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Genres of journalistic style of speech. Problem essay

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Publicistical style and its features

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.

Target journalistic style speeches- informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, analyzed and evaluated possible ways its solution, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, and strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, for journalistic speech characterized by passion and appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is accessibility: it is intended for a wide audience and must be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with artistic style speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic articles of literary critics V.G. are widely known. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. Writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In the journalistic style the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, time- (s-); with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, words with a strong emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means of artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not only …, How many). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form often act as predicates imperative mood, reflexive verbs.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Genres of journalistic style

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.

Essay - 1. A short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). Documentary, journalistic, everyday. 2. A general presentation of a question. O. Russian history. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.)

Essay - 1) In fiction, one of the types of stories is highly descriptive and deals primarily with social problems. 2) A journalistic essay, including a documentary one, presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author. (Encyclopedic Dictionary.)

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America”. An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - “District Everyday Life”. Famous books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

So, based on dictionary definitions, we can conclude that characteristic feature essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events, which we're talking about. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, and indicates the time of action. An essay, like a work of art, uses visual means and introduces an element of artistic typification.

An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem.

Distinguish travel essay, which tells about travel impressions: sketches of nature, people’s life, portrait sketch- reveals a person’s personality, his character, and problem essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

1. Travel essay.

Very popular travel essay, travel sketches. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for telling stories about interesting people, their way of life, for thinking about life.

A travel essay, a travel diary, travel notes by experts and nature lovers help us better understand the natural environment around us - its sounds, colors, forms, its mysterious language, and penetrate into the deep essence of natural phenomena.

2. Portrait sketch.

The hero of a portrait sketch is a specific person who has certain advantages and disadvantages. In a portrait essay, the author gives not only a portrait in the narrow sense of the word, but also a description of the environment in which the hero of the essay lives and works, talks about his work, interests, hobbies, and his relationships with others. All this together helps to reveal inner world hero of the essay.

An external portrait is not only a description of the face, hands, eye color, hair, hairstyle, clothing, but also gait, gestures, manners, voice characteristics, and laughter. It is very important to talk about the expression of the eyes, gaze, smile. It is not at all necessary to describe all facial features. It is enough to capture and convey the brightest, most memorable, most characteristic of a given person.

An “inner” portrait is a person’s character, his inner world: interests, habits, way of thinking, attitude to business, to people, to himself, his usual moods, behavior in different situations, his beliefs and views, feelings and experiences.

Between the external portrait of a person and his “internal” portrait, i.e. character, there is always a connection, but you need to be able to notice and express it. A person’s character can be expressed in a smile, voice, laughter, in movements, habitual gestures, in characteristic words and turns of speech. To notice and understand this connection, you need to see a person in different situations, meet him more than once, watch him from the outside. And the author of the essay is constantly looking for such linguistic means: words, figures of speech, epithets, comparisons, metaphors that would allow him to most fully, laconicly and at the same time vividly convey the real features of the person depicted and express his attitude towards him.

For completeness and greater authenticity of the portrait, the essay uses biographical data of the person depicted, describes the environment in which the hero operates, the most characteristic and most significant (from the point of view of the main idea, the main plan) episodes from his life.

How to start an essay? Each author solves this question differently in each specific case. In the introduction, the author usually talks about something very important for understanding the personality of the hero of the essay. It should interest and intrigue the reader in order to make him want to read this essay to the end.

3. Problem essay.

At the center of the problematic essay are socially significant issues: political, economic, moral and ethical, etc. The author of the essay tries to intervene in the solution of important problems, enters into polemics with his opponents.

In this genre of journalistic style of speech, portrait sketches can be used, but the main thing here is not the character of this or that person, but his attitude to these issues, different points of view, different views. In such an essay you can also find travel notes and sketches. But they also serve as confirmation of the author’s position in the dispute, an expression of a certain view, and one of the means of proof. An essay of this type is polemical in nature. The problem essay is constructed according to the type of reasoning.

The means of journalistic style (social and moral-ethical vocabulary, rhetorical questions and appeals, appealing intonations, civic pathos, etc.) are used both in fiction and in poetry - classical and modern.

Oral presentation

The journalistic style of speech includes not only articles, essays, reports, but also oral presentations - speeches, reports.

The main task of oral presentation is communication, it is an opportunity to convey information to your listener and convince him to prove his point of view.

In journalistic speeches, colloquial vocabulary, simple sentence structures, incomplete interrogative and exclamatory sentences, appeals are widely used; participial and participial phrases are used less often, they are replaced by subordinate clauses, homogeneous members. Oral public speech is rich in phraseological units, figurative means, it uses epithets, comparisons, and metaphors more often than in ordinary oral speech.

In an oral journalistic speech, both commonly used vocabulary, colloquial and socio-political, are used. If the speech is on a scientific or technical topic, then some commonly used terms are used.

Each of us in our lives has had or will have to speak in front of audiences and prepare a speech ourselves. This is more difficult than paraphrasing someone's article, speech or book. Public speaking requires the speaker to be lively, emotional, passionate about what he is talking about, and convinced of what he is saying, and the ability to communicate with the public. In an oral presentation, the beginning of the speech and the persuasiveness of the argumentation of the main idea are very important. This becomes of great importance in cases where the fate of a person is being decided, for example, during the defense and prosecution in a trial.

Report

A report is a detailed discussion, characterized by the completeness of the topic and its completeness. A report is the most complex and responsible form of oral presentation. In it, as in other oral statements, one can distinguish the main thesis, the main position that needs to be revealed, proven, and particular theses.

The basics of constructing a report and the requirements for it are set out earlier (see “Oral presentation”). However, the report, unlike other types of oral presentations, has its own characteristics:

1. The report, like any speech, is prepared in advance. Briefly, in the form of a thesis, each position is outlined. The general thesis is confirmed and revealed by specific theses. For each thesis, evidence is selected: facts, examples, figures. The necessary conclusions and generalizations are thought out in advance.

