> Sergey Korolev

Biography of Sergei Korolev (1906 -1966)

Short biography:

Place of Birth: Zhitomir, Volyn province, Russian Empire

A place of death: Moscow, RSFSR, USSR

– Soviet scientist and design engineer: biography with photos, rocket designer, launch of the first rocket of the USSR, the first Earth satellite, Yuri Gagarin.

His whole life is filled with curious events that ultimately helped the scientist stay alive. During his short life, he managed to avoid death many times, for example, when he was flying on an airplane, a malfunction occurred and the device crashed, but the Soviet scientist miraculously remained alive. Then absurd accusations were brought against the outstanding designer, and he became an “enemy of the people,” after which he was to be shot, but he was lucky and in the end the scientist ended up in a camp, from which he left after a while. He always said that he was protected by a guardian angel, because he saved him from death on a ship in Pacific Ocean, which he was late for. He remained intact after many curious situations, because he had to complete one important mission, and thanks to his abilities he would introduce humanity to the cosmic world. And this man's name Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who was born on January 19, 1907 in Zhitomir. His whole life was connected with space, and that’s why he simply loved the vastness of the sky, and, of course, beautiful women - another of his weaknesses.

Korolev loved the expanses of the sky so much that when he fell in love with his first, he kissed the charming lady on the roof of his house in Odessa. This girl was Ksenia Vincentina or simply Lyalya, but, unfortunately, for this temptress Seryozha was just another fan who joined her numerous list. In order to somehow attract attention to himself, Korolev had to use not only his logic, but also his athletic skills, because he walked upside down and stood on his hands on the edge of the roof in the morgue. And in the end, a miracle happened, the girl melted, after much effort the Queen finally allowed herself to be kissed, and this happened on the roof.

When Serezha graduated from school, he firmly decided to join the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, choosing the aviation department. But before leaving, the guy proposed to Lyalya, but the girl refused, citing the fact that she loves him very much, but will marry him only if he learns and starts earning money on his own to support his family.

But after the Kyiv institute, he continued his education at the Moscow Higher Technical School in Moscow, and the young charmer received her education in Kharkov at the medical institute, and after graduation she was assigned to the Donbass. And so the young scientist ends up in this city and again tries to woo the girl, offering her his hand and heart, but Lyalya does not want to give her consent to the marriage again. And now she argues that the young people are in completely different cities and they will have to live like this for a long time, then why get married? But Korolev was a very decisive person and is trying to get Lyalya’s authorities to let her go early and after that she agreed to connect her life with his and in 1931 they got married and after that the young family moved to Moscow for permanent residence.

But the most unexpected thing happens: the Queen, after 7 long years of effort, ceases to be interested in his wife, and he begins to look at other handsome men. His friends even told one story that when Lyalya was cleaning his jacket, she accidentally found two tickets to the Bolshoi Theater, which her husband tactfully kept silent about, but the girl was not at a loss and decided to play a most interesting game. She asked her old admirer to take her to this performance, and when she entered the hall with her boyfriend in uniform, she seemed to accidentally run into her husband and his beautiful companion at the door. Of course, Korolev’s reaction was predictable; he quickly began to make excuses and say that it happened at the last moment. He offered to meet after the performance and go home together, but his wife did not want to and hinted that she had someone to go with. What ultimately happened is not known, but in the end the young people still went home together.

Similar stories happened over the years and eventually Ksenia’s patience ran out, and she poured out all her grievances in a letter to his mother in 1948, writing to her that she had endured all his grievances for a long time and had experienced a lot of grief and grief throughout their life together. She was freed from them only when Seryozha was sent to prison in 1938. Now she firmly decided that she wanted to give him the opportunity to live as he wanted, despite the fact that she still had feelings for her husband, because only in this way would she free herself from this heavy burden.

Although Korolev and his wife were together for a total of 25 years, they still lived for about 8, and all these years they lived as if they were strangers and saw each other for moments. A little daughter named Natasha loved her mother very much and blindly obeyed her. Ksenia did not hide from the little girl the reason why her parents separated, and therefore the girl already at the age of 12 knew that her father very often offended her mother with his constant infidelities. Therefore, Natasha decided to tear all the surviving photographs of her father into small pieces and told him that she no longer wanted to have anything in common with him. The tense relationship between daughter and father lasted throughout their lives, and those fleeting meetings that they had were dry and tense. Even when she got married, the young girl didn’t even want to call her father. There are references that when Sergei Korolev was in Baikonur, he had the opportunity to congratulate his daughter on her birthday by calling her, but the girl, not wanting to talk to him, hung up the phone all the time, which brought tears to her father.

The second wife of Sergei Korolev also experienced the same suffering as the first. Because a man could very easily start a relationship with any representative of the fairer sex. Even with his second wife, he began a relationship simply and without constraint, because he conquered her with his simplicity and sociability. They met when a young translator came to his office to simply translate the required article, but the girl did not cope with the task the first time, because she was overwhelmed with a huge number of incomprehensible terms and she had to come to him more than once . Then the man invited her to reap and dance, and in the end Nina spent the night with him.

After a while, the girl married him and was not at all afraid of the big age difference. But the newly-made husband, although he had new wife, but still spent his time on constant business trips and was not at home at all. But Korolev writes to his wife all the time and pours out his soul to her, thereby as if asking her for an apology for everything he has done. He tells her all the time that she is his closest friend, but not his wife. And as a result, the girl begins to get tired of this state of affairs.

Let's take a little look at the biography of the scientist and designer.

Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir. He was an outstanding man and a brilliant designer Thanks to his efforts and excellent leadership, the group that studied jet propulsion launched the first rocket in the Soviet Union on August 17, 1933. After these events in 1938, Korolev was arrested because it was believed that he was causing harm while being part of an anti-Soviet organization. At first he was given a preventive measure in the form of imprisonment for a period of 10 years, but then they decided that this was too much and reduced it by 2 years. When he was sitting, he was working on new developments, being behind barbed wire. In 1944, Beria sent a letter to Stalin, in which he asked to urgently release the designer. And already in September 1945 he was sent to Germany so that Korolev would gain experience and engineers. Two years later he returned and began very quickly to design rockets in the USSR, thereby increasing combat power countries.

And ten years later, in 1957, the first rocket called R-7 was launched, which launched the first satellite of planet Earth into space. And on April 12, 1961, a flight into space took place, under the leadership of Gagarin, and the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, was also on board as part of the crew. And four years later the first spacewalk took place. The great designer did not participate in launches anymore, because he died in 1966. His body was cremated and, according to legend, part of the ashes were sent in a special container to the moon. But is this really still a mystery?

Chief designer of OKB-1 1946 - 1966
Predecessor:	Position established
Successor:	Vasily Pavlovich Mishin
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Zhitomir city, Volyn province, Russian empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Moscow, USSR
	Russian empire USSR
Scientific field:	Rocket science
Place of work:
Academic title:	Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958)
Alma mater:
Known as:	Founder of Soviet cosmonautics
Awards and prizes:

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

Man in space

Orbital station project

Lunar project

Medical history and death

Official version

Details from memoirs

Funeral

Awards and titles

In philately

Interesting Facts

(December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons of the USSR, founder of practical cosmonautics. The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding.

S.P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power. Is key figure in human space exploration. Thanks to his ideas, the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, were launched.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1953. Lieutenant colonel.

Biography

S. P. Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (then the Russian Empire, modern Ukraine) in the family of a teacher of Russian literature, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877-1929) and Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko (1888-1980). He was about three years old when his parents divorced. By the decision of his mother, little Seryozha was sent to Nezhin to his grandmother Maria Matveevna and grandfather Nikolai Yakovlevich Moskalenko.

In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, and stepfather, Georgy Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I didn’t study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed, then there were four months of a unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

Also in school years Sergei was distinguished by exceptional abilities and an indomitable desire for the then new aviation technology. In 1922-1924 he studied at a construction vocational school, participating in many clubs and taking various courses.

