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Anatoly Pepelyaev short biography. Russian Army in the Great War: Project File: Pepelyaev Anatoly Nikolaevich

The Siberian general from whom Kolchak took away the victory

High and tragic was the fate of Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyaev, one of the youngest, most gifted and popular military leaders of the anti-Bolshevik resistance in Russia among the masses of soldiers. Endowed with rich strategic thinking, a brilliant tactician, a man of rare personal charm, he most fully embodied the drama of that part of the Russian democratic officers who enthusiastically accepted the February Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. And then, when the Bolsheviks showed themselves in all their “glory,” she was the first to raise the banner of resistance to their power.
Anatoly Pepelyaev became the youngest general of the white movement at the age of 27, in September 1918. And the most unusual general: he was the only one who did not introduce the wearing of shoulder straps in his troops. He was considered a “Socialist Revolutionary”, although he did not join the Socialist Revolutionary Party. As befits a native of Tomsk, these “Siberian Athens,” Anatoly Nikolaevich was inclined towards the ideas of Siberian regionalism in their most popular version.

Raising the green and white banner
Anatoly Pepelyaev was born in Tomsk on August 15, 1891, in the family of an officer, in the near future - lieutenant general imperial army. At the age of nineteen he graduated from Pavlovsk military school In Petersburg. During the German War he commanded a battalion, three more than a year shared with his soldiers all the hardships of front-line trench life. Sergei Kara-Murza writes that the trenches of the First World War created a powerful agrarian-communist unity from the peasants, hitherto sufficiently imbued with the ideas of communal communism, and other classes who found themselves in the trenches. The antagonism between the self-sacrifice of front-line soldiers and the hedonistic orgies of the bourgeoisie hidden behind them was psychologically and ideologically clear to Anatoly Pepelyaev. And his sympathies were already quite clear then. Free-thinking Tomsk, completely imbued with the ideas of the great regionalists Yadrintsev and Potanin, saturated the inquisitive mind and sympathetic soul of Pepelyaev Jr. with these ideas...

At the end of December 1917 he returned to Tomsk. Of the parties actually operating at that time, the ones closest to him were the Socialist Revolutionaries, who most consistently expressed the interests of the peasantry. It is clear that these sentiments intensified many times after the unceremonious dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. And the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, which even Lenin himself called “obscene,” all the more inspired Pepelyaev to take decisive action. Anatoly Nikolaevich created an underground officer organization in his native Tomsk and established contacts with local Socialist Revolutionaries. In the spring of 1918, the officer underground, with the clear sympathy of the Siberian peasantry, outraged by the surplus appropriation policy, overthrew the power of the Tomsk Council and raised the green and white banner of Autonomous Siberia.
Infinitely brave, possessing brilliant strategic and tactical thinking and therefore fantastically popular among the troops, Pepelyaev quickly formed a regiment from Tomsk residents and led it to Krasnoyarsk. After the capture of Krasnoyarsk, his troops were joined by divisions of Barnaul, Novonikolaev and Krasnoyarsk residents. Such a rapid expansion of Pepeliaev’s army is explained by the fact that well-conspiracy officer organizations operated in many Siberian cities. They carefully prepared not only the overthrow of the rule of the local Bolsheviks, but also a campaign against the central government they had seized. The ideological leaders of the anti-Bolshevik underground were politically sophisticated Social Revolutionaries-regionalists who dreamed of creating a Siberian Democratic Republic - an independent public education, which would be guided in its practical activities ideas of the great regionalists Yadrintsev and Potanin.
Battles for Irkutsk
After the liberation of many Siberian cities from Bolshevism, Pepelyaev’s regiment turned into a corps that approached Irkutsk under the green and white banner of autonomous Siberia. In Irkutsk there also existed a powerful SR-officer underground, headed by former political prisoners Nikolai Kalashnikov, Arkady Krakovetsky and Pavel Yakovlev. Two of them were prisoners of the famous Alexander Central before the revolution. After the December battles in Irkutsk in 1917, Kalashnikov, who was assistant commander of the East Siberian Military District under the Provisional Government, took the surviving officers and cadets out of the city and created a fortified area in the village of Pivovarikha, relying on which he constantly threatened the Bolsheviks. In the most unofficial “capital of Eastern Siberia,” Kalashnikov, a born leader and talented conspirator, created a united underground organization committed to an uncompromising struggle. It consisted of socialist revolutionaries and non-party officers who sympathized with regionalist and populist ideology. The crowning glory of the conspiracy was that the Irkutsk Bolsheviks considered the underground formations to be small in number and devoid of real influence. But in fact, they numbered over a thousand people, each of whom was not only perfectly armed and trained, but also possessed the skills of psychological processing of the masses, the ability to attract them to a selfless fight against the Bolshevik regime.
The Kalashnikovites made their first attempt to capture Irkutsk on February 23, 1918, when the city hosted the Second Congress of Soviets of Siberia. Then the Bolsheviks managed to prevent a coup. But Kalashnikov and his comrades were not the kind of people to abandon their hard-won program. On June 14, underground fighters fought their way into Irkutsk and captured almost the entire city. Irkutsk anti-Bolshevik underground fighters, led by V.A. Shchipachev, hit the Reds in the rear and inflicted great damage on them. Completely unexpected help for the Bolshevik Soviet arrived from the direction from which it would seem foolish to expect it. The Transbaikal Cossacks, whose train unexpectedly approached the city, unloaded from the cars and galloped along the Irkutsk streets. Moreover, at full gallop they cut down the “white-greens” with checkers, who were confused by the deceptive anticipation that the hour of victory was near. As eyewitnesses recalled, Cossack sabers demolished many officers’ heads. The surviving rebels retreated to Pivovarikha. And at the same time they managed to free their comrades from prison, including the former provincial commissar Pavel Yakovlev, the first Irkutsk governor after the fall of the monarchy.

Less than a month later, on July 10, 1918, Kalashnikovites again broke into Irkutsk. The White partisans took the station in battle and railroad bridge and ensured the approach of the vanguard of the Siberian Corps Anatoly Pepelyaev. Having liberated the capital of Eastern Siberia, Pepelyaev went to the Baikal Front. By that time, the corps he led, replenished with Irkutsk residents, had grown into the Siberian Army. And the commander of this army, born in battle, became not just a general, of which there were in general many, but a legendary personality - the liberator of long-suffering Siberia from the next contenders for dominance over it - the Bolsheviks.

Attack of the Titans. Lilliputian intrigues

The November 1918 coup in Omsk, which led to the supreme power of Admiral Kolchak, meant a serious political defeat for the so-called “democratic counter-revolution”. Therefore, it is not surprising that the “winners” launched a campaign of repression against the socialist revolutionaries.
A few days after Kolchak’s coup, the Siberian Army was transferred to Yekaterinburg. Despite the political “extravagances” of the commander, the army enjoyed the reputation of a combat-ready unit devoted to its leader. Therefore, at first it became one of the pillars of the admiral’s military doctrine. Thousands and thousands of Siberians eagerly marched under the green and white banners of Pepelyaev. But such a high popularity of the young commander could not help but worry the supreme ruler. All the more contradictory was Kolchak’s attitude towards Anatoly Pepelyaev after the latter’s brilliant victory near Perm. On the one hand, it was impossible not to recognize the heroism and devotion of the Pepelyaevites. After all, in the bitter cold, with a ferocious bayonet attack, they drove the Bolsheviks out of Perm, capturing colossal trophies and practically opening the way to Moscow. At this moment, the popularity of the Siberian general Pepelyaev reached its apogee. After all, it was not without reason that Lenin sent two professionals of the highest class - Stalin and Dzerzhinsky - to eliminate the consequences of this defeat.
Of course, Kolchak knew that in Pepelyaev’s army the positions of socialist revolutionaries were strong and the ideas of Siberian regionalism were deeply rooted. Nikolai Kalashnikov, who became Pepelyaev’s deputy and head of counterintelligence of the Siberian Army, even created a secret anti-Kolchak organization that intended to overthrow the reactionary monarchists entrenched in Kolchak’s headquarters and replace them with regional Socialist Revolutionaries. The Kolchak elite demonstrated their inability to defeat Bolshevism. And the Siberian Army, loyal to its commander, was an undoubted striking force. Nikolai Kalashnikov organized a successful intelligence confrontation with the admiral’s favorite, actual privy adviser Kirsta, the embarrassment of this “lion of the secret war” in almost all directions. I’ll tell you a secret: a quarter of a century ago, officers of the secret reserve of the GRU during classes played out the situations of that time and were amazed at the depth of intuition and accuracy of the calculations of the former political prisoner Kalashnikov...
Literally the next day after the coup on November 18, 1918, many socialist revolutionaries, including deputies of the Constituent Assembly, under whose slogans Pepelyaev and his associates began the armed struggle in the spring of 1918, were killed by the revolutionaries or thrown into prison. And those who managed to remain free found refuge in Pepelyaev’s Siberian Army, as well as in the entourage of Pavel Yakovlev, who again became the Irkutsk governor and did not hide his opposition to Kolchak. The democratic front in Siberia was led by Anatoly Pepelyaev, as well as former leaders of the Irkutsk underground Nikolai Kalashnikov, Pavel Yakovlev, and corps commander Ellerts-Usov. At first, the "Supreme" did not interfere with the activities of the zemstvo, city dumas, peasant and workers' unions led by the Socialist Revolutionaries in Siberia. But this shaky alliance between monarchists and socialists could not last. “The Triumphant of Perm” addressed more than one ultimatum report to the supreme ruler on the need for decisive steps to democratize the regime and bring it closer to regionalist ideals. And he even threatened to move his army to Omsk if this was not done. However, for all the undisguised audacity of these demarches, Kolchak was still afraid to touch the famous Siberian military leader. But it must be said that in December 1918, during the illness of the Supreme Commander, it was Pepelyaev who was considered as his most likely successor. However, Kolchak recovered...