2. Depending on the main idea, the main thesis, the tasks and goals set in the report, the speech is structured: where to start, how to capture the attention of the audience, how to attract the skeptical part of it to your side and try to convince what is being said you will speak. “For the success of a speech, the flow of thought of the lecturer is important,” wrote A.F. Koni. - If the thought jumps from subject to subject, is thrown around, if the main thing is constantly interrupted, then such speech is almost impossible to listen to. It is necessary to construct a plan so that the second thought follows from the first, the third from the second, etc. or so that there is a natural transition from one to the other.”

3. The report wins if some problems are posed to the listeners and they are immediately solved either by the speaker himself or together with the listeners.

4. The report is well received if it somehow touches on the life, interests, problems of the audience to whom you are speaking, its current concerns or anxieties, prospects and expectations.

5. When giving a report, you can use theses and working notes. A specific situation during a speech requires special words, and sometimes a restructuring of the entire speech. Therefore, it is important not to lose the main train of thought, the logical connection between theses and proposals, to prepare logical transitions in advance, to have examples and arguments in stock.

genre journalism style speech

Discussion

You must be able not only to make reports, conduct a report, take and give interviews, but also to participate in the discussion of messages, reports of other people, in dialogues, disputes and discussions on emerging problems, to be an opponent (i.e., make an objection) on this or that another question. What is important for this?

1. It is necessary to try to polemicize, object to argumentation, prove the truth with scientific, economic justification, and convince not with the power of your voice, but with facts.

2. Turn defending your views (yours or the speaker’s, if you support him) into an offensive.

3. Do not get involved in empty polemics and do not give others a reason for such polemics.

4. Find the courage to admit what is true even from the opponent of your idea.

5. Try not to resort to the means used by an unscrupulous opponent (distortion of facts, statements, avoidance of the main thing).

Newspaper

Speaking about the journalistic style of speech, one cannot ignore the materials of the newspaper, which is one of the most popular means of communication, i.e. communication.

One of the important functions of a newspaper is information. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible is reflected in their speech embodiment.

For a modern newspaper, analyticity, evidence-based presentation, and a confidential tone of conversation have become more characteristic.

But the newspaper is also called upon to educate the masses. Therefore, it also performs a popularization function: it reports on new scientific discoveries, innovations in technology, problems of economics, medicine, forgotten or newly comprehended facts of history.

The vocabulary of the newspaper is characterized by the use large quantity adjectives and nouns of an evaluative nature, metaphors, phraseological units, terminological words and expressions (necessarily commented), colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, foreign language borrowings.

The syntax of newspaper materials is characterized by relatively simple constructions, an abundance of unusual phrases (especially in headlines), and the use of a relaxed dialogue form; the use of present tense verbs to mean the past or future.

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Introduction

Depending on the goals and objectives set in the communication process, various linguistic means are selected. As a result, unique varieties of a single literary language are created - functional style.

The word “style” (from Greek. stylus- a rod for writing on wax tablets) later acquired the meaning of “handwriting”, and later began to mean a manner, method, features of speech.

The word “style” has come to mean the quality of what is written. This is the essence of stylistics - the ability to express one’s thoughts in different ways, using different linguistic means, which distinguishes one style of speech from another.

Language styles are called functional because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, conveying certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Language is multifunctional - it performs, as already mentioned, several functions that form the main varieties of language. Using these styles, language is able to express complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, accurately and strictly formulate laws, turn into poetic stanzas or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts.

The functions of language are formed by style, determining one or another manner of presentation - accurate, objective, concretely pictorial, informative and businesslike. In accordance with this, each functional style selects from the literary language those words and expressions, those forms and structures that can best fulfill the internal task of this style.

Functional styles are historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means that are used in one or another sphere of communication and correlate with one or another area of professional activity.

Modern Russian literary language book functional styles are inherent: scientific, journalistic, official business, which are used mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, used mainly in oral form of speech.

Let us consider the journalistic style of the Russian language in more detail.

1. Journalistic style

1.1. The main features of a journalistic style of speech

The journalistic style is read as particularly complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional (inter-style) influences. Its main substyles are political and propaganda(appeals, orders, proclamation), official political-ideological(party documents), strictly journalistic– in the narrow sense of the word (pamphlets, essays, feuilletons, etc.), newspaper.

In turn, each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.

The intra-style stratification of newspaper speech turns out to be very complex. The stylistic differences in it are due primarily to the predominance in a particular text of one of the main newspaper functions - informative or propaganda. In addition, some specific newspaper genres (editorial, report, interview, information, etc.) differ in style from all others. Differences in style are also explained by the orientation of the publishing body, the specialization of the newspaper, the subject matter of the content and the author's style of presentation.

In newspaper genres, transitional, inter-style influences are very noticeable, for example, the influence of the artistic-fictional style on an essay, feuilleton, reportage. The essay is a synthetic artistic and journalistic genre, and this is reflected in its style, but a newspaper essay differs in style from the actual artistic one. The newspaper, being a popularizer of knowledge in the field of technology, economics, etc., uses a special type of popular science and scientific journalistic style in a number of its materials. The influence of the scientific style is also manifested in problem articles, where an analytical and generalized presentation of the subject of speech is given. Despite the diversity of newspaper materials (which is reflected in the style of speech), we can talk about the general principles of constructing newspaper speech, the commonality of its functions, structure and stylistic coloring, and therefore about the newspaper genre as a whole.

Journalism as a field of mass communication has other varieties: radio journalism, film journalism, television journalism. Each of them, in addition to the common features inherent in journalism, has its own linguistic and stylistic differences. There is also such a special sphere as oratory - a special journalistic substratum, which is a complex interaction of written journalistic and oral journalistic speech. The question of the status of oratory in the functional-style stratification of language has not yet been resolved. This is an oral form of thoughtful, usually pre-prepared, skillful speech that involves a special impact on listeners. The oratorical form of speech is heterogeneous and gravitates towards functional styles, corresponding to the areas of their application: oratorical journalistic speech, academic eloquence, judicial eloquence. This is a complex case where functional styles and forms of speech intersect. All these internal varieties are united by a common goal - influencing listeners with the expectation of achieving a predetermined effect.