In 1921, he met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and actively participated in aviation public life: from the age of 16 as a lecturer on eliminating aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the project for the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was officially defended before the competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 with a specialization in aviation technology, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines there in two years and became a glider athlete. In the fall of 1926, he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P. Korolev already gained fame as a young, capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. In 1955, Korolev wrote: “Back in 1929, I met K. E. Tsiolkovsky, and since then I have devoted my life to new area Sciences". From this trip, Sergei Pavlovich brought several works by Tsiolkovsky with a dedicatory inscription. This year Korolev worked on diploma work- project of the SK-4 aircraft, and on November 2, on the Firebird glider, he passed the exams for the title of soaring pilot. The aircraft he designed and built: the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range, showed Korolev’s extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer. However, especially after meeting with K. E. Tsiolkovsky, he was fascinated by thoughts about flights into the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion. In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A. Tsander sought to create in Moscow with the help of Osoaviakhim public organization- Jet Propulsion Research Group (GIRD): In April 1932, it essentially became a state research and design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first domestic liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 were created and launched.

In 1933, on the basis of the Moscow GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL), the Jet Research Institute was created under the leadership of I. T. Kleimenov. Korolev was appointed his deputy. However, differences in views on the prospects for the development of rocket technology forced Korolev to leave this post. He, as the head of the rocket aircraft department, in 1936 managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft-217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range-212 with a liquid rocket engine. In his department, by 1938, designs for liquid-fueled cruise and ballistic missiles had been developed long range, aircraft missiles for firing at air and ground targets and anti-aircraft solid-fuel missiles.

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 on charges of sabotage after the arrest of Ivan Terentyevich Kleimenov and other employees of the Jet Institute. He was tortured. According to some reports, his jaw was broken during torture. The author of this version is journalist Ya. Golovanov. However, in his book he emphasizes that this is only a version:

In February 1988, I talked with corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Efuni. Sergei Naumovich told me about the 1966 operation, during which Sergei Pavlovich died. Efuni himself took part in it only at a certain stage, but, being at that time the leading anesthesiologist of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health, he knew all the details of this tragic event. Anesthesiologist Yuri Ilyich Savinov encountered an unforeseen circumstance, said Sergei Naumovich. - In order to give anesthesia, it was necessary to insert a tube, but Korolev could not open his mouth wide. He had fractures of two jaws... Did Sergei Pavlovich have his jaws broken? - I asked Korolev’s wife, Nina Ivanovna. “He never mentioned it,” she replied thoughtfully. “He really couldn’t open his mouth wide, and I remember: when he had to go to the dentist, he was always nervous ... Korolev writes clearly: “investigators Shestakov and Bykov subjected me to physical repression and abuse.” But I cannot prove that Nikolai Mikhailovich Shestakov broke the jaws of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Unfortunately, no one can prove this anymore. You can't even prove that you hit him. That he just pushed. I repeat again: I cannot prove anything, there is no such evidence in nature. I can only try to see. There is no other evidence confirming that Korolev’s jaw was broken during interrogations.

On September 25, 1938, Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On the list he was in the first (execution) category. The list was endorsed by Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich.

This was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repressions had already reduced their scope. Therefore, court decisions did not so blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD. Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 27, 1938, charge: Art. 58-7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. On June 10, 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years in the ITL (Sevzheldorlag), released in 1944. Completely rehabilitated on April 18, 1957.

On April 21, 1939, he arrived in Kolyma, where he was located at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in so-called “general work.” On December 23, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag.

He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time by a Special Meeting, sentenced to 8 years in prison and sent to the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took an active part in the creation Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

This was the reason for the transfer of S.P. Korolev in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at the Kazan aircraft plant No. 16 (now - Open Joint-Stock Company"Kazan Engine Production Association" /JSC KMPO/), where work was carried out on new types of rocket engines for the purpose of using them in aviation. Here S.P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the idea practical use rocket engines for the improvement of aviation: reducing the length of the aircraft's takeoff run during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat. At the beginning of 1943, he was appointed chief designer of the group rocket launchers. Was engaged in improvement technical characteristics Pe-2 dive bomber, whose first flight took place in October 1943.

According to the memoirs attributed to L. L. Kerber, S. P. Korolev was a skeptic, a cynic and a pessimist, who looked absolutely gloomily at the future, “They will slam without an obituary,” was his favorite phrase. At the same time, there is a statement by cosmonaut Alexei Leonov regarding S.P. Korolev: “He was never embittered... He never complained, never cursed or scolded anyone. He didn't have time for that. He understood that embitterment does not cause creative impulse, but oppression."

In July 1944, S.P. Korolev was released early from prison with his criminal record expunged, after which he worked in Kazan for another year. On January 12, 2007, a high relief of S.P. was inaugurated on the building (entrance) of OJSC KMPO. Queen of work sculptor M. M. Gasimov.

Ballistic missile development

Speaking about the design of Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So, Korolev was thinking about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, he was developing the R-5 even before the delivery of the R-2, and even earlier, work began on the small mobile rocket R-11, and the first calculations for intercontinental missile R-7.

In August 1946, S.P. Korolev began working in Kaliningrad near Moscow (then renamed Korolev in 1996), where he was appointed chief designer ballistic missiles long-range and head of department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development.

The first task set by the government to S.P. Korolev, as the chief designer, and all organizations involved in missile weapons, was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2: up to 3000 km. In 1948, S.P. Korolev began flight design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogous to the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev was simultaneously working on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), finishing work on the R-5 and planning five different modifications of it. , completes complex and responsible work on the R-5M missile - with a nuclear warhead. They're coming full swing work on R-11 and its marine version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 is acquiring increasingly clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, the first domestic strategic missile was created, which became the basis of the missile nuclear shield countries. In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles (mobile land-based and sea-based) using stable fuel components; he became a pioneer in these new and important areas of missile development.

In 1960, the first intercontinental missile R-7, which had two missile stages, entered service. This was also a victory for S.P. Korolev and his employees.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket), S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket ). The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was appointed S.P. Korolev.

To implement manned flights and launch automatic space stations S.P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three-stage and four-stage launch vehicles based on a combat rocket.

On October 4, 1957, the first satellite in human history was launched into low-Earth orbit. His flight was a stunning success and created high international authority for the Soviet Union.

“It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind,” S.P. Korolev later said.

Postal envelopes

Other satellites and launches of spacecraft to the Moon

In parallel with the rapid development of manned space exploration, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, a geophysical satellite was developed and launched into space, and then paired Electron satellites to study the Earth's radiation belts. In 1959, three automatic spacecraft were created and launched to the Moon. The first and second are for delivering the pennant of the Soviet Union to the Moon, the third is for the purpose of photographing the far (invisible) side of the Moon. Subsequently, S.P. Korolev began developing a more advanced lunar apparatus for its soft landing on the surface of the Moon, photographing and transmitting a lunar panorama to Earth (object E-6).

Man in space

April 12, 1961 S.P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1", he realized the world's first human flight - USSR citizen Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin in low-Earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human exploration of outer space. The first spacecraft made only one orbit: no one knew how a person would feel in such a prolonged weightlessness, what psychological stress would affect him during an unusual and unexplored space journey. Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made a second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day. Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich, from August 11 to 12, 1962; Direct radio communication was established between the astronauts. The following year - a joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman flying into space is being studied. Behind them - from October 12 to 13, 1964 - in space a crew from three people various specialties: ship commander, flight engineer and doctor on the more complex Voskhod spacecraft. On March 18, 1965, during a flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two, cosmonaut A. A. Leonov makes the world's first spacewalk in a spacesuit through the airlock chamber.

Orbital station project

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas about the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, Soyuz spacecraft. This ship included a living compartment where cosmonauts could stay for a long time without spacesuits and conduct scientific research. During the flight, automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see his ideas implemented in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Lunar project

Back in the mid-1950s, Korolev hatched ideas for launching a man to the Moon. Corresponding space program was developed with the support of N. S. Khrushchev. However, this program was never implemented during Sergei Pavlovich’s lifetime due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - L.I. Brezhnev did not attach the same importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev. After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the Moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet lunar exploration program was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Medical history and death

Official version

• The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966. Is it true. 1966. No. 16 (17333).