While demonstrating in public his complete favor towards Pepelyaev, Alexander Vasilyevich in fact very skillfully put obstacles in his way. When the Siberians took Perm and the road to red Moscow was open, the admiral unexpectedly ordered the offensive to be stopped. He sent Pepelyaev to take Kazan. But, when there were one and a half hundred kilometers left before it, the Western Army of the Whites rushed forward to cross the Pepeliaevites and practically blocked their path. Kolchak was afraid that the Siberians themselves would march on Moscow or even enter into an alliance with the Red Army. The reason for these fears was not only the mood of Pepelyaev himself and his entourage, but also the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to change the attitude of the Bolsheviks towards the Socialist Revolutionaries and their readiness to cooperate with them.
At the same time, peasant uprisings against the Omsk regime began throughout Siberia, the rear was collapsing, paralyzed by the most unbridled corruption. The Polar Admiral was afraid of the Pepelyaev Siberians MORE than the RED ones. Although it was precisely the white and green banner of the Siberian Army and the red flags of the workers of the Izhevsk and Votkinsk factories, under which they fought under the command of General Molchanov, that Kolchak owed the overwhelming majority of his so-called “own” victories. Such is the merciless irony of history! Socialists and regional democrats fought selflessly in Kolchak’s army against Bolshevism, and at the same time, in the rear, punitive detachments burned out entire villages, pushing guerrilla warfare hitherto peaceful men. And the obscurantist Black Hundreds created concentration camps for workers on the sole grounds that they were workers, and therefore simply could not help but be Marxists...

"Against Kolchak, for free Siberia"

In the end, General Pepelyaev openly accused Kolchak of his inability to govern Siberia and its armed forces. And he demanded his resignation from the post of commander in chief. Kolchak responded by removing him from command of the Siberian Army. Pepelyaev and Kalashnikov wanted to start new stage struggle under the Socialist Revolutionary-Regional banners against Lenin and Kolchak. Therefore, on June 21, 1919, the young victorious general addressed his army with an angry protest against the policy of the land admiral. He fearlessly described how he constantly held back the advance of the Siberians, left them without reserves, how they heroically fought and died at the front, while the “correct” Kolchak officers sat behind them. Following his army commander, Kalashnikov made a report, revealing the reasons for the anti-Kolchak uprisings in the army and in the rear. He openly proclaimed the slogan of creating a free Siberia without Lenin and Kolchak, the main armed force of which was to be the famous army of Anatoly Pepelyaev.
Soon, the former underground Socialist Revolutionary and political prisoner Nikolai Kalashnikov, in the Czech echelon of General Gaida, on whom he had considerable influence, went to Vladivostok. There he intended to organize an armed uprising against the Omsk anti-people regime. His “retinue” consisted of Pepelyaev officers, who, as the train moved, settled in their cities in order to prepare the overthrow of the Kolchak regime. Anatoly Nikolaevich himself led his army to Tomsk, arresting Kolchak’s generals K.V. Sakharov and S.N. Voitsekhovsky along the way. Already in retrospect, Kolchak’s staff officers, in order to somehow “retouch” the split, falsified the order to transfer Pepelyaev’s army. From Tomsk the army commander led part of his army to the east. However, he fell ill with typhus, was placed on a Czechoslovak train and taken to Chita. And then he left for Harbin, which was then practically a Russian city. Meanwhile, many Pepeliaevites, outraged by the stupid villainy of Ataman Semenov, came into contact with the Reds. And they not only provided them with moral support, but also took an active part in the fight against the ataman’s gangs and the expulsion of the Japanese from Far East. Many of them fought bravely and skillfully in the ranks of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic.
However, let's return to Nikolai Kalashnikov. He was enthusiastically greeted in Irkutsk by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Pepeliaevites from the corps of General Grivin, who shortly before was personally shot by Voitsekhovsky “for treason against the Supreme Ruler.” In November 1919, the Socialist Revolutionaries created a coalition body of representatives of the zemstvo, the Irkutsk City Duma and cooperation - the Political Center. It also included Siberian Mensheviks. Kalashnikov became the commander of the troops of the Political Center, and a month later his troops began fighting against the Kolchak garrison, creating two fronts - Glazkovsky and Znamensky. As a result, on January 5, 1920, power in Irkutsk passed to the Provisional Council of the Siberian People's Administration. The Kolchak regime in Irkutsk, the most important economic, political and transport hub of Eastern Siberia, fell. The commander of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Siberian People's Administration was the ardent socialist-revolutionary and Siberian regionalist Nikolai Kalashnikov. At the same time, he, as a counterintelligence officer from God, successfully led the work to identify and arrest Kolchak’s punitive forces, counterintelligence officers, embezzler generals, and corrupt rear officials. On January 15, 1920, Kalashnikov’s people accepted from the Czechs a train with part of the country’s gold reserves, captured from the Bolsheviks during the capture of Kazan. Along the way, the Socialist Revolutionaries also demanded a “supreme ruler” from their former allies. The unanimous decision to extradite the latter was made by the Czech “Wudze” Jan Syrov, who adhered to social-democratic views, and the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Siberia, General Janin.

Former regionalist and former anarchist: six spools of lead each...

When power in Irkutsk passed to the Bolsheviks, Kalashnikov, not without reason, feared reprisals from them. Therefore, he quickly reorganized the People's Revolutionary Army into a division and took it to Transbaikalia. In March 1920, the Pepelyaevites drove out the Cossacks of Ataman Semenov from Verkhneudinsk and in full force went to Manchuria. A revolutionary who went through hard labor, an experienced underground fighter and a talented military leader, Nikolai Kalashnikov said goodbye to Pepelyaev in Harbin. Despite all his antipathy to the methods of the Bolsheviks, he understood that they had won. Therefore, I boarded a ship in Dairen and sailed overseas. In America, he took up science, and succeeded in this too. His developments were immediately classified, as was his person, so even the date of death former prisoner Tsarism is unknown...
And Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyaev, the son of Lieutenant General Nikolai Pepelyaev, lived in Harbin until 1922. The unlucky “supreme ruler” had already been shot in Irkutsk, and together with him, Pepelyaev’s elder brother Viktor, a former deputy of the State Duma and one of the most prominent political figures of “Kolchakia”, died on the ice of the Ushakovka River...
The former Perm triumphant could not sit idle for long. In September 1922, he created the Siberian volunteer squad of seven hundred Tomsk officers, which landed on the Okhotsk coast and moved deep into Yakutia. They wanted to separate this region, rich in furs and gold, from Soviet Russia and organize there the Free Siberia they dreamed of - a state of popular rule, free from the Bolsheviks. The Reds viewed the campaign of Pepelyaev and his associates as an ordinary military rebellion. Special units were sent to suppress it. One of them was headed by the famous Red commander, a former anarchist from Nestor Kalandarishvili’s detachment, Ivan Strod, who fought against Pepelyaev back in 1918. Strode's detachment met the rebels near the Sasyl-Sasy camp and took up a perimeter defense. The siege of the ice fortress continued for eighteen days, and on March 3, 1923, the expedition of the Siberian general ended. The approaching units of the regular Red Army defeated his squad. On June 17, 1923, Pepelyaev with the surviving officers surrendered in the port of Ayan to the commander of the expeditionary force S.S. Vostretsov, was taken to Vladivostok, and from there to Chita, where he stood trial.
All defendants were sentenced to death, but the All-Russian Central Executive Committee commuted their death to ten years' imprisonment. At the trial, Pepelyaev, as a professional military man, expressed admiration for the courage of the soldiers of Ivan Strod’s detachment.
Great Russian, Siberian general Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev was shot on January 14, 1938. At the same time, the holder of four Orders of the Red Banner, Ivan Yakovlevich Strod, with whom Pepelyaev’s military fate brought him together in the Baikal region in 1918 and in Yakutia in 1923, received his “six spools of lead.”

