People of various professions should know about the concept of atmospheric pressure: doctors, pilots, scientists, polar explorers and others. It directly affects the specifics of their work. Atmosphere pressure is a quantity that helps predict and predict the weather. If it rises, then this indicates that the weather will be sunny, and if the pressure decreases, then this portends deterioration weather conditions: clouds appear and go precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail.

The concept and essence of atmospheric pressure

Definition 1

Atmospheric pressure is the force that acts on a surface. In other words, at each point in the atmosphere the pressure is equal to the mass of the overlying air column with a base that is equal to unity.

The unit of measurement for atmospheric pressure is Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to a force of 1 Newton (N) acting on an area of ​​1 m2 (1 Pa = 1 N/m2). Atmospheric pressure in metrology is expressed in hectopascals (hPa) with an accuracy of 0.1 hPa. And 1 hPa, in turn, is equal to 100 Pa.

Until recently, the units used to measure atmospheric pressure were the millibar (mbar) and the millimeter of mercury (mmHg). Blood pressure is measured on absolutely everyone weather stations. In order to produce surface synoptic maps that reflect weather conditions during a given time period, station level pressure is adjusted to sea level values. Thanks to this, it is possible to identify areas with high and low atmospheric pressure (anticyclones and cyclones), as well as atmospheric fronts.

Definition 2

The average atmospheric pressure at sea level, which is determined at a latitude of 45 degrees, with an air temperature of 0 degrees, is 1013.2 hPa. This value is taken as standard and is called “ normal pressure».

Atmospheric pressure measurement

We often forget that air has weight. At the Earth's surface, the air density is 1.29 kg/m3. Galileo also proved that air has weight. And his student, Evangelista Torricelli, was able to prove that air affects all bodies that are located on the earth's surface. This pressure came to be called atmospheric.

It is impossible to calculate atmospheric pressure using the formula for calculating the pressure of a liquid column. After all, for this you need to know the height of the liquid column and density. However, the atmosphere does not have a clear boundary, and with increasing altitude, the density of atmospheric air decreases. Therefore, Evangelista Torricelli proposed a different method for determining and finding atmospheric pressure.

He took a glass tube about a meter long, which was sealed at one end, poured mercury into it and lowered the open part into a bowl of mercury. Some mercury poured into the bowl, but the bulk remained in the tube. Every day the amount of mercury in the pipe fluctuated slightly. The pressure of mercury at a certain level is created by the weight of the mercury column, since there is no air above the mercury in the upper part of the tube. There is a vacuum there, which is called the “Torricelli void”.

Note 1

Based on the above, we can conclude that atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the mercury column in the tube. By measuring the height of the mercury column, you can calculate the pressure that the mercury produces. It is equivalent to atmospheric. If the atmospheric pressure increases, the mercury column in the Torricelli tube increases, and vice versa.

Figure 1. Measuring atmospheric pressure. Author24 - online exchange of student works

Instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure

The following types of instruments are used to measure atmospheric pressure:

  • station mercury cup barometer SR-A (for the range of 810-1070 hPa, which is typical for plains) or SR-B (for the range of 680-1070 hPa, which is observed at high-mountain stations);
  • aneroid barometer BAMM-1;
  • meteorological barograph M-22A.

The most accurate and frequently used are mercury barometers, which are used to measure atmospheric pressure at meteorological stations. They are located indoors in specially equipped cabinets. Access to them is strictly limited for safety reasons: only specially trained specialists and observers can work with them.

More common are aneroid barometers, which are used to measure atmospheric pressure at meteorological stations and at geographical stations for route research. They are often used for barometric leveling.

The M-22A barograph is most often used to record and continuously record any changes in atmospheric pressure. They can be of two types:

  • in order to register daily changes in pressure, M-22AS is used;
  • in order to record changes in pressure over 7 days, the M-22AN is used.

Design and principle of operation of devices

Let us first consider a mercury cup barometer. This device consists of a calibrated glass tube filled with mercury. Its upper end is sealed, and the lower end is immersed in a bowl of mercury. The mercury barometer cup consists of three parts, which are connected by thread. The middle bowl inside has a diaphragm with special holes. Thanks to the diaphragm, it is difficult for the mercury to oscillate in the bowl, thereby preventing air from entering.