“Medical report on the illness and cause of death of a comrade Korolev Sergei Pavlovich."

Comrade S.P. Korolev was sick with sarcoma of the rectum. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders. S.P. Korolev underwent surgery to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon. Death of Comrade S.P. Koroleva suffered from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).

Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A.M. Markov.

Details from memoirs

• Sergei Pavlovich was operated on by the Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.
• It was not possible to stop the bleeding by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When they began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was sarcoma - malignant tumor. Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. It was necessary to remove the remaining part through the peritoneum.
• Due to an untreated injury received in exile (according to the version, see above, the investigator broke Korolev’s jaw by hitting Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter. Due to unsuccessful bone fusion, Korolev could not open his mouth wide enough even while eating), difficulties arose in tracheal intubation. They could not insert a breathing tube into his trachea correctly.

Funeral

The coffin with the body of the late S.P. Korolev was installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Access to farewell to the deceased was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm.

• The funeral with state honors took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. The urn with the ashes of S.P. Korolev is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Family

After Korolev's death the following remained:

• his mother is Maria Nikolaevna Balanina;
• first wife - Ksenia Maximilianovna Vincentini, who had a daughter from him - Natalya;
• second wife - Nina Ivanovna.

Contribution

Sergei Korolev was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive. One can only be amazed at the versatility of Sergei Pavlovich’s talent and his inexhaustible creative energy. He is a pioneer in many main areas of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology. It is difficult to even imagine what level she would have reached if the premature death of Sergei Pavlovich had not interrupted the creative flight of his thoughts.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established gold medal named after S.P. Korolev “For outstanding achievements in the field of rocket and space technology.” Scholarships named after S.P. Korolev were established for students of higher educational institutions. Monuments to the scientist were erected in Zhitomir, Moscow, Baikonur, and other cities, and memorial house-museums were created. The Samara State Aerospace University, a city in the Moscow region, the streets of many cities, two research vessels, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan, an asteroid, a thalassoid on the Moon bear his name.

Awards and titles

• Twice Hero of Socialist Labor.
• He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.
• Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• Lenin Prize laureate.
• Honorary citizen of the city of Korolev.

Memory

Named in honor of Korolev and bear his name:

• Science city Korolev, Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from “Kaliningrad”). The central avenue of this city also bears the name of Korolev.
• Crater on Mars.
• Crater on the far side of the Moon.
• Asteroid 1855 Korolev.
• Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia named after. S. P. Koroleva.
• SSAU - Samara State Aerospace University named after. Academician S.P. Korolev. In 2011, a bust of Sergei Korolev was installed near SSAU.
• Military Institute in Zhitomir.
• Medal named after S.P. Korolev, awarded by the Russian Cosmonautics Federation.
• Korolev Badge, departmental award of the Federal Space Agency.
• House of Culture named after S.P. Korolev in Kyiv.

In philately

Year of birth of Korolev postage stamps different - sometimes according to the old style, sometimes according to the new one.

Postage stamps and envelopes

• Following the stage from Butyrka prison to Kolyma, Korolev spent some time in Novocherkassk prison.
• Returning from Kolyma to Moscow, Korolev did not get on the Indigirka steamship in Magadan (due to all the seats being occupied). This saved Korolev’s life: while traveling from Magadan to Vladivostok, the steamship Indigirka was caught in a storm and sank off the island of Hokkaido.
• Soon after the war, the British demonstrated the launch of a German V-2 rocket (the launch was carried out by German specialists). On instructions from management, Korolev arrived under a false name, under the guise of an artillery captain Soviet army. But they forgot to provide him with the awards that front-line officers had. And representatives of British intelligence became very interested in this “captain”.
• Korolev were the first in the world to implement:
• launch of the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space
• launching an artificial earth satellite into space,
• launching a satellite into space with a living creature - dog Laika,
• launching a ballistic missile from a submarine.
• Korolev is the only person in the history of the USSR who received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor without being rehabilitated (the title was awarded on April 20, 1956, and rehabilitated on April 18, 1957).
• During his lifetime, Korolev’s name was considered secret. It was not mentioned either in the news during the launch of Sputnik or during Gagarin’s flight. Nevertheless, after his death, streets began to be named after Korolev, monuments were erected to him, and he himself was buried near the Kremlin wall. Soviet propaganda spoke of him as a brilliant scientist, the founder of astronautics, but kept silent about the fact of his arrest.

Movies

Feature and television

• Taming of Fire (film) - ("Bashkirtsev" - Kirill Lavrov).
• Running start - about the youth of S. P. Korolev, 1982.
• Alien ship (film) (Oleg Tabakov).
• Korolev (film) - (Sergei Astakhov).
• Battle for Space (TV series) (as Korolev - Steve Nicholson).
• “Cedar” pierces the sky (Igor Sklyar, 2011).
• Furtseva (TV series) (Alexey Yanin, 2011).

Documentary

• Sergey Korolev. Fate - creative workshop “Studio A”, “Channel One”, 2004.
• Liberation of the designer - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 1st. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Trophy space - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 2. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Inaccessible Moon - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 3. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Tsar Rocket. Interrupted flight - Roscosmos TV studio, TV Center, 2006.
• The world consists of stars and people - TV Channel Culture, 2006.
• The first on Mars. The unsung song of Sergei Korolev - Roscosmos television studio, 2007.
• Sergei Korolev. Knocking on Heaven - Prospekt TV studio, Channel One, 2007.
• Sergiy Korolov - NTU, 2007, (in Russian-Ukrainian language).
• Five deaths of Academician Korolev - Studio “07 Production”, TV channel “Inter”, 2009, (in Russian-Ukrainian language).
• Korolev. Countdown - NTV channel, 2010.
• Sergey Korolev. Life at cosmic speed - Roscosmos television studio, Russian Space program, Russia-2 TV channel, 2011.

In August 1924, Sergei Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute at the aviation department of the mechanical faculty. In parallel with his studies, he was involved in a gliding club, where he designed several aircraft. He was especially fascinated by the principles of jet propulsion and the prospects of flights into the stratosphere.

During these same years, Korolev worked as a newspaper delivery boy, participated as an extra in filming, and repaired roofs (he mastered the craft of a tile tile worker while still in construction school).

In 1926, to continue his studies, Sergei Korolev transferred to the third year of the aeromechanical department of the mechanical faculty of the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU, now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman).

In March 1927, he graduated from the gliding school at the Moscow Higher Technical School, receiving the title of glider pilot. Sergei Korolev also studied in the aerodynamic club named after. N. E. Zhukovsky, where he developed original gliders and light aircraft. In 1929, he designed and built the Koktebel glider (together with Sergei Lyushin) and on October 15, 1929 he flew it at the VI All-Union Glider Competition in Koktebel. In November of the same year, he received a soaring pilot certificate, and in June 1930 he graduated from the Moscow Osoaviakhim Pilot School, receiving the qualification of a pilot.

Since his fourth year at the institute, Sergei Korolev has been combining study with work. From May to November 1927, he worked in the design bureau of the State Aviation Plant No. 22 named after the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, and then in the experimental department of aircraft designer Dmitry Grigorovich at Plant No. 22. From October 1928, he served as head of the center section design team of this department; in March 1929 he was transferred to the experimental department at plant No. 28, where he participated in the development of the T0M-1 torpedo bomber under the leadership of Paul Aimé Richard.
In December 1929, Korolev defended his graduation project for the SK-4 light aircraft (supervisor Andrei Tupolev), and in February 1930 he received a certificate of graduation from the Moscow Higher Technical School and the qualification of “aeromechanical engineer”.

After graduating from Moscow Higher Technical School, he worked as the head of a motor equipment team at the central design bureau (TsKB) at aircraft plant No. 39.

In March 1931, Korolev began working as a senior flight test engineer at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), where he flew with Mikhail Gromov, working, in particular, on developing the first domestic autopilot.