Pepelyaev Anatoly Nikolaevich (03(15).07.1891, Tomsk - 20.05.1919, Omsk). Lieutenant General (01/31/1919). From the family of a career military man (son of Lieutenant General N.M. Pepelyaev (1858-1916), in 1916 the head of the 8th Siberian Rifle Division). Brother of V.N. Pepelyaev, Prime Minister of the Government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. Graduated from the 1st Siberian Omsk Cadet Corps (1908), Pavlovsk Military School (1910), was appointed to the position of junior officer of a machine gun team in the 42nd Siberian rifle regiment In Tomsk. He distinguished himself on the fronts of the First World War, commanding a company and battalion. AwardedOrder of St. George, 4th class. , St. Vladimir 4th Art. with swords and bow, St. Anne 2nd, 3rd and 4th art. with the inscription "For bravery", St. Stanislav 3rd and 4th Art., St. George's Arms. In 1918, lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of a secret officer organization in Tomsk during the establishment of Soviet power there. Then he served in the troops of the Provisional Siberian Government, commander of the Central Siberian (later 1st Central Siberian) Corps, major general (09/10/1918), awardedOrder of St. George, 3rd class. for the liberation from the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1918 of Krasnoyarsk, Verkhneudinsk, Chita. In the Russian Army, Admiral A.V. Kolchak commander of the 1st Central Siberian Army Corps of the Siberian Army (06/13/1918 - 04/25/1919), one of the leaders of the Perm operation (12/24/25/1918). Awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm Branch (0 9.04.1919). Commander of the Northern Army Group of Forces with the rights of an independent army (1st Central Siberian and 5th Siberian Corps) of the Siberian Army (04/25 - 08/31/1919), then commander of the 1st Siberian Army (from 08/31/1919). In November 1919 he led the defense of Omsk. After stubborn resistance, the 1st Army, under the threat of being outflanked by the “Reds” from the south (5th Army) and from the north (3rd Army), was forced to leave Omsk. On November 20, General Pepelyaev, leaving Omsk with the last regiment of his army, was mortally wounded by a shell fragment and died on the spot. The remains of the commander were taken to Novonikolaevsk and buried. During the abandonment of the city by the troops of the Russian Army, in order to prevent the Bolsheviks from mocking the grave, it was moved. The new burial place was known to a narrow circle of people. At present, there is no information about Pepelyaev’s grave. In 1920, by Decree of the Supreme Ruler, the 1st Siberian Verkhneudinsk Cadet Corps (formerly Omsk) was renamed into the 1st Siberian Verkhneudinsk General Pepelyaev Cadet Corps. 1919 Pepelyaev Anatoly Nikolaevich
Major General, commander of the 1st Central Siberian Army Corps was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree For the liberation from the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1918 of Krasnoyarsk, Verkhneudinsk and Chita. † 14.I.1938 (Lieutenant General)

Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev (July 3, 1891, Tomsk - January 14, 1938, Novosibirsk) - Russian military leader, lieutenant general, participant in the First World War and Civil War on the Eastern Front, outstanding participant White movement, commander of the 1st Siberian Army, Siberian regionalist. Brother Prime Minister of the Government.

Encyclopedic reference

He graduated from the Omsk Cadet Corps and the Pavlovsk Military School in St. Petersburg.

He began his service in the 41st Siberian Rifle Regiment. Member of the First World War. Lieutenant Colonel, battalion commander. Since February 1918, a member of the underground officer organization in Tomsk. After the overthrow of Soviet power in Tomsk on May 27, 1918, he was commander of the 1st Central Siberian Army Corps and promoted to colonel.

A.N. Pepelyaev fought in, on, for Verkhneudinsk and Chita. From September 10, 1918 - Major General, from January 31, 1919 - Lieutenant General. From April 1919 - commander of the southern group of the Siberian Army, from July 14 - commander of the 1st Army. However, parts of the army staged a series of mutinies and self-destructed as military force. On December 9, 1919, at the Taiga station, the Pepelyaev brothers, in an attempt to overthrow Kolchak and organize a government of “public trust,” arrested the front commander, disorganizing the administration.

Sick of typhus A.N. Pepelyaev left for the east. In 1920, in Harbin, he was engaged in the organization of those arriving from Russia, and organized the “Military Union”. To support the anti-Bolshevik uprising, it was decided to send a detachment to Yakutia. By the end of August 1922 A.N. Pepelyaev, at the head of a detachment of 750 people, set off on steamships from Vladivostok to Ayan. Until spring there were fierce battles with the Reds under the command of I. Strode. June 17, 1923 A.N. Pepelyaev surrendered in Ayan. Sentenced to death, which the All-Russian Central Executive Committee commuted to 10 years in prison.

Released on January 6, 1936. Worked as an assistant to the head of the horse depot in Voronezh. Arrested again on August 20, 1937, executed by sentence of the NKVD troika in the Novosibirsk region.

Awarded the Arms of St. George and 8 orders, including St. George IV degree.

Irkutsk Dictionary of Local History, 2011

Biography

Origin

Born into the family of a hereditary nobleman and lieutenant general tsarist army Nikolai Pepelyaev and the daughter of the merchant Klavdia Nekrasova. Nikolai Pepelyaev had six sons, who subsequently underwent military training, with the exception of the eldest, and two daughters.

In 1902, Pepelyaev entered the Omsk Cadet Corps, which he successfully graduated from in 1908. In the same year, Pepelyaev entered the Pavlovsk Military School (PVU) in St. Petersburg. In 1910, Pepelyaev graduated with the rank of second lieutenant.

Immediately after graduating from vocational training, Anatoly Nikolaevich was sent to serve in the machine gun team of the 42nd Siberian Rifle Regiment, stationed in his native Tomsk. In 1914, shortly before the start of the First World War, Pepelyaev was promoted to lieutenant.

In 1912, Pepelyaev married Nina Ivanovna Gavronskaya (1893-1979), originally from. From this marriage two sons were born: Vsevolod - in 1913, who lived in Harbin until 1946, in 1946-1947 - military intelligence officer of the Trans-Baikal Military District, arrested in 1947. Laurel - 1922-1991, employee of the emigrant bureau, graduate of Japanese military mission courses, repressed. Died in Tashkent.

World War I (before the February Revolution)

Pepelyaev went to the front as the commander of his regiment's mounted reconnaissance. In this position he distinguished himself under Prasnysh and Soldau. In the summer of 1915, under his command, the trenches lost during the retreat were recaptured. In 1916, during a two-month vacation, Pepelyaev taught tactics at the front-line school for warrant officers. In 1917, shortly before the February Revolution, Anatoly Nikolaevich was promoted to captain.

For military valor, Pepelyaev was awarded the following awards:

Order of St. Anne, 4th class with the inscription "For bravery"
Order of St. Anne, 3rd class
Order of St. Anne, 2nd class
Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree
Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class
Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with swords and bow
Order of St. George, 4th degree (01/27/1917) and St. George's Arms (09/27/1916)

Revolutions of 1917

February Revolution found Pepelyaev at the front. Despite the gradual disintegration of the army, he kept his detachment in constant combat readiness and at the same time did not fall out of favor with his soldiers, as was the case in many other units. Under Kerensky, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. After October revolution The council of soldiers' deputies of the battalion, which by that time was commanded by Pepelyaev, elected him battalion commander. This fact indicates Pepelyaev’s great popularity among soldiers.

But even parts of Pepelyaev were subject to decomposition - the reason for this was the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, which ended hostilities. Realizing the pointlessness of his further stay at the front, Anatoly Nikolaevich left for Tomsk.

The beginning of the fight against the Bolsheviks

Pepelyaev arrived in Tomsk in early March 1918. There he met his longtime friend, Captain Dostovalov, who introduced Pepelyaev into a secret officer organization created on January 1, 1918 and headed by Colonels Vishnevsky and Samarokov. Pepelyaev was chosen as the chief of staff of this organization, which planned to overthrow the Bolsheviks, who seized power in the city on December 6, 1917.

On May 26, 1918, an armed uprising against the Bolsheviks began in Novonikolaevsk. This gave impetus to Tomsk officers. On May 27, an armed uprising began in Tomsk. At the same time, the performance of the Czechoslovaks began. The Tomsk uprising was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Pepelyaev. On May 31, the power of the “Siberian Government” of Peter of Vologda was established in Tomsk. Pepelyaev recognized this power and created on June 13, 1918, on her instructions, the 1st Central Siberian Corps, which he headed. With him, he moved east to liberate Siberia from the Bolsheviks. On June 18, Krasnoyarsk was taken, on July 11, and on August 20, Verkhneudinsk was liberated. West of Chita, Pepelyaev’s troops united with Semenov’s Transbaikal Cossacks. The meeting of the military leaders themselves took place at the end of August / beginning of September at Olovyannaya station. For this campaign, Pepelyaev was promoted to colonel.

Perm - Hike to Vyatka

By order of the Ufa directory of Avksentyev, Pepelyaev’s corps was transferred to the west of Siberia, and Anatoly Nikolaevich himself was promoted to major general (September 10, 1918), thanks to which he became the youngest general in Siberia (27 years old). Since October 1918, his group was in the Urals. In November, Pepelyaev began the Perm operation against the Red 3rd Army. During this operation, a coup took place in Omsk, which led to power. Pepelyaev immediately recognized the supreme power of Kolchak, since the power of the Socialist Revolutionary Avksentiev was unpleasant to him.

On December 24, 1918, Pepelyaev’s troops occupied Perm, abandoned by the Bolsheviks, capturing about 20,000 Red Army soldiers, all of whom were sent home by order of Pepelyaev. Due to the fact that the liberation of Perm coincided with the 128th anniversary of the capture of the fortress by Izmail Suvorov, the soldiers nicknamed Anatoly Nikolaevich “Siberian Suvorov”. On January 31, Pepelyaev was promoted to lieutenant general.