At the top of a mercury cup barometer there is a hole through which the cup communicates with air. In some cases, the hole is closed with a screw. There is no air in the upper part of the tube, therefore, under the influence of atmospheric pressure, a column of mercury rises in the flask to a certain height on the surface of the mercury in the bowl.

The mass of a column of mercury is equal to the value of atmospheric pressure.

The next device is the barometer. The principle of its design is as follows: the glass tube is protected by a metal frame, onto which a measurement scale in pascals or millibars is applied. Top part The frame has a longitudinal slit in order to observe the position of the mercury column. For the most accurate reading of the mercury meniscus, there is a ring with a vernier, which moves along the scale using a screw.

Definition 3

The scale that is designed to determine tenths is called a compensated scale.

It is protected from contamination by a protective casing. A thermometer is mounted in the middle part of the barometer in order to take into account the influence of temperature environment. Based on his readings, a temperature correction is introduced.

In order to eliminate distortions in the mercury barometer readings, a number of amendments are introduced:

  • temperature;
  • instrumental;
  • corrections for the acceleration of gravity depending on the height above sea level and the latitude of the place.

Aneroid barometer BAMM-1 is used to measure atmospheric pressure in surface conditions. Its sensitive element is a block that consists of three connected aneroid boxes. The principle of the aneroid barometer is based on the deformation of membrane boxes under the influence of atmospheric pressure and the transformation of linear movements of membranes using a transmission mechanism into angular movements of the boom.

The receiver is a metal aneroid box, which is equipped with a corrugated bottom and lid; the air is completely pumped out of them. The spring pulls the lid of the box and protects it from being flattened by air pressure.

Figure 2. Confirmation of the existence of atmospheric pressure. Author24 - online exchange of student works

Many people are susceptible to changes in the environment. A third of the population is affected by gravity air masses to the ground. Atmospheric pressure: the norm for humans, and how deviations from the indicators affect general health of people.

Changes in the weather can affect a person's condition

What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for humans?

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of air that presses on the human body. On average, this is 1.033 kg per 1 cubic cm. That is, 10-15 tons of gas control our mass every minute.

The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg or 1013.25 mbar. Conditions in which the human body feels comfortable or adapted. In fact, an ideal weather indicator for any inhabitant of the Earth. In reality, everything is not like that.

Atmospheric pressure is not stable. Its changes are daily and depend on the weather, terrain, sea level, climate and even time of day. The vibrations are not noticeable to humans. For example, at night the mercury rises 1-2 notches higher. Minor changes do not affect the well-being of a healthy person. Changes of 5-10 or more units are painful, and sudden significant jumps are fatal. For comparison: loss of consciousness from altitude sickness occurs when pressure drops by 30 units. That is, at a level of 1000 m above the sea.

A continent and even a separate country can be divided into conventional areas with different norm medium pressure. Therefore, the optimal atmospheric pressure for each person is determined by the region of permanent residence.

High air pressure has a negative effect on hypertensive patients

Such weather conditions are generous for strokes and heart attacks.

For people who are vulnerable to the vagaries of nature, doctors advise on such days to stay outside the active work zone and deal with the consequences of weather dependence.

Meteor dependence - what to do?

The movement of mercury by more than one division in 3 hours is a reason for stress in the strong body of a healthy person. Each of us feels such fluctuations in the form of headaches, drowsiness, and fatigue. More than a third of people suffer from weather dependence to varying degrees of severity. In the zone of high sensitivity, populations with diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory system, aged people. How to help yourself if a dangerous cyclone is approaching?

15 ways to survive a weather cyclone

There's not a lot of new advice here. Together they are believed to alleviate suffering and teach the right image life with weather vulnerability:

  1. See your doctor regularly. Consult, discuss, ask for advice in case your health worsens. Always have prescribed medications on hand.
  2. Buy a barometer. It is more productive to track the weather by the movement of the mercury column, rather than by knee pain. This way you will be able to anticipate the approaching cyclone.
  3. Keep an eye on the weather forecast. Forewarned is forearmed.
  4. On the eve of a weather change, get enough sleep and go to bed earlier than usual.
  5. Adjust your sleep schedule. Provide yourself with a full 8 hours of sleep, getting up and falling asleep at the same time. This has a powerful restorative effect.
  6. Meal schedule is equally important. Maintain a balanced diet. Potassium, magnesium and calcium are essential minerals. Ban on overeating.
  7. Take vitamins in a course in spring and autumn.
  8. Fresh air, walks outside - light and regular exercise strengthens the heart.
  9. Don't overexert yourself. Putting off household chores is not as dangerous as weakening the body before a cyclone.
  10. Accumulate favorable emotions. A depressed emotional background fuels the disease, so smile more often.
  11. Clothes made from synthetic threads and fur are harmful due to static current.
  12. Store traditional methods symptoms relief list in a visible place. It’s hard to remember a recipe for herbal tea or a compress when your temples are aching.
  13. Office workers in high-rise buildings suffer more often from weather changes. Take time off if possible, or better yet, change jobs.
  14. A long cyclone means discomfort for several days. Is it possible to go to a quiet region? Forward.
  15. Prevention at least a day before the cyclone prepares and strengthens the body. Do not give up!

