John Nash born June 13 1928 in Bluefield, Virginia, in a strict Protestant family. My father worked as an engineer at Appalachian Electric Power, my mother worked for 10 years before getting married. school teacher. At school I was an average student, and I didn’t like mathematics at all - they taught it in a boring way at school. When Nash was 14, he came across Eric T. Bell's book, Great Mathematicians. “After reading this book, I was able to prove Fermat’s little theorem myself, without outside help,” Nash writes in his autobiography. This is how his mathematical genius declared himself.
Studies
This was followed by studies at the Carnegie Polytechnic Institute (now the private Carnegie Mellon University), where Nash tried to study chemistry, took a course in international economics, and then finally became convinced of his decision to study mathematics. IN 1948 year, having graduated from the institute with two diplomas - a bachelor's and a master's - he entered Princeton University. Nash's institute teacher Richard Duffin provided him with one of the most laconic letters of recommendation. It contained a single line: “This man is a genius!”
Works
At Princeton, John Nash heard about game theory, then only introduced by John von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstein. Game theory captured his imagination, so much so that at the age of 20 John Nash was able to create the foundations scientific method, which played a huge role in the development of the world economy. IN 1949 year, a 21-year-old scientist wrote a dissertation on game theory. Forty-five years later he received for this work Nobel Prize in economics. Nash's contribution was described as follows: fundamental analysis equilibrium in the theory of non-cooperative games.
Neumann and Morgenstein were concerned with so-called zero-sum games, in which the victory of one side inevitably means the defeat of the other. IN 1950 - 1953 gg. Nash published four groundbreaking papers that provided insightful analysis of “non-zero-sum games,” a special class of games in which all participants either win or lose. An example of such a game would be negotiations on a salary increase between the trade union and the company management.
This situation can end either in a long strike in which both sides suffer, or in the achievement of a mutually beneficial agreement. Nash was able to discern a new face of competition by modeling a situation that was later called the “Nash equilibrium” or “non-cooperative equilibrium”, in which both parties use an ideal strategy, which leads to the creation of a stable equilibrium. It is beneficial for the players to maintain this balance, since any change will only worsen their situation.
IN 1951 In the same year, John Nash began working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. His colleagues didn’t particularly like him, because he was very selfish, but they treated him patiently, because he math skills were brilliant. There, John began a close relationship with Eleanor Stier, who was soon expecting his child. So Nash became a father, but he refused to give his name to the child to be written on the birth certificate, and also refused to provide any financial support.
IN 1950 's Nash was famous. He collaborated with the RAND Corporation, an analytical and strategic development company that employed leading American scientists. There, again thanks to his research in game theory, Nash became one of the leading experts in the field of Cold War warfare. In addition, while working at MIT, Nash wrote a number of articles on real algebraic geometry and the theory of Riemannian manifolds, which were highly appreciated by his contemporaries.
Disease
Soon John Nash met Alicia Lard and 1957 They got married. In July 1958 Fortune magazine named Nash America's rising star in the "new mathematics." Soon Nash's wife became pregnant, but this coincided with Nash's illness - he became schizophrenic. At this time, John was 30 years old, and Alicia was only 26. At the beginning, Alicia tried to hide everything that was happening from friends and colleagues, wanting to save Nash’s career. However, after several months of insane behavior, Alicia forcibly committed her husband to a private psychiatric clinic in the suburbs of Boston, McLean Hospital, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.
After being discharged, he suddenly decided to go to Europe. Alicia left her mother's newborn son and followed her husband. She brought her husband back to America. Upon their return, they settled in Princeton, where Alicia found work. But Nash's illness progressed: he was constantly afraid of something, spoke about himself in the third person, wrote meaningless postcards, and called former colleagues. They listened patiently to his endless discussions about numerology and the state of political affairs in the world.
The deterioration of her husband's condition depressed Alicia more and more. IN 1959 He lost his job. In January 1961 years, a completely depressed Alicia, John's mother and his sister Martha took difficult decision: Admit John to Trenton State Hospital in New Jersey, where John underwent insulin therapy - a harsh and risky treatment, 5 days a week for a month and a half. After his discharge, Nash's colleagues from Princeton decided to help him by offering him a job as a researcher, but John again went to Europe, but this time alone. He sent home only mysterious letters. IN 1962 year, after 3 years of turmoil, Alicia divorced John. With the help of her mother, she raised her son herself. Later it turned out that he also had schizophrenia.