After the capture of Perm, Pepelyaev walked another 45 km to the west, but severe frosts set in and the front froze. On March 4, 1919, a general offensive of Kolchak’s troops began, and Pepelyaev moved his corps to the west. By the end of April, he was already standing on the Cheptsa River near the village of Balezino. On April 24, Kolchak’s armies were reorganized and Pepelyaev became commander of the Northern Group of the Siberian Army. Meanwhile, the front froze again and only on May 30 Pepelyaev was able to launch an attack on Vyatka, to connect with Miller’s troops. Pepelyaev was the only one who succeeded in advancing in May - the rest of the white groups were repulsed by the reds. On June 2, Pepelyaev took Glazov. But on June 4, Pepelyaev’s group was stopped by the 29th Infantry Division of the 3rd Army in the area between Yar and Falenki. By 20 June he was driven back approximately to the front line of 3 March.

Great Siberian Ice March

After the June retreat, Pepelyaev did not win any major military victories. On July 21, 1919, he reorganized his units and officially formed the Eastern Front, which was divided into 4 armies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and Orenburg), a separate Steppe group and a separate Siberian Cossack Corps. Pepelyaev was appointed commander of the 1st Army. This reorganization did not make the conduct of hostilities more effective and Kolchak’s armies retreated to the east. For some time the Whites managed to stay on Tobol and Pepelyaev was responsible for the defense of Tobolsk, but in October 1919 this line was broken through by the Reds. In November, Omsk was abandoned and a general flight began. Pepelyaev's army still held the Tomsk region, but there was no hope for success.

In December, a conflict occurred between Anatoly Nikolaevich and Kolchak. When the train of the Supreme Ruler of Russia arrived at the Taiga station, it was detained by Pepelyaev’s troops. Pepelyaev sent Kolchak an ultimatum to convene the Siberian Zemsky Sobor, the resignation of Commander-in-Chief Sakharov, whom Pepelyaev had already ordered to be arrested, and the investigation into the surrender of Omsk. In case of non-compliance, Pepelyaev threatened to arrest Kolchak. On the same day, Pepelyaev’s brother, who was the prime minister in the Kolchak government, arrived in Taiga. He “reconciled” the general with the admiral. As a result, on December 11, Sakharov was removed from the post of commander in chief.

On December 20, Pepelyaev was driven out of Tomsk and fled along the Trans-Siberian Railway. His wife, son and mother fled with him. But since Anatoly Nikolaevich fell ill with typhus and was placed in a confinement car, he was separated from his family. In January 1920, Pepelyaev was taken to Verkhneudinsk, where he recovered.

On March 11, Pepelyaev created the Siberian partisan detachment from the remnants of the 1st Army, with which he went to Sretensk. But since he was subordinate to Ataman Semenov, and he collaborated with the Japanese, Pepelyaev decided to leave Russia and on April 20, 1920, he and his family went to Harbin.

Harbin and Primorye

At the end of April - beginning of May 1920, Pepelyaev and his family settled in Harbin. There he organized an artel of carpenters, cab drivers and loaders. He created the Military Union, whose chairman was General Vishnevsky. First, the organization contacted the Bolsheviks from Blagoveshchensk, hiding under the guise of the Far Eastern Republic. However, Pepelyaev realized their essence and interrupted negotiations on the merger of his organization with the NRA DDA. In 1922, the Socialist Revolutionary Kulikovsky approached Pepelyaev, who persuaded him to organize a campaign in Yakutia to help the rebels against the Bolsheviks. In the summer of 1922, Pepelyaev went to Vladivostok to form a military unit that would sail across the Sea of Okhotsk with the aim of landing in Okhotsk and Ayan. At that time, a change of power occurred in Vladivostok, as a result of which the ultra-right General Diterikhs became the “ruler of Primorye”. He liked the idea of going to Yakutia and helped Pepelyaev with money. As a result, 720 people voluntarily joined the ranks of the “Tatar Strait Militia” (as the detachment was called for camouflage) (493 from Primorye and 227 from Harbin). The detachment also included Major General Vishnevsky, Major General Rakitin and others. The detachment was also supplied with two machine guns, 175,000 rifle cartridges and 9,800 hand grenades. Two ships were chartered. They could not accommodate all the volunteers, so on August 31, 1922, only 553 people, led by Pepelyaev and Rakitin, set off on a voyage across the Sea of Okhotsk. Vishnevsky remained in Vladivostok. In addition to supervising the volunteers who remained with him, he also had to try to replenish the ranks of the “Militia”.

At the beginning of September, the “Tatar Strait Militia” helped the Siberian flotilla, which was fighting the Red partisans in the area of the Terney River, with landings. On September 6, troops were landed in Okhotsk. A base was created in Okhotsk under the leadership of the commandant, Captain Mikhailovsky. A group of General Rakitin was also created, which was supposed to move deep into Yakutia to connect with the main forces of Pepelyaev. The purpose of the division - Rakitin was to move along the Amgino-Okhotsk tract and gather white partisans into the ranks of the “Militia”. Pepelyaev himself sailed on ships along the coast to the south and landed in Ayan on September 8. On the same day, a meeting was held at which Pepelyaev announced the renaming of the “Tatar Strait Militia” to the “Siberian Volunteer Squad” (SDD). On September 12, the “People's Congress of the Tungus” took place, which handed over 300 deer to the SDD.

Leaving a garrison of 40 people in Ayan, on September 14 Pepelyaev moved the main forces of the squad of 480 people along the Amgino-Ayan tract through the Dzhugdzhur mountain range to the village of Nelkan. However, on the approaches to Nelkan, a day was given, during which three volunteers fled. They reported to the red garrison of Nelkan about the approach of the SDD, due to which the commandant of Nelkan, security officer Karpel, dispersed the local residents and sailed with the garrison down the Maya River. Pepelyaev occupied Nelkan on September 27, two hours before that the city was abandoned. All that the SDD managed to find were 120 hard drives and 50,000 rounds of ammunition for them, which were buried by the Reds. Pepelyaev realized that the campaign was poorly prepared and in October he left with his guards for Ayan, leaving the main forces in Nelkana. Returning to Ayan on November 5, 1922,

Pepelyaev was strengthened in his intention to go to Yakutsk, since a ship with Vishnevsky arrived in Ayan, who brought with him 187 volunteers and provisions. In mid-November, a detachment of Pepelyaev and Vishnevsky set off for Nelkan, arriving there in mid-December. At the same time, Rakitin set off from Okhotsk in the direction of Yakutsk. By December, the Tungus residents returned to Nelkan, who at their meeting expressed support for the SDD and supplied Pepelyaev with deer and provisions. At the beginning of January 1923, when all the White Guards had already been defeated, the SDD moved from Nelkan to Yakutsk. Soon she was joined by a detachment of white partisans Artemyev and the Okhotsk detachment of Rakitin. On February 5, the Amga settlement was occupied, where Pepelyaev located his headquarters. On February 13, Vishnevsky’s detachment attacked Strode’s Red Army detachment in the Sasyl-Sysy alas. The attack was unsuccessful and Strod was able to fortify himself in Sasyl-Sysy. The last siege in the history of the Civil War began. Pepelyaev refused to move further until Strode and his detachment were captured. On February 27, Rakitin was defeated by a detachment of red partisans of Kurashov and began a retreat to Sasyl-Sysy.

Baikalov’s detachment left Yakutsk against Pepelyaev, which, having united with Kurashov, reached 760 people. From March 1 to 2, there were battles near Amga and Pepelyaev was defeated. On March 3, the siege of Sasyl-Sysy was lifted and the flight to Ayan began. Rakitin fled to Okhotsk. The Reds began to chase, but stopped halfway and returned. On May 1, Pepelyaev and Vishnevsky reached Ayan. Here they decided to build kungas and sail on them to Sakhalin. But their days were already numbered, for already on April 24, Vostretsov’s detachment sailed from Vladivostok, whose goal was to eliminate the SDD. At the beginning of June 1923, Rakitin’s detachment in Okhotsk was liquidated, and on June 17, Vostretsov occupied Ayan. To avoid bloodshed, Pepelyaev surrendered without resistance. On June 24, the captured SDD was sent to Vladivostok, where she arrived on June 30.

Trial and imprisonment

In Vladivostok, a military court sentenced Pepelyaev to execution, but he wrote a letter to Kalinin asking for clemency. The request was considered, and in January 1924 a trial was held in Chita, which sentenced Pepelyaev to 10 years in prison. Pepelyaev was supposed to serve his sentence in the Yaroslavl political prison. Pepelyaev spent the first two years in solitary confinement; in 1926 he was allowed to go to work. He worked as a carpenter, glazier and joiner. Pepelyaev was even allowed to correspond with his wife in Harbin.

Pepelyaev’s term ended in 1933, but back in 1932, at the request of the OGPU board, they decided to extend it for three years. In January 1936, he was unexpectedly transferred from the political isolation ward in Yaroslavl to the Butyrka prison in Moscow. The next day, Pepelyaev was transferred to an internal NKVD prison. On the same day, he was summoned for questioning by the head of the Special Department of the NKVD, Mark Gai. Then he was again placed in Butyrka prison. On June 4, 1936, Pepelyaev was summoned again to Guy, who read him the release order. On June 6, Anatoly Nikolaevich was released.