The journalistic (ideological and political) style serves a wide sphere of public relations - socio-political, cultural, sports, etc. The journalistic style is most fully used in newspapers and socio-political magazines, as well as on radio and television, and in documentary films.

The journalistic style is used in both written and oral forms, which, within the framework of this style, closely interact and come together, with the basis more often being the written form.

Journalistic style performs two main functions - informational And influencing– and is used to express versatile and comprehensive information. The newspaper receives the broadest and regular reflection of events in the country and abroad, but under the indispensable condition that they are of public interest. The information function is inseparable from the influence function.

The information function is also characteristic of other styles, for example artistic, but the nature of the information here is different: in an artistic work, reality does not appear directly, but in an artistically generalized form, being the result of the artist’s creative imagination; journalism reflects life directly, its information is factual and documentary. This does not indicate that typification and generalization are alien to journalism, but they manifest themselves not so much in the reproduction of the facts themselves, but in their interpretation and coverage. The ratio of fiction and journalism, due to the different nature of the information they convey, resembles the ratio of feature and documentary films.

The function of influence not only unites journalism and fiction, but also separates them, since its nature in these styles is fundamentally different. The influence function is largely determined by the form of expression of the author’s position in artistic and journalistic works: the author-publicist usually expresses his position directly and openly, and the position of the author-artist usually manifests itself in the complex speech and compositional structure of the work of art.

Genres journalistic style includes speeches at meetings of a political nature, an editorial, a theoretical-political article, ideological consultation, an international review of correspondence, a report, a feuilleton, a pamphlet, a moral and ethical article, an essay, sports reviews, etc.

The journalistic style is most fully and widely represented in the entire variety of genres on newspaper pages = these are resolutions and orders, political reports and speeches, ideological consultations, etc. Therefore, the concepts of “newspaper language” and “journalistic style” are often considered identical or close.

Not everything that is published on the pages of a newspaper belongs to the journalistic style. Thus, a poem or a story, no matter where it is published, belongs to the artistic style, and a resolution or order belongs to the official business style, etc. Genres such as editorial, correspondence, reportage, feuilleton, and international review should be considered newspaper genres. Sports review, information. The stylistic unity of the newspaper is also evidenced by the fact that not every genre and not every verbal form fits into the language of the newspaper.

The most important linguistic feature of the newspaper-journalistic substyle is the close interaction and interpenetration of expressive, emotionally affecting speech means and standard means of language, widely used in this particular style.

The expressiveness of newspaper journalism is determined by the propaganda function and differs from the expressiveness of the language of fiction. The newspaper's inherent focus on the mass, diverse readership, the breadth and diversity of its topics, the openness of its ideological positions - all these features of the newspaper require the use of catchy, instantly perceived expressive means.

The desire to standardize language means reflects the information function of the newspaper and, to an even greater extent, the conditions of its functioning.

Standard language means are usually considered to be those that are often reproduced in a certain speech situation or (more broadly) in a certain functional style. There are many speech standards in scientific and official business styles. The newspaper-journalistic substyle also has its own standard speech means: good tradition, bloody coup, international humanitarian assistance, gain political capital, aggravation of the situation etc.

However, the term “standard” for the newspaper-journalistic substyle should be remembered in a broader sense, meaning not only specific newspaper, but also all linguistic means that are distinguished by stylistic and emotional neutrality.

19. Reporting as a genre of journalism

The concept of “reporting” arose in the first half of the 19th century. and comes from the Latin word “reportare”, meaning “to convey”, “to report”. Initially, the reporting genre was represented by publications that informed the reader about the progress of court hearings, parliamentary debates, various meetings, etc. Later, this kind of “reporting” began to be called “reports.” And “reports” began to be called publications of a slightly different type, namely those that in their content and form are similar to modern Russian essays. Thus, outstanding Western reporters John Reed, Egon Erwin Kisch, Ernest Hemingway, Julius Fucik and others were, in our understanding, essayists rather than reporters. And now, when a European journalist says something about a report, he means what we call a feature story. It is Western essays, from the point of view of their “name,” that are the genetic predecessors and closest “relatives” of the current Russian reportage. This, of course, must be taken into account in the case of using the theoretical reflections of Western researchers in the domestic theory of reporting.

Reporting is one of the most favorite genres of domestic journalists. The history of Russian journalism remembers dozens of names of outstanding reporters and, above all, the name of V.A. Gilyarovsky (“Uncle Gilay”, “king of reporters”), who became famous in late XIX– early 20th century with his talented stories about the gloomy slums of the Moscow Khitrov market, about the terrible event on the Khodynskoye field, about the life of working people at industrial enterprises in Moscow, etc. Many reporters have become famous writers, but their fame grew primarily from reporting. And this is largely due to the capabilities that this type of material has.

The originality of publications related to the reportage genre arises, first of all, as a result of the “expanded” application of the observation method and recording its progress and results in the text. The task of any reporter is, first of all, to give the audience the opportunity to see the event being described through the eyes of an eyewitness (reporter), i.e. create a “presence effect”. And this becomes most possible only if the journalist talks about substantive situations, events (and best of all, rapidly developing ones). (In this regard, in the above example, the author describes everything that he saw in the dentist’s office - the girl in the chair, the shiny instruments, the diamond drill, the snow-white coats, etc. All this allows the reader to experience it himself office.)

For a reporter, it is important not only to clearly describe an event, but also to describe it in such a way as to evoke the reader’s empathy for what is being discussed in the text. This can be done in different ways. Most often this goal is achieved in two ways. The first is a statement of the dynamics of the event. In the event that the displayed event develops quickly, the author can only show this development. However, there are events, situations, the development of which is sluggish, uncertain, and rather static. In this case, the author can be helped by “bringing to the surface” the event of its internal dynamics or by presenting the dynamics of the author’s experiences caused by his acquaintance with the event. (In our example of a report from a dentist's office, it could, if necessary, be enhanced by brighter and detailed description the author’s experiences related to dental treatment.)

