the territory of the principality (almost the entire adult population) died. Of the 300 cities, 30 remain;
• all destruction and victims of baptism are attributed to the Tatar-Mongols;
• everything that is called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” is the response of the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria - Mogul (Grand) Tartarus) to return provinces that were invaded and Christianized;
• the period of time during which the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” occurred was a period of peace and prosperity of Rus';
• destruction by all available methods of chronicles and other documents dating back to the Middle Ages throughout the world and, in particular, in Russia: libraries with original documents burned, “copies” were preserved. In Russia, several times, on the orders of the Romanovs and their “historiographers,” chronicles were collected “for rewriting” and then disappeared;
• All geographic Maps, published before 1772 and not subject to correction, call the western part of Russia Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria. The rest of the ex Soviet Union(without Ukraine and Belarus) is called Tartary or Russian Empire;
• 1771 - the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica: “Tartary, a huge country in the northern part of Asia...”. This phrase was removed from subsequent editions of the encyclopedia.

In the century information technologies It’s not easy to hide data. Official history does not recognize fundamental changes, therefore, what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - historical fact or fiction, which version of history to believe in - you need to determine for yourself independently. We must not forget that history is written by the winner.

It has long been no secret that there was no “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, and no Tatars and Mongols conquered Rus'. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Rus'...

Exists a large number of facts that not only clearly refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was distorted deliberately, and that this was done for a very specific purpose... But who and why deliberately distorted history? Which real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was invented in order to hide the consequences of the “baptism” of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way... In the process of “baptism”, most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion subsequently fabricated history, juggling historical facts to suit themselves and their goals...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Skipping scientific research and justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in Peaceful time. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of a “military prince”, who, in modern world, close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.”).

In modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once in ancient times conquered almost all of Eurasia, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with the ancestral tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” had created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and happy about . The word "Mughal" is of Greek origin and means "Great". The Greeks called our ancestors the Slavs with this word. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).

3. Composition of the “Tatar-Mongol” army

70-80% of the army of the “Tatar-Mongols” were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were made up of other small peoples of Rus', in fact, the same as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh “Battle of Kulikovo”. It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “...In the 1680s. an allotment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev’s Massacre” was added. The left side of the composition depicts cities and villages that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is the Mamaia camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field - a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, burial fallen heroes and the death of Mamai."

All these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, depict battles between Russians and Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both Russians and “Mongol-Tatars” are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that the “Savior” of the two warring sides most likely was different.

4. What did the “Tatar-Mongols” look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Cracow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we see, this “Tatar” has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

The next image shows “the Khan’s palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalyk” (it is believed that Khanbalyk is supposedly Beijing).

What is “Mongolian” and what is “Chinese” here? Once again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, Streltsy caps, the same full beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called “elman”. The roof on the left is an almost exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers... (A. Bushkov, “Russia that never existed”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. While the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds…»

6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents from this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On this moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Here is one of these fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is announced as “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not reached us intact... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, oh Orthodox faith Christian!..”

There is not even a hint of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in this text. But this “ancient” document contains the following line: “You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon’s church reform, which was carried out in the mid-17th century, Christianity in Rus' was called “orthodox.” It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the mid-17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not subsequently corrected, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Rus' is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartary... This small part of Rus' was ruled by the Romanov dynasty. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Rus', which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771 the following is written about this part of Rus':

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China..."

Where does the name Tartary come from?

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who went much further than others in their development, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.) were called Magi. Those Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God among our ancestors was completely different from what it is now. The gods were people who went much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limits.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (the giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people solve problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the disaster and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, quite recently our ancestors told strangers “We are the children of Tarkh and Tara...”. They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly advanced in development. And residents of other countries called our ancestors “Tarkhtars”, and later, due to the difficulty of pronunciation, “Tartars”. This is where the name of the country came from - Tartary...