In September 1931, Sergei Korolev took part in the organization of the Moscow Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD) at Osoaviakhim of the USSR, headed by Friedrich Zander, and in May 1932, while remaining full-time employee TsAGI, became its head. In August 1933, in Nakhabino near Moscow, he supervised the first flight test in the USSR of a rocket with a hybrid fuel engine, the GIRD R-1, and on November 25, a rocket with a liquid fuel, the GIRD-X. The result of his activities in the GIRD was the badge “For active defense work” awarded in December 1933 - the highest award of Osoaviakhim of the USSR.

In 1933-1938, Sergei Korolev worked at the Jet Research Institute of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (since 1937 - Research Institute-3 of the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry): deputy head of the institute, senior engineer of the cruise missile sector, head of the sector, head of the department, head of the group, senior group engineer. During this period, he developed a number of aircraft designs, including designs for a guided cruise missile (flying in 1939).

In 1938, on false charges, Sergei Korolev was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. He served his sentence in Kolyma. In September 1940, Korolev, thanks to the petition of Andrei Tupolev, was transferred to the Special Technical Bureau under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR (TsKB-29). While in prison, he worked as an aeromechanical engineer at the Tupolev design bureau (KB), which was developing the Tu-2 dive bomber project.

In July 1941, together with TsKB-29, he was evacuated to Omsk, where until November 1942 he worked as a design bureau technologist and assistant to the head of the assembly shop at aircraft plant No. 166 (now Polet).

In November 1942, Korolev was transferred to Kazan to aircraft engine plant No. 16, where in the experimental design bureau of the special department of the NKVD under the leadership of Valentin Glushko he worked as a leading engineer - chief designer of a group of rocket launchers, dealing with the problem of equipping serial combat aircraft with liquid rocket boosters.

On July 27, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the early release of Sergei Korolev with his criminal record expunged.

From September 1945 to January 1947, Korolev was part of a group of Soviet specialists in Germany, where he studied German captured rocket technology. He first worked at the Rabe Special Institute in Bleicherode as the head of the Vystrel group, and later as the first deputy head, chief engineer of the Nordhausen Institute.

In August 1946, Korolev was appointed chief designer of the first Soviet long-range ballistic missile (LRBD), as well as head of the department of the special design bureau of Research Institute No. 88 of the USSR Ministry of Armament (Kaliningrad, Moscow Region, now the city of Korolev). In 1947, he provided technical supervision of the first launch of a captured A-4 rocket at the Kapustin Yar test site. In 1948, the first launch of the R-1 BRDD was carried out.

In May 1950, after the reorganization of NII-88, Sergei Korolev was appointed head and chief designer of the experimental design bureau (OKB), and in September 1951 he was additionally given the responsibility of deputy director of NII-88.
From the end of 1947 to 1952, he was a part-time teacher at the Department of Jet Weapons at the Moscow Higher Technical School.
In 1956-1966 - head and chief designer of OKB-1, separated from NII-88 into an independent enterprise (now Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev).

Under the direct leadership of Sergei Korolev, the creation of the country's nuclear missile shield was ensured (the development and commissioning of the first domestic long-range missiles using high-boiling, low-boiling and solid fuel components), space exploration began (the first high-altitude geophysical rockets, the first artificial Earth satellite, the first human space flight - Yuri Gagarin, the first scientific satellites "Electron", automatic stations to the Moon, Mars, Venus, the first domestic communications satellite "Molniya-1", photo observation satellite "Zenith"). Work was carried out on the Vostok and Voskhod manned spacecraft programs, work began on manned lunar programs, and design and research work was carried out on manned complexes for flights to planets solar system and other projects.

As the initiator of the creation and chairman of the Council of Chief Designers, Korolev provided technical guidance and coordination of the work of the country's enterprises and organizations in the rocket, rocket-space and space projects, developed with the leading role of the enterprise he led.

Sergei Korolev was a Doctor of Technical Sciences, a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960-1966), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), and was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1956 , 1961), Order of the Badge of Honor (1945), medals.

Korolev was married twice. First wife (1931-1948) - Ksenia Vincentini. In 1935, their daughter Natalya was born, but this marriage broke up. Second wife (1949-1966) - Nina Kotenkova.

Sergei Korolev died on January 14, 1966 (his heart stopped after surgical operation). An urn with his ashes is installed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal named after him “For outstanding work in the field of rocket and space technology.”

The name of Korolev is given to Samara National Research University, Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia, the Korolev science city in the Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from Kaliningrad), the central avenue of this city. Streets in many CIS cities are named after Academician Korolev. Two research vessels, a crater on Mars, a crater on the far side of the Moon, asteroid 1855, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, and a pass in the Tien Shan are named in honor of Korolev.

In Moscow, in the house where Korolev lived in 1959-1966, the Korolev Memorial House Museum was opened in 1975. There are memorial house-museums in Zhitomir and Baikonur.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor
Lenin Prize laureate
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences

“What seemed impossible for centuries, what yesterday was just a daring dream, today becomes a real task, and tomorrow - an accomplishment!” S.P.Korolev

Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Ukraine, in Zhitomir, in the family of a literature teacher.

His father Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev graduated with honors from the Nezhin Historical and Philological Institute and received the title of gymnasium teacher. However, life together with Sergei’s mother, Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko, did not work out for him. Soon after moving to Kyiv, his parents separated, and Sergei Korolev was brought up in the family of his mother’s parents in Nizhyn. Grandfather and grandmother loved their grandson very much and doted on him.

In Nezhin in 1911, Sergei first saw the Russian pilot Utochkin fly in an airplane, and this event shocked the imagination of the impressionable boy. I didn’t remember Korolev’s father. He was raised by his mother, a teacher, and his stepfather, engineer Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin. In 1917, Sergei and his mother moved to Odessa to live with his stepfather. In 1921, a detachment of seaplanes HYDRO-3 of the Main Directorate of the Air Force appeared in Odessa. Sergei watched their flights over the sea, dreaming of taking them into the sky. The incident brought the teenager together with hydraulic unit mechanic Vasily Dolganov. A new acquaintance, digging into the engine, explained to Sergei what was what. After the first “lecture” the “practice” began. He spent all the summer time in the hydraulic detachment, helping prepare planes for flight. Korolev became an indispensable, trouble-free assistant to mechanics and pilots.

He was not able to obtain a secondary general education immediately, since there were no conditions for this. Korolev graduated from a two-year vocational construction school. Sergei studied diligently. Classroom teacher He told his mother Maria Nikolaevna about him: “A guy with a king in his head.” All this time, Korolev continued to participate in the life of the hydroaviation detachment. Under the patronage of Dolganov, Sergei once took off in a seaplane, which was piloted by the detachment commander, and decided to become a pilot. At the same time, Sergei gained the reputation of a real mechanic. He also spent hours working in the school workshop where wooden products were made. The “carpentry school” was very useful to Sergei when he started building gliders.

In 1923, the government appealed to the people to build their own Air Fleet. The Aviation and Aeronautics Society of Ukraine and Crimea (OAVUK) was born in Ukraine.

Korolev immediately became a member of this society and began studying in one of its gliding circles. He lectured workers on gliding. Korolev acquired knowledge on gliding and aviation history on his own by reading books, including German. Sergei Korolev, thanks to his stepfather and construction school teacher Gottlieb Karlovich Ave, who taught lessons in German, knew German quite well. Knowledge of the language was firmly attached to him for the rest of his life.

When the construction of a glider designed by the famous military pilot K.A. Artseulov began in the OAVUK workshops, Sergei Korolev also took part in the work on it. In April 1924, he participated in the first conference of glider pilots in Odessa. At this time, in May, an event very important for the history of astronautics took place in Moscow - the world's first Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communications (SIMS) was founded. Felix Dzerzhinsky and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky were elected honorary members. The main task of this society was to promote the work of transatmospheric flights using jet vehicles and other scientifically based means."

It should be noted that in late XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia there was a high interest in space. It was fueled by science fiction writers. Capturing minds, they contributed to the emergence of scientific and technical ideas. Tsiolkovsky created the cosmic work “Exploration of World Spaces by Reactive Instruments,” publishing it in 1903. In it, the scientist first developed the theory of jet propulsion and, on its basis, proved that a liquid-fuel rocket of the design he proposed was capable of achieving the speed necessary to overcome gravity.