Despite his divorce from Alicia, his fellow mathematicians continued to help Nash - they gave him a job at the University and arranged a meeting with a psychiatrist, who was prescribed anti-psychotic medications. Nash's condition improved and he began spending time with Eleanor and his first son, John David. “It was a very encouraging time,” recalls John’s sister Martha. - It was quite a long period. But then things started to change." John stopped taking the medication, fearing that it might affect his thinking and the symptoms of schizophrenia reappeared.
IN 1970 Mr. Alicia Nash, being sure that she had made a mistake by betraying her husband, took him in again, and now as a boarder, this possibly saved him from a state of homelessness. In subsequent years, Nash continued to go to Princeton, writing strange formulas on the boards. Princeton students nicknamed him "The Phantom."
Then in 1980 gg. Nash felt noticeably better - his symptoms subsided and he became more involved in life around him. The disease, to the surprise of the doctors, began to recede. More precisely, Nash began to learn to ignore her and took up mathematics again. “Now I think quite sensibly, like any scientist,” Nash writes in his autobiography. “I won’t say that this gives me the joy that anyone recovering from a physical illness experiences. Sound thinking limits man’s ideas about his connection with the cosmos.”
Confession
IN 1994 , at the age of 66, John Nash received the Nobel Prize for his work on game theory. However, he was deprived of the opportunity to give the traditional Nobel lecture at Stockholm University, as the organizers feared for his condition. Instead, a seminar was organized (with his participation) to discuss his contributions to game theory. After this, Nash was invited to give a lecture at the University of Uppsala, since he was not given such an opportunity in Stockholm. According to Christer Kiselman, a professor at the Institute of Mathematics at Uppsala University who invited him, the lecture was dedicated to cosmology.
IN 2001 year, 38 years after their divorce, John and Alicia remarried. Nash returned to his office in Princeton, where he continues to learn about mathematics and understand this world - the world in which he was initially so successful; a world that forced him to go through a very difficult illness; and yet this world accepted him again.
IN 2008 John Nash gave a presentation on “Ideal Money and Asymptotically Ideal Money” at international conference Game Theory and Management in Higher School Management of St. Petersburg State University.
IN 2015 year, for his contribution to the theory of nonlinear differential equations, John received the highest honor in mathematics, the Abel Prize.
"Mind games"
IN 1998 year, American journalist (and economics professor at Columbia University Sylvia Nasar wrote a biography of Nash entitled “A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash”). The book instantly became a bestseller. .
IN 2001 year, under the direction of Ron Howard, based on the book, the film “A Beautiful Mind” was shot, and “A Beautiful Mind” was released in Russia. The film received four Oscars (for best adapted screenplay, director, supporting actress and, finally, best picture), a Golden Globe award and was awarded several Bafta prizes (British Film Award).
Death
May, 23rd 2015 86-year-old John Nash died in a car accident along with his 82-year-old wife Alicia. The driver of the taxi they were traveling in lost control and crashed into a median barrier.
American mathematician and Nobel Prize winner in economics John Nash died in a car accident in New Jersey. He was 86 years old
John Nash (Photo: REUTERS 2015)
The death of the mathematician is reported by the Huffigton Post, citing a representative of the New Jersey police. The taxi in which Nash was traveling was involved in an accident. Riding in the car with him was his wife, 82-year-old Alicia Nash, who also died. As noted by local publication NJ.com, Nash and his wife were not wearing seat belts. The driver of the car survived and was taken to hospital.
Nash won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994 "for his fundamental analysis of equilibrium in the theory of noncooperative games." Noted was Nash's dissertation on game theory, which he wrote in 1949, at the age of 21.
Nash's life story became the basis for the plot of the film A Beautiful Mind, where Russell Crowe played the role of the scientist. The film won four Oscars, including Best Picture. The actor has already announced in his Twitter, who is shocked by the death of Nash and his wife. “An amazing union. Beautiful minds, beautiful hearts,” Crowe wrote.
Nash was born in 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia. In 1947, he entered Princeton University, by which time he already had bachelor's and master's degrees from the Carnegie Polytechnic Institute. Two years later, Nash wrote a dissertation on game theory that would be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1994.