Baptism of Rus'

What does the baptism of Rus' have to do with it? - some may ask. As it turned out, it had a lot to do with it. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way... Before baptism, people in Rus' were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Let's remember from school curriculum according to history, at least the same " Birch bark letters" - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and not all of them. ..

Everyone understood perfectly well what the “Greek Religion” carried, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the residents of the then Principality of Kyiv (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But Vladimir had great forces behind him, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of “baptism” over 12 years of forced Christianization, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed, with rare exceptions. Because such a “teaching” could be imposed only on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves in both the physical and spiritual sense of the word. Everyone who refused to accept the new “faith” was killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If before the “baptism” there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants on the territory of Kievan Rus, then after the “baptism” only 30 cities and 3 million people remained! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, “Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after”).

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the “holy” baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population formally recognized the imposed religion of the slaves, and they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, although without flaunting it. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the machinations of its enemies, who destroyed three quarters of the population of the Principality of Kyiv. Only its response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartaria was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered into modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan on Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. This is what they taught us in history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the “enemies” so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the “Mongols”?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who accepted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batu had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic empire and stopping the invasion of Christians into Rus'. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be brought to completion (N.V. Levashov “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”, Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population remained alive, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, towns and villages were plundered and burned. But the authors of the version about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” paint exactly the same picture for us, the only difference is that these same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Principality of Kiev was baptized, and in order to suppress all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. The children were raised in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”...

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about the Battle of Kulikovo, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars and Mongols...

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is the biggest myth in history

In the section: News from Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary of the memory of Grand Duke Vladimir the Red Sun. On this day, celebratory events were held in Korenovsk to mark the occasion. Read on for more details...

Since ancient times, numerous nomads, famous for their courage and belligerence, roamed the vast expanses. They did not have a unified command, they did not have a commander, under whose leadership they could become united and invincible. But at the beginning of the 13th century he showed up. He managed to unite most of the nomadic tribes under his leadership. Genghis Khan was not a widely known nomad, but ideas about world domination reigned in his soul. In order to implement them, he needed a well-trained army, ready to go even to the ends of the Earth. Therefore, he began to prepare his army. With all his might, Genghis Khan headed to Central Asia, China and Transcaucasia. Having encountered no serious resistance on his way, he enslaved them. Now in the thoughts of the ardent Mongol-Tatar commander is the idea of ​​eliminating Rus', which has long been famous for its wealth and beauty, from the list of its enemies.

Mongol-Tatars in Rus'

Taking a short respite from previous battles and replenishing provisions, the Tatar horde headed towards the Russian lands. The organization of the offensive was carefully thought out, providing for all the pros and cons that could arise during its implementation. In 1223, the first armed clash between nomadic tribes and Russian warriors and Polovtsian warriors took place. The battle took place on the Kalka River. Several military detachments under the command of the khan’s military leaders Jebe and Subede fought for three days with a small army of Russian-Polovtsian warriors. The Polovtsians were the first to take the blow, for which they immediately paid with their own lives. No less swipe fell on the main Russian forces. The outcome of the battle was a foregone conclusion. The Tatars defeated the Russians.

Important! More than nine Russian princes fell in this battle, among whom were Mstislav the Old, Mstislav Udatny, Mstislav Svyatoslavich.

Rice. 2. The only portrait of Genghis Khan

Death of Genghis Khan and accession of Batu

During the next trip to the countries Central Asia Genghis Khan died. After the death of the leader, strife began between the sons, which caused a lack of autocracy. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, managed to reunite the power of the army. In 1237, he decides to go to North-Eastern Rus' again. In the fall of 1237, the Khan's military leader sent ambassadors to the Ryazan prince Yuri demanding tribute. Having responded with a proud refusal, Yuri began to prepare for battle, hoping for help from the Vladimir prince, but he was unable to provide it. Meanwhile, having entered into battle with the vanguard of the Ryazan people, the Tatars defeated it, and already on December 16, 1237 the city was besieged. After a nine-day siege, the Mongols launched battering machines and broke into the city, where they carried out a massive massacre. The heroic resistance of the Russian people did not stop there.Evpatiy Kolovrat appeared. He assembled a detachment of about 1,700 people from partisans and survivors.Operating behind enemy lines, he inflicted serious damage on his attackers. The Tatars, not understanding what was happening, thought that the Russians had risen from the dead. Having surrounded a handful of Russian knights, the Mongols killed them. Evpatiy Kolovrat himself fell. Many people believe that this is fiction, but in fact these are facts, as the chronicle says.