The NKVD settled Pepelyaev in Voronezh, where he got a job as a carpenter. There is an opinion that Pepelyaev was released for the purpose of organizing a dummy society, like the Industrial Party.

In August 1937, Pepelyaev was arrested a second time and taken to Novosibirsk, where he was charged with creating a counter-revolutionary organization. On January 14, 1938, the Troika of the NKVD in the Novosibirsk region was sentenced to capital punishment. The sentence was carried out on January 14, 1938 in the prison of the city of Novosibirsk. He was buried in the prison yard.

Wikipedia, Irkipedia

Application. General Pepelyaev: Admiral Kolchak took away his victory over the Bolsheviks

The fate of Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev reflected the tragedy of the Russian democratic officers, who enthusiastically accepted the February Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy and rose up against the Bolsheviks under the slogan of the Constituent Assembly. In the conditions of the Civil War, Democratic officers were forced to choose the lesser of two evils and found themselves caught between two fires. A staunch monarchist and very clever man Vladimir Shulgin with cruel heartache said: “The white movement was started almost by saints, and it ended almost by robbers.” Pepelyaev believed in the white cause until he realized that the robbers from Kolchak’s entourage took advantage of the fruits of his victories.

Hereditary officer

Anatoly Pepelyaev was born in Tomsk on August 15, 1891 in the family of an officer. At the age of nineteen, he graduated from the Pavlovsk Military School in St. Petersburg and during the German war he commanded a battalion and did not get out of the trenches for more than three years. After the collapse of the Russian army near Baranovichi, the brave Lieutenant Colonel Pepelyaev arrived in Siberia at the end of December 1917. Politically, he was close to the Social Revolutionaries, a party that expressed the interests of the peasantry. After the Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Pepelyaev created an underground officer organization in his native Tomsk and established contacts with local Socialist Revolutionaries. In the spring of 1918, a rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps began, and the organization led by Pepelyaev, with the help of Czech legionnaires, overthrew the Tomsk Council. Infinitely brave and very popular among the troops, Pepelyaev quickly formed a regiment from Tomsk residents and led it to Krasnoyarsk. After the capture of Krasnoyarsk, Pepelyaev was joined by divisions of Barnaul, Novonikolaev and Krasnoyarsk residents. Officer organizations similar to Pepeliaev’s operated in all Siberian cities and prepared in advance for the overthrow of the Bolshevik government. The ideological leadership of the underground was carried out by the regional Socialist Revolutionaries, supporters of the creation of the Siberian Democratic Republic.

Battles for Irkutsk

After the liberation of many Siberian cities from Bolshevism, Pepelyaev’s regiment turned into a corps that approached Irkutsk under the green and white banner of autonomous Siberia. In Irkutsk there also existed a powerful SR-officer underground, headed by former political prisoners Nikolai Kalashnikov, Arkady Krakovetsky and Pavel Yakovlev. Two of them were prisoners of the famous Alexander Central before the revolution. After the December battles in Irkutsk in 1917, Kalashnikov, who was assistant commander of the East Siberian Military District under the Provisional Government, took the surviving officers and cadets out of the city and created a fortified area in Pivovarikha, from which he constantly threatened the Bolsheviks for six months. In Irkutsk itself, Kalashnikov also created numerous and a well-organized underground organization. It consisted of Socialist Revolutionaries and non-party officers who sympathized with the populist ideology. It was divided into battalions, companies, platoons and fives. One company was stationed in the very center, the other in Rabochy, the third in Glazkovo, while the main forces were located in Pivovarikha and along the Aleksandrovsky tract. In total, there were over a thousand people in the underground formations, who were well armed and trained. The Kalashnikovites made their first attempt to capture Irkutsk on February 23, 1918, when the Second Congress of Soviets of Siberia was held in the city. The Bolsheviks managed to prevent the coup attempt, but on June 14, underground fighters fought their way into Irkutsk and captured almost the entire city. Irkutsk underground policemen, led by police chief V.A. Shchipachev, struck the Bolsheviks in the rear and inflicted great damage on them. The Reds were helped by the Transbaikal Cossacks, whose train unexpectedly approached the city. Straight from the station, they raced on horseback through the streets of Irkutsk, cutting down underground fighters who were intoxicated by the imminent victory. Many officers were killed under Cossack sabers, the rest retreated to Pivovarikha, having, however, managed to free their comrades from prison, including the former provincial commissar Pavel Yakovlev, the first Irkutsk governor after the fall of the monarchy.

Less than a month later, on July 10, the Kalashnikovites again broke into Irkutsk, captured the station and the railway bridge and ensured the approach of the vanguard of Pepelyaev’s Siberian Corps. Having liberated the capital of Eastern Siberia, Pepelyaev went to the Baikal Front. By that time, the corps, replenished with Irkutsk residents, had grown into the Siberian Army, and Pepelyaev himself became a general, the liberator of Siberia from the Bolsheviks. The Siberian general was only twenty-seven years old.

Advance of the Siberian Army

By the time of the fall of Soviet power, the situation in the Siberian underground was not in favor of the Socialist Revolutionaries. If in the Irkutsk organization there were no disagreements between the Socialist Revolutionaries and the officers, then in other cities the leadership of the underground was seized by reactionary monarchists, who had hated the Socialist Revolutionaries since the seventeenth year, rightly considering them guilty of overthrowing the Tsar. With the support of emissaries of the Entente, the monarchists pushed back the Socialist Revolutionaries and took advantage of the fruits of their labors. Already in the fall of 1918, protest rallies were held in Pepelyaev’s army against the persecution of socialist revolutionaries by Kolchak’s secret police. After Kolchak’s coup, the Siberian Army was transferred to Yekaterinburg, it became an integral part of the admiral’s troops. Thousands and thousands of Siberians willingly marched under the white and green banners of Pepelyaev, which could not but worry the “supreme ruler” Kolchak. After the Pepeliaevites, with bayonets at the ready, drove the Bolsheviks out of Perm in the bitter cold with almost no shots fired, opening the way to Moscow, the popularity of the “Siberian general” reached its apogee. I knew that in Pepelyaev’s army the positions of socialist-revolutionaries were very strong. Nikolai Kalashnikov, who became Pepelyaev’s deputy and head of counterintelligence of the Siberian Army, even created a secret anti-Kolchak organization that intended to overthrow the reactionary monarchists entrenched in Kolchak’s headquarters and replace them with regional Socialist Revolutionaries. Kolchak's incompetent leadership was not capable of defeating the Bolsheviks, and the Siberian Army was the admiral's striking force. Kalashnikov began conducting intelligence work against the Kolchak government, his efforts were aimed at clarifying the position of the “supreme ruler” in relation to the Socialist Revolutionaries and the military units loyal to them.

After the Kolchak coup, many Socialist Revolutionaries, including deputies of the Constituent Assembly, under whose slogan Pepelyaev and his comrades began the struggle, were killed or thrown into dungeons, and those who remained free found refuge in the Siberian Army and surrounded by Pavel Yakovlev, who again became the Irkutsk governor and representing the opposition to Kolchak. At the head of the democratic front in Siberia were Pepelyaev himself and the former leaders of the Irkutsk underground Kalashnikov and corps commander Ellerts-Usov. At first, Kolchak did not interfere with the activities of zemstvos, city dumas, peasant and workers' unions led by the Socialist Revolutionaries in Siberia, but the alliance between monarchists and socialists could not be durable. Pepelyaev repeatedly presented ultimatum reports to Kolchak and even threatened to move his army to Omsk, but the admiral was still afraid to touch the famous Siberian military leader. When the Siberians took Perm and the road to red Moscow was open, the admiral unexpectedly ordered to stop the offensive. He sent Pepelyaev to take Kazan, but when there were one and a half hundred kilometers left, Kolchak’s western army crossed the Siberians and blocked their path. Kolchak was afraid that the Siberians themselves would march on Moscow or even enter into an alliance with the Red Army. The reason for these fears was the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to change the attitude of the Bolsheviks towards the Socialist Revolutionaries and their readiness to cooperate with them. At the same time, anti-Kolchak peasant uprisings began throughout Siberia, the home front was collapsing, paralyzed by the corruption of officials and military departments. The Polar Admiral feared the Pepelyaev Siberians more than the Reds, although he owed his victories to the green and white banner of the Siberian Army and the red flags of the workers of the Izhevsk and Votkinsk regiments. The irony of history! Socialists fought in Kolchak’s army against Bolshevism, and at that time, in the rear, punitive detachments of Cossacks massacred entire villages, and obscurantist Black Hundreds created concentration camps for workers just because they were workers.

Enemy of Admiral Kolchak

In the end, General Pepelyaev openly accused Kolchak of his inability to command the army and demanded his resignation from the post of commander in chief. Kolchak responded by removing Lieutenant General Pepelyaev from command of the Siberian Army. Pepelyaev and Kalashnikov wanted to begin a new stage of the struggle under the Socialist-Revolutionary banners against Lenin and Kolchak, and on June 21, 1919, Anatoly Pepelyaev addressed his army with a protest against the admiral, describing in detail how he constantly restrained the advance of the Siberians, leaving them without reserves, how heroically they fought and died at the front, and Kolchak’s officers sat in the rear. Following his army commander, Kalashnikov made a report, revealing the reasons for the anti-Kolchak uprisings in the army and in the rear. He openly proclaimed the slogan of creating a free Siberia without Lenin and Kolchak, the main armed force should be the famous army of Pepelyaev.