Don't forget to take vitamins to improve your health

Atmosphere pressure- This is a phenomenon that is absolutely independent of man. Moreover, our body obeys it. What the optimal pressure should be for a person is determined by the region of residence. People with chronic diseases are especially susceptible to weather dependence.

According to the weather forecast, you can see that the pressure of the atmospheric column changes every day along with the weather. If the numbers on the barometer are higher or lower than the ideal standard 760 mm, those dependent on weather metamorphoses feel this on their own: indicators of atmospheric pressure and blood pressure of a person correlate for many.

For some, weather conditions dictate their lifestyle - atmospheric pressure and human pressure are so closely related.

The atmosphere surrounding our planet exerts pressure on its surface and on everything that surrounds us - in normal conditions people don't notice it. The pressure of air masses is not stable; it is a variable value. It depends on a combination of many factors:

  • how high a person is above sea level: the higher, the less concentrated the air; the lower the height of the atmospheric column, the lower the pressure;
  • on the temperature characteristics of the air: when the air heats up, its volume increases and it becomes lighter, so the pressure decreases. Cold air exerts higher pressure than warm air;
  • time of day: in the morning and evening the pressure is higher, at noon and at night lower;
  • depending on the time of year: higher in winter, lower in summer;
  • air circulation in the atmosphere (cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices);
  • from geographical location: on the planet there are belts of high (at the equator and at a latitude of 30-35 degrees) and low (at the poles and at latitudes of 60-65 degrees) pressure.

IN human body The walls of arteries, veins and capillaries are under pressure from the blood that is constantly being pushed by the heart. Often the load on the vascular walls is too high or low due to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure.

When the barometer needle goes down, the external influence on the blood vessels decreases. If a decrease in atmospheric pressure is combined with low blood pressure, a person feels unwell.

When air pressure readings increase, its effect on the blood vessels increases; if it is combined with high blood pressure blood - the health consequences can be devastating.

The human body is created with a large reserve and is designed in such a way that it easily adapts to any climate, weather and their changes. People who were born in regions with abnormal pressure for the majority perceive it as normal. Unpleasant sensations arise when conditions change rapidly: the weather changes or a person moves to a different climatic region.

People with illness, injury or high susceptibility are statistically more likely to seek treatment medical care. Doctors register especially many complaints and crises during the off-season – when the weather changes almost every day.

Weather sensitivity - risk group

The science that studies the effect of weather on the body and its functioning is called biometeorology. Research has proven that weather conditions can have an adverse effect on all inhabitants of the planet, without exception.

Disturbances in the functioning of the body are determined by its individual characteristics - the relationship between atmospheric pressure and human pressure may be indirect. Those whose working blood pressure is high (hypertension) or low (hypotension) need increased attention.

There are three effects atmospheric phenomena for well-being:

  1. Direct influence. As the mercury increases, blood pressure rises, and as the mercury decreases, it falls. This phenomenon is often observed in hypotensive patients.
  2. Reverse partial influence. At change atmospheric indicators systolic pressure (during compression of the heart, top number) changes, but diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart muscle is relaxed, bottom number) remains the same. The clinical picture may be reversed. It happens in people with working pressure of 120/80.
  3. Reverse influence. Blood pressure rises in response to a decrease in atmospheric pressure - this is a common occurrence in hypertensive patients.

More than 50% of people living on Earth can be called weather-sensitive - not everyone has a high adaptation resource. When the weather changes, weather-sensitive people experience discomfort and malaise.

With meteodependence (meteopathy), a person’s condition is more serious - a sudden change in weather, combined with unfavorable factors and an unhealthy lifestyle, can have a detrimental effect on physical and mental health.