Meeting of the Mongol-Tatars and warriors on the Vladimir-Suzdal land - chronology of events

As soon as the nomads with their leader Batu entered the Vladimir-Suzdal land, Yuri II sent military regiments to meet them under the command of his son Vsevolod. Having met near Kolomna, Batu defeated them.

Moscow and Vladimir

The next point on the way was Moscow. At that time it was the capital city and was surrounded by high oak walls. The Tatars destroyed everything, Moscow was destroyed, and the path to Vladimir was open. On February 3, 1238, the grand ducal capital was besieged.Yuri Vsevolodovich decides to leave Vladimir and goes to the Sit River, where he begins to assemble a new army. On February 7, the Basurmans enter the city. Members of the princely family and bishops, trying to hide in the church, fell victim to the fire.

Suzdal, Rostov and Veliky Novgorod

While some enemies besieged Vladimir, others ravaged Suzdal. Having swept away Pereyaslavl and Rostov along the way, the invaders split up. One part went to the Sit River, where the battle later took place. Prince Yuri II was killed and his army was destroyed. The second part headed to Novgorod and Torzhok. Meanwhile, the Novgorodians were preparing for a long defense.

Important! Approaching Veliky Novgorod, the Mongol-Tatar authorities make an unexpected decision to turn south so as not to get bogged down in the spring thaw. It happened too unexpectedly. Only 100 miles saved the city from ruin.

Chernigov

Now the Chernigov lands are under attack. Having met the city of Kozelsk on their way, the conquerors stayed near it for almost two months. After this time, the city was captured and nicknamed “evil.”

Kyiv

The Polovtsian lands were next in line for defeat. Having carried out devastating raids, the next year Batu returned to the northeast again, andKyiv was captured in 1240. With this, the suffering of Rus' temporarily stopped. Weakened by continuous fighting, Batu's troops went to Volyn, Poland, Galicia, and Hungary. The main burden of ruin and cruelty fell on the Russian lot, but other countries received vital positions. All culture Ancient Rus', all knowledge and discoveries went into oblivion for many years.

What caused the quick victory of the conquerors?

The victory of the Mongol-Tatars did not lie at all in the fact that they were good warriors and had excellent weapons that had no equal. The fact was that each of the princes of Kievan Rus wanted to curry favor and be a hero. And so it happened, everyone became heroes, only posthumously. The main thing was to combine forces into one whole, and with this power to deliver a decisive blow to the Golden Horde (as the troops of the Great Khan were called). This did not happen; total control was established. Princes were appointed only in the Horde, and the Baskaks controlled their actions. They still paid tribute. To resolve global issues, it was necessary to go to the khan. It was impossible to call such a life free.

Rice. 4. "Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo Field." O. Kiprensky. 1805

Dmitry Donskoy

But in 1359 Dmitry Ivanovich was born, who would later receive the nickname Donskoy. His father, Ivan the Red, ruled his principality wisely. He didn’t get into trouble, he did everything obediently, and regularly paid tribute to the Horde. But he soon died, and power passed to his son. However, before this, power belonged to his grandfather, Ivan Kalita, who received from the khan the right to collect tribute from all over Rus'. Since childhood, Dmitry Donskoy could not watch how his father was at the beck and call of the Horde Khan and fulfilled all his demands, carried out numerous censuses. The new prince showed open disobedience to Batu, and, understanding what followed, began to gather an army. The Horde Khan, seeing that Dmitry Ivanovich became proud, decided to punish him, again turning him into dependence. Hastily collecting huge army, he set off on a hike. At the same time, the Moscow prince managed to unite the squads of almost all Russian princes under his command.History says that such power has never existed in Rus'. The battle was to take place on the Kulikovo Field. Before the battle Grand Duke turned to the monastery to Sergius of Radonezh. He blessed him and gave him two monks to help: Peresvet and Oslyabya.