Reporting has in common with some other genres (especially artistic and journalistic) the use of a method of visually depicting reality. However, in a report, visual representation has a purely informative function, the function of reporting a very specific event, incident, etc. And let’s say, in an essay, visual display pursues, first of all, the goal of generalization and typification. Visual details in analytical genres are used to “decorate”, “revive” the author’s serious, and therefore difficult to perceive for a certain part of the audience, thoughts.

20. Essay as a genre of journalism

The concept of "feature" as a name for a certain type of journalistic publication has unclear origins. Although there is an opinion that A.M. was involved in its appearance. Gorky, who in one of his letters to a colleague in the literary craft pointed out that the initial verb in defining a text that has a known literary form as an “essay” is “to outline.”

The accuracy of this opinion is difficult to determine. However, the fact that the publications that A.M. Gorky called them “essays”, did not appear at the moment when he had the idea to call them by this “name”, there is no doubt.

Among the founders of the Russian essay, researchers of Russian journalism name the names of V.G. Korolenko (“In the Hungry Year”), A.P. Chekhov (“Sakhalin Island”), G.I. Uspensky (“Ruin”), N.V. Uspensky (“Without Language”) and others. A considerable number of outstanding masters of this genre glorified Soviet journalism, for example A.M. Gorky, M.E. Koltsov, B.N. Polevoy, K.M. Simonov, A.A. Beck, A.A. Agranovsky, V.V. Ovechkin, G.N. Bocharov and many others.

The essay is considered the “king” of artistic and journalistic genres, but from the point of view of preparing it, it is one of the most labor-intensive. And this is true, since a journalist will be able to write a good essay only if he is confident in the various methods of depicting reality that exist in his craft. When preparing an essay, it is not enough, for example, to be able to find a suitable subject for speech, successfully collect material, and analyze it. It is also necessary to rethink the information accordingly and translate it into a form that will be recognized as truly sketchy.

The essence of the essay is largely predetermined by the fact that it combines reportage (visual-figurative) and research (analytical) principles. Moreover, the “expandedness” of the reportage principle is perceived as the predominance of the artistic method, while the author’s emphasis on analyzing the subject of the image and identifying its interrelations acts as the dominance of the research, theoretical method. Accordingly, in the course of their application, either a predominantly artistic or predominantly theoretical concept of the displayed object is created. And already within the framework of this or that concept, empirical facts are collected or “processed”. It was the lack of clarity of this circumstance that for a long time served as the starting point for heated debates about whether a newspaper (magazine) essay should be classified as a work of fiction or as a documentary-journalistic one.

A modern essay is most often characterized by documentary richness, often to the detriment of artistry. This is obviously due to the fact that the source material, i.e. the actual events reported by the essayist are often so dramatic, their plots are so unpredictable, the revealed secrets are so tempting and sensational that in themselves they are able to attract the attention of the reader and be perceived by him at the level of information drawn from the most interesting works of fiction. In this case, the need for intensive artistic processing of the original information often becomes unnecessary. Let's consider the main features of the most common type of essay publication today.

Portrait sketch. The subject of this essay is personality. The essence of this type of publication is to give the audience a certain idea about the hero of the speech. When solving this problem, a journalist, as a rule, first of all strives to reveal the most important thing - to show what values this hero serves, what he sees as the meaning of his existence. Because this is exclusively important point in the life of every person. Knowledge of the “meanings of life” served by the heroes of publications is necessary for the readership in order to compare their goals with the goals of other people, which to a certain extent helps them navigate in this world and, possibly, adjust their actions, image life, etc. However, a simple message from the author that some Dmitry Mikhailovich professes such and such values and ideals would hardly be of real interest to the audience. It is much more interesting and often more important and necessary for her to know - how he defends these values, what difficulties he overcomes while fighting for them? The description of this struggle, actions, deeds is precisely what is called showing or revealing the character of the hero. In a successful portrait sketch, the character of the hero is given, as a rule, in a non-trivial situation. Therefore, it is very important for the author to discover such a “site” on life path a hero who contains some extraordinary difficulties has a dramatic character. It is here that one can discover specific manifestations of the hero’s character, his talent, perseverance, hard work and other qualities that are significant from the point of view of achieving the goal. In the same case, when such a “section” on the hero’s life path cannot be found, it is more difficult for the author to count on creating interesting material.

Problem essay. The subject of display in essays of this type is a certain problematic situation. It is the progress of its development that the essayist follows in his publication. In its logical structure, a problem essay may be similar to such a representative of analytical genres as an article. The reason for this similarity is primarily the dominance of the research principle in the process of displaying the problem situation. As in the article, in a problem essay the author finds out the reasons for the occurrence of a particular problem, tries to determine its further development, and identify solutions. This, naturally, predetermines many features of the performance, regardless of what genre we try to classify it into.

At the same time, a problematic essay can always be fairly easily distinguished from a problematic article. The most important difference is that in a problem essay the development of a problem situation is never presented, so to speak, “in its bare form,” i.e. in the form of statistical patterns or generalized judgments, conclusions, etc., which is characteristic of the article as a genre. The problem in the essay acts as an obstacle that they are trying to overcome completely. specific people with their advantages and disadvantages. On the surface of a particular activity that the essayist examines, the problem very often manifests itself through a conflict (or conflicts), through clashes of people’s interests. By examining these conflicts and their development, he can get to the core of the problem. At the same time, observing the development of a conflict in an essay is usually accompanied by all sorts of experiences both on the part of the heroes of the essay and on the part of the author himself. Trying to comprehend the essence of what is happening, a journalist often attracts all sorts of associations, parallels, and deviations from the topic. In an essay, this is a common thing, while in a problem article they are inappropriate. It is impossible to write a problem essay without understanding the field of activity that it touches on. Only a deep penetration into the essence of the matter can lead the author to an accurate understanding of the problem that underlies the situation under study, and describe it accordingly in his essay.