People with chronic injuries, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, mental disorders. For them, the load on blood vessels and joints is especially painful and sensitive.

Factors influencing meteosensitivity and weather dependence:

  • gender – women, since they better understand their condition, more often complain about feeling unwell when the weather changes;
  • age – young children and elderly people are the most vulnerable categories of the population;
  • hereditary predisposition: if parents have meteopathy, children usually have it too;
  • lifestyle - people who have bad habits, they pay for them with their health;
  • the presence of chronic diseases is the most pronounced factor in the likelihood of meteopathy.

The influence of weather on humans

Many people have experienced manifestations of the connection between atmospheric pressure and human pressure: headache, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, decreased or increased appetite, fatigue from light work, causeless emotional outbursts without apparent reason and bad mood.

Many people complain that they are bothered by long-term injuries, dislocations and fractures, sore joints and osteochondrosis, scars after surgical interventions.

All weather parameters affect your well-being: wind strength and direction, air temperature and humidity, precipitation, sunlight intensity, magnetic storms:

  • When there is strong wind, doctors know complaints of headache, drowsiness, lethargy, and anxiety. Babies react to strong wind on the street: they sleep restlessly, often demand the breast, do not get off their hands, and cry. In mentally ill patients, phobias and manic states worsen at this time;
  • Too low or high temperatures, jumps during the day (more than 10 degrees) have Negative influence for patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia. They may be bothered by migraines, pain in the heart area;
  • The well-being of patients with asthma and heart disease worsens with high humidity. The other extreme is more common in Russia: extremely low humidity in apartments. In our country, most of the year the windows and balconies are closed, and the radiators are very hot. Dry hot air in apartments contributes to a decrease in local immunity and frequent ARVI;
  • The amount of sunlight affects both physical well-being (the production of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation directly affects the condition bone tissue, heart and nervous system), and on the mental state (lack of insolation can lead to seasonal depressive disorders);
  • The influence of magnetic storms is ambiguous; scientific data on their effects differ. Data has accumulated on an increase in the number man-made disasters during magnetic storms. Some people clearly associate the deterioration of their condition with strong magnetic storms and solar activity.

Low pressure

If the barometer shows less than 747 mm, weather-sensitive people immediately feel it: the body works like a weather bureau. Atmospheric pressure drops - and human pressure immediately reacts.

In areas of low pressure, oxygen saturation is reduced, which causes an increase in a person's heart rate and breathing. Hypoxia symptoms increase: shortness of breath, lethargy, nausea, nosebleeds. The heart rate increases.

Hypotonic patients feel especially exhausted at this time: they complain of dizziness, weakness and nausea.

Patients with heart rhythm disturbances experience serious discomfort in the heart area. People with arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis complain of back and joint pain, muscle pain.

People with a labile psyche experience attacks of anxiety, fear, inexplicable melancholy and panic attacks. People suffering from depression may attempt suicide.

High pressure

Atmospheric pressure above 756 mm is harmful for human pressure: people with cardiovascular and digestive pathologies, high blood pressure and asthma patients quickly feel such changes. It aggravates some mental disorders.

For hypertensive patients, high blood pressure is dangerous. The course of chronic pathologies is aggravated: hypertensive and ischemic diseases, vegetative-vascular dystonia - which manifests itself in the form of severe consequences: hypertensive crises, myocardial infarctions, cerebral strokes.

The consequence of exacerbation of vegetative-vascular dystonia is not only fluctuations in blood pressure, but also dysfunctions in the regulation of functions internal organs: gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, hormonal levels, urinary system.

Spasms of the gastric muscles may occur - patients complain of a feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen, discomfort, belching and heartburn.

Since the regulation of the biliary tract is disrupted, this causes stagnation of bile and the development of cholelithiasis: patients complain of pain and heaviness in the right hypochondrium.

High numbers on the barometer also affect healthy people: everyone’s systolic and diastolic pressure can fluctuate, both upward and downward. For people with normal blood pressure, no special measures are usually needed.

Anticyclones

An anticyclone is clear weather without wind. In the urban environment, the influence of the anticyclone is felt more strongly, since due to calmness in the air the concentration of exhaust gases and harmful emissions increases.

During an anticyclone, atmospheric pressure increases and clearly affects human pressure. The combined force of these factors in patients with high blood pressure causes increased heart rate, skin flushing, a feeling of weakness, sweating, pain in the chest and left arm. Hypertensive patients should meet the anticyclone in full readiness and be especially careful.