In 1951, he went to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In the mid-1950s he a short time worked at the RAND Strategic Research Center. In 1957, Nash married student Alicia Lard. Soon the scientist developed symptoms of schizophrenia. In 1959, Nash lost his job at MIT, and was soon admitted to a psychiatric clinic in Boston, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Nash divorced his wife in 1962 (they remarried in 2001).
Over time, Nash learned to live and work in conditions of serious illness, and continued to study mathematics. In 1994, Nash did not give his Nobel lecture at Stockholm University due to the organizers' concerns about his condition.
In his work in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Nash analyzed situations in which everyone in the game either wins or loses. According to Nash theory, players in a game can, in some cases, use an optimal strategy that leads to the creation of a stable equilibrium. It is beneficial for the parties to maintain balance, since any change will worsen their position. This situation is called “Nash equilibrium.” The results of Nash's research influenced the use of mathematical tools for economic modeling. The classic concept of the competition model, based on the teachings of Adam Smith, according to which “every man for himself” was revised. According to Nash, optimal strategies are those in which everyone acts both to benefit himself and to benefit others.
Mathematician and Nobel laureate John Forbes Nash the youngest was born on June 14, 1928. John Nash is a mathematician who has worked in the fields of game theory and differential geometry. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics with two other game theorists, Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.
There are rumors in the scientific world that John was awarded the Nobel Prize for only one of his simplest works, and many of Nash's theories are simply incomprehensible. The most interesting thing is that John Nash did not use the works of his predecessors; he created most of his theories simply “from nowhere,” without using ready-made materials and theory. During his studies, John Nash even refused to attend lectures, citing the fact that he would not learn anything new there and would only lose valuable time.
After a promising start to his mathematical career, John Nash began to develop schizophrenia in his 30s, an illness that the mathematician learned about 25 years later.
John Forbes Nash Jr. was born in Bluefield, West Virginia to John Nash Sr. and Virginia Martin. His father was an electrical engineer, his mother a teacher in English. As a teenager, John spent a lot of time reading books and conducting various experiments in his room, which soon became a laboratory. At the age of 14, John Nash proved Fermat's Little Theorem without any help.
From June 1945 to June 1948 John Nash attended Carnegie Polytechnic Institute in Pittsburgh, intending to become an engineer like his father. Instead, John fell deeply in love with mathematics and had a particular interest in topics such as number theory, Diophantine equations of quantum mechanics, and relativity. Nash especially loved problem solving.
At the Carnegie Institution, Nash became interested in the “bargaining problem” that John von Neumann had left unsolved in his book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1928).
After Pittsburgh, John Nash Jr. went to Princeton University, where he worked on the theory of equilibrium. He received his PhD in 1950 with a thesis on non-cooperative games. The dissertation contained the definition and properties of what would later be called “Nash Equilibrium,” and 44 years later it would earn him a Nobel Prize. His research on this subject led to three papers, the first entitled "Equilibrium Points in N-Numbered Games" published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) (1950), and the rest in Econometrics on the Negotiation Problem (April 1950) and “Non-cooperative games with two participants” (January 1953).
In summer 1950 John Nash worked for the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he returned for shorter periods in 1952 and 1954. In 1950-1951, Nash taught calculus courses at Princeton, studied and managed to “slope” military service. During this time, he proved Nash's theorem on regular embeddings, which is one of the most important in differential geometry about manifolds. In 1951-1952, John became a research assistant at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
At MIT, John Nash met Alicia Lard, a student from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. Their son, John Charles Martin (born May 20, 1959), remained nameless for a year because Alicia, due to the fact that John Nash was in a psychiatric clinic, did not want to name the child herself. Following in his parents' footsteps, John became a mathematician, but like his father, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. John Nash had another son, John David (born 19 June 1953), with Eleanor Steer, but he wanted nothing to do with them. Admittedly bisexual, Nash had relationships with men during this period.
Although Alicia and John divorced in 1963, they remarried in 1970. But according to Sylvia Nazar's biography of Nash, they lived "like two distant relatives under the same roof" until John Nash received the Nobel Prize in 1994 , then they resumed their relationship and got married on June 1, 2001.
