Chechen chronicle for all centuries
DATES |
EVENTS |
| 17th century | The Chechen ethnic group was formed within the modern boundaries of settlement. |
| 1740 | Creation of a sect Wahhabis |
| 1783. | Russian troops take control of the Terek Valley. |
| 1810. | Ingushetia became part of Russia. |
| 1818. | General Ermolov brought Chechnya to submission. |
| 1832.10.29 | (according to the Julian calendar - October 17) - Capture of the Avar village Gimry Russian detachment during the Caucasian War of 1817-1864. |
| 1834 | Shamil - Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya. Second stage of the Caucasian War (1818 - 1859) |
| 1840. | Chechenia became part of a theocratic state that developed on the territory of Dagestan - the Imamate of Shamil. |
| 1859.09.07 | (according to the Julian calendar - August 26) Shamil surrendered to Russian troops. The end of the Caucasian war. Chechnya is included in Russia. |
| 1877.04.24 | (April 12, Old Style) Russia declared war Turkey. |
| 1877. | The Chechens raised an armed uprising against Russia, taking advantage of the conduct of military operations by Russian troops in the Balkans. |
XX century |
|
| 1917.03.17 | RUSSIA. Grozny. After the victory February Revolution A Civil Committee was created in the city - an organ of the Provisional Government. |
| 1917.03.18 | Grozny. The Grozny Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies was formed. |
| 1917.03.27 | Grozny. Chechen congress at which the “Chechen National Council” was elected. |
| 1917, summer | Systematic attacks began Chechen gangs to a section of the Vladikavkaz railway Grozny - Khasavyurt. |
| 1917.09 | Grozny. After the withdrawal of regular units of the Russian army from the city, attacks began Chechen gangs targeting oil fields and setting them on fire. |
| 1917.11.08 | Grozny. Soviet power established |
| 1917.11 | At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed. |
| 1917.12.06 | Grozny. "Chechen Council" headed by presented an ultimatum to the Grozny SRD with the demand to disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. |
| 1917.12.07 | Grozny. Chechen units of the "Wild Division" captured the city. |
| 1917.12.14 | Vladikavkaz. The "Provisional Terek-Dagestan Government" was formed. The government included the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M. Karaulov, Kumyk prince R. Kaplanov, Chechen oil industrialist, former tsarist Ingush official V. Dzhabagiev and others. |
| 1918.01.13 | Grozny. Soviet troops arriving from .Mozdok, expelled the Chechens of the “Wild Division” from the city, power passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee. |
| 1918.02.07 | Mozdok. The First Congress of the Peoples of the Terek formed the Terek People's Council headed by Yu. Pashkovsky and at the suggestion S.Kirova decided to begin peace negotiations with the Ingush and Chechens. |
| 1918.03.18 | Vladkavkaz. The II Congress of the Peoples of the Terek elected the Terek People's Council as the authority of the Terek Soviet Republic, which included representatives of the Kabardian, Balkar, Chechen and Ingush peoples, the Terek Cossacks and non-residents. |
| 1918.03 | Goyty. The Congress of the Chechen People elected the Goitin People's Council (chaired by T. Eldarkhanov), which declared support for Soviet power. |
| 1918.05.22-29 | Grozny. III Congress of the Terek Peoples. |
| 1918.08.08 | Groznenskaya. Anti-Soviet uprising of the Terek Cossacks, led by G. Bicherakhov. |
| 1918.08.11 | Grozny. Parts of the garrison repelled the attack of the Cossacks of G. Bicherakhov from the side of the village Groznenskaya. Start defense of Grozny. Chechens are taking part in the defense. |
| 1918.11.12 | Grozny. Units of the Sunzhenskaya A. Dyakov Terek Soviet Republic released the city - the “Hundred-Day Defense of Grozny” was completed (11.08-12.11.18). |
| 1919.02.04 | Grozny. The troops of the Caucasian Volunteer Army under General P. Wrangel entered the city. Vladikavkaz. The Congress of the Armed Ingush People, at the suggestion of S. Ordzhonikidze, proclaimed an independent Mountain Soviet Republic. |
| 1919.02 | Grozny. One echelon of British troops arrived by rail from the city. Port Petrovsk(Dagestan).. |
| 1919.03.07 | Grozny. The Terek Great Cossack Circle began its work. |
| 1919.09.10 | GEORGIA. Tbilisi. Protest of the Mejlis of the Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus to representatives of the Entente in connection with the atrocities of the units gene. A. Denikina in Kabarda, Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan. |
| 1919.09.11 | Grozny. Attack on the city by a Chechen detachment. In a battle near the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, the commander of the Chechen rebels died - formerly. People's Commissar of the Terek Soviet Republic. |
| 1919.09.28 | Grozny. A battle in the region of the city of Chechen and Russian partisans with 4 Cossack regiments of the army of General A. Denikin. |
| 1919.10.07 | General Erdeli's troops began a punitive operation against the rebel "Freedom Army" (12 thousand bayonets, 1600 sabers, 12 guns), units of which occupied the city that day. Grozny. |
| 1920.01.31 | Vozdvizhenka. The defeat of the white punitive detachment (6 thousand people) by the red partisans in alliance with the Chechens. |
| 1920.03.12 | Caucasian Front. Units 11A M. Vasilenko went on the offensive from the area of the village of Holy Cross against the North Caucasus gr. White troops in the direction (GROZNY OPERATION 03/12/24/1920). |
| 1920.03.17 | Units of the 11th Red Army took the city. Grozny. |
| 1920.08.15 | The Soviet military commissar of Chechnya stated with regret: “There are no glimpses of class consciousness among the Chechen people” (RGVA. F. 28108. Op. 1. D. 65. L. 11). |
| 1920.11.17 | Vladikavkaz. The Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region proclaimed the creation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic consisting of the Chechen, Nazranevsky, Vladikavkaz, Kabardinsky, Balkar, Karachay and Sunzhensky districts. Caucasian Front. The Soviet detachment of N. Samursky lifted the siege of the highlanders from the region. Gunib. |
| 1921.01.01 | The number of N. Gotsinsky's gangs in Chechnya and Dagestan is 7.2 thousand bayonets, 2.49 thousand sabers with 2 guns and 40 machine guns. |
| 1921.01 | Chechen and Ingusheti are included in the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
| 1921.05 | Liquidation of the anti-Soviet uprising in the Caucasus Mountains. The leaders of the uprising, Said Bey and N. Gotsinsky, disappeared: the first in Turkey, the second in the mountains of Chechnya. |
| 1922.03 | Rostov-on-Don. The headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District proposed that the RVSR carry out a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." |
| 1922.05 | Chechnya. Soviet troops of the North Caucasus Military District conducted an operation to disarm the villages of Makhketa, Goyty and Katyr-Yurt; The last 2 were bombed from the air. |
| 1922.10 | Moscow. A commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) on Chechnya was created. |
| 1922.11.30 | The Chechen Okrug emerged from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR. |
| 1923 | Chechnya. Movement of Sheikh Ali-Mitaev. |
| 1923.12.16-19 | Chechnya. Units of 9sk began an operation to disarm the Chechen population of the Chechen - Belgatoy - Geldygen - Tsatsyn-Yurt - Tsentaroi - Ishkhoi region (16-19.12.1923). |