People read the fantastic story “Outside the Earth” by Tsiolkovsky and especially Tolstoy’s novel “Aelita”. Long queues lined up at cinemas and clubs where the film based on this work was shown. The audience warmly applauded engineer Mstislav Los and Red Army soldier Alexei Gusev, who dared to go to Mars. It was fantastic. But there lived a real Los, who developed the spaceship-airplane - our compatriot Friedrich Arturovich Zander, a follower of Tsiolkovsky’s ideas. Another engineer, Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk, a theorist of astronautics, was pondering the work “For those who will read in order to build.” But Sergei Korolev has not yet read either Tsiolkovsky or Zander, and has not heard anything about Kondratyuk. They will come into his life later.

While after graduating from school, Sergei worked as a carpenter, covering roofs with tiles, and later began working at a machine in production. Seniority The chief designer began at the age of sixteen. “I will be a builder... but only of airplanes,” Korolev said in those years. Maria Nikolaevna in her heart opposed her son’s passion, expressing fears about the danger of his chosen life path. The sensible stepfather, on the contrary, treated him calmly. Sergei found support for his aspirations in his stepfather.

Sergei dreamed of studying at the Air Force Academy in Moscow. But it accepted people who had served in the Red Army and were over 18 years old. Sergei could have been helped by a certificate from the Odessa Gubernia Department of the OAVUK about the submission to the aviation technical department of the project of the K-5 motorless aircraft he designed, which Maria Nikolaevna brought to the leadership of the academy along with a petition for her son. However, uncertainty regarding admission to the Moscow Academy remained. And Sergei decided to enter the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, where at that time it was planned to begin training aviation engineers at the mechanical faculty.

Among the students of the Faculty of Mechanics, Sergei was considered one of the youngest and most educated. At the same time, he worked and was everything during these years: a newspaper delivery man, a loader, a carpenter, and a roofer. But still he could barely make ends meet. In a letter to his mother in Odessa, Sergei wrote: “I get up early in the morning, at about five o’clock. I run to the editorial office, pick up newspapers, and then run to Solomenka, deliver them. So I earn eight karbovanets. And I’m even thinking about renting a corner.”

There was a gliding circle at the institute. His work was followed and helped by many prominent scientists who taught at the KPI. Sergei Korolev became its member. He worked, like everyone else, hard and enthusiastically. Often at night. Korolev sometimes slept right in the workshop on wood shavings. He loved to work and was known as a jack of all trades. After that, nothing was ever redone. The gliders built in the institute's workshops participated in international competitions, receiving the highest marks. The circle members had a rule: whoever built the glider flew on it.

The KPIR-3 training glider was built, and Korolev contributed his share of his labor to it. Sergei flew on it. One of the flights almost cost him his life. At the border of the site - a wasteland where gliders were tested, a water pipe protruded from a pile of garbage. Sergei did not notice and landed the glider on it. The blow was strong enough and Korolev lost consciousness for some time.

In 1926, after studying for two years at the KPI, Sergei Korolev transferred to Moscow to a special evening group on aeromechanics at the Moscow Higher Technical School. During the day he worked either in a design bureau or at an aircraft factory, and studied in the evening. By this time, my mother and stepfather had moved to Moscow. Korolev aspired to aviation. As soon as he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School, Sergei immediately became involved in the work of the student group AKNEZH - Academic Circle named after Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. Engineers and scientists gave lectures there.

In January 1927, the grand opening of the Moscow Glider School took place in the Gorki Leninskikh area. Sergei Korolev also became her cadet. He flew a lot and willingly, mastering new types of gliders. In March 1927, Sergei graduated from gliding school with honors. Sergei Korolev was especially looking forward to the lectures of aviation designer Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev, whose planes were already flying across the sky by that time. He taught students a course on aircraft construction.

In May 1927, at the international exhibition of interplanetary vehicles, Sergei first became acquainted with the works of Zander and Tsiolkovsky’s brochure “Exploration of World Spaces with Jet Instruments.” Books, drawings, diagrams, handicraft models - everything that was shown at the exhibition sank into Korolev’s consciousness. He began to pay more attention to rockets and space flights.

A graduate student at the Moscow Higher Technical University, Korolev, completed his industrial practice at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), at the Tupolev Design Bureau. At this time he was already working at an aircraft factory in Fili. At the same time, he was preparing his graduation project, deciding to design a light-engine two-seater aircraft SK-4.

The design of the SK-4 aircraft, designed for a record flight range, turned out to be original, thought out to the smallest detail and worked out at the level of a mature specialist. Tupolev himself became the project manager, signing it from the first presentation. This has never happened in the students' practice. The rigor and thoroughness of the designer were known. The design of the single-engine, two-seater SK-4 aircraft, approved by Tupolev, was then built and tested.

In September 1929, Sergei Korolev and his colleague Sergei Lyushin presented an unusual glider at the VI All-Union Glider Competition in Koktebel, approximately 50-90 kilograms heavier than its counterparts. At that time it was believed that the smaller the airframe, the better. A test flight on the Koktebel was made by K.K. Artseulov, reporting to the members of the technical commission: “The glider is well balanced. It obeys the rudders well. It can be cleared for flights.” Twenty-two-year-old Korolev set a soaring record on the Koktebel glider. He hovered in the air for more than four hours.

In October 1930, at the All-Union Glider Rally, Korolev presented a new glider SK-3, which he named “Red Star”. Stress on square meter he had more than Koktebel - 22.5 kilograms. The glider's data was so unusual that the possibility of soaring in the air itself was questioned. However, it was on it that for the first time in the history of aviation, test pilot V.A. Stepanchenok, an experienced glider pilot, made the famous Nesterov loop in free flight. Korolev was not present at the competitions because he fell ill with typhus. As a result of the complication, he developed severe headaches and required craniotomy surgery. It was successful, but remained ordeal for Sergei. After the illness, Korolev’s body was so weakened that he had to leave work for several months. But as soon as it became easier, Sergei began reading Tsiolkovsky’s work “Jet Airplane” with enthusiasm.

Before studying in Kyiv, in Odessa, Korolev met his future wife- Ksenia Vincentini. He tried to do everything to make her become his girlfriend: he walked around her upside down, swam under a barge in the sea, and even did a handstand for her on the edge of the roof of a two-story Odessa morgue. All this made the necessary impression on Ksenia. While leaving to study at the aviation department of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Korolev proposed to her. She replied that, although she loved him, she did not intend to get married until she learned to earn money on her own.

He studied in Kyiv, then at the Moscow Higher Technical School in Moscow, and she studied in Kharkov to become a doctor. After graduation, Ksenia was assigned to work in Donbass. While there, Korolev again tries to get consent to the marriage. In August 1931, she became his wife, and he took her to Moscow. However, Sergei was not known for fidelity in marriage. Her husband’s adventures brought Ksenia to the point where in the spring of 1948 she poured out all her feelings in a letter to Korolev’s mother: “You know the whole story of our love well. I had to endure a lot of grief even before 1938 (the year of Korolev’s arrest. - Author). , and, despite the remaining feeling of affection and some kind of love for S., I firmly decided... to leave him so that he could continue his life under his favorite slogan “Let everyone live as he wants...” Later they divorced.

Korolev’s second wife was translator Nina Ivanovna, who worked in his design bureau.

The daughter of Sergei Korolev and Ksenia Vincentini, Natasha, who was under the influence of her mother, learned about her father’s infidelities at the age of 12. The rift between daughter and father remained for life. According to space age chronicler Yaroslav Golovanov, when Korolev later called her from Baikonur to wish her a happy birthday, she hung up. He sat and cried.

But while Korolev was still interested in aviation, the desire to find a means to fly higher, faster, further brought him close to the idea of ​​​​investigating the possibilities of jet propulsion. He agreed with Tsiolkovsky: “The era of propeller airplanes should be followed by the era of jet airplanes, or stratosphere airplanes.”