IN In 1958, John Nash began to show the first signs of his mental illness. He became paranoid and was admitted to McLean Hospital in April-May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After problematic stays in Paris and Geneva, Nash returned to Princeton in 1960. He wandered around psychiatric hospitals until 1970 and conducted research at Brandeis University from 1965 to 1967. John Nash did not publish a single scientific paper between 1966 and 1996. In 1978 he was awarded the John von Neumann Prize for “Equilibrium Analysis in the Theory of Non-Cooperative Games.”
John Nash's psychological condition slowly but gradually improved. His interest in mathematical problems gradually returned, and with it his ability to logical thinking. In addition, he became interested in programming. 1990s his genius returned. In 1994, John Nash received the Nobel Prize in Economics as a result of his work on game theory at Princeton.
Since 1945 to 1996 Nash published 23 scientific papers, plus an autobiography, Les Prix Nobel (1994).
A movie called A Beautiful Mind with Russell Crowe in leading role, released in December 2001 and directed by Ron Howard, showed some of the events from the biography of John Nash. It, (loosely) based on a biography of the same title written by Sylvia Nasar in 1999, won 4 Oscars in 2002. However, in this film, many events from John's life are embellished or even untrue, as happens in many film adaptations to create a greater effect on the public. Unlike the film, Nash's manifestations of schizophrenia did not involve deciphering newspapers for spies. In fact, it seemed to John that encrypted messages from aliens periodically appeared in newspapers, which only he could decipher. But all this is nonsense. In the film, John Nash was not cured of schizophrenia, which in turn is incurable. IN real life everything is much more interesting. For thirty years, Nash was in various psychological clinics, from which he periodically escaped, but at one point John was mysteriously cured. How this happened still remains a mystery...
Mathematician and Nobel laureate John Nash died in a car accident in American state New Jersey at the age of 86. As a local police spokesman said on Sunday, May 24, Nash was traveling in a taxi with his 82-year-old wife Alicia, who also died. As the police clarified, the driver lost control and crashed into a bump stop. According to preliminary data, both passengers were not wearing seat belts and died on the spot, dpa reports. The taxi driver was injured and was hospitalized.
Good scientific ideas wouldn't come to me if I thought like normal people. D. Nash
Childhood of a genius
On June 13, 1928, a completely ordinary boy, John Forbes Nash, was born in West Virginia. His father (John Nash Sr.) worked as an electrical engineer. Mother (Virginia Martin) taught English at school.
Little John was an average student, and he didn’t like mathematics. It was taught very boringly at school. He loved to conduct chemical experiments in his room and read a lot. Eric T. Bell's book "Great Mathematicians", which the boy read at age 14, made him "fall in love" with the "queen of all sciences." He was able to prove Fermat's little theorem independently and without any difficulty. This is how the mathematical genius of John Forbes Nash first announced himself. Life promised the guy a bright future.
Nash's studies
The unexpected talent of a mathematician helped Nash (among 10 lucky ones) receive a prestigious scholarship to study at the university. In 1945, the young man entered the Carnegie Polytechnic Institute. At first, he tried to study either international economics or chemistry, but chose mathematics. Nash completed his master's course in 1948 and immediately entered graduate school at Princeton University. The young man's institute teacher, R. Duffin, wrote him a letter of recommendation. It contained one line: “This man is a genius!” (This man is a genius).
John rarely attended classes and tried to distance himself from what others were doing. He believed that this did not contribute to his originality as a researcher. This turned out to be true. In 1949, Nash defended his dissertation on non-cooperative games. It contained the properties and definition of what would later be called the “Nash equilibrium.” After 44 years, the scientist received the Nobel Prize thanks to the main provisions of the dissertation.
Job
John Nash began his career at the RAND Corporation (Santa Monica, California), where he worked in the summer of 1950, as well as in 1952 and 1954.
In 1950 - 1951, the young man taught calculus courses (Princeton). During this period of time he proved Nash's theorem (on regular embeddings). It is one of the main ones in differential geometry.
In 1951 – 1952 John works as a research assistant at Cambridge (MIT).
It was difficult for the great scientist to get along in work groups. Ever since his student days, he was known as an eccentric, isolated, arrogant, emotionally cold person (which even then indicated a schizoid character organization). Colleagues and fellow students, to put it mildly, did not like John Nash for his selfishness and isolation.