| 1923.12.26 | Rostov-on-Don. From the operational report of the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District: "... 9th Rifle Corps. As a result of the operation to disarm the population of the Achkhoy-Katyr-Yurt-Shalazhi-Gekhi-Valerik-Shamiyurt region (report ь051/op) was withdrawn : 1174 rifles, 1790 rifle cartridges, 92 revolvers, 67 revolver cartridges and 38 people involved in banditry were arrested. At the end of this operation, parts of the corps from December 16 to 19 carried out an operation to disarm the region: Chechen-Belgatoy- Geldygen-Tsatsyn-Yurt-Tsentaroy-Ishkhoi, whereby the following were confiscated from the population: 1715 rifles, 5719 rifle cartridges, 292 revolvers, 343 revolver cartridges and 30 people involved in banditry were arrested. operational unit of the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District Speransky. Office of the head of the operational unit Kirillov" (RGVA. F. 25896. Op. 9. D. 273. L. 85) |
| 1924, spring | Chechnya. A military operation was carried out to suppress mass uprisings of Chechens and Ingush, caused by the desire of the central authorities to impose their representatives on them in elections to local Soviets. Then the mountaineers, at the call of their leaders, mainly mullahs, boycotted the elections, and in some places they destroyed polling stations using weapons. The uprising covered large areas of Chechnya and Ingushetia. |
| 1924.10.03 | From an information review by the headquarters of the 9th Rifle Corps on the development of banditry in the areas of deployment of corps units in July-September 1924: "... Chechnya is a bouquet of banditry. The number of leaders and fickle gangs of bandits committing robberies, mainly in neighboring Territories in the Chechen region cannot be counted..." |
| 1924.12 | Chechnya. Another operation to disarm the Chechen population. |
| 1924. | The Ingush Autonomous Region was formed as part of the RSFSR |
| 1925.04.14 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Raid of S. Kagirov's gang 04/14-05/21/1925 |
| 1925.07.12 | Dagestan. When the Chechens tried to steal cattle, residents of the Dagestan villages of Gogotl and Andi offered armed resistance. In the ensuing battle, the Chechens, despite having a Lewis light machine gun, lost 2 people killed and 6 wounded, while the Dagestanis lost 1 killed and 1 wounded. |
| 1925.08.23 | It started in Chechnya large-scale army operation to disarm the population and eliminate gangs. North Caucasian Military District troops under the command I. Uborevich(4840 bayonets, 2017 sabers + 648 OGPU troops, 24 guns, 239 machine guns, 8 aircraft, 1 armored train) began an “operation to disarm and seize the leaders of the counter-revolution and the bandit element” on the territory of Chechnya (23.08-13.09.1925). In September 1925, after intensified bombing of areas where gangs were concentrated, resistance was stopped, and the leader of the Chechens Gotsinsky handed over to the authorities. |
| 1925.12.04 | USSR. Rostov-on-Don. Operational and intelligence report on the state and fight against banditry in the North Caucasus Military District: “In the Chechen Autonomous Region, after the operation to confiscate weapons, a complete calm in relation to banditry is noticed and at the same time the voluntary appearance of bandits and the surrender of weapons is still ongoing” (RGVA. F. 25896. Op.9. D.287. L.94). After the end of the operation, 447 rifles, 27 revolvers, 1 gun, 4 machine guns were surrendered, 565 bandits volunteered. |
| 1929.11 | A new major uprising broke out in Chechnya. As emphasized in the report of the commander of the North Caucasus Military District I.P. Belov and member of the district RVS S.N. Kozhevnikov, addressed to the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “In Chechnya, as in Karachay, we do not have isolated bandit, counter-revolutionary actions, but a direct uprising of entire regions (Galanchozh), in which almost the entire population takes part in an armed uprising" (RGVA. F. 25896. Op. 9. D. 350. L. 31). |
| 1929.12.08 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. An operational group of troops of the North Caucasian Military District and units of the OGPU began an operation to eliminate the Chechen gang groups of Sh. Istamulov in the Shali and Urus-Martan regions (the villages of Goyty, Shali, Sambi, Benoy, Tsontoroy), disrupting the collectivization plan (12/8-28/1929). In total, a total of 1,904 soldiers with 75 heavy and light machine guns, 11 guns and 7 aircraft took part in the operation with VOGPU units. |
| 1929.12.28 | The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the OGPU completed a punitive operation in Chechnya (December 8-28, 1929), during which 450 people were arrested, up to 60 bandits were killed and wounded, weapons were confiscated: modern - 290 units, Shamilevsky - 862 units, hunting - 484 units, cold - 1674 units. The losses of the Soviet troops were 43 people, of which 21 people were killed or died from wounds. (RGVA. F.25896. Op.9. D.366. L.283, 283ob). |
| 1930.01.20 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Kolkhon activist Ryabov was killed by S. Magomadov's gang. |
| 1930.03.14 | Moscow. Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the fight against distortions of the party line in the collective farm movement." Chechen Autonomous Okrug. The troops of the North Caucasian Military District and the OGPU began a new “chekist-military” operation to eliminate political banditry in Chechnya and Ingushetia (03/14-04/12/1930). The operation involves 4 infantry, 3 cavalry, 2 partisan detachments, 2 rifle battalions, an air unit, an engineer company and a communications company: a total of 3,920 people, 19 guns, 28 machine guns, 3 aircraft. |
| 1930.03.25 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. The insurgent movement covered a number of villages in the Itum-Kalinsky, Shatoevsky and Chemberloevsky, Galanchezhsky districts and the Khamkhinsky village council of the Galashkinsky district. The uprising is led by Mullah D. Murtazaliev. The number of Soviet troops participating in the “Chekist-military” operation on the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia increased to 5,052 people. |
| 1930.04.12 | Troops of the North Caucasian Military District and the NKVD completed the operation to eliminate banditry in Chechnya and Ingushetia (03/14-04/12/1930). 9 gangs were defeated, 19 bandits were killed in shootouts, 122 people were arrested, 1.5 thousand firearms and 280 bladed weapons were confiscated, 9 gangs were defeated. Soviet units lost 14 people killed and 22 wounded. |
| 1932.03.15 | The military operation of the North Caucasus Military District began against the Dagestan rebels on the border of Dagestan and Chechnya (03/15-20/1932). In Chechnya, the area of uprising covered the villages of Shali, Goyty, Benoy, and Nozhai-Yurt. |
| 1932.03.23 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. A major anti-Soviet uprising in the Nozhai-Yurt region. The rebels blocked the Red Army garrison located in the village of Benoy. |
| 1932.03.25 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Chechen rebels attempted to seize the Sterech-Kertych oil fields; the attempt was repelled by the local garrison of the Red Army. |