Cardiological ambulance teams confirm that the number of calls for heart attacks and strokes during anticyclones is maximum.

Hypotonic people can also have a hard time tolerating anticyclones: complain about different types migraines and stomach problems.

Cyclones

Overcast, cloudy, precipitation and warmth are the phenomena of a cyclone. The pressure during the action of the cyclone is low - this reduces the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and increases the amount of carbon dioxide: blood supply and microcirculation deteriorate, nutrition of tissues and organs is disrupted, and intracranial pressure reflexively increases.

Such changes in the body cause difficulty breathing, drowsiness, a feeling of unexplained fatigue, dizziness, nausea, weakness, and various types of migraines.

People with low blood pressure find it difficult to endure cyclones and suddenly lose their ability to work.

If a person with low blood pressure is not given timely help and continues to be active in this state, complications in the form of a hypotensive crisis and coma are possible.

Air temperatures

When temperature changes occur, people who suffer are at risk coronary disease heart and hypertension - vasospasm occurs, oxygen starvation of the brain begins.

Cold air causes a reflex contraction of blood vessels, so with a sharp change in temperature - diving into a river on a hot afternoon or going out into the cold - there is a high probability of an angina attack.

Sudden temperature changes are deadly for hypertensive patients.

As temperatures rise, atmospheric pressure decreases—people with hypotension feel unwell at this time.

Low temperatures are accompanied by an increased atmospheric pressure index - this worsens the well-being of a person with pathological pressure.

You may notice that in cold weather the skin remains dry and chapped even when at home. This is caused by spasm of blood vessels in the skin, which occurs when the mercury column is high.

Humidity

Too much low performance Humid air creates problems for people with chronic respiratory tract infections and a tendency to allergic reactions.

Dry hot air in homes during the heating season is the main cause of reduced immunity, frequent ARVI and ENT infections.

Extremely high air humidity is harmful to patients with diseases of the urinary system and joints and worsens their condition.

General basic rules for constant phenomena of meteopathy:


  • Coffee increases blood pressure. It is better to drink it in the first half of the day, no more than 6 cups per day;
  • Citramon tablet relieves headaches and increases low blood pressure;
  • Regular visits to the bathhouse, sauna and swimming pool strengthen and train blood vessels;
  • Not a large number of red wine can improve the condition during a cyclone.
  • Constantly monitor blood pressure;
  • If possible, reduce your consumption of table salt;
  • It is advisable to replace heavy meat foods with lean and vegetable ones;
  • Lemon, cranberries and lingonberries slightly reduce blood pressure and alleviate the condition during an anticyclone;
  • It is better to replace black tea and coffee with water, herbal tea or chicory;
  • Physical activity in the heat is prohibited;
  • You should carry your blood pressure medications with you and take them on time.

Atmospheric pressure and human pressure are closely related - weather conditions affect the functioning of the body. Knowing the effects of changing weather on a person will help you take care of yourself: pay attention to warning signs, practice good hygiene, and provide the necessary assistance to maintain your health.

Videos about the relationship between atmospheric pressure and human well-being

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How does atmospheric pressure affect hypertensive patients?

The atmosphere is an important component of the normal existence of living organisms on planet Earth. Healthy people are not sensitive to weather conditions, and if they have various diseases, they can feel the unpleasant effects of weather fluctuations. By understanding how atmospheric pressure affects a person, you will learn to prevent deterioration in health due to weather changes, regardless of whether your blood pressure (BP) is high or low.

What is atmospheric pressure

This is the air pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the planet and on all surrounding objects. Due to the sun, air masses are constantly moving, this movement is felt in the form of wind. It transports moisture from bodies of water to land, forming precipitation (rain, snow or hail). It had great importance in ancient times, when people predicted weather changes and precipitation based on their feelings.

Normal atmospheric pressure for humans

This is a conditional concept, adopted with the following indicators: latitude 45° and zero temperature. Under such conditions, a little more than one ton of air presses on 1 square centimeter of all surfaces of the planet. The mass is balanced with a column of mercury, the height of which is 760 mm (comfortable for humans). According to scientists' calculations, the flora and fauna of the Earth are affected by about 14-19 tons of air, which can crush all living things. However, organisms have their own internal pressure, and as a result, both indicators are equalized and make life on the planet possible.