In March 1931, Sergei Korolev returned to work at TsAGI, combining work in the Jet Propulsion Research Group (GIRD). It was created in August 1931 under the Bureau of Aircraft of the Central Council of Osoaviakhim (DOSAAF) in the year of the 75th anniversary of Tsiolkovsky’s birth. GIRD became the center where everyone interested in rocketry flocked. Zander was appointed its head, who played an important role in the development of theoretical and practical issues space navigation. The technical council was headed by Korolev. The age of the employees, with a few exceptions, did not exceed twenty-five years. The GIRD was located in an abandoned basement at house 19 on Sadovo-Spasskaya Street.

The idea of ​​​​creating jet engines excited many minds outside the USSR in those years. But the first, main impetus was given by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, it was he who came up with the idea of ​​​​the birth of a jet engine running on liquid fuel. In the 1920s, work in this direction was carried out by the German scientist Obert, the American professor Goddard and others.

The work of the Girdovites was crowned with success. On August 17, 1933, at the Nakhabino test site near Moscow, the first Soviet rocket GIRD-09, designed by M.K. Tikhonravov, using liquid fuel, rushed into the sky. The rocket rose to a height of 400 meters, the flight duration was 18 seconds. But this luck made the Girdovites finally believe in their strength. Unfortunately, Zander, who was the soul of the whole affair, never saw the rocket launch. Shortly before this, on March 28, he passed away; he died of typhus while on vacation in Kislovodsk. By a special resolution, the Central Council of Osoaviakhim assigned the name of F.A. Tsander to GIRD.

In 1933, the dream of rocketry enthusiasts to create a unified rocket center came true. Cutting off all bureaucratic obstacles, on the personal order of Tukhachevsky, who had a deep understanding of fundamentally new work, GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) were merged into the Jet Research Institute (RNII). I.T. Kleimenov (head of the GDL) was appointed head of the institute, Sergei Korolev was appointed his deputy for scientific work. He was awarded the official rank of divisional engineer (according to modern concepts- rank of lieutenant general of technical troops).

At the same time, Korolev and Tikhonravov were awarded the highest award of the defense society - the badge "For active defense work."

In 1934, Korolev’s first printed work, “Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere,” was published. “A missile is a very serious weapon,” the author warned in his work. Sergei Pavlovich sent a copy of the book to Tsiolkovsky. Soon, Osoaviakhim received a letter from Tsiolkovsky with a review of Korolev’s work: “The book is reasonable, informative and useful.” The scientist only complained that the author did not provide his address and deprived him of the opportunity to personally thank him for the book.

Korolev dreamed of getting serious about the rocket plane, but his plan was not destined to come true. Not everything went smoothly at the newly created institute. Disagreements emerged regarding the primary tasks of the Rocket Institute between Kleimenov and Korolev, as a result of which Korolev was transferred to the ordinary position of senior engineer. In the fall of 1937, the wave of repression and tyranny that swept the country reached the RNII.

Tukhachevsky was shot and Tupolev was arrested, who ended up in a closed Central Design Bureau, where other “enemies of the people” worked - famous designers in the aviation world V.M. Myasishchev, V.M. Petlyakov, R.L. Bartini and others. In Moscow, on Radio Street, the seven-story TsAGI building was converted into a prison for them, with rooms allocated for housing and design work. The specialists here worked not out of fear, but out of conscience, understanding that their work was necessary for the country, and firmly believing that they would soon sort it out and be convinced of their innocence.

On September 25, 1938, Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. He was in the first category on the list, which means that the punishment recommended by the NKVD authorities was execution. The list was personally endorsed by Stalin, thereby practically confirming the death sentence. But this was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repressions had already reduced their scope. Therefore, court decisions did not so blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD.

Lieutenant General Tyulin, a close friend who spoke with Korolev more than once on expeditions, testified: “When V. Glushko, later an academician, one of the creators of Soviet cosmonautics, was arrested on the basis of a denunciation, and declared an enemy of the people, Korolev publicly stated that he could not believe that Glushko is an enemy of the people. Then he himself was taken away a few days later."

Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 and sentenced to ten years in forced labor camps in Kolyma. He spent a year in Butyrka prison, during interrogations he was subjected to severe torture and beatings, as a result of which Korolev’s jaw was broken. He also suffered a concussion. On April 21, 1939, Korolev ended up in Kolyma, where he was at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was busy with the so-called “general work.” On December 2, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag. In the Gulag, an engineer who knew Korolev from the Moscow special prison described him as “a cynic and a pessimist” who repeated: “We will all disappear without a trace.” But he was a rocket scientist, and he was needed. When a call came to Kolyma, send it to " Mainland", he hurried to the pier. However, by that time the last steamer had left. Soon the ship sank, and Korolev waited a year for navigation to begin.

Korolev returned to Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time and sent to a new place of imprisonment - the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took part in the creation of Pe-2 and Tu bombers -2 and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor. This was the reason for Korolev’s transfer in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16, where work was carried out on new types of rocket engines for use in aviation.

Sergei Pavlovich worked, according to the recollections of his “cellmates,” furiously and quickly. He participated in the construction of a dive bomber under the leadership of Tupolev. Here at the Central Clinical Hospital he met the beginning of the war, then evacuated along with everyone else to Omsk. Korolev asked to be a pilot at the front, but Tupolev, who by that time had already been released from prison, having recognized and appreciated him even better, did not let him go, saying: “Who will build airplanes?”

Soon Korolev was appointed deputy head of the Tu-2 assembly shop. But the thought of creating a jet aircraft did not leave him. He did not yet know that in February 1940, the first rocket glider with a liquid rocket engine was tested in the country. It was driven by a tow plane, but it was very important fact and the first step in the development of jet aviation. Before this flight, world practice had not yet known such an experience, and in 1942 the first aircraft with a jet engine was flown. It was piloted by test pilot Grigory Bakhchivandzhi.

Korolev was released in 1944 with his criminal record cleared. This is evidenced by an extract from the Minutes of the meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 27, 1944. On May 13, 1946, a decision was made to create an industry in the USSR for the development and production of rocket weapons with liquid rocket engines. In accordance with this resolution, the unification of all groups was provided for Soviet engineers to study the German V-2 missile weapons, which had been working in Germany since 1945, at the Nordhausen Research Institute, of which Korolev was appointed chief engineer and technical director. In Germany, Sergei Pavlovich not only studies the German V-2 rocket, but also designs a more advanced ballistic missile with a flight range of up to 600 kilometers.

He signed his letters to his daughter: “Your friend Sergei”, and his articles - “Professor K. Sergeev”. In the 1950s, his place of work was stated in the directory of the Academy of Sciences: “PO Box 651.”

In 1952, after his criminal record was cleared and he received the order, Korolev applied to be a party candidate. At the bureau of the district committee he is received with difficulty (6 for, 5 against): after all, he is a former enemy of the people. On May 30, 1955, Korolev wrote to the Military Prosecutor’s Office: “I ask you to reconsider my case and completely rehabilitate me, since I was not a member of any anti-Soviet organization...”. The answer had to wait two years: rehabilitation came only in the spring of 1957, a few months before the launch of Sputnik. However, he never felt completely free. “The most tragic thing is that they don’t understand how much there is in common between life in the Gulag and life in freedom.” large area". After all, I’m classified, so if they want, they’ll slam me without an obituary. Another time you wake up, lie there and think: they’ll give a command, and the same guards will burst into the room and yell: “Come on, you bastard, get out with your things!” - from memories of Ozerov, who was with Korlev in the Gulag, and then free.

The first task set by the government for Korolev as chief designer and all organizations involved in missile weapons was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2: up to 3,000 kilometers. In 1948, Korolev began flight tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogous to the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service. This rocket differed from the German one in significantly greater reliability.

At the same time, Korolev was developing a new ballistic missile R-2 with a flight range of 600 kilometers.

The R-2 missile had a supporting fuel tank, a more convenient layout for operation and, most importantly, a warhead that separated in flight. In addition, the rocket propulsion system was significantly modified to increase its thrust, and the autonomous control system had twice the accuracy of fire. The R-2 missile was put into service in 1951, i.e. only a year later than the R-1 missile.