Rice. 5. “Morning on the sandpiper field.” A. P. Bubnov. 1943–1947

Battle of Kulikovo Field

Early in the morning September 8, 1380Two armies lined up on both edges of the huge field. Before the battle began, two warriors fought. Russian - Peresvet and Khan's - Chelubey. Having accelerated on their horses, they pierced each other with spears and fell dead on the damp ground. This served as the signal for the start of the battle. Dmitry Ivanovich, despite his age, was a fairly experienced strategist. He placed part of the army in the forest so that the Horde could not see it, but so that if something happened they could change the course of the battle. Their task was to strictly carry out the order. Neither earlier nor later. This card was trump card. And so it happened. In a fierce battle, the Tatars began to crush the Russian regiments one after another, but they held firm. Not expecting such a maneuver, the new Khan Mamai realized that he could not win, and rushed away from the battlefield. The fact that new forces appeared changed everything. Left without a leader, the Mongol-Tatars were confused and began to run after Mamai. Russian troops caught up with them and killed them. In this battle, the horde lost almost its entire army, while the Russians lost about 20 thousand people. The end of the battle marked that the main thing in the fight against the enemy is unity of action. “When we are united, we are strong,” said the prince after the battle.It is believed that it was Dmitry Donskoy who liberated the Russian lands from numerous enemy raids.Military clashes between the Russian people and the Mongol conquerors will continue for another century, but now they will no longer bear the same consequences as before.

Overthrow of the Horde yoke

Soon Ivan Vasilyevich the Third reigned on the Moscow throne. He, like Dmitry Ivanovich, completely refused to pay tribute and began to prepare for the last battle. Autumn 1480two troops stood on both banks of the Ugra River. No one dared to cross the river. The Mongols tried to cross it, but without success. Only occasionally firing guns towards the enemy did the confrontation end. It is the standing on the Ugra River that is considered to be the point of liberation when Rus' regained its independence and became independent. The rule of the Golden Horde, which lasted 2 centuries, was overthrown to the end, so this date became sacred for the Russian people. Gradually, lost skills and abilities began to return, cities were revived and fields were sown. Life began to pick up the same pace. No matter how much grief befalls the Russian people, they will always be able to regain their former happiness, they will go against the rules, contrary to the system, but they will achieve their goal. We recommend watching interesting video about the Tatar-Mongol yoke:

As it is written in most history textbooks, in the 13th-15th centuries Rus' suffered from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. However, lately everything more people they wonder: did it exist at all? Did huge hordes of nomads really surge into peaceful principalities, enslaving their inhabitants? Let's analyze historical facts, many of which may be shocking.

The yoke was invented by the Poles

The term “Mongol-Tatar yoke” itself was coined by Polish authors. The chronicler and diplomat Jan Dlugosz in 1479 called the time of existence of the Golden Horde this way. He was followed in 1517 by the historian Matvey Miechowski, who worked at the University of Krakow. This interpretation of the relationship between Rus' and the Mongol conquerors was quickly picked up by Western Europe, and from there it was borrowed by domestic historians.

Moreover, there were practically no Tatars themselves in the Horde troops. It’s just that in Europe the name of this Asian people was well known, so it spread to the Mongols. Meanwhile, Genghis Khan tried to exterminate the entire Tatar tribe, defeating their army in 1202.

The first census of Rus'

The Horde conducted the first population census in the history of Rus'. They wanted to obtain accurate information about the inhabitants of each principality and their class affiliation. The main reason Such interest in statistics on the part of the Mongols was due to the need to calculate the amount of taxes imposed on their subjects.