What atmospheric pressure is considered high?

If the air compression is above 760 mm. Hg Art., he is considered tall. Depending on the territorial location, air masses can exert pressure in different ways. In mountain ranges the air is more rarefied, in hot layers of the atmosphere it presses more strongly, in cold layers, on the contrary, less. During the day, the mercury column changes several times, as does the well-being of weather-dependent people.

Dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure

The level of atmospheric pressure changes due to territory, proximity to the equator, and other geographical features of the area. IN warm time year (when the air is warm) it is minimal; in winter, when temperatures drop, the air becomes heavier and presses as much as possible. People quickly adapt if the weather is stable for a long time. However, the sudden change climatic conditions directly affects a person, and if there is a high sensitivity to temperature changes, health worsens.

What does atmospheric pressure affect?

Healthy people may feel weak when weather conditions change, and patients suddenly feel changes in the state of the body. Chronic cardiovascular diseases will worsen. The influence of atmospheric pressure on a person's blood pressure is great. This affects the condition of people with diseases of the circulatory system (arterial hypertension, arrhythmia and angina) and the following pathologies of body systems:

  • Nervous and organic mental disorders (schizophrenia, psychoses of various etiologies) in remission. When the weather changes, it worsens.
  • Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (arthritis, arthrosis, hernias and old fractures, osteochondrosis) are manifested by discomfort, aching pain in the joints or bones.

At-risk groups

This group mainly includes people with chronic diseases and the elderly with age-related health changes. The risk of weather dependence increases in the presence of the following pathologies:

  • Respiratory diseases(pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma). Severe exacerbations occur.
  • CNS damage(stroke). There is a high risk of recurrent brain damage.
  • Arterial hypertension or. A hypertensive crisis with the development of myocardial infarction and stroke is possible.
  • Vascular diseases(arterial atherosclerosis). Atherosclerotic plaques can break away from the walls, causing thrombosis and thromboembolism.

How does high atmospheric pressure affect a person?

People who have lived for a long time in a region with certain landscape features can feel comfortable even in an area with high pressure levels (769-781 mm Hg). They are observed in low humidity and temperature, clear, sunny, windless weather. Hypotonic people tolerate this much easier, but feel weak. High atmospheric pressure for hypertensive patients – ordeal. The influence of the anticyclone manifests itself in the disruption of people’s normal functioning (sleep changes, physical activity decreases).

How does low atmospheric pressure affect humans?

If the mercury column shows 733-741 mm (low), the air contains less oxygen. Such conditions are observed during a cyclone, with humidity and temperature rising, high clouds rising, and precipitation falling. In such weather, people suffer from respiratory problems and hypotension. They experience weakness and shortness of breath due to lack of oxygen. Sometimes these people have increased intracranial pressure and appear.

Effect on hypertensive patients

With increased atmospheric pressure, the weather is clear, calm, and the air contains a large amount of harmful impurities (due to environmental pollution). For hypertensive patients, this “air cocktail” is very dangerous, and its manifestations can be different. Clinical symptoms:

  • heart pain;
  • irritability;
  • dysfunction of the vitreous body (spots, black spots, floating bodies in the eyes);
  • sharp throbbing migraine-type headache;
  • decreased mental activity;
  • redness of the facial skin;
  • tachycardia;
  • noise in ears;
  • increase in systolic (upper) blood pressure (up to 200-220 mm Hg);
  • the number of leukocytes in the blood increases.

Low atmospheric pressure does not have much effect on hypertensive patients. The air masses are saturated with a large amount of oxygen, which has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the heart and blood vessels. Doctors for patients with hypertension advise ventilating the room more often so that there is a good flow of fresh air and as little carbon dioxide as possible (in a stuffy room it exceeds the prescribed norm).

How to protect yourself

Completely eliminate the influence of the atmosphere on daily life does not seem possible. The weather is unpredictable every day, so you need to know everything about your health and take measures to alleviate the condition. Measures necessary for hypotensive patients:

  • sleep well;
  • take a contrast shower (changing the water temperature from warm to cool and vice versa);
  • drink strong tea or natural coffee;
  • harden the body;
  • consume more clean water;
  • take long walks in the fresh air;
  • take natural medications that strengthen the immune system.

Atmospheric pressure has a greater effect on hypertensive patients. They can usually immediately sense an impending change in weather conditions. To reduce dependence on such changes, hypertensive patients need.