Great Scientist Awards
In 1994, John Forbes Nash, at the age of 66, received the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Nobel Committee made a collegial decision (Nash agreed with him) that the scientist would not give a ceremonial speech due to his poor health.
The dissertation for which the prize was awarded was written in 1949, even before the onset of the illness. It was only 27 pages. John Nash's thesis was not appreciated at the time, but in the 70s game theory became the basis of modern experimental economics.
Scientific achievements of John Nash
Applied mathematics has one of its branches – game theory, which studies optimal strategies in games. This theory is widely used in social sciences, economics, the study of political and social interactions.
Nash's biggest discovery was the equilibrium formula he derived. It describes a gaming strategy in which no participant can increase their winnings if they change their decision unilaterally. For example, a workers' meeting (demanding an increase in social benefits) may end in an agreement between the parties or a putsch. For mutual benefit, the two parties must use an ideal strategy. The scientist made a mathematical substantiation of the combinations of collective and personal benefits, the concepts of competition. He also developed the “bidding theory,” which was the basis for modern strategies for various transactions (auctions, etc.).
John Nash's scientific research did not stop after research in the field of game theory. Scientists believe that even people of science cannot understand the works that the mathematician wrote after his first discovery; they are very difficult for them to perceive.
Personal life of John Nash
John Nash's first love was nurse Leonor Steer, who was 5 years older than him. In his relationship with this woman, the scientist’s selfishness was fully revealed. After Leonor became pregnant, John did not give the child his last name and refused custody and financial support. As a result, John (Nash's eldest son) spent almost his entire childhood in the orphanage.
The mathematician’s second attempt to arrange his personal life was Alicia Lard, a physics student from El Salvador, whom he met in Massachusetts. They married in 1957, and in 1959 the young couple had a son, John Charles Martin. At the same time, the scientist began to show the first signs of schizophrenia, which is why the newborn remained without a name for a whole year, since Alicia herself did not want to give a name to the child, and the father (John Nash) was being treated in a psychiatric hospital.
Later, the son of learned parents, following in their footsteps, became a mathematician.
Brilliant schizophrenia
The great mathematician fell ill with schizophrenia at the prime age of 30, after his wedding to Alicia, who was only 26 at the time. At first, Nash’s wife made attempts to hide the terrible illness from her colleagues and friends. She wanted to save her husband's career. But after a few months of his inappropriate behavior, Alicia had to forcibly admit her husband to a private psychiatric hospital. There he was given a disappointing diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia.
After John Nash was discharged, he decided to leave his homeland and went to Europe. The wife, leaving her little son with her mother, followed him and persuaded her husband to return to America. In Princeton, where they settled, Alicia found a job.
And John Nash's illness progressed. He spoke about himself in the third person, was constantly afraid of something, called former employees, wrote some meaningless letters.
In 1959, the scientist lost his job. In 1961, John's family made a hard-won decision to place Nash in a mental hospital in New Jersey. There he underwent a very risky and harsh treatment - a course of insulin therapy.
After discharge former colleagues The mathematicians wanted to help him by offering him a job as a researcher, but John went to Europe alone. Only mysterious messages came home from him.
After 3 years of torment, in 1962 Alicia decided to divorce her husband. She raised her son alone, with the help of her mother. Unfortunately, the son inherited his father's serious illness.
Mathematicians (Nash's colleagues) offered to help the scientist. They gave him a job and found a good psychiatrist who prescribed John strong antipsychotic medications. Nash began to feel much better and stopped taking the pills. He was afraid that the medications would harm his work as a thinker. And in vain. Symptoms of schizophrenia recurred.
In 1970, Alicia again accepted her schizophrenic husband, who was already a pensioner. Nash continued to go to Princeton and wrote down more than strange formulas on the blackboard. Students gave him the nickname "phantom".
In 1980, Nash's illness began to recede, much to the surprise of psychiatrists. This happened because John returned to his favorite mathematics and learned to ignore his schizophrenia.
In 2001, the couple, after a long cohabitation, re-legitimized family relationships. Alicia spends her entire life with Nash and his long illness insisted that her husband undergo treatment and always supported him.
“Now I think sensibly,” the scientist wrote, “but this does not give me the feeling of happiness that any person recovering should experience. A sound mind limits the scientist’s ideas about his connection with the cosmos.