| 1932.03.28 | ZAporozhye. The last cubic meter of concrete has been laid in the Dnieper Hydroelectric Dam. Chechen Autonomous Okrug. The operation of the North Caucasus Military District troops began to eliminate the Chechen anti-Soviet uprising. |
| 1932.03.29 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Units of the Red Army defeated the Chechen rebels at the Sterech-Kertych oil fields and released the garrison defending them. |
| 1932.03.31 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Soviet troops suppressed the anti-Soviet uprising in the area of the village of Benoy (23-31.03.1932). |
| 1932.04.05 | Moscow. Report of the North Caucasian Military District command on the progress of suppressing the anti-Soviet uprising in Chechnya and Dagestan: " Distinctive features performances: organization, mass participation of the population, exceptional cruelty of the rebels in battles, continuous counterattacks despite heavy losses, religious songs during attacks, participation of women in battles..." |
| .01.15 | Consolidation of the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Okrug into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug. |
| .12.05 | Moscow. The work of the VIII Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the USSR, which adopted the second Constitution of the USSR, completed its work. ("Stalin's Constitution"). Formation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR as part of the RSFSR. |
| .10 | New aggravation of the situation in Checheno-Ingushetia According to a certificate of the results of the fight against terrorist groups in the republic from October 1937 to February 1939, 80 gangster groups with a total number of 400 people operated on its territory, more than 1000 people were in an illegal situation. |
| .09 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The defeat of a large anti-Soviet gang. |
| 1938. | Chechen writing was created (based on Russian graphics). |
| .02 | During the operations of the NKVD troops 1937-1939. against the Chechen rebels, 1032 members of bandit groups and their accomplices, 746 fugitive kulaks were arrested and convicted, 5 machine guns, 21 grenades, 8175 rifles, 3513 units of other weapons were confiscated (GARF. F.R-9478. Op.1. D.2. L.35, 36.). |
| .01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Anti-Soviet uprising led by Kh. Israilov. By the beginning of February 1940, Khasan had already captured Galanchozh, Sayasan, Chaberloy and part of the Shatoevsky district. The rebels armed themselves through disarmament and the defeat of punitive detachments. (see link: A. Avtrokhanov Israilov's Uprising of 1940, according to other sources, the uprising took place in January 1941; we give both options) |
| 1940.02 | After clearing most of the mountainous areas from the Bolsheviks, an armed people's congress was convened in the village. Galanchozh and the proclamation of the “provisional people’s revolutionary government of Checheno-Ingushetia” headed by Kh. Israilov was announced. |
| 1940.12.20 | Grozny. Report of the head of the NKVD of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Major Ryazanov, addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria, on the strengthening of banditry in the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: “Most of the group members were replenished by fugitive criminal elements from places of imprisonment and deserters of the Red Army.” |
| .01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. At the end of January, an uprising against Soviet power occurred in the village of Khilda-Kharoi, Itumkala region. |
| 1941.06.21 | During the period 01/01–06/21/1941, 31 cases of bandit insurgency were recorded on the territory of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| 1941.06.22 | German attack on the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War. |
| 1941.07.08 | Northwestern Front. Soviet troops left the territory of Latvia. Moscow. Order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria N 00792 "On conducting a security and military operation in the Akhalkhevsky region of the Georgian SSR" with the aim of "liquidating the remnants of Chechen gangs taking refuge in the Khildikharoevsky and Maistinsky gorges of the Akhalkhevsky region of the Georgian SSR." |
| 1941.07.15 | Western Front. Units of 3Tgr 4TA(n) GR.A "Center" began fighting with troops 16 and 20A for the city of Smolensk. Grozny. Meeting of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “Having heard the report of the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs, Comrade Albagachiev, on the fight against banditry and desertion in the republic, the bureau of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks notes that Comrade Albagachiev and Deputy People’s Commissar Comrade Shelenkov are still did not reorganize their work on a war footing... The Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) considers it completely intolerable when, as a result of complacency and carelessness during wartime, a decisive blow to banditry and desertion was not dealt and, as a consequence of this, banditry and desertion, cases of terrorist acts against workers of the republic have become more frequent..." (GARF. D.401. Op.12. D.127-09. L.80). |
| 1941.07.25 | Southern front. The withdrawal of units 9A began from the lower reaches of the Prut River to the Tiraspol - Odessa border. Grozny. Resolution of the Bureau of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the elimination of banditry in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the defeat of the counter-revolutionary underground. |
| 1941.07 | G GERMANY. The OKW developed a plan for the operation of German troops to capture the North Caucasus (November 1941) and Transcaucasia (June 1942). The Germans began to develop a network of schools to train agents exclusively for operations in the North Caucasus. Future cadets were selected in prisoner-of-war camps by instructors of the special-purpose regiment "Brandenburg-800" from representatives of the Caucasian peoples. Checheno-Ingush AS SR. “As of July 1941, 20 terrorist groups (84 people) were registered in the republic. They were responsible for the murder of RO NKVD detective officer Gryaznov, prosecutor Gadiev, detective officer Merkhelev, MTS director Ocheretlov, policeman Laukhtin, people’s judge Albogachiev, district NKVD RO officer Dodov , deputy of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic Dzhanguraev, village correspondent M. Sataev, chairman of the Benoevsky village council Bekbulatov, head of the police brigade T. Khuptaev, activists A. Mantsaev, A. Yesiev and others." |
| 1941.08.05 | The defense of Odessa began. Grozny. At a meeting of the Bureau of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was again noted that Comrade Albogachiev, heading the NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, dissociates himself by all means from participating in the fight against terrorists. |
| 1941.08 | German troops took the city of Nikolaev. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the mobilization, out of 8 thousand people subject to conscription, 719 Chechens and Ingush deserted. |
| 1941.09.03 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the period 06.22-09.03.1941, 40 cases of bandit insurgency were noted on the territory of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| 1941.09.18 | Moscow. NKO order on the transformation of the 100, 127, 153 and 161st rifle divisions into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th guards divisions. NKVD Order N 001171 on the elimination of terrorist actions in Checheno-Ingushetia. |