Together with practical work above rocket weapons At NII-88, under the scientific leadership of Korolev, large-scale design and experimental research on topics H-I, N-2, N-3 in order to create a scientific and technical basis for the development of qualitatively new missiles.

On the topic N-1, experimental and theoretical studies of the main technical problems related to the implementation of the R-3 rocket project, which has a flight range of 3000 kilometers: it was necessary to ensure the stability of the flight of the rocket without a stabilizer (aerodynamically unstable) design and to obtain data on the behavior of boiling liquid oxygen in a thermally non-insulated oxidizer carrier tank during movement in the active part of the trajectory at elevated external heat flows into the mass of liquid oxygen. Based on the design solutions of the R-2 missile using its uprated engine, a single-stage experimental R-ZA ballistic missile with a stabilizerless design with a flight range of 1,200 kilometers was created. Successful flight tests of this missile gave rise to the Ministry of Defense to adopt it into service in 1956 with a nuclear warhead as the R-5M. It was the first domestic strategic missile, which became the basis of the country's nuclear missile shield.

On the N-2 topic, studies were carried out on the possibility and feasibility of creating ballistic missiles operating on stable fuel components (using nitric acid with nitrogen oxides as an oxidizer). As a result, the possibility of creating such missiles was confirmed and a preliminary design of the first domestic ballistic missile R-11 with a flight range of 250 km and a launch weight half that of the R-1 was completed. However, taking into account the environmental toxicity of nitrogen oxides and the lower energy characteristics of stable liquid fuel compared to fuel based on liquid oxygen and kerosene, as well as the serious problems that arose then in the development of rocket engines with the required thrust (more than 8 g), stably operating on these fuel components , it was considered advisable to use a nitric acid oxidizer with nitrogen oxides for BR with relatively short range flight. When creating missiles with a longer flight range, and especially intercontinental ones, it was recommended to use liquid oxygen as an oxidizer. Sergei Pavlovich turned out to be faithful to this direction in the development of rocket technology throughout his entire creative activity.

The Ministry of Defense entrusted OKB-1 NII-88 with the development of the N-11 missile, and Korolev brilliantly solved this problem by using A.M. Isaev’s 8-ton engine, which had just been created for an anti-aircraft missile, and for the first time using a liquid pressure accumulator to supply fuel to the combustion chamber .

Based on the R-11, Korolev developed and put it into service in 1957 strategic missile R-11M with a nuclear warhead, transported tanked on a tank chassis. Having seriously modified this missile, he adapted it for armament of submarines (submarines) as the R-11FM. The changes were more than serious, as it was done new system control and aiming, and also provided the ability to fire in fairly strong sea conditions from the surface. Thus, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles based on stable mobile ground- and sea-based fuel components and was a pioneer in these new and important areas of missile development.

He transferred the final development of the R-11FM missile to Zlatoust, to SKB-385, sending there from his OKB-1 the young talented lead designer V.P. Makeev, together with qualified designers and constructors, thereby laying the foundation for the creation of a unique center for the development of ballistic missiles. sea-based missiles.

At NII-88, two research projects were started under the leadership of Korolev with the aim of determining the appearance and parameters of intercontinental ballistic and winged types(topics T-1 and T-2) with the necessary experimental confirmation of problematic design solutions.

Research on the T-1 topic grew into development work related to the creation of the first two-stage intercontinental missile R-7 package design, which still surprises with its original design solutions, ease of execution, high reliability and efficiency. The R-7 rocket made its first successful flight in August 1957.

As a result of research on the T-2 topic, the possibility of developing a two-stage intercontinental cruise missile was shown, the first stage of which was purely rocket and launched the second stage, a cruise missile, to an altitude of 23-25 ​​kilometers. The winged stage, using a ramjet engine, continued to fly at these altitudes at a speed of 3 M and was aimed at the target using an celestial navigation control system.

Subsequently, Korolev developed a more advanced compact two-stage intercontinental missile R-9 (supercooled liquid oxygen is used as an oxidizer) and put it into service (the silo version of the R-9A) in 1962. Later, in parallel with work on important space systems, Sergei Pavlovich began to be the first in the country to develop the solid-fuel intercontinental rocket RT-2, which was put into service after his death. At this point, OKB-1 Korolev stopped working on combat missiles and focused its efforts on creating priority space systems and unique launch vehicles.

While working on combat ballistic missiles, Korolev, as is now clear, strived for more - the conquest of outer space and human space flights. To this end, Sergei Pavlovich, back in 1949, together with scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences, began research using modifications of the R-1A rocket and launching it to altitudes of up to 100 kilometers, and then using more powerful R-2 and R-5 rockets to altitudes of 200 and 500 kilometers. The purpose of these flights was to study the parameters of near outer space, solar and galactic radiation, the Earth's magnetic field, the behavior of highly developed animals in space conditions (weightlessness, overloads, large vibrations and acoustic loads), as well as testing life support and returning animals to Earth from space - About seven dozen such launches were made. With this, Sergei Pavlovich laid in advance serious foundations for a human assault on space.

In 1955, long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket, Korolev, M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial satellite into space using the R-7 rocket. The government supports this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, with Korolev appointed chief designer and director. And already on October 4, 1957, Korolev launched the first satellite in human history into low-Earth orbit.

The period when spacecraft were created belongs to the fourth period of Korolev’s activity from 1957 until his premature death at the beginning of 1966. During this period, the Queen was distinguished by her breadth of views and inexhaustible creative energy. Working with Korolev was difficult, but interesting. The work went on day and night.

Sergei Pavlovich did not like to repeat himself. While developing some fundamentally new design, bringing it to perfection, he lost interest in it. Instead of then, over the course of many years, creating variants of what had already been mastered, he donated all this to the team of a related organization. And, if necessary, he transferred a group of his employees to the new enterprise.

They started a big business practically from scratch. And yet, over the course of ten years, orientation systems were developed for photographing the far side of the Moon, orientation and correction of the flight trajectories of Mars, Venus and Probes. Automatic and manual control systems have been developed for manned spacecraft Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz and others. Sergei Pavlovich’s passion was transmitted, as if through a chain, to all participants, from scientists to ordinary workers, and the impossible became possible.

Korolev saw the appearance of space technology after many years. Sergei Pavlovich conducted meetings in a unique manner, allowing everyone to speak and keeping minutes “for himself” in the most careful manner. Upon completion, he thanked everyone present and said that he had heard a lot of interesting things, but he needed to think about it. The decision, which was sometimes made after some time, did not necessarily coincide with the opinion of the majority; often Sergei Pavlovich looked at the problem more broadly than his colleagues, taking into account what went far beyond the scope of the organization he headed. Having outlined the next goal, Korolev had the ability to instill in all participants in the work confidence in imminent success, to inspire them to do seemingly unthinkable things. He knew how to create an atmosphere in which people gave their all and did everything to bring victory closer.

Having organized the work, Korolev moved towards the goal, sweeping away obstacles, maintaining confidence in ultimate success, concentrating his forces on the main direction. Korolev did not convey topics related to manned flights to anyone. This was, on the one hand, due to the special responsibility of manned flights, on the other hand, to the long-standing and persistent sympathies of Sergei Pavlovich - he more than once said with regret that his age and health did not allow him to fly into space himself. Everything related to the work of the cosmonauts was led by Korolev himself and controlled most carefully.