Travel essay. The travel essay, like some other journalistic genres (for example, note, report, correspondence, review), belongs to the earliest forms of texts that marked the formation of journalism. Obviously, this is explained by the fact that a form of depicting reality similar to a travel sketch was almost the first in fiction. And therefore it was well mastered, which helped it quickly gain a foothold on the pages of periodicals as soon as it arose.

The authors who glorified the travel essay as a genre of Russian literature and journalism in the 19th century were A.S. Pushkin (“Travel to Arzrum”), N.I. Novikov (“Excerpt from a trip to I***T***”), A.N. Radishchev (“Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”), A.P. Chekhov (“Sakhalin Island”), I.A. Goncharov (“Frigate “Pallada”).

Of all the essay forms, the travel essay makes the greatest claim to the adventurous nature of the plot (the original meaning of the word “adventure” is “adventure”). Such adventurism is determined by the very nature of the preparation of this type of publication. Since a travel essay is a description of certain events, incidents, meetings with different people that the author encounters during his creative journey (trip, business trip, etc.), then the plot of the essay reflects the sequence of these events, incidents, meetings, which are the content travel (adventures) of a journalist. Of course, a good travel essay cannot be a simple listing or presentation of everything that the author saw during his trip. And the publication for which the essay is being prepared is unlikely to be able to afford to publish everything the journalist saw. One way or another, the essayist has to select the most interesting, the most important. What is considered the most interesting and important depends on the idea that he develops during the journey. Of course, the idea can arise long before the creative trip. The source material for it can be both the journalist’s past personal observations and newly obtained information from the same newspapers, magazines, radio and television. But it is possible that the journalist will receive a specific assignment from his editor, or that the idea will arise under the influence of some other factors (say, as a result of the journalist’s participation in some political action). As in the process of preparing any serious and voluminous material (and travel essays are just like that), during the preparation of the essay, already at the stage of collecting information, this plan can be adjusted or even radically changed - it all depends on the nature of the information that comes at the disposal of the journalist. Travel essays can serve a variety of purposes. Thus, the main thing for a journalist may be to show how one problem is solved in different cities or regions through which he passes (for example, how the state takes care of people with disabilities). He can set himself a different goal, for example, to study how the population of different cities spends their free time from work, what hobby they prefer. He can talk about how cultural monuments are preserved along the route he follows. Or he can meet with participants of the Great Patriotic War living in the settlements through which he passes, who have the title of Hero Soviet Union or who are full holders of the Order of Glory. There are such goals infinite set. As a result of their implementation, travel essays of very different content may appear. In any case, the journalist must be able to use the advantages that a travel essay provides him. And above all, the very fact of one’s movement “in time and space” in order to give the essay a dynamic form, to allow the reader to feel all the tension and “charms” of the journey and thereby make him an “accomplice” of his business trip, his search.

Subject: Genres of journalism. Essay (travel, portrait, problem).

The purpose of the lesson : at deepening and developing ideas about the genres of journalistic style of speech; improving text analysis skills, teaching how to write a portrait sketch.

Lesson objectives:

distinguish texts different styles speech, know the signs inherent in each style of speech;

analyze the text of journalistic style in terms of style, type and genre of speech;

identify types of speech;

determine the theme, idea and problem of the text;

be able to express your position in relation to the formulated problem, give arguments;

Organizing time.

Hello guys and dear guests!

What's your mood? You will probably agree with me that only when good mood You can work creatively and interestingly. Smile! Wish each other good luck.

Write down the number in your notebooks, great job

SLIDE №1

Updating knowledge.

We all watch TV, read newspapers and magazines. But do we always think about what style we can attribute to what we hear, read, see? (Journalistic style)

Where is the journalistic style used? (Scope of application).

SLIDE No. 2

Why do you think the genre is called this way? (works for the public)

What does this word mean? (1. Persons who are visitors, spectators. 2. People, society).

SLIDE No. 3

Repetition and deepening of previously studied material.

1. Conversation

Name functions journalistic style.

SLIDE No. 4

2. There are cards in front of you.Write down the names of the genres of journalism

Elegy, ballad, novel, feature article, tragedy, sonnet, story, feuilleton, epigram, short story, story, poem, interview, ode, fable, comedy, essay, article, satire.

SLIDE #5 LET'S CHECK!!!

3. Now let’s formulate with you topic lesson and write it down in your notebook .

SLIDE No. 6

4. What goals will we set for ourselves? ?

SLIDE No. 7

5. Underline in the list of topics only those problems that are the subject of discussion in journalistic literature .

Construction of complex sentences ; problems associated with man-made disasters; President elections; solution linear equations; compound chemical elements; work of the city administration; rating of contemporary music performers; use of scuba gear for repair work under the water; literary analysis of the text.

SLIDE #8 LET'S CHECK!!!

IV New material

1.C teacher's word

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., and is close to fiction. Journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is enormous. The genres of journalistic style include speeches of lawyers, speakers, appearances in the press (article, note, report, feuilleton); as well as travel sketch, portrait sketch, essay. Let's take a closer look at the LATEST genres. First of all, they interest us because they are necessary for us in our work: they are often written in this genre school essays.

SLIDE No. 9

PHYSICAL MINUTKA

2. Working with the textbook

So what is an essay?

What is an essay ? (Based on materials from the textbook p. 272.)

Let's look at some features of the essays.

travel (pp. 272,273,275)

portrait (pp. 280,285)

problematic (p. 287)

Have you encountered these genres of journalism?

3. Work in groups. (Material from Ryazan newspapers)

Read the essays and determine their genre. Prove it.

(groups report on their work, naming the characteristic features of the essay they analyzed).

What stylistic features of the essay can you note?

SLIDE No. 10

The essay concerns the most various issues public life: political, economic, scientific, social, everyday, etc. For thisThe genre is characterized by documentation, authenticity, problem posingand options for its resolution.

But the journalistic genre also differs in its linguistic means. Which ones?

SLIDE No. 11

The essay includes facts of reality, artistic images, and thoughts of the author, who not only describes and outlines the phenomenon, but also gives his assessment of it. Artistic images, which are necessarily present in the essay, bring it closer to the artistic style of speech. With their help, the author makes generalizations and goes beyond the limits of momentary documentation. Thus, the essay is usually destined to be morelonger life than, for example, a report (an operational report about any facts of reality).