The census took place in Kyiv and Chernigov in 1246, the Ryazan principality was subjected to statistical analysis in 1257, the Novgorodians were counted another two years later, and the population of the Smolensk region - in 1275.

Moreover, the inhabitants of Rus' raised popular uprisings and drove out the so-called “besermen” who were collecting tribute for the khans of Mongolia from their land. But the governors of the rulers of the Golden Horde, called “Baskaks”, for a long time lived and worked in the Russian principalities, sending collected taxes to Sarai-Batu, and later to Sarai-Berke.

Joint hikes

The princely squads and the Horde often carried out joint military campaigns, both against other Russians and against the inhabitants of Eastern Europe. Thus, from 1258 to 1287, the troops of the Mongols and Galician princes regularly attacked Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania. And in 1277, the Russians took part in the Mongol military campaign in the North Caucasus, helping their allies conquer Alanya.

In 1333, Muscovites attacked the Novgorodians, and the following year the Bryansk squad attacked the Smolensk residents. Each time, Horde troops also took part in these internecine raids. In addition, they regularly helped the Grand Dukes of Tver, considered at that time the main rulers of Rus', to pacify the rebellious neighboring lands.

The basis of the horde were Russians

The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta, who visited the city of Sarai-Berke in 1334, wrote in his essay “A Gift to Those Contemplating the Wonders of Cities and the Wonders of Wanderings” that there are many Russians in the capital of the Golden Horde. Moreover, they make up the bulk of the population: both working and armed.

This fact was also mentioned by the White émigré author Andrei Gordeev in the book “History of the Cossacks,” which was written in France in the late 20s of the 20th century. According to the researcher, most of the Horde troops were the so-called “brodniks” - ethnic Slavs who inhabited the Azov region and the Don steppes. These predecessors of the Cossacks did not want to obey the princes, so they moved to the south for the sake of a free life. The name of this ethnosocial group probably comes from the Russian word “wander” (wander).

As is known from chronicle sources, in the Battle of Kalka in 1223, the Brodniks, led by the governor Ploskyna, fought on the side of the Mongol troops. Perhaps his knowledge of the tactics and strategy of the princely squads had great importance to defeat the united Russian-Polovtsian forces.

In addition, it was Ploskynya who, by cunning, lured out the ruler of Kyiv, Mstislav Romanovich, along with two Turov-Pinsk princes and handed them over to the Mongols for execution.

However, most historians believe that the Mongols forced Russians to serve in their army. That is, the invaders forcibly armed representatives of the enslaved people, which seems implausible.

And the eldest Researcher Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Marina Poluboyarinova in the book “Russian People in the Golden Horde” (Moscow, 1978) wrote: “Probably, later the forced participation of Russian soldiers in the Tatar army ceased. There were mercenaries left who had already voluntarily joined the Tatar troops.”

Caucasian invaders

Yesugei-Baghatur, the father of Genghis Khan, was a representative of the Borjigin clan of the Mongolian Kiyat tribe. According to the descriptions of many eyewitnesses, both he and his legendary son were tall, fair-skinned people with reddish hair.

The Persian scientist Rashid ad-Din wrote in his work “Collection of Chronicles” (early 14th century) that all the descendants of the great conqueror were mostly blond and gray-eyed.

We are accustomed to believe that in the 13th century Rus' was invaded by countless hordes of Mongol-Tatars. Some historians mention an army of 500,000. However, it is not. After all, even the population of modern Mongolia barely exceeds 3 million people, and given the brutal genocide of fellow tribesmen committed by Genghis Khan on his way to power, his army could not have been so impressive.

It is difficult to imagine how to feed an army of half a million, moreover, traveling on horses. The animals simply would not have enough pasture. But each Mongol horseman brought with him at least three horses. Now imagine a herd of 1.5 million. The horses of the warriors riding at the forefront of the army would eat and trample everything they could. The remaining horses would have starved to death.