| 1941.10.20 | Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. YUth-Western Front. Units of 6A(n) GR.A "South" began fighting with Soviet troops for the city of Kharkov. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. There are 10 anti-Soviet gangs active on the territory of the republic. |
| 1941.10.21 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Residents of the village Khilokhoy The Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and put up armed resistance to the NKVD task force that was trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his men into two groups, heading to the villages of Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost 4 people killed and 6 wounded in the shootout, as a result of the cowardice of the group leader, she was disarmed and, with the exception of 4 operatives, was shot. The second, having heard the firefight, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village Galanchozh, was also disarmed. As a result, the uprising was suppressed only after the deployment of large forces. |
| 1941.10.28 | Units 11A(n) of General Manstein GR.A "South" broke through the Yushun positions of Soviet troops in the Crimea. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The beginning of anti-Soviet protests. The NKVD troops began an operation to eliminate anti-Soviet formations on the territory of Chechnya (10/28-11/8/1941). |
| 1941.10.29 | BRyanskiy front. Units of 2TA(n) GR.A "Center" began fighting with Soviet troops for the city of Tula. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, police officers detained N. Dzhangireev, who was evading labor service and inciting the population to do so. His brother, G. Dzhangireev, called on his fellow villagers for help. After Guchik’s statement: “There is no Soviet power, we can act,” the gathered crowd disarmed the police officers, destroyed the village council and plundered the collective farm’s livestock. Together with rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, but unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar protest that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district. |
| 1941.10 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded conscription. |
| 1941.11.08 | The defense of Sevastopol has begun. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. NKVD troops suppressed armed uprisings against Soviet power, which occurred at different times in the period 10/28–11/8. Some of the ordinary rebels returned to their villages, but the majority, together with the organizers and leaders, disappeared into the mountains and went underground. |
| 1941.11.09 | An attempt by units of 11A(n) GR.A "South" to take the city of Sevastopol on the move was repelled. Grozny. Extract from Minutes No. 156 of the meeting of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “Listen: About the kulak-bandit uprising of the population of some village councils of Shatoevsky, Galanchozhsky and Itum-Kalinsky districts. Resolved: The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (People's Commissar Comrade Albagachiev) did not comply with the bureau's decisions Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated July 25, 1941, the fight against banditry until recently was built on passive methods, as a result, banditry was not only not eliminated, but on the contrary intensified its actions. provocateurs." |
| 1941.11.10 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Chi ASSR Albagachiev sent a secret message to the leader of the Chechen rebels Kh. Israilov (Terloev): “Dear Terloev! Greetings to you! I am very upset that your highlanders started an uprising ahead of schedule. I am afraid that if you do not listen to me, We, the workers of the republic, will be exposed... Look, for the sake of Allah, keep the oath. Don’t name us to anyone.” |
| 1941.12 | Leningrad. In the besieged city, 53 thousand people died of hunger in a month. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. To combat Chechen gangs, a special 178th motorized rifle battalion of the NKVD operational forces was formed. |
| 1942 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Soviet aviation twice bombed the territory of mountainous Chechnya, the villages of Shatoi, Itum-Kale and Galanchozh were especially affected. |
| 1942.01.28 | Ordzhonikidze. Illegal constituent assembly of the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" (OPKB). The executive committee of the OPKB was elected - 33 people, the Organizing Bureau of the executive committee of the OPKB - 9 people. The head of the Chechen rebels, Kh. Israilov (Terloev), became the chief secretary of the Executive Committee of the OPKB. |
| 1942.01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The 178th motorized rifle battalion of the operational forces of the NKVD is deployed into the 141st mountain rifle regiment, intended exclusively for operations against Chechen gangs. In January 1942, when recruiting the national division, it was possible to call up only 50 percent of the personnel. |
| 1942.02 | WITHUmsk region. The partisan unit of S. Kovpak was created.Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In ss. Shatoy And Itum-Kale the former prosecutor of Checheno-Ingushetia, who entered into an alliance with the gang, rebelled H. Israilova. A joint headquarters and a rebel government were created. |
| 1942.03 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Of the 14,576 mobilized people, 13,560 people deserted and evaded service (93%), who went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs. |
| 1942.04 | Moscow. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the mobilization of all rural residents for the harvest.Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the period 07/01/1941-04/30/1942, 1.5 thousand Chechens and Ingush deserted from among those conscripted into the Red Army and labor battalions, including 850 people. from the newly formed Chechen-Ingush cavalry division. |
| 1942.06.01 | Poltava. Statement by A. Hitler at the headquarters of the GR. And “Yug”: “If we don’t take Maykop and Grozny, I will have to end this war!" |
| 1942.06.16 | North Caucasus Front. The decision of the Front Armed Forces on the construction of defensive lines on the approaches to the cities of Tikhoretsk, Voroshilovsk, Grozny, Minvody, Krasnodar and along the border of the river. Terek. |
| 1942.06.26 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. A task force consisting of 6 NKVD operatives and 16 fighters of the 141st joint venture under the leadership of the head of the NKVD Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic comrade Aliyev was sent into an ambush at night with the aim of capturing alive or eliminating the leader of the rebel organization in Chechnya H. Israilova. |
| 1942.06.29 | German troops 11A GR.A "South" burst into Sevastopol.Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The failure of the NKVD operation to capture the leader of the rebel organization in Chechnya, Kh. Israilov; The failure of the operation was facilitated by the head of the OBB of the NKVD of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Aliyev. |