2.Wind.

3.Types of air masses.

4.Atmospheric fronts.

5.Jet streams.

1. Pressure changes as a result of air movements– its outflow from one place and inflow to another. These movements are associated with differences in air density that arise when it is unevenly heated from the underlying surface.

If any part of the earth's surface warms up more strongly, then the upward movement of air will be more active, there will be an outflow of air to neighboring, less heated areas and, as a result, the pressure will decrease. The influx of air above into neighboring areas will cause an increase in pressure on their surface. In accordance with the pressure distribution at the surface, air moves towards the heated area. The outflow of air from places with more high pressure is compensated by its lowering. Thus, uneven heating of the surface causes air movement and circulation: rising above the heated area, outflow at a certain height to the sides, lowering over less heated areas and movement at the surface towards the heated area.

Air movement can also be caused by uneven surface cooling. But in this case, the air above the cooled area is compressed and at a certain height the pressure becomes lower than at the same level above the neighboring, less cold areas. At the top, air moves towards the cold area, accompanied by an increase in pressure on its surface; Accordingly, the pressure decreases over neighboring areas. At the surface, air begins to spread from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure, i.e. from the cold area to the sides.

Thus, thermal causes (temperature changes) lead to dynamic causes of pressure changes (air movement).

2. The movement of air in a horizontal direction is called wind. Wind is characterized by speed, strength and direction. Wind speed is measured in meters per second (m/sec), sometimes in km/h, in points (Beaufort scale from 0 to 12 points) and according to the international code in knots (a knot is equal to 0.5 m/sec). The average wind speed at the earth's surface is 5 - 10 m/sec. The highest average annual wind speed of 22 m/sec was observed on the coast of Antarctica. The average daily wind speed there sometimes reaches 44 m/sec, and at some points reaches 90 m/sec. Hurricane winds were recorded in Jamaica, reaching speeds of 84 m/sec at some points.

Wind force is determined by the pressure exerted by moving air on objects and is measured in kg/m2. The strength of the wind depends on its speed.

The direction of the wind is determined by the position of the point on the horizon from which it blows. To indicate the direction of the wind in practice, the horizon is divided into 16 points. Rumb – direction to a point on the visible horizon relative to the cardinal points.

At a baric minimum, air moves counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, with its deviation towards the center. At baric maximum, air moves clockwise in the northern hemisphere, with a deviation towards the periphery.

The air of the troposphere is not the same everywhere, because the distribution of solar heat over the earth's surface is not the same and the surface itself is different. As a result of interaction with the underlying surface, the air acquires certain physical properties, and moving from one condition to another, it quickly changes them - it is transformed. Since the air moves continuously, its transformation occurs constantly. In this case, the first thing to change is temperature and humidity. Under certain conditions (over deserts, industrial centers), the air contains many impurities, which affects its optical properties.

3. Relatively homogeneous air masses, extending over several thousand kilometers in the horizontal direction and several kilometers in the vertical direction, are called air masses. Air masses are characterized by similar temperature, pressure, humidity, and transparency. They are formed when air remains for a long time over a relatively homogeneous surface.

Based on temperature indicators, air masses are divided into warm and cold (TV and cold). Warm air masses are those that move with warm surface to a colder one. When moving the TV warm air cools, reaches the level of condensation and precipitation occurs. CWs move from a colder surface to a warmer one. When chemical substances arrive on a warmer surface, they heat up and rise upward.

Depending on the nature of the underlying surface, VMs are divided into marine and continental. Marine VMs are characterized by a high moisture content. Continental VMs form over land and are drier.

Based on geographic location, four types of air masses (AM) are distinguished. The equatorial type VM (EV) is formed over the equatorial low pressure zone, between 50c. and S. EVs are wet and characterized by upward movements of the EM, convective processes and precipitation. The tropical type VM (TV) is formed over tropical latitudes with high pressure, high temperatures, and anticyclonic circulation. They can be maritime (mTV) or continental (cTV). Continental TVs are characterized by significant dustiness. The moderate (polar) type of VM (UV, PV) is located above 400 - 600 s. and S latitude, mPV varies depending on sea currents (warm, cold), and kPV differs in different areas of the continents. In Western Europe, the formation of cPV is influenced by the Gulf Stream, on the eastern coast of Asia - by monsoons, and in the interior parts of the Eurasian continent - by a sharply continental type of climate. The Arctic (Antarctic) type VM (AV) differs from the PV type in that it has, on average, lower temperatures, lower absolute humidity, and low dust content. There are an Antarctic continental subtype - kAV and Arctic marine and continental subtypes - kAV and mAV.