According to the most daring estimates, the army of Genghis Khan and Batu could not have exceeded 30 thousand horsemen. While the population of Ancient Rus', according to historian Georgy Vernadsky (1887-1973), before the invasion was about 7.5 million people.

Bloodless executions

The Mongols, like most peoples of that time, executed people who were not noble or disrespected by cutting off their heads. However, if the condemned person enjoyed authority, then his spine was broken and left to slowly die.

The Horde were sure that blood is the seat of the soul. To shed it means to complicate the afterlife path of the deceased to other worlds. Bloodless execution was applied to rulers, political and military figures, and shamans.

The reason for a death sentence in the Golden Horde could be any crime: from desertion from the battlefield to petty theft.

The bodies of the dead were thrown into the steppe

The method of burial of a Mongol also directly depended on his social status. Rich and influential people found peace in special burials, in which valuables, gold and silver jewelry, and household items were buried along with the bodies of the dead. And the poor and ordinary soldiers killed in battle were often simply left in the steppe, where the life path a specific person.

In the disturbing conditions of nomadic life, consisting of regular skirmishes with enemies, it is difficult to organize funeral rites. The Mongols often needed to hurry, because any delay in the steppe could end badly.

It was believed that the corpse of a worthy person would be quickly eaten by scavengers and vultures. But if birds and animals do not touch the body for a long time, folk beliefs this meant that the soul of the deceased had a grave sin.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is a system of political dependence of Russian principalities on the Mongol Empire. In 2013, in Russian history textbooks, the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke began to be called “Horde rule.”

In this article we will briefly consider the features of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, its influence on the development of Rus', and also its place in general.

Years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke amounted to almost 250 years: from 1237 to 1480.

Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'

The history of Kievan Rus is full of many cases when its princes, who ruled different cities, fought among themselves for the right to own more territory.

As a result, this led to fragmentation, depletion of human resources and weakening of the state. In addition, Rus' was periodically attacked by the Pechenegs or Polovtsians, which further worsened the situation of the state.

An interesting fact is that shortly before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the Russian princes could change the course of history. Around 1219, the Mongols found themselves near Rus' for the first time, as they were planning to attack the Cumans.

To increase their chances of winning, they asked for help from Kyiv princes and assured them that they were not going to fight with them. Moreover, the Mongols asked for peace with the Russian princes, as a result of which they sent their ambassadors to them.

Having gathered at the meeting, the rulers of the Kyiv principalities decided not to enter into any agreements with the Mongols, since they did not trust them. They killed the ambassadors and thereby became enemies of the Mongols.

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

From 1237 to 1243, Batu continuously raided Rus'. His huge army, numbering 200,000 people, ravaged cities, killed and captured Russian residents.

Ultimately, the Horde army managed to subjugate many other Russian principalities.

Perhaps by making peace with the Mongols, Rus' would have been able to avoid such sad consequences Mongol invasion. However, this would most likely lead to changes in religion, culture and language.

Power structure under the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Kievan Rus developed according to democratic principles. The main body of power was the veche, where all free men gathered. Any issues relating to the lives of citizens were discussed there.

There was a veche in every city, but with the advent of the Tatar-Mongol yoke everything changed. People's assemblies ceased to exist almost everywhere, with the exception of Novgorod (see), Pskov and some other cities.

Periodically, the Mongols conducted a population census to control the collection of tribute. They also recruited conscripts to serve in their army. An interesting fact is that even after the expulsion of the Tatar-Mongols in Rus' they continued to carry out a census.

The Mongols introduced a rather important innovation regarding the creation of so-called “pits”. The pits were inns where travelers could get lodging for the night, or a cart. Thanks to this, correspondence between the khans and their governors was accelerated.

Local residents were forced to take care of the needs of the caretakers, feed the horses and carry out orders dignitaries who are on the move.