Some Sayings of John Nash
I think that if you want to get rid of mental illness, you must, without relying on anyone, set a serious goal for yourself. Psychiatrists want to stay in business.
At times I thought differently than everyone else and did not follow the norm, but I am sure that there is a connection between creative thinking and abnormality.
It seems to me that when people are unhappy, they become mentally ill. Nobody goes crazy when they win the lottery. This happens when you don't win it.
The life of a great man could have ended tragically, but against all odds, the more than 30-year war against schizophrenia was crowned with significant success - he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. Nash is now one of the most revered and famous mathematicians in the world.
Based on his biography, the Oscar-winning feature film “A Beautiful Mind” was made, which was recognized as the best in 2001. The film makes you look differently at people who have a history of the mysterious name of the disease “schizophrenia.”
John Forbes Nash Jr. (English) John Forbes Nash, Jr.; genus. June 13, 1928, Bluefield, West Virginia) is an American mathematician working in the fields of game theory and differential geometry. Winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics “for the analysis of equilibrium in the theory of non-cooperative games” (together with Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi). Known to the general public mostly for Ron Howard's biographical drama A Beautiful Mind ( A Beautiful Mind) about his mathematical genius and struggle with schizophrenia.
John Nash was born on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia, into a strict Protestant family. His father worked as an engineer at Appalachian Electric Power, and his mother worked as a school teacher for 10 years before her marriage. At school I was an average student, and I didn’t like mathematics at all - they taught it in a boring way at school. When Nash was 14 years old, he came across Eric T. Bell's book, The Makers of Mathematics. " After reading this book, I was able to prove Fermat’s little theorem myself, without outside help."- writes Nash in his autobiography. This is how his mathematical genius declared himself. But that was only the beginning.
After school, he studied at the Carnegie Polytechnic Institute (now the private Carnegie Mellon University), where Nash tried to study chemistry, took a course in international economics, and then finally decided to take up mathematics. In 1948, after graduating from college with two degrees - a bachelor's and a master's - he entered Princeton University. Nash's institute teacher Richard Duffin provided him with one of the most laconic letters of recommendation. There was only one line in it: “ This man is a genius!» ( This man is a genius).
Scientific achievements
At Princeton, John Nash heard about game theory, then only introduced by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. Game theory captured his imagination, so much so that at the age of 20, John Nash was able to create the foundations of a scientific method that played a huge role in the development of the world economy. In 1949, the 21-year-old scientist wrote a dissertation on game theory. Forty-five years later he received the Nobel Prize in Economics for this work. Nash's contributions have been described as follows: " For fundamental analysis of equilibrium in the theory of non-cooperative games».
Neumann and Morgenstern dealt with so-called zero-sum games, in which one side's gain is equal to the other's loss. Between 1950 and 1953, Nash published four groundbreaking papers that provided insightful analysis of non-zero-sum games, a class of games in which the winners' winnings are not equal to the losers' losses. An example of such a game would be negotiations on a salary increase between the trade union and the company management. This situation can end either in a long strike in which both sides suffer, or in the achievement of a mutually beneficial agreement. Nash was able to discern the new face of competition by simulating a situation that later became known as “ Nash equilibrium" or " non-cooperative equilibrium", in which both parties use an ideal strategy, which leads to the creation of a stable equilibrium. It is beneficial for the players to maintain this balance, since any change will only worsen their situation.
In 1951, John Nash began working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. There he wrote a number of articles on real algebraic geometry and the theory of Riemannian manifolds, which were highly appreciated by his contemporaries. But John’s colleagues avoided him - his work mathematically substantiated Karl Marx’s theory of surplus value, which was then considered heretical in the United States during the “witch hunt.” Even his girlfriend, nurse Eleanor Stier, who was expecting a child from him, leaves the outcast John. So Nash became a father, but he refused to give his name to the child on the birth certificate, and also refused to provide any financial support to his mother in order to avoid their persecution by the McCarthy Commission.
Nash has to leave MIT, although he was listed as a professor there until 1959, and he goes to California to work at the RAND Corporation ( Research and Development), engaged in analytical and strategic developments for the US government, in which leading American scientists worked. There, again thanks to his research in game theory, Nash became one of the leading experts in the field of Cold War warfare.
Scientific works
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