Soon Kalashnikov, in the Czech echelon of General Gaida, left the front and went to Vladivostok to organize an armed uprising against the Kolchak regime. Traveling with him were many Pepelyaev officers who settled in their cities in order to prepare the overthrow of the Kolchak regime. Pepelyaev at this time withdrew his army to Tomsk, arresting Kolchak’s generals K.V. Sakharov and S.N. Voitsekhovsky along the way. From Tomsk, the army commander with part of his army left for Manchuria, intending to begin the fight against Kolchak from Harbin. In Harbin, many Pepeliaevites came into contact with the Reds and took part in the fight against the gangs of Ataman Semenov and the expulsion of the Japanese from the Far East, fighting in the People's Revolutionary Army of Primorye.

In Irkutsk, Kalashnikov was enthusiastically greeted by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Pepeliaevites from the corps of General Grivin, who shortly before was personally shot by Voitsekhovsky for treason against Kolchak. In November 1919, the Socialist Revolutionaries created a coalition body and representatives of the zemstvo, the Irkutsk City Duma and cooperation - the Political Center. It also included Siberian Mensheviks. Kalashnikov became the commander of the troops of the Political Center, and a month later his troops began military operations against the Kolchak garrison, creating two fronts - Glazkovsky and Znamensky. As a result, on January 5, 1920, power in Irkutsk passed to the Provisional Council of the Siberian People's Administration, and the Kolchak regime fell. Kalashnikov became the commander of the People's Revolutionary Army, at the same time he led the work to identify the punishers known to him, Kolchak's counterintelligence agents, embezzler generals, and corrupt rear officials. On January 15, Kalashnikov’s people accepted from the Czechs a train with gold reserves and personally the “supreme ruler” Kolchak. Thus, it was the Socialist Revolutionaries who put an end to his career, and not the Bolsheviks, who only had the honor of shooting the prisoner.

The general's last campaign

When power in Irkutsk passed to the Bolsheviks, Kalashnikov, fearing reprisals from the Gubernia Cheka, quickly reorganized the People's Revolutionary Army into a division and took it to Transbaikalia. In March 1920, the Pepelyaevites drove the Cossacks of Ataman Semenov out of Verkhneudinsk and went to Manchuria in full force. A revolutionary who had been through hard labor, an experienced underground worker and a talented military leader, Nikolai Kalashnikov said goodbye to Pepelyaev in Harbin, boarded a ship and sailed overseas. In America he took up science, and the date of his death is unknown. And Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyaev lived quietly in Harbin until 1922. The hapless “supreme ruler” had already been shot in Irkutsk, and together with him, Pepelyaev’s elder brother Viktor, a former deputy, died on the ice of Ushakovka State Duma and Minister of the Interior in the Admiral's government.

The Siberian general could not sit idle for long and in September 1922 he created the Siberian volunteer squad of seven hundred Tomsk officers, which landed on the Okhotsk coast and moved deep into Yakutia. They wanted to separate this region, rich in furs and gold, from Soviet Russia and establish a democratic system in it.

The Soviet government sent special forces units from Irkutsk and other cities, the commander of one of which was the famous red commander, a former anarchist from Nestor’s detachment, Ivan Strod, who fought with Pepelyaev back in 1918. Strode's detachment met the rebels near the Sasyl-Sasy camp and took up a perimeter defense. The siege of the ice fortress continued for eighteen days, and on March 3, 1923, the expedition of the Siberian general ended. The approaching units of the Red Army defeated his squad, the remnants of which retreated to Okhotsk. On June 17, 1923, Pepelyaev with the surviving officers surrendered in the port of Ayan to the commander of the expeditionary force S.S. Vostretsov, was taken to Vladivostok, and from there to Chita, where he stood trial.

Siberian general Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev died in the Lefortovo dungeon on January 14, 1938. Along with him, Ivan Yakovlevich Strod, holder of four Orders of the Red Banner, who fought with him in the Baikal region and in Yakutia, was shot. The time has come to pay tribute to the memory of both heroes of Siberia.

. Irkipedia

Literature

Privalikhin V. Pepelyaevs // East Siberian Truth. - 2003. - March 29.
Pepelyaev, Anatoly Nikolaevich on the website Russian Army in the Great War
Privalikhin V.I. From the Pepelyaev family. - Tomsk, 2004. - 112 p. - ISBN 5-9528-0015-7.
Shambarov V. E. White Guard. - M.: Eksmo-Press, 2002
Valery Klaving Civil War in Russia: White Armies. - M.: Ast, 2003.
Mityurin D.V. Civil War: Whites and Reds. - M.: Ast, 2004 (photo documents).
Timofeev E. D. Stepan Vostretsov. - M.: Voenizdat, 1981.
Grachev G. P. Yakut campaign of General Pepelyaev (edited by P.K. Konkin).

Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev - lieutenant general, participant in the First World War and the Civil War on the Eastern Front, White Guard, commander of the 1st Siberian Army, Siberian regionalist

Source: Russian Wikipedia

Civil War in Siberia

Source: Friedens Blog

Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev (July 3, 1891, Tomsk - January 14, 1938, Novosibirsk) - Russian military leader,Lieutenant General, participant in the First World War and the Civil War on the Eastern Front, an outstanding participant in the White movement, commander of the 1st Siberian Army, Siberian regionalist. Brother Prime Minister of the Kolchak government Viktor Peplyaev.

Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev. Encyclopedic reference

He graduated from the Omsk Cadet Corps and the Pavlovsk Military School in St. Petersburg.

A.N. Pepelyaev fought in Irkutsk, on Lake Baikal, for Verkhneudinsk and Chita. From September 10, 1918 - Major General, from January 31, 1919 - Lieutenant General. From April 1919 - commander of the southern group of the Siberian Army, from July 14 - commander of the 1st Army. However, parts of the army launched a series of mutinies and self-destructed as a military force. On December 9, 1919, at the Taiga station, the Pepelyaev brothers, in an attempt to overthrow Kolchak and organize a government of “public trust,” arrested the front commander, disorganizing the administration.

Released on January 6, 1936. Worked as an assistant to the head of the horse depot in Voronezh. Arrested again on August 20, 1937, executed by sentence of the NKVD troika in the Novosibirsk region.

Awarded the Arms of St. George and 8 orders, including St. George IV degree.

Irkutsk Historical and local history dictionary / editorial book. N.V. Burdonova [and others]; ed.-cons. A. V. Ioffe. - Irkutsk: Sib. book, 2011. - 594 p.

Biography of Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev

Origin

Born into the family of a hereditary nobleman and lieutenant general of the tsarist army Nikolai Pepelyaev and the daughter of a merchant Claudia Nekrasova. Nikolai Pepelyaev had six sons, who subsequently underwent military training, with the exception of the eldest, and two daughters.

In 1912, Pepelyaev married Nina Ivanovna Gavronskaya (1893-1979), originally from Nizhneudinsk. From this marriage two sons were born: Vsevolod - in 1913, who lived in Harbin until 1946, in 1946-1947 - military intelligence officer of the Trans-Baikal Military District, arrested in 1947. Laurel - 1922-1991, employee of the emigrant bureau, graduate of Japanese military mission courses, repressed. Died in Tashkent.

First World War(before the February Revolution)

For military valor, Pepelyaev was awarded the following awards:

Order of St. Anne, 4th class with the inscription "For bravery"
Order of St. Anne, 3rd class
Order of St. Anne, 2nd class
Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree
Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class
Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with swords and bow
Order of St. George, 4th degree (01/27/1917) and St. George's Arms (09/27/1916)

Revolutions of 1917

The February Revolution found Pepelyaev at the front. Despite the gradual disintegration of the army, he kept his detachment in constant combat readiness and at the same time did not fall out of favor with his soldiers, as was the case in many other units. Under Kerensky, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. After the October Revolution, the council of soldiers' deputies of the battalion, which by that time was commanded by Pepelyaev, elected him battalion commander. This fact indicates Pepelyaev’s great popularity among soldiers.

The beginning of the fight against the Bolsheviks

On May 26, 1918, an armed uprising against the Bolsheviks began in Novonikolaevsk. This gave impetus to Tomsk officers. On May 27, an armed uprising began in Tomsk. At the same time, the performance of the Czechoslovaks began. The Tomsk uprising was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Pepelyaev. On May 31, the power of the “Siberian Government” of Peter of Vologda was established in Tomsk. Pepelyaev recognized this power and created on June 13, 1918, on her instructions, the 1st Central Siberian Corps, which he headed. With him, he moved east along the Trans-Siberian Railway to liberate Siberia from the Bolsheviks. On June 18, Krasnoyarsk was taken, on July 11 - Irkutsk, on August 20, Verkhneudinsk was liberated. West of Chita, Pepelyaev’s troops united with Semenov’s Transbaikal Cossacks. The meeting of the military leaders themselves took place at the end of August / beginning of September at Olovyannaya station. For this campaign, Pepelyaev was promoted to colonel.