B.V. Rauschenbach wrote about Korolev: “Working with Korolev was difficult, but interesting. Increased demands, short deadlines and novelty... He always wanted to know in detail the problems that his employees solved, reporting this or that issue to him, I often heard: “I didn’t understand, repeat." Not every leader could afford this “I didn’t understand”, for fear of losing his authority in the eyes of his subordinate. But such human weaknesses were completely alien to Sergei Pavlovich. All our projects were embodied in rocket technology , first of all, thanks to S.P., whom no one and nothing could stop if he needed something for business. Korolev said that he always waited for the confirming voice of intuition, “like the third bell”... How often he , relying on intuition, resolved controversial issues and was never wrong! He was not a scientist of any kind. They also write that he was a great engineer - this is absolute nonsense... because he did little: there is not a single Korolev theorem, not a single Korolev's formulas, But he also had one more amazing property - with a lack of information, he could still make the right decision... Again, an amazing instinct that never let him down. Such a business as he led could only be carried out with the character of Korolev - the character of a commander. Sergei Pavlovich was an excellent psychologist, without prejudice, without one-sided approach to a person. I didn’t divide into “little white” and “black”, I saw people with all their “stripes” and “speckles”. This helped him make full use of his talent as a leader; he knew how to infect those around him with his mood: enthusiasm, haste, or, conversely, calmness; in a word, what he at that moment considered necessary for the matter. I think that Korolev’s main thing was not that he came up with or invented something. At one time I thought for a long time about Korolev and all those people who really made major discoveries, I would say, discoveries of global significance, and I thought about how to call them in one word: a great scientist, a great engineer? This is all nonsense. There are many great scientists, and many great engineers. And these people were unique phenomena. And I repeat, I couldn’t think of a better word than commander.”

Even before the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, under the leadership of Korolev, projects were being developed for interplanetary stations, satellites for national economic purposes, and manned spacecraft. In January 1959, the first rocket was launched towards the Moon; in the same year, a pennant depicting the coat of arms of the Soviet Union was delivered to the surface of the Moon and photographs of its reverse side were taken. In 1966, less than a month after Korolev’s death, a spacecraft made a soft landing on the surface of the Moon - last work Queen on the lunar exploration program. Korolev’s highest achievement in the field of deep space exploration was the flight of ships to Mars and Venus, and the delivery of a pennant with the coat of arms of the Soviet Union to the surface of Mars.

The Molniya-1 satellite became an example of solving a complex and necessary problem - providing radiotelegraph, radiotelephone and television communications over long distances, in particular between Moscow and the Far East.

But manned space flights are rightly considered the pinnacle of Korolev’s creativity. On April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft launched with Yuri Gagarin on board.

It was as if Korolev himself did not exist during his lifetime. Only after his death was it allowed to talk, write and remember about him. He was an invisible man - without a name, biography, without facial expression and habits, without the two kopeck coins that Korolev always carried in his coat pocket - a strange children's talisman. Even when Korolev was alive, skeptics had ample reason to doubt his reality. The secret behind which this man was hiding resembled something fantastic.

He took on a difficult burden. Nature rewarded him with an analytical mind, the ability to captivate and lead others. Evil tongues, however, have always cast a shadow over the fence, assuring that Korolev is one of many of the same kind. But the evil tongues were wrong: he stood out among others with his audacity, talent, and ability to look to the future. And he worked much more than others, because he took on other people’s burdens. He lived a mythological life, practically ruining his health.

Korolev was sick with rectal sarcoma. In addition, he was found to have atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders.

He died on the operating table. When Korolev was admitted to the Kremlin hospital, the operation was assigned to the middle-aged Professor Petrovsky. It was possible to put Korolev in a foreign clinic, as was the case with Chernenko, but Korolev was a secret scientist. Professor Golyakovsky, who lives in New York and was a former Moscow doctor, recalled this in his book “The Russian Doctor”: “They put Korolev on the operating table and, having begun the operation, discovered that the diagnosis was false. And the operation continued. When the patient became bad, the famous surgeon Vishnevsky was urgently called in. He examined the dying Korolev and muttered gloomily: “I don’t operate on corpses.”

Petrovsky was unable to stop the bleeding during the operation by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When doctors began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma - a malignant tumor. Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. Due to the injury received in exile (the investigator hit Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter), they could not insert a breathing tube into his throat. Korolev's death occurred on January 14, 1966 from heart failure. He was 59 years old.

The funeral took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. The urn with the ashes of Sergei Korolev was buried in the Kremlin wall.

As a sign of recognition of Korolev’s merits, monuments were erected in his homeland in Zhitomir, in Moscow, where he lived, in the Moscow region, where he built rockets and ships, at the cosmodrome, from where he laid roads to the Universe. The Kuibyshev Aviation Institute, the streets of many cities, two research vessels, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan, and an asteroid bear his name. In commemoration of Korolev’s merits in the study of the Moon, the world astronomical community assigned his name to one of the large ring-shaped rock formations on the Moon - the thalassoid.

About Sergei Korolev was filmed documentary"Knockin 'on Heaven".

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Text prepared by Andrey Goncharov

References:

Academician S.P. Korolev. Scientist. Engineer. Man: Creative portrait based on the memories of contemporaries: Sat. articles / Edited by A.Yu. Ishlinsky. - M., 1986.
Apenchenko O.. Sergei Korolev. - M., 1968.
Astashenkov P.T. Korolev. - M., 1969.
Cosmonautics: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.P. Glushko. - M., 1985.
Cosmonautics of the USSR: Sat. / Comp. L.N.Gilberg, A.A.Eremenko; Chief editor Yu.A.Mozzhorin. - M., 1986.
Pioneers of rocket technology: Kibalchich, Tsiolkovsky, Tsander, Kondratyuk: Scientific works. - M., 1959.
Rauschenbach B. Scientist, designer, organizer. To the 75th anniversary of S.P. Korolev. - Wings of the Motherland., 1982.
Rebrov M.F. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Life and extraordinary destiny. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2002.
Romanov A. Korolev. - M., "Young Guard", ZhZL, 1996.
Alexander KHARKOVSKY: “Sergei Korolev – through thorns to the races”
Site materials about S.P. Korolev
Wikipedia materials

Many foreigners associate Russia with space. But in our country the word cosmos is primarily associated with the surname Korolev.

Sergei Pavlovich was born in January 1907, in the city of Zhitomir. His father, Pavel Yakovlevich, was a simple teacher; he taught Russian literature at school. Mother Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko was also a teacher.

As a child, Sergei differed from his peers in his passion for technology. This thrust was not without talent. And passion multiplied by talent always yields great results.

This is what happened with Korolev. At the age of 17, he developed a design for his first aircraft - a non-motorized aircraft.

In 1924, Sergei Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute at the Faculty of Aviation Engineering. In two years of study, I mastered all general engineering subjects. In 1926, he moved to and continued his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School - Moscow Higher Technical School.

During his studies, Sergei Pavlovich established himself as a talented designer. He built a number of aircraft: “Koktebel”, “Red Star”, as well as the SK-4 aircraft.

These models were interesting from a point of view. In the fall of 1931, Korolev and Zander created, with permission from above, a group for the study of jet propulsion. A year later, this group became a de facto state laboratory engaged in the development of rocket and aircraft.

In 1933, the Jet Research Institute was founded, with Kleimenov becoming its director. Sergei Pavlovich became his deputy. Korolev's fate was difficult.

In 1938, he went to prison on trumped-up charges. Two years later, the state still needed his services. While in prison, he took a large part in the creation of TU-2.

In 1946, Sergei Pavlovich was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles. He is in as soon as possible developed several generations of ballistic missiles, which are typical in better side differed from their counterparts.

The next step in his life was the development of a launch vehicle for atomic warheads. Again, he coped with this task brilliantly. In 1956, the first domestically produced missile with a nuclear warhead was put into service. Subsequently, developments in this direction did not stop and Korolev managed to create several modifications.

Soon the space exploration program began. And this could not have happened without his knowledge and skills. Sergei Pavlovich created the first manned spacecraft in world history. The name of the ship is “Vostok”.

On this ship, a man flew into space for the first time. And this man was Yuri. Under the leadership of Korolev, the space program continues to develop, following Gagarin, Titov, Nikolaev, Popovich, Bykovsky, Tereshkova, Leonov fly into space.

The rapid development of astronautics in the USSR does not end only with the development of manned spacecraft. Korolev creates several drones with scientific purposes.

Satellites are launched into space to study the Earth's radiation belts. Telecommunications and radio broadcasting satellites are also launched into space.

Sergei Pavlovich was seriously ill and died in early 1966. Korolev is a Great Russian scientist, his contribution to the development of space can hardly be overestimated. Thanks to its scientific activity, is known not only in Russia, but also abroad.