| 1942.07.07 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From the memorandum of the deputy chief. OBB NKVD USSR Comrade Zhukov addressed to Deputy People's Commissar Comrade Kobulov: “The apparatus of the OBB NKVD Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic does not manage the periphery. There is no leadership of the Department on Aliyev’s part. For most gang groups, no specific measures have been carried out since the summer of 1942. For gangs, some measures only after she commits a robbery or murder. Among the agents, there is a significant percentage of doubles, but no one is cleaning up the intelligence network." |
| 1942.07.23 | Vinnitsa. A. Hitler's headquarters "Werewolf". OKW Directive No. 45 on the tasks of German troops on the Soviet-German front: GR.A "North" - take Leningrad (Operation Feuerzauber), GR.A "B" - take the cities of Stalingrad and Astrakhan (Operation Fischreier) ), GR.A "A" - take the city of Stavropol, Grozny, Makhachkala, Baku, the entire North Caucasus, deprive the Soviet Black Sea Fleet of its bases and reach the border with Turkey near Batumi (Operation Edelweiss). |
| 1942.07.27 | Fierce fighting on the Stalingrad frontthose. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The reserve company of the 66th Infantry Regiment was ambushed in the area of Mount Kur-Kumas and was blocked by a large Chechen gang. |
| 1942.07.30 | Soviet troops began the Rzhev-Sychevsk offensive operation (07/30-08/29/1942) Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Units of the NKVD troops relieved the reserve company of the 66th rifle regiment, surrounded by a Chechen gang in the area of Mount Kur-Kumas (July 27-30, 1942). |
| 1942.07 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Appeal of the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" to the population of Chechnya and Dagestan calling for cooperation with the advancing German troops. Soviet troops carried out an operation to clear the territory of Chechnya from anti-Soviet gangs. 19 rebel detachments and 4 German reconnaissance groups were destroyed. At the end of July 1942, a detachment of Chechens under the leadership of the German Feldf. Moritz was parachuted into the area of the city. Maykop. |
| 1942.08.17 | North Caucasus Front. Decision of the Front Armed Forces on the creation of the Novorossiysk defensive region.Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. To the regional center Himoi In the Sharoevsky district, an armed raid was carried out by a bandit group, as a result of which district institutions were destroyed and robbed. In this case, the damage incurred is estimated at at least 180 thousand rubles. I. Aliyev and the People's Commissariat of the NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were well aware of the impending bandit raid on the regional center, but Aliyev, a day before the raid, recalled the NKVD task force and a military unit from the regional center, which were intended to guard the regional center in case of the impending raid. |
| 1942.08.20 | Moscow. Directive of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command of the Armed Forces of the Transcaucasian Front on the defense of the Main Caucasus Range. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. United Chechen gangs, Badaev, Magomadov and other leaders (up to 1.5 thousand militants in total) surrounded the regional center Itum-Kale, however, they could not take the village. The small garrison located there repulsed all attacks, and the two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. |
| 1942.08.25 | WITHTalingrad. The city was declared under martial law. North Caucasus Front. German units of 1TA GR.A "A" burst into the city of Mozdok, starting street battles for the city with Soviet troops, and continue the attack on the city. Ordzhonikidze. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 22.00. Not far from the village. Berezhki In the Galashkinsky district, a Chechen sabotage group of 9 people led by G. Osman (Saidnurov) landed from a German plane. The group was equipped in the uniform of Red soldiers and had the task of blowing up bridges in the rear of the Red Army, disrupting supplies, and forming gangs. We immediately managed to recruit 13 residents of the villages of Laigu, Alki, and Novy Alkun into our ranks. On the same day, a German reconnaissance and sabotage group of 30 paratroopers was sent to the territory of the Ataginsky district near the village. Czechs. Chief Lieutenant Lange, who headed it, intended to raise a massive armed uprising in the mountainous regions of Chechnya, as well as carry out one of the largest sabotage actions in oil fields and oil refineries in the cities of Maikop and Grozny (Operation "Shamil"). |
| 1942.08 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Psedakh region and near the city of Mozdok, a group led by A. Khamchiev, staffed by graduates of the Simferopol and Warsaw Abwehr sabotage schools, landed. In the Prigorodny region of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a group of X. Khautiev was landed, in the Vedeno region - a group of Selimov - D. Daudov. In total, German intelligence agencies sent 5 groups of paratroopers to the territory of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in July-August 1942: 57 people. As a rule, paratroopers teamed up with gangs operating locally. The head of the Staro-Yurt regional department of the NKVD, Elmurzaev, together with the regional commissioner of the procurement office Gaitiev and four policemen, took 8 rifles and several million rubles of money and disappeared into the mountains. |
| 1942.09.24 | Transcaucasian Front. German units of 1TA GR.A "A" went on the offensive from the Mozdok bridgehead on the Terek River in the direction of the city. Grozny, Ordzhonikidze. |
| 1942.09.28 | Transcaucasian Front. Units of 1TA(n) GR.A "A" took the village of Elkhotovo, cutting off the highway Grozny- Nalchik. |
| 1942.09 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. When the front line approached in August-September 1942, 80 members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) quit their jobs and fled, incl. 16 heads of district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 8 senior officials of district executive committees and 14 chairmen of collective farms of the Chi ASSR. |
| 1942.10 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The next uprising was organized by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was sent to Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. Having established contact with R. Sahabov’s gang, he, with the assistance of religious authorities, recruited up to 400 people and, supplying them with German weapons dropped from airplanes, managed to raise a number of villages in the Vedensky and Cheberloyevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who had joined him, was arrested. |
| 1942.11.07 | Leningrad Front. Soviet heavy artillery launched a massive attack on German batteries in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. As a result of a special operation by the NKVD, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed. |
| 1943.01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. At the beginning of January, the NKVD neutralized the German sabotage group of O. Gube. |
| 1943.02 | Nikolaevkskaya area. In the village of Krymki, the German Gestapo discovered and liquidated the Komsomol underground organization "Partisan Spark" led by V.Morgunenko.