Application of knowledge and skills

On your tables you see a text by Viktor Sergeevich Rozov. He is a famous Russian playwright, a participant in the Great Patriotic War. In acute conflict plays, mainly about youth of the second half of the 20th century (“In Search of Joy”, “Traditional Gathering”, “Forever Living”, on which one of the best films about Patriotic War“The Cranes Are Flying”, etc.) it raises questions of morality, civic responsibility, and recalls the traditions of the Russian intelligentsia. Check out his thoughts on what happiness is.

Happiness

(1) People want to be happy - this is their natural need.

(2) But where does the very core of happiness lie? (3) Let me note right away that I am only thinking, and not expressing the truths that I myself am only striving for. (4) Does she hide in a comfortable apartment, good food, smart clothes? (5) Yes and no. (6) No - for the reason that, having all these shortcomings, a person can suffer from various spiritual adversities. (7) Does it lie in health? (8) Of course, yes, but at the same time no.

(9) Gorky wisely and slyly noted that life will always be bad enough for the desire for the best not to fade away in humanity. (10) And Chekhov wrote: “If you want to be an optimist and understand life, then stop believing what they say and write, but observe and understand for yourself” (11) Pay attention to the beginning of the phrase: “If you want to be an optimist...” (12) ) And also – “get into it yourself.”

(13) In the hospital I lay in a cast on my back for almost six months, but when the unbearable pain passed, I was cheerful.

(14) The sisters asked: “Rozov, why are you so cheerful?” (15) And I answered: “What? It’s my leg that hurts, but I’m healthy.” (16) My spirit was healthy.

(17) Happiness lies precisely in the harmony of the individual; they used to say: “The Kingdom of God is within us.” (18) The harmonious structure of this “kingdom” largely depends on the individual himself, although, I repeat, the external conditions of a person’s existence play an important role in its formation. ((19) But not the most important one. (20) With all the calls to fight the shortcomings of our life, which have accumulated in abundance, I still first of all highlight the fight with ourselves. (21) You cannot expect someone to come from the outside and will do it for you good life. (22) You must fight for the “honest fellow” in yourself, otherwise there will be trouble.

(V. Rozov)

- Determine the text style, text type and speech genre.

(Speech style – journalistic, type of speech – reasoning-reflection, genre – problem article)

- Prove. (students prove)

- Determine the topic of the text(theme of the text is happiness).

Main problems:

1) the problem of happiness (what is human happiness? What is the relationship between the internal and external attributes of happiness?);

2) the problem of harmony (who or what can make a person happy?)

(Happiness consists not only and not so much in material attributes; to be happy, you must constantly work on yourself.)

- Formulate your opinion about the problem posed by the author of this text, give arguments in defense of your position

Homework

Collect material for an essay about your comrade, friend or adult, already working person (exercise 425).

Vocabulary work

Write down the words in your notebook and explain their lexical meaning.

Controversy, discussion, disputation, dialogue, argument, opponent, proponent.

What word is new to you?

Opponent – this is the one who challenges the thesis.

Proponent – one who puts forward and defends a thesis .

Reflection

“Today’s lesson for me...”

Students are given a card in which they need to underline phrases that characterize the work in the lesson in three areas.

	I'm in class
1.Interesting	1.Worked	1.Understood the material
	2.Resting	2.Learned more than I knew
3.It doesn't matter	3. Helped others	3. I didn’t understand

Thank you for the lesson!

Journalistic style occupies a special place among functional styles, since the main functions it performs are those of influence and message.

The journalistic style is implemented in the media (this is the language of newspapers, radio, television, etc.) and artistic and journalistic texts. The journalistic style uses the resources of all other styles, primarily scientific and artistic. The genres of journalistic style include: essays, articles, feuilletons, reports, interviews, advertising, etc.

The journalistic style reflects socially significant phenomena, events, problems, and facts of today. The desire for emotional richness of language determines the use of all possible figurative and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, personification, etc.). However, these techniques turn into language stamps, if they are repeated, they are replicated in various journalistic texts.

The journalistic style is most clearly presented in written form on the pages of newspapers. Therefore, one of its varieties is newspaper-journalistic style. The journalistic style quickly reacts to everything new. Many neologisms appear on the pages of newspapers for the first time. For example, in June 2003, newspapers registered such a new word as rover(cf. Lunokhod).

The genres of the newspaper-journalistic style include reports, articles, reviews, interviews, notes, reports, reviews, etc. The genres of the artistic-journalistic style include sketches, essays, feuilletons.

Article- a journalistic or scientific text that analyzes any processes, phenomena, facts. For an article, it is important to have a relevant problem and arguments, conclusions and recommendations for solving the problem. The article also uses extensive factual material.

Review- written analysis of a critical nature literary work, movie, etc. In a review, it is necessary to evaluate the work, its advantages and disadvantages. The objectivity of the review and the fairness of the assessment are of great importance. In the review there is no need to retell the work in detail, it is enough to indicate the main plot in no more than 2-3 sentences, it should be noted the relevance of the work, the meaning of the title, theme, idea, problems, features of the composition, the author’s style, means of creating images, etc. In conclusion of the work the summary is summed up, a general objective assessment of the work is given, it is also important to note not only its shortcomings, but also its advantages: the entertaining plot, the innovation of the author.

Essay- prose essay with free composition. An essay reflects the individual impressions, thoughts, and feelings of its author on a specific topic. An essay, as a rule, is presented in free form, does not have strict requirements for composition and style of presentation, and is based on creative thinking. The approximate composition is as follows: 1) introduction - statement of the problem; 2) main idea - justification and argumentation of the problem; 3) conclusion - summing up the results of the work. The presentation of the material is accompanied by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. The core of the essay is to raise an issue and present an argument.

Essay writing rules:

1) formulate the topic, purpose and objectives of the essay;
2) formulate a problem (several problems), select an argument (at least three arguments);
3) write an essay based on the recycled material.