Perm - Hike to Vyatka

By order of the Ufa directory of Avksentyev, Pepelyaev’s corps was transferred to the west of Siberia, and Anatoly Nikolaevich himself was promoted to major general (September 10, 1918), thanks to which he became the youngest general in Siberia (27 years old). Since October 1918, his group was in the Urals. In November, Pepelyaev began the Perm operation against the Red 3rd Army. During this operation, a coup took place in Omsk, which brought Kolchak to power. Pepelyaev immediately recognized the supreme power of Kolchak, since the power of the Socialist Revolutionary Avksentiev was unpleasant to him.

Great Siberian Ice March

After the June retreat, Pepelyaev did not win any major military victories. On July 21, 1919, Kolchak reorganized his units and officially formed the Eastern Front, which was divided into 4 armies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and Orenburg), a separate Steppe group and a separate Siberian Cossack Corps. Pepelyaev was appointed commander of the 1st Army. This reorganization did not make the conduct of hostilities more effective and Kolchak’s armies retreated to the east. For some time the Whites managed to stay on Tobol and Pepelyaev was responsible for the defense of Tobolsk, but in October 1919 this line was broken through by the Reds. In November, Omsk was abandoned and a general flight began. Pepelyaev's army still held the Tomsk region, but there was no hope for success.

In December, a conflict occurred between Anatoly Nikolaevich and Kolchak. When the train of the Supreme Ruler of Russia arrived at the Taiga station, it was detained by Pepelyaev’s troops. Pepelyaev sent Kolchak an ultimatum about the convocation of the Siberian Zemsky Sobor, the resignation of Commander-in-Chief Sakharov, whom Pepelyaev had already ordered to be arrested, and an investigation into the surrender of Omsk. In case of non-compliance, Pepelyaev threatened to arrest Kolchak. On the same day, Pepelyaev's brother, Viktor Nikolaevich, who was the prime minister in the Kolchak government, arrived in Taiga. He “reconciled” the general with the admiral. As a result, on December 11, Sakharov was removed from the post of commander in chief.

Harbin and Primorye

Leaving a garrison of 40 people in Ayan, on September 14 Pepelyaev moved the main forces of the squad of 480 people along the Amgino-Ayansky tract through the Dzhugdzhur mountain range to the village of Nelkan. However, on the approaches to Nelkan, a day was given, during which three volunteers fled. They reported to the red garrison of Nelkan about the approach of the SDD, due to which the commandant of Nelkan, security officer Karpel, dispersed the local residents and sailed with the garrison down the Maya River. Pepelyaev occupied Nelkan on September 27, two hours before that the city was abandoned. All that the SDD managed to find were 120 hard drives and 50,000 rounds of ammunition for them, which were buried by the Reds. Pepelyaev realized that the campaign was poorly prepared and in October he left with his guards for Ayan, leaving the main forces in Nelkana. Returning to Ayan on November 5, 1922,

The NKVD settled Pepelyaev in Voronezh, where he got a job as a carpenter. There is an opinion that Pepelyaev was released for the purpose of organizing a dummy society, like the Industrial Party.

Wikipedia, Irkipedia

Application. General Pepelyaev: Admiral Kolchak took away his victory over the Bolsheviks

The fate of Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev reflected the tragedy of the Russian democratic officers, who enthusiastically accepted the February Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy and rose up against the Bolsheviks under the slogan of the Constituent Assembly. In the conditions of the Civil War, Democratic officers were forced to choose the lesser of two evils and found themselves caught between two fires. A convinced monarchist and a very intelligent person, Vladimir Shulgin, said with severe mental pain: “The White movement was started almost by saints, and it ended almost by robbers.” Pepelyaev believed in the white cause until he realized that the robbers from Kolchak’s entourage took advantage of the fruits of his victories.

Hereditary officer

Battles for Irkutsk

After the liberation of many Siberian cities from Bolshevism, Pepelyaev’s regiment turned into a corps that approached Irkutsk under the green and white banner of autonomous Siberia. In Irkutsk there also existed a powerful SR-officer underground, headed by former political prisoners Nikolai Kalashnikov, Arkady Krakovetsky and Pavel Yakovlev. Two of them were prisoners of the famous Alexander Central before the revolution. After the December battles in Irkutsk in 1917, Kalashnikov, who was assistant commander of the East Siberian Military District under the Provisional Government, took the surviving officers and cadets out of the city and created a fortified area in Pivovarikha, from which he constantly threatened the Bolsheviks for six months. In Irkutsk itself, Kalashnikov also created numerous and a well-organized underground organization. It consisted of Socialist Revolutionaries and non-party officers who sympathized with the populist ideology. It was divided into battalions, companies, platoons and fives. One company was stationed in the very center of Irkutsk, the other in Rabochy, the third in Glazkovo, while the main forces were located in Pivovarich and along the Aleksandrovsky tract. In total, there were over a thousand people in the underground formations, who were well armed and trained. The Kalashnikovites made their first attempt to capture Irkutsk on February 23, 1918, when the Second Congress of Soviets of Siberia was held in the city. The Bolsheviks managed to prevent the coup attempt, but on June 14, underground fighters fought their way into Irkutsk and captured almost the entire city. Irkutsk underground policemen, led by police chief V.A. Shchipachev, struck the Bolsheviks in the rear and inflicted great damage on them. The Reds were helped by the Transbaikal Cossacks, whose train unexpectedly approached the city. Straight from the station, they raced on horseback through the streets of Irkutsk, cutting down underground fighters who were intoxicated by the imminent victory. Many officers were killed by Cossack sabers, the rest retreated to Pivovarikha, managing, however, to free their comrades from prison, including the former provincial commissar Pavel Yakovlev, the first Irkutsk governor after the fall of the monarchy.

Advance of the Siberian Army

By the time of the fall of Soviet power, the situation in the Siberian underground was not in favor of the Socialist Revolutionaries. If in the Irkutsk organization there were no disagreements between the Socialist Revolutionaries and the officers, then in other cities the leadership of the underground was seized by reactionary monarchists, who had hated the Socialist Revolutionaries since the seventeenth year, rightly considering them guilty of overthrowing the Tsar. With the support of emissaries of the Entente, the monarchists pushed back the Socialist Revolutionaries and took advantage of the fruits of their labors. Already in the fall of 1918, protest rallies were held in Pepelyaev’s army against the persecution of socialist revolutionaries by Kolchak’s secret police. After Kolchak’s coup, the Siberian Army was transferred to Yekaterinburg, it became an integral part of the admiral’s troops. Thousands and thousands of Siberians willingly marched under the white and green banners of Pepelyaev, which could not but worry the “supreme ruler” Kolchak. After the Pepeliaevites, with bayonets at the ready, drove the Bolsheviks out of Perm in the bitter cold with almost no shots fired, opening the way to Moscow, the popularity of the “Siberian general” reached its apogee. Kolchak knew that the positions of socialist revolutionaries were very strong in Pepelyaev’s army. Nikolai Kalashnikov, who became Pepelyaev’s deputy and head of counterintelligence of the Siberian Army, even created a secret anti-Kolchak organization that intended to overthrow the reactionary monarchists entrenched in Kolchak’s headquarters and replace them with regional Socialist Revolutionaries. Kolchak's incompetent leadership was not capable of defeating the Bolsheviks, and the Siberian Army was the admiral's striking force. Kalashnikov began conducting intelligence work against the Kolchak government, his efforts were aimed at clarifying the position of the “supreme ruler” in relation to the Socialist Revolutionaries and the military units loyal to them.

Enemy of Admiral Kolchak

The general's last campaign

When power in Irkutsk passed to the Bolsheviks, Kalashnikov, fearing reprisals from the Gubernia Cheka, quickly reorganized the People's Revolutionary Army into a division and took it to Transbaikalia. In March 1920, the Pepelyaevites drove the Cossacks of Ataman Semenov out of Verkhneudinsk and went to Manchuria in full force. A revolutionary who had been through hard labor, an experienced underground worker and a talented military leader, Nikolai Kalashnikov said goodbye to Pepelyaev in Harbin, boarded a ship and sailed overseas. In America he took up science, and the date of his death is unknown. And Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyaev lived quietly in Harbin until 1922. The unlucky “supreme ruler” had already been shot in Irkutsk, and together with him, Pepelyaev’s elder brother Viktor, a former deputy of the State Duma and Minister of Internal Affairs in the admiral’s government, died on the ice of Ushakovka.

The Soviet government sent special forces units from Irkutsk and other cities, the commander of one of which was the famous red commander, a former anarchist from Nestor Kalandarishvili’s detachment, Ivan Strod, who fought with Pepelyaev back in 1918. Strode's detachment met the rebels near the Sasyl-Sasy camp and took up a perimeter defense. The siege of the ice fortress continued for eighteen days, and on March 3, 1923, the expedition of the Siberian general ended. The approaching units of the Red Army defeated his squad, the remnants of which retreated to Okhotsk. On June 17, 1923, Pepelyaev with the surviving officers surrendered in the port of Ayan to the commander of the expeditionary force S.S. Vostretsov, was taken to Vladivostok, and from there to Chita, where he stood trial.