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. There are 54 gangs operating on the territory of the republic with a total number of 6.54 thousand people. |
| 1943.06.20 | Deputy Head of the Department for Combating Banditry of the NKVD of the USSR R. Rudenko was sent to Checheno-Ingushetia. |
| 1943.07.24 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. A memorandum from the detective officer of the 2nd department of the NKVD police department of the Ordzhonikidze railway, Semenov, with a message that the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Albogachiev has relatives among bandit detachments in Nazran. |
| 1943.08.15 | Moscow. Report from the deputy head of the Department for Combating Banditry of the NKVD of the USSR R. Rudenko on the results of a business trip to Checheno-Ingushetia: “There are 33 bandit groups (175 people), 18 lone bandits, additionally operating in the Checheno-Ingush Republic: 10 bandits (104 During a trip to the regions, 11 gang groups (80 people) were identified. Thus, as of August 15, 1943, 54 gang groups were operating in the republic - 359 participants. 2045 deserters were wanted. In the first half of the year, 202 people were found ". |
| 1943.08 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 3 groups of German-Chechen paratroopers were dropped into the territory of the republic: 20 people. |
| 1943.09.18 | Tbilisi. According to a memo from the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of Georgia G. Karanadze addressed to the NKVD L. Beria, 5 thousand residents of Checheno-Ingushetia are in the ranks of the OPKB. |
| 1943.10 | Moscow. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the deportation of Kalmyks accused of “collaboration with the occupiers” to the eastern regions of the country. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. One of the leaders of the uprising in October 1942, R. Sahabov, was killed by his bloodline R. Magomadov, who was promised forgiveness for bandit activities by the Soviet authorities for this. |
| 1943.11.09 | Memorandum from the Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, State Security Commissioner of the 2nd Rank B. Kobulov addressed to L. Beria “On the situation in the regions of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, based on the results of his trip in October 1943 to Checheno-Ingushetia: “According to the NKVD and NKGB of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic there were 8,535 people on operational records, including 27 German paratroopers; 457 people suspected of having connections with German intelligence; 1,410 members of fascist organizations; 619 mullahs and active sectarians; 2,126 deserters... As of November 1, 35 bandit groups with a total numbering 245 people and 43 lone bandits. More than 4,000 people - participants in the armed uprisings of 1941-42 - stopped active activities, but their weapons - pistols, machine guns, automatic rifles - are not surrendered, sheltering them for a new armed uprising, which will be timed to coincide with the second German offensive in the Caucasus." |
| 1943.12.02 | Ordzhonikidze. State Security Commissioners of the 2nd rank I. Serov and B. Kobulov reported to Moscow that the operational security groups created for the deportation of the population of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic began work. It was noted that over the previous two months, about 1,300 bandits hiding in forests and mountains were legalized. Among them are D. Murtazaliev, who led a gang for 18 years and repeatedly provoked armed uprisings, A. Badaev, the leader of an armed group with 15 years of experience. At the same time, during the legalization process, the bandits handed over only a small part of their weapons. The note by Kobulov and Serov substantiated the proposal to use tactical exercises in mountain conditions as a pretext for sending troops. However, instead of Red Army units, NKVD troops will be stationed in the republic. It was proposed to begin the concentration of troops at the initial positions 20-30 days before the operation. |
| 1944.01.31 | Moscow. USSR State Defense Committee Resolution No. 5073 was adopted on the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the deportation of its population to Central Asia and Kazakhstan “for aiding the fascist occupiers.” |
| 1944.02.13 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Having intelligence information that Kh. Israilov was being hidden by the Murtazaliev brothers, the NKVD arrested them. As a result of interrogations, A. Murtazaliev testified that Kh. Israilov was hiding in the cave of the Bachi-Chu mountain in the Dzumsoevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district. |
| 1944.02.15 | LYeningrad front. Troops 67A completed the breakthrough of the Luga defensive line of German troops.Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The NKVD task force (Comrade Tsereteli) found the refuge of the head of the “Special Party of Caucasian Brothers” H. Israilova in the cave of the mountain "Bachi-Chu". Kh. Israilov himself was not there. During a search of the cave, one serviceable "Degtyarev" light machine gun and 3 disks for it were discovered, one English ten-round rifle, one Iranian rifle, one Russian three-line rifle in good condition, 200 pieces of rifle cartridges and Israilov's original notes relating to his rebel activities, weighing about two kg. Also found were lists of members of the rebel organization OPKB in 20 villages of the Itum-Kalinsky, Galanchozhsky, Shatoevsky and Prigorodny districts of the Chi ASSR, with a total number of 6540 people, 35 tickets of members of the fascist organization "Caucasian Eagles" received Israilov through German paratroopers dropped during 1942-1943. on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, map of the Caucasus on German, in which, throughout the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Georgian SSR, settlements in which there are cells of the rebel organization OPKB are highlighted. |
| 1944.02.17 | Vladikavkaz. Telegram L. Beria To I.Stalin: “Preparation for the operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush is ending. After clarification, 459,486 people were registered as being subject to resettlement, including those living in the regions of Dagestan bordering Checheno-Ingushetia and in the city of Vladikavkaz... Considering the seriousness of the operation, I ask that you allow me to stay in place until the operation is completed, at least basically, i.e. until February 26-27, 1944." (GARF. F.9401. Op.2. D.64. L.167). |
| 1944.02.22 | Vladikavkaz. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin about the preparation of the operation in Checheno-Ingushetia: “... The eviction begins at dawn on February 23 of this year, it was planned to cordon off the areas to prevent the population from leaving the territory of the settlements. The population will be invited to the gathering, part of the gathering will be released to collect things, and the rest will be disarmed and taken to the loading sites. I believe that the operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush will be carried out successfully" (GARF. F.R-9401. Op.2. D.64. L .166). |
| 1944.02.23 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. According to the State Defense Committee resolution No. 5073 of January 31, 1944, the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished. From its composition, 4 districts were transferred to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Grozny region was formed on the remaining territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. At 2 a.m., NKVD troops cordoned off all populated areas, set up ambushes and patrols, and turned off radio broadcasting stations and telephone communications. At 5 o'clock in the morning, the men were called to meetings, where the decision of the USSR government was announced to them in their native language. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin: “Today, February 23, at dawn, an operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush began. The eviction is proceeding normally. There are no noteworthy incidents. There were 6 cases of attempts at resistance on the part of individuals who were stopped by arrest or use weapons. Of the persons scheduled for seizure in connection with the operation, 842 people were arrested. As of 11 a.m., 94 thousand 741 people were removed from populated areas, i.e., over 20 percent subject to eviction, loaded into railway cars from this number 20 thousand 23 people." |
| 1944.02.26 | Moscow. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars "On urgent measures to restore livestock farming on collective farms in areas of the Byelorussian SSR liberated from the German invaders." Vladikavkaz. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin: “The operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush is proceeding normally. By the evening of February 25, 342 thousand 647 people were loaded onto railway trains. 86 trains were sent from the loading station to the places of new resettlement.” (GARF. F.R-9401. Op.2. D.64. L.160). |