4. Air masses with different physical properties As a result of their constant movement, they come closer together. In the convergence zone - the transition zone - large reserves of energy are concentrated and atmospheric processes are especially active. Between converging air masses, surfaces arise that are characterized by a sharp change in meteorological elements and are called frontal surfaces or atmospheric fronts.

The frontal surface is always located at an angle to the underlying surface and tilted towards the colder air, wedging under the warm one. The angle of inclination of the frontal surface is very small, usually less than 10. This means that the frontal surface at a distance of 200 km from the front line is at an altitude of only 1 - 2 km. From the intersection of the frontal surface with the surface of the Earth, a line is formed atmospheric front. The width of the atmospheric front in the surface layer is from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers, the length is from several hundred to several thousand kilometers.

Cold air is always located on the floor at the frontal surface, warm air is located above it. The equilibrium of the inclined frontal surface is maintained by the Coriolis force. At equatorial latitudes, where the Coriolis force is absent, atmospheric fronts do not arise.

If air currents are directed on both sides along the front and the front does not noticeably move either towards cold or towards warm air, it is called stationary. If air currents are directed perpendicular to the front, the front shifts in one direction or another depending on which air mass is more active. According to this, fronts are divided into warm and cold.

A warm front moves towards cold air as... Warm VM is more active. Warm air flows onto the retreating cold air, calmly rising up along the interface plane (upward sliding), and cools adiabatically, which is accompanied by condensation of the moisture contained in it. A warm front brings warmer temperatures. When warm air slowly rises, typical cloud systems form.

A cold front moves toward warm air and brings cold temperatures. Cold air moves faster than warm air, flows under it, pushing it up. In this case, the lower layers of cold air lag behind the upper ones in their movement and the frontal surface rises relatively steeply above the underlying surface.

Depending on the degree of stability of warm air and the speed of movement of fronts, a cold front of the first and second order is distinguished. A first-order cold front moves slowly and warm air rises calmly. Cloudiness similar to cloudiness warm front, but the precipitation zone is narrower (a consequence of the relatively large slope of the frontal surface). A second-order cold front is a fast-moving one. The upward movement of warm air contributes to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, squally winds, and showers.

When warm and cold fronts merge, a complex front is formed - an occlusion front. The closure of fronts occurs because the cold front, moving faster than the warm one, can catch up with it. The warm air trapped in the space between the two fronts is forced upward, and the cold air masses of the two fronts merge. Depending on which of the connecting air masses is warmer, occlusion occurs as a cold type (warmer air from a warm front) or a warm type (warmer air from a cold front).

There are no continuous constant atmospheric fronts between different types of EM, but there are frontal zones in which many fronts of varying intensity constantly arise, intensify and collapse. These zones are called climate fronts. They reflect the average long-term position of the fronts separating the areas of dominance of different types of VMs.

Between the Arctic (Antarctic) VM and the polar VM there is an Arctic (Antarctic) front.

Temperate air masses are separated from tropical air masses by the polar front of the northern and southern hemispheres. The continuation of the polar front in tropical latitudes - the trade wind front - separates two different masses of tropical air, one of which is transformed temperate air. Tropical VMs are separated from equatorial VMs by a tropical front.

All fronts are constantly moving and changing; therefore, the actual position of one or another section of the front may deviate significantly from its long-term average position.

Based on the location of climate fronts, one can judge the location of VMs and their movement depending on the season.

5. In the frontal areas, where temperature gradients are large, strong winds arise, the speed of which, increasing with height, reaches a maximum (more than 30 m/sec) near the tropopause. Hurricane winds in the frontal zones of the upper troposphere, and less commonly, the lower stratosphere, are called jet streams. These are relatively narrow (their width is several hundred kilometers), flattened (the thickness is several kilometers) jets of air moving in the middle of an air flow that has significantly lower speeds. Tropospheric jet currents have a predominantly westerly direction, while stratospheric ones have a predominantly western direction in winter and an eastern direction in summer. Tropospheric jet streams are divided into currents of temperate and subtropical latitudes. Jet streams play a significant role in the atmospheric circulation regime.