Feature article- a small genre of literature based on the descriptive nature of an object or phenomenon. The essay is divided into types: portrait, problem, travel. Portrait sketch- analysis of the hero’s personality and his worldview, which includes a description of appearance, actions, and biographical information. Problem essay- a presentation of a socially significant problem, where the author shares his opinion on the formulated problem and argues for it. Travel essay- travel impressions, which include descriptions of cities, countries, their inhabitants, morals, traditions, etc.

Reportage- a message about something from the scene of an event. The main task of a report is to create the effect of the presence of a reader, listener, or viewer. For a television report, efficiency is important: the events taking place are presented by the author as they unfold; a printed report describes the plot of the event, conveying significant information. The encyclopedic dictionary of the media, edited by A. Knyazev, emphasizes the importance of emotionality when compiling a report, the foreground of which “necessarily comes to the forefront of personal perception, selection of facts and details.”

Texts of a journalistic style, like a work of fiction, reflect the individuality of the author, therefore the journalistic style is often confused with the style of fiction. Unlike the scientific and official business styles, the journalistic style is not strictly regulated and allows for variations in norms.

533. Read the texts. Explain their names. Using the facts presented in the texts, prepare for a debate on the topic “Russian language and us.”

WEED TONGUE

In conclusion, I would like to say something about the trashy language that people are complaining about in our country now. What is true is true, especially among refugees, where everyone introduces Russian into their speech from a foreign language, so you can’t always make it out.

So this is not news, and before they complained about the same thing and even gave examples. So, for example, in the famous book of Kurganov (although the author is not listed on the cover) - “Russian Universal Grammar, or General Writing”, published “in the city of St. Peter” in 1769, we find a sad reproach to the weeders of the Russian language, namely, writes Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilych:

“The funniest thing is,” he writes, “someone who has confused, having adopted several other people’s words, considers it an honor to reintroduce them in a “demonic” way, interfering with the Russians like this: “I am distracted and desperated; My amantha gave me an infidelite, and I, and ku sur, will revenge against my rival.”

And he is very angry that they introduced such nasty words as “lorgnette” and “imitation”, and even promoted the mother to “governess”.

And truly, as if the phrase that I quoted was heard by Nikolai Gavrilovich not in the city of St. Peter and not 160 years ago, but today in Passy or on Mozar - in a word, in the Russian settlements of Paris. And to be honest, this weedy language penetrates into Russian literature, both there and in exile.

Watch out, O Russian writer! and remember the beautiful verse of the first “Epistola” of the famous piita Sumarokov:

NOT OUR RUSSIAN

In recent years, the Russian language has turned into a cacophonous mixture of obscene language, gangster jargon, distorted “Americanisms” and illiterately used Russian words. People who continue to speak the “archaic” Russian language often do not understand their compatriots. For example, how does “cool” differ from “cool” or “in kind” from “purely concrete”? Nowadays you don’t hear the combination “in life,” but for some reason only “in life.” The previously used verb “count” has turned into a kind of word link. But another Russian verb “put” disappeared altogether and was almost universally replaced by the ugly “lay”.

Any language changes, is updated, enriched. But there must be logic, common sense, and a sense of proportion in everything.

And if all this is the great, mighty Russian language, then is it not possible to organize a short “educational program” for the insufficiently “advanced” media to study this new formation with the participation of specialists?

(From the newspaper “Arguments and Facts”)

Write an essay on one of the topics (optional):

1. To what extent, from your point of view, is it acceptable to use elements of conversational style in public speech?
2. To what extent should or can written speech reflect the characteristics of oral speech?
3. Who and on what basis can draw conclusions about the admissibility or inadmissibility of certain colloquial elements in an official communication situation, including in written texts?
4. Who is responsible today in media editorial offices for the quality of the text (for compliance with standards)? Journalist? Editor?
5. Who determines the linguistic tastes of the media - the owner, editor-in-chief, readers or journalist?
6. Do the media today reflect or shape linguistic taste?

534. Read the text. Give it a title.

Closed in itself, Kitay-Gorod represented an original whole, completely different from the Kremlin. The Kremlin is the center of the boyars and clergy, the ruling classes. Kitai-Gorod is a concentration of the townspeople, the tax class; Boyar courts met in Kitai-Gorod only as an exception. The difference in appearance corresponded to this social difference.

Already the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) was immediately distinguished by its bizarre architecture from the Kremlin churches. Built in memory of the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, which gave trade routes to the Caspian Sea and Siberia into the hands of the Moscow settlement, it was made up of eight original temples, one stone and seven wooden, that previously stood in its place - hence its bizarre versatility, corresponding to its numerous altars. And as a “votive” temple, connected with the growth of the Moscow Posad, and not the boyars, which was in decline at that time, it was moved, in defiance of the boyars, outside the Kremlin, to the posad, on the ditch that separated Red Square from the descent to the Moscow River. The Execution Place standing nearby is the platform from which the Tsar's decrees were announced to the Moscow people. Unnecessary in the Kremlin, where the rulers lived, it was necessary in the suburbs, where the governed lived.

Behind Red Square there were commercial premises and then merchant houses. Until the end of the 17th century, commercial premises were almost exclusively wooden: the most big houses there were two-story log buildings, where the merchant himself lived at the top, and below, under a canopy, his trade was located; but there were few such houses, and one-story houses or simply tents knocked together from boards predominated. The stone rows were built in 1596, after a terrible fire in 1595.

Log pavements and barrels of water at the corners of the streets in case of fire completed the picture of the “wooden” Kitai-gorod. The streets and alleys ran in an intricate labyrinth, crossing several passages at once at one point, in the so-called sacrums. At night, the streets were blocked off with slingshots and bars, the gates were locked tightly, and watchmen walked around all night with hammers. The same night barriers were used in other parts of Moscow; they existed until the end of the 18th century.