| 1944.03.01 | Moscow. The V session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR began its work. The Supreme High Command headquarters appointed Marshal G. Zhukov as commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front instead of the seriously wounded man on 02/29/1944. Vladikavkaz. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin: “I am reporting on the results of the operation to evict Chechens and Ingush. The eviction began on February 23 in most areas with the exception of high-mountain settlements. By February 29, 478,479 people were evicted and loaded onto railway trains, including 91,250 Ingush and 387,229 Chechens. 177 trains were loaded, of which 154 trains have already been sent to the place of the new settlement. Today a train with former leaders and religious authorities of Checheno-Ingushetia, who were used in the operation, was sent... The operation proceeded in an organized manner and without serious cases of resistance and others incidents... During the preparation and conduct of the operation, 2,016 anti-Soviet elements from among the Chechens and Ingush were arrested. 20,072 firearms were seized, including 4,868 rifles, 479 machine guns and machine guns. ... Leaders of party and Soviet bodies of North Ossetia, Dagestan and Georgia have already begun work on developing new areas that have been transferred to these republics... Today we finish our work here and leave for one day to Kabardino-Balkaria and from there to Moscow.” |
| 1944.03.09 | Moscow. Secret resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR N 255-74ss "On the settlement and development of areas of the former Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic." |
| 1944.03.22 | Moscow. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the formation of the Grozny region as part of the RSFSR": "To form the Grozny region with the center in the city of Grozny and in connection with this to liquidate the Grozny and Kizlyar districts Stavropol Territory". |
| 1944.07 | Kazakh SSR. The NKVD authorities arrested 2,196 special settlers - Chechens, Ingush, Karachays - for various crimes. |
| 1944.12.29 | Grozny region. In mountainous Chechnya, NKVD agents killed a leader insurgency Kh.Israilov, “the corpse was identified and photographed. The agents were switched to eliminating the remnants of the gang leaders.” Over 80 bandit groups continue to operate on the territory of the former Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| 1948.11.24 | Moscow. Secret resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N 4367-1726ss: "In order to strengthen the regime of settlement of deportees from among the Chechens, Karachais, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Germans, Crimean Tatars, etc., as well as to strengthen criminal liability for escapes of deportees from places of compulsory and permanent settlement The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decides: 1. Establish that resettlement in remote areas Soviet Union Chechens, Karachais, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Germans, Crimean Tatars, etc. produced forever, without the right to return them to their previous places of residence. For unauthorized departure (escape) from places of compulsory settlement of these deportees, the perpetrators will be held criminally liable, setting the penalty for this crime at 20 years of hard labor..." |
| 1957.01 | The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored. |
| 1957.02. | Rehabilitation of some nationalities deported by Stalin (Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachais and Kalmyks). They are returning to their historical homeland. |
| 1958.08. | Ethnic conflicts in Grozny (between Chechens and Russians). |
| 1990.06.12 | The Parliament of the RSFSR proclaims the sovereignty of the republic. |
| 1990.07.27 | Belarus adopted a declaration of sovereignty |
| 1990.08. | Declaration of sovereignty of Turkmenistan, Armenia, Tajikistan |
| 1990.10.26 | Declaration of Sovereignty of Kazakhstan |
| 1990.10.31 | The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopts a law on control over natural resources on its territory |
| 1990.11. | The Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic |
| 1990.11.30 | Sending humanitarian aid to Russia (mainly from Germany). |
| 1990.12.12 | State of emergency declared in South Ossetia |
| 1990.12.12 | The USA gave a loan of 1 billion to the USSR for the purchase of food |
| 1991.01.16 | The US launched Operation Desert Storm against Iraq. |
| 1991.02.19 | The President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin demanded the resignation of M. Gorbachev. |
| 1991.02.24 | US troops began a ground operation in Iraq (on February 28, US President Bush announced a cessation of hostilities). |
| 1991.03.01 | Beginning of the miners' strike movement (will last 2 months) |
| 1991.03.17 | Referendum on preserving the USSR (6 republics boycott). |
| 1991.03.31 | Referendum on independence of Georgia (independence from 09.04) |
| 1991.04.01 | The Warsaw Pact (military structures) was dissolved. |
| 1991.04.09 | The Georgian parliament decides to secede from the USSR. |
| 1991.06.11 | New US loan (1.5 billion) to the USSR for food |
| 1991.06.12 | Elections of the President of the RSFSR Yeltsin, and Popov and Sobchak as mayors. |
| 1991.07.01 | Soviet troops were withdrawn from Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The Warsaw Pact is dissolved (political structures). |
| 1991.08.30 | The KGB board was dissolved, the USSR government was dismissed. |
| 1991.09.06 | The leadership of the USSR officially announced the granting of independence to Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. |
| 1991.09. | The National Congress of the Chechen People declared the state sovereignty of the Chechen Republic. |
| 1991.09.22 | Armenia is proclaimed an independent republic. |
| 1991.12.08 | Belovezhskaya agreements on the liquidation of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (on December 21, almost all other republics of the USSR will join it). |
| 1991.12.25 | Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as President of the USSR - the USSR ceases to exist.. |
| 1994.11.25 | The opposition to Dudayev is trying to take Grozny by storm. The fighting continues until November 26. |
| 1994.11.30 | Decree of the President of the Russian Federation On measures to restore constitutionality and law and order on the territory of the Chechen Republic |
| 1994.12.11 | Russian troops entered the territory of the Chechen Republic |
| 1994.12.14 | Yeltsin sends an ultimatum to Dzhokhar Dudayev demanding that he lay down his arms. |
| 1994.12.31 | Russian troops begin offensive operation to Grozny. |
| 1995.01.02 | Russian troops are storming Grozny. |
| 1995.01.19 | Russian troops captured the presidential palace, which was the main center of resistance. |
| 1995.02.08 | Dzhokhar Dudayev and his troops leave Grozny, recognizing its loss... |
| 1995.03.06 | Russian troops brought Grozny and most of the Chechen Republic under full control |
| 1995.06.14 | Shamil Basayev carried out a raid on the city of Budennovsk |
| 1995.06.19 | Chechen militants, with the consent of Russian Prime Minister Chernomydin, are returning to the territory of Chechnya. |
| 1995.06.23 | Representatives of Russia and Chechnya entered into a temporary peace agreement on the cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Russian troops and the holding of elections in Chechnya. |
| 1995.07.30 | Representatives of Russia and Chechnya signed a peace agreement in Grozny. |
| 1995.10. | An attempt was made on the life of the commander of the Russian troops, General A. S. Romanov, which led to the breakdown of peace negotiations with Chechnya. |
| 1995.10.26 | Russian President Yeltsin is hospitalized. Remains in the sanatorium until December 26, 1995. |
| 1996.01. | Russian troops make two unsuccessful attempts to neutralize the Chechen armed formations of S. Raduev in Kizlyar and the village. Pervomaisky. |
| 1996.04. | Destruction of Dudayev by a missile strike aimed at his cell phone |
| 1996.08. | Chechen formations captured Grozny |
| 1996.08.30 | In Khasavyurt, peace agreements were signed with Chechnya, which provided for the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of Chechnya, the holding of general democratic elections, and the decision on the status of Chechnya was postponed for five years. |
Timofeeva N.Yu.
Aspects of the study of creativity in urban speech.................................................... ............102
Truong Manh Hai
The concept “family”/“^^ BINH” in Russian aspect dictionaries
and Vietnamese languages........................................................ ........................................................ ...108
PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
Andreeva A.A.
Frontier in the history of the Kalmyk ethnic group
(philosophical and cultural aspects)................................................. ........................120
Ayakova Zh.A.
About Mahayana Buddhism in the modern sociocultural space
North America................................................... ........................................................ .......126
Bicheev B.A.