Such a system made it possible to effectively control not only the Russian principalities under the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also the entire territory of the Mongol Empire.

The Orthodox Church and the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During their raids, the Tatar-Mongols desecrated and destroyed Orthodox churches. They killed the clergy or took them into slavery.

An interesting fact is that the Horde army believed that it was God’s punishment for the Russian people. It is worth noting that the inhabitants of Rus' also believed that the Mongol-Tatar yoke was a punishment for their sins. In this regard, they turned even more to the church, seeking support from the priests.

During the reign of Mengu-Timur the situation changed. The Orthodox Church received the legal concept of a label (charter of immunity). Even though the temples were under Mongol rule, this label guaranteed them immunity.

He exempted the church from taxation and also allowed priests to remain free and not serve.

Thus, the church turned out to be practically independent of the princes and was able to retain in its composition large areas. Thanks to the label, none of the Mongolian or Russian warriors had the right to exert physical or spiritual pressure on the church and its representatives.

The monks were able to spread Christianity by converting pagans to it. Temples were built in one place after another, thanks to which the situation Orthodox Church strengthened even more.

After the destruction of Kyiv in 1299, the church center was moved to Vladimir, and in 1322 it moved to.

Change of language after the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The change in language during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke radically affected the conduct of trade, military affairs and the management of the state apparatus.

Thousands of new words, borrowed from Mongolian and Turkic languages, have appeared in the Russian lexicon. Here are just a few words that came to us from the eastern peoples:

• coachman
• money
• label
• horse
• sheepskin coat

Culture during the Mongol-Tatar yoke

During the Tatar-Mongol yoke, many cultural and artistic figures were deported, which led to an artistic revival.

In 1370, the Suzdal residents successfully intervened in the struggle for power in the Horde (on the middle Volga), and in 1376 Moscow troops took a payoff from the Horde governors of the middle Volga and put Russian customs officers there.

The Battle of the Vozha River - a battle between the Russian army under the command and the army of the Golden Horde under the command of Murza Begich (Begish) took place on August 11, 1378. As a result of a fierce battle, the Tatar army was defeated. This event glorified the Russian prince and raised the spirit of the oppressed people.

Battle of Kulikovo

Later, Mamai decided to go to war again against the Russian prince, gathering an army of 150 thousand people. It is worth noting that the combined Russian army led by the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, there were almost half as many soldiers.

The battle took place near the Don River on the Kulikovo Field in 1380. In a bloody battle, victory went to the Russian army.

Despite the fact that half of the Russian soldiers died on the battlefield, the Horde army was almost completely exterminated, and Grand Duke Dmitry went down in history under the nickname “Donskoy”.

Prince Dmitry Donskoy

However, Moscow was soon again devastated by Khan Tokhtamysh, as a result of which it again began to pay tribute to the Tatar-Mongols.

However, the decisive victory of the Russian troops was an important step towards the restoration of the unity of Rus' and the future overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke.

In the era that followed the Battle of Kulikovo, the Tatar-Mongol yoke significantly changed its character towards greater independence of the great Moscow princes.

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Every year Moscow strengthened its position and exerted a serious influence on other principalities, including Novgorod.

Later, Moscow forever threw off the shackles of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, in which it had been for almost 250 years.

The official date of the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is considered to be 1480.

Results of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The result of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus' was changes in political, religious and social terms.

According to some historians, the Tatar-Mongol yoke led Russian state to decline. Supporters of this point of view believe that it is for this reason that Russia began to lag behind Western countries.

Important crafts practically disappeared, as a result of which Rus' was thrown back several centuries. According to experts, the Tatar-Mongols destroyed approximately 2.5 million people, which amounted to about a third of the entire population of Ancient Rus'.

Other historians (including) believe that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, on the contrary, played a positive role in the evolution of Russian statehood.

The Horde contributed to its development, since it served as a reason for the end civil wars and civil strife.

Be that as it may, the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus' is the most important event in the history of Russia.

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