All defendants were sentenced to death, but the All-Russian Central Executive Committee commuted their death to ten years' imprisonment. At the trial, Pepelyaev, as a professional military man, expressed admiration for the courage of the soldiers of Ivan Strod’s detachment. Siberian general Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev died in the Lefortovo dungeon on January 14, 1938. Along with him, Ivan Yakovlevich Strod, holder of four Orders of the Red Banner, who fought with him in the Baikal region and in Yakutia, was shot. The time has come to pay tribute to the memory of both heroes of Siberia.

M.: Military Topographical Directorate, 1984.

Great October: atlas. - M.: Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1987.

Simchenko Yu. Imposed happiness // Motherland. - 1990. - No. 10.

Petrushin A. Omsk, Ayan, Lubyanka... Three lives of General Pepelyaev // Motherland. - 1996. - No. 9.

Klipel V.I. Argonauts of the snow. About the failed campaign of General A. Pepelyaev.

Konkin P.K. The General's Drama.

Civil war in faces (photo documents).

Timofeev E. D. Stepan Vostretsov. - M.: Voenizdat, 1981.

Grachev G. P. Yakut campaign of General Pepelyaev (edited by P.K. Konkin).

Biography:

From the family of a career military man (father - Lieutenant General Nikolai Mikhailovich Pepelyaev (1858-1916), in 1916 - head of the 8th Siberian Rifle Division). Brother - Viktor Nikolaevich Pepelyaev, the last prime minister of the government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. Native of Tomsk. Graduated from the 1st Siberian Omsk Cadet Corps (1908), Pavlovsk Military School (1910). At the school he received the title of an excellent marksman with a rifle and a revolver. Released as a second lieutenant (08/06/1910; art. 08/03/1909) into the 42nd Siberian Rifle Regiment. Junior officer of the 11th company of the regiment. Junior officer of the regiment's machine gun team (04/13/1913). Lieutenant (December 25, 1913; Art. 08/06/1913). During mobilization, he was appointed head of a reconnaissance team (07/18/1914). Staff captain for distinction (VP 12/28/1915; art. 09/04/1915). Awarded the Arms of St. George (VP 09/27/1916). Commander of the 9th company of the regiment (07/23/1916). Vr. commanded the 3rd battalion (from 07/02/1916). Awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class. (VP 01/27/1917). On 10.27.-12.07.1916 on a business trip to the army school of warrant officers in Vileika as a head of classes. Captain (12/15/1916; article 09/01/1915). Sent to form the 711th Nerekhtinsky Infantry Regiment (01/10/1917). 07/13/1917 arrived to the regiment from leave and was appointed commander of the 2nd battalion. Lieutenant colonel. After the regiment was disbanded, he returned to Tomsk, where he worked as a guard at a prisoner of war camp. In 05.1918 one of the organizers of the underground officer organization in Tomsk. Led the uprising on May 27, 1918. Then he served in the troops of the Provisional Siberian Government. From 06/13/1918 commander of the 1st Central Siberian Corps, which occupied Krasnoyarsk and Verkhneudinsk. Together with the intensification of the actions of Ataman Semenov’s troops (his troops occupied Chita on August 26, 1918), this led to the overthrow of Soviet power throughout Siberia and Transbaikalia. Colonel for successful military operations in the East. front (07/02/1918). Major General for the liberation of Transbaikalia (09/08/1918). In the army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak - commander of the 1st Central Siberian Army. Corps of the Siberian Army (06/13/1918-04/25/1919), one of the leaders of the Perm operation (12/24/12/25/1918). Lieutenant General (01/31/1919). Commander of the Northern Army Group of Forces with the rights of an independent army (1st Central Siberian and 5th Siberian Corps) of the Siberian Army (04/25/08/31/1919), then commander of the 1st Siberian Army (from 08/31/1919). Awarded the French Croix de Guerre with palm branch (04/09/1919). Member of the St. George Duma of the Siberian Army. Chairman of the St. George Duma of the 1st Central Siberian Army Corps. He was close to the Social Revolutionaries, advocated the democratization of power by A.V. Kolchak. On 11/1919 the army was withdrawn to the Tomsk region for replenishment and reorganization, but by 12/1919 it disintegrated and melted away from desertion. 12/20/1919 Tomsk was captured by the Red partisans and the approaching units of the 3rd Army of the Red Army. Only a small part of the army (the Tobolsk column of General Redko) managed to reach the Trans-Siberian Railway at the station. Taiga, where they joined the general mass of white armies retreating to Transbaikalia. As a sign of protest against the inept military leadership, he and his brother V.N. were arrested. Pepelyaev in 12.1919 at the Taiga station of the commander of the Eastern Front, Lieutenant General K.V. Sakharov, who was soon replaced by General V.O. Kappel. Participant of the Siberian Ice March. Near Krasnoyarsk, together with his units, he was surrounded, but was able to make his way to the east (he was transported in an ambulance car of the Czech troops to Verneudinsk). In Chita, he tried unsuccessfully to form a “partisan detachment of General Pepelyaev.” Then he left Chita and on April 20, 1920, arrived to his family in Harbin, where, together with his fellow soldiers, he organized an artel of cab drivers. In 04.1922 he was summoned to Vladivostok by the governor of the Yakut region Kulikovsky with a proposal to lead a military expedition to Yakutia to support the population rebelling against the Bolsheviks. From the end of 04.1922 he led the formation of the “Siberian Volunteer Squad” and the preparation of the campaign. On 08/30/1922, together with his squad (520 people), he sailed from Vladivostok on two ships and landed on 09/06/1922 in the village of Ayan. On September 14, 1922, a detachment of 480 bayonets set out from Ayan and on September 23, 1922, attacked and captured the village of Nelkan (250 km from Ayan). After spending the winter there, the detachment traveled 950 versts along taiga paths and on 02/05/1923 occupied the suburb of Yakutsk - the settlement of Amga. Fierce battles broke out here with Soviet units (commander I. Strod), which continued with varying success until the spring. In April 1923, an expedition was sent from Vladivostok to Okhotsk on the ships “Indigirka” and “Sevastopol” to help the red units (a rifle battalion, 4 cannons, several machine guns) under the command of S.S. Vostretsova. 05/01/1923 A.N. Pepelyaev led the detachment back to Ayan. Pressed against the ocean, on June 17, 1923, many fighters of the Siberian Volunteer Squad stopped resisting. Captured, A.N. Pepelyaev agreed to sign an appeal to the volunteers who did not surrender with a proposal to surrender their weapons. 06/30/1923 expedition of S.S. Vostretsova returned to Vladivostok with 450 prisoners. From Vladivostok the arrested were transported to Chita, where at 01. In 1924, a trial took place over the command staff of the squad. A.N. Pepelyaev was sentenced to death, which was replaced by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee with a 10-year sentence in the Yaroslavl political prison. After two years of "solitude" he worked in prison as a carpenter, joiner and glazier. Was released on 07/06/1936. He settled in Voronezh, worked as a cabinetmaker at a furniture factory, and as an assistant to the head of the Voronezhtorg horse depot. On August 20, 1937, he was arrested again, sent to Novosibirsk and accused of organizing a “cadet-monarchist rebel organization whose goal was to overthrow the Soviet regime.” Shot in the Novosibirsk prison by order of the NKVD troika for the Novosibirsk region dated December 7, 1937. Rehabilitated on January 16, 1989.

Ranks:

Awards:

St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. with swords and bow (12/10/1914) St. Anne 4th Art. with the inscription “For Harbrost” (04/02/1915) St. Stanislav 2nd Art. with swords (06/18/1915) St. Anne 3rd Art. with swords and bow (06/22/1915) St. Anne 2nd Art. (07/26/1915) St. Vladimir 4th Art. with swords and bow (04/23/1916) St. George's weapon (01/30/1916 VP 09/27/1916) St. George 4th Art. (08/10/1916 VP 01/27/1917).

Additional Information:

-Search for a full name using the “Card Index of the Bureau for the Accounting of Losses on the Fronts of the First World War, 1914–1918.” in RGVIA -Links to this person from other pages of the RIA Officers website

Sources:

(information from the website www.grwar.ru)

1918 in the East of Russia. M. 2003
E.V. Volkov, N.D. Egorov, I.V. Kuptsov White generals Eastern Front Civil War. M. Russian way, 2003
Information provided by Mikhail Sitnikov (Perm)
"Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George. Bio-bibliographic reference book" RGVIA, M., 2004.

Diagnostics and diseases. Medicines from A to Z

Anatoly Pepelyaev short biography. Russian Army in the Great War: Project File: Pepelyaev Anatoly Nikolaevich

Encyclopedic reference

Biography

Origin

World War I (before the February Revolution)

Revolutions of 1917

The beginning of the fight against the Bolsheviks

Perm - Hike to Vyatka

Great Siberian Ice March

Harbin and Primorye

Trial and imprisonment

Application. General Pepelyaev: Admiral Kolchak took away his victory over the Bolsheviks

Hereditary officer

Battles for Irkutsk

Advance of the Siberian Army

Enemy of Admiral Kolchak

The general's last campaign

Literature

Civil War in Siberia

Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev. Encyclopedic reference

Biography of Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyaev

Application. General Pepelyaev: Admiral Kolchak took away his victory over the Bolsheviks