Along Red Square and the alleys of Kitai-Gorod, in addition to constant trading in shops, street trading was carried out in different time a wide variety of goods. Among the trade of Kitay-Gorod already in the 16th century one could meet many out-of-town and foreign merchants. Elijah the Prophet had a Novgorod courtyard on Ilyinka for a long time, and not far from it there was a Pokrovsky courtyard. Next to the Tatar, Caucasian, Persian and Bukhara merchants in Kitay-Gorod one could meet Greeks, Germans, Swedes, English and Italians.

The picture of Kitai-Gorod changed greatly in the 18th century: residential merchant houses in Kitai-Gorod became fewer and fewer every year. Merchants move to live in Zamoskvorechye.

In Kitai-gorod, almost exclusively retail premises are concentrated, arranged in regular rows. In the 17th century there were 72 rows here, and they were named after the items of trade: fish, crystal, rags, gold, icons, candles, wax, and so on. There was even a crummy aisle where they sold second-hand clothes, obviously extremely dirty.

The division of shops in Kitay-Gorod into rows according to specialties remained until the 60s of the 19th century. The names of some of these rows are preserved in the names of the lanes: Rybny, Khrustalny, Vetoshny.

(N. Nikolsky)

1. Determine the main idea. Specify its microthemes. Write down the keywords and phrases of each micro-topic.
2. Write an essay on the topic “Favorite corner of my city”, using materials from your city’s website.
3. Determine the type and style of speech. What genre does the text belong to?

535. Write down the text using punctuation marks. How many paragraphs does the author highlight in this text? Why does the author use this division?

What style of speech would you classify the text as? What signs will you look out for? And what genre? Describe the stylistic features of this text, giving examples.

Memory is one of the most important properties of existence, any existence of a material, spiritual human...

Memory is possessed by individual plants, stone on which traces of its origin and movement during the Ice Age remain, glass, water, etc.

And what can we say about the “genetic memory” of memory embedded in centuries, memory passing from one generation of living beings to the next.

Moreover, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is a process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; through memory, good experience is accumulated, a tradition is formed, everyday skills are created, family skills, labor skills, public institutions...

Memory resists the destructive power of time.

This property of memory is extremely important.

Memory, overcoming time, overcoming death.

This is the greatest moral significance of memory. An “unmemorable” person is, first of all, an ungrateful, irresponsible person and, therefore, incapable of good, selfless deeds.

Irresponsibility is born from the lack of awareness that nothing passes without a trace. A person who commits an unkind act thinks that this act will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself is obviously not used to preserving the memory of the past, feeling a sense of gratitude to his ancestors, their work, their cares, and therefore he thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.

Conscience is basically a memory to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is accomplished is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.

(According to D. Likhachev)

536. Write a review of D. Likhachev’s text (see exercise 535) in the form of a reasoning, consisting of a thesis, evidence and conclusion. Remember that the review does not include an analysis of the text, but gives its overall assessment.

537. Read the text. Determine his speech style and genre. Highlight grammar basics and draw a conclusion about the use of the main members of the sentence in newspaper-journalistic style texts.

Today on Yauzsky Boulevard in Moscow there is a monument to the great Dagestan poet and public figure Rasul Gamzatov. Speaking to the audience, the guests highly appreciated the activities and creativity of the Dagestan poet and noted that Rasul Gamzatov was an outstanding person.

It should be noted that the opening of the monument is timed to coincide with the 90th anniversary of the poet’s birth, which will be celebrated in September. The initiator and sponsor of the construction of the monument was the International Public Foundation of Rasul Gamzatov. The monument is engraved with lines from the famous poem “Cranes” by Rasul Gamzatov, which has become an immortal song: “Sometimes it seems to me that the soldiers who did not return from the bloody fields did not once die in this land, but turned into white cranes.”

A kind smile, a penetrating look, humor that scattered around the world with aphorisms - this is how the poet’s contemporaries remembered him.

(From the newspaper “Stolichnost”)

538. Write a report about your class conducting some cultural event (a trip to a museum, an excursion, a visit to the theater).

539. Read an excerpt from the travelogue “Around the Ussuri Region”, determine the style of the text.

After lunch, the people went to rest, and I went for a wander along the bank of the river. Wherever I turned my gaze, I saw only grass and swamp. In the distance to the south(west), misty mountains were barely visible. In some places along the treeless plains, patches of small shrubs grew dark like oases.

While making my way towards them, I accidentally scared away a great short-eared owl, a nocturnal bird of open spaces that always hides in the grass during the day. She scaredly shied away from me and, having flown away a little, sank again into the swamp. I lay down to rest near the bushes and suddenly heard a faint rustling. These were warblers. They fluttered through the reeds, constantly twitching their tails. Then I saw two (three) wrens. These cute reddish (variegated) birds constantly hid in the thickets, then suddenly jumped out somewhere on the other side and hid again under the dry grass.

An hour and a half later I returned to my people. Having quenched our thirst with tasteless slurry and snacked on potatoes baked over a fire, we boarded the boats and sailed on.

In the afternoon we covered a distance of eleven (thirteen) kilometers and bivouacked on one of the many islands.

Today we had the opportunity to observe the shadow segment of the Earth in the north (east). The evening dawn shimmered with special colors. At first it was pale, then it became emerald (green), and against that green background, like diverging pillars, two light (yellow) rays rose from (beyond) the horizon. After a few minutes, the continuation of which ray after ray disappeared, the green light of dawn became bright (orange), then dark (red). The most recent phenomenon was that the crimson (red) horizon became dark, as if from smoke. Simultaneously with sunset, the shadow segment of the Earth began to appear on the north (eastern) side. One end of it touched the northern horizon, the other - the southern. The outer edge of this shadow was crimson, and the lower the sun descended, the higher the shadow segment rose. Soon the purple stripe merged with the thick (red) lightning in the west, and then a dark (dark) night came.

(According to V. Arsenyev)

1. Find epithets in the text. How does their use help create an artistic image? Are there comparisons in the text? Name them. How are they expressed? What function do they perform?
2. Write out sentences with isolated circumstances from the text. Indicate how they are expressed.
3. Identify the types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

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Introduction

1. Journalistic style

1.1. The main features of a journalistic style of speech