Buddhist teaching on death in the text of “The History of Uneker Torliktu Khan”.................................134
Dashkova S.V.
Ideology of modern terrorism................................................................... ........................141
Urbanaeva I. S.
Criticism, authenticity and radicalism in Buddhism.................................................... ......149
Khrapov S.A., Kashkarov A.M.
Man in a technogenic society: philosophical and historical analysis.................................158
ANNIVERSARY........................................................ ........................................................ ...........................164
SCIENTIFIC EVENTS................................................................... ........................................173
NEW PUBLICATIONS................................................... ...........................................174
ABOUT THE AUTHORS................................................... ................................................181
CONTENTS................................................... ........................................................ ...................183
HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND ARCHEOLOGY
UDC 94(470.6) BBK 63.3(2 Kav-Chech)6
A.M. Bugaev
Chechen State Pedagogical University
POPULATION AND TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s-80s. XX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the study of little-studied pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Her chronological framework- 60s-80s. XX century. As the object of the study, the author identified demographic and territorial aspects, guided by the fact that during the period under review, their transformation took place, largely due to the processes of restoring the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its further socio-economic development.
Keywords: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Chechens, Ingush, population, national composition, republic, territory, administrative-territorial structure, city, district, village, village, aul.
Chechen State Pedagogical University
THE RESEARCH OF THE POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s and 80s OF THE XXth CENTURY
The article is devoted to the little-known pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The research is limited by the chronological framework of the 60s and 80s of the twentieth century. The main object of the research is outlined by the territorial and demographic aspects. The author is guided by the fact that this period is known by transformation taking place after the recovery of the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet socialist Republic and its further socioeconomic development.
Key words: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, the Chechens, the Ingush, population, national composition, the Republic, the territory of the administrative-territorial structure, city, district, stanitsa, village.
In the second half of the 50s. XX century Balkars, Ingush, Kalmyks, Karachais and Chechens, who were subjected to forced eviction during the Great Patriotic War, were rehabilitated in accordance with the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and subsequent directives of the highest party and state bodies. In formulating this task, the authorities defined its strategic goal: the creation of “the necessary conditions for the national development” of these peoples.
Over the course of two, three or four years, depending on a whole range of factors, mainly on the number of people to be repatriated to their ethnic homeland, the tasks of restoring their national autonomies were solved.
In this article, we set the task of analyzing certain aspects of the demographic processes that took place during the period of restoration of the statehood of the Vainakh peoples1 and its further development. At the same time, the constant - the methodological key - for us is our understanding that statehood, in this case national, is a political form of institutional organization - self-organization - of one or another ethnic community (substance) on the territory of its historical habitat (formation). Thus, we consider population and territory as the basic elements of this complex structure.
1 Vainakhs are the self-name of Chechens and Ingush.
After the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the public exposure of the cult of personality and its consequences, including the recognition of the forced eviction of entire peoples as a “gross violation of the basic principles national policy parties,” the government, formulating the paradigm of rehabilitation policy, considered options for restoring their autonomy on the territory of regions (republics, territories, regions) of special settlements. This is probably why the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 16, 1956 contained a paragraph (second), which actually contradicted the logic of its preamble and the first paragraph. The state, removing “from the register of special settlements” and releasing “from the administrative supervision of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR” all Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and members of their families1, at the same time established “that the lifting of restrictions on special settlements ... does not entail for the return to them of the property confiscated during the eviction, and that they do not have the right to return to the places from which they were expelled.”
Such a short-sighted step irreversibly provoked a sharp reaction from the special settlers. They made it clear, and in a demonstrative form, that under no circumstances would they resign themselves to eternal excommunication from their native land. The emerging escalation of the tension in the situation required the authorities to seriously adjust the measures under consideration. That is why, in our opinion, the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on November 24, 1956 adopted the resolution “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Kalmyk, Karachay, Balkar, Chechen and Ingush peoples.” Its preamble specifically noted that, firstly, it is necessary to solve the problems of “full rehabilitation of the evicted peoples.”, Secondly, “with great territorial disunity and the absence of autonomous associations, the necessary conditions are not created for the full development of these nations, their economy and culture , but, on the contrary, there is a danger of the national culture decaying,” thirdly, “. V Lately“, especially after the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the removal of Kalmyks, Karachais, Balkars, Chechens, Ingush from special settlements, among them there is an increasing desire to return to their native places and restore national autonomy.”
Thus, the practical implementation of the task of complete political rehabilitation of these peoples quite logically began with the restoration of their national autonomies, i.e., statehood.
Naturally, the authorities understood that the priority tasks were the territorial structure of the restored autonomies and the repatriation of the population. Figuratively speaking, we were talking about the gathering (reunification) of these two components - territory and population, the forced separation of which inevitably entailed the liquidation of the corresponding national-state entities.
Population and territory are the subjects of our research (the experience of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic through the prism of demographic and administrative-territorial aspects).
The program for the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the practical implementation of which began in January 1957, was carried out within the established time frame (1957-1960) mainly in line with the concept of the November (1956) resolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1957, a stream of repatriates poured in, the number of which significantly exceeded the control figures. The government of the RSFSR in 1957 planned to resettle in:
1 Earlier, from March to April 1956, similar decrees were adopted in relation to other peoples who were subjected to forced relocation, including Kalmyk and Balkar. See: Rehabilitation: how it happened. Documents of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and other materials. In 3 volumes. T. 2. February 1956 - early 80s / Comp. A. N. Artizov, Yu. V. Sigachev, V. G. Khlopov, I. N. Shevchuk. M.: MFD, 2003. P. 25, 26, 79, 80
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 17 thousand families, Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 5 thousand families, Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 8 thousand families, Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 10 thousand families.
According to data as of May 20, 8,646 families (32,457 people) actually returned from places of special settlement to: Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 8,646 families (32,457 people), Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 3,602 families (14,598 people), Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 3,986 families (12,864 people), Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 6896 families (30768 people).
By the beginning of January 1958, i.e. exactly a year after the issuance of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, more than 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush returned to the republic. The flow of people arriving in the republic on their own, without the appropriate permission from official authorities, has noticeably increased. Along with these problems, other situations arose that required state legal regulation and the prompt adoption of comprehensive measures, including at fairly high levels of the party and state hierarchy.
This entire set of tasks dictated the need to form a constitutional system of public administration. Although the Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had administrative and executive functions and powers, it did not have the necessary scope of competence of the legislative body. In December 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic petitioned the country's leadership to allow elections of deputies to the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to be held on March 16, 1958, i.e., on the day of the next elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The initiative of the republican bodies was supported. The elections took place on time. And in April 1958, the first session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (second convocation) formed the constitutional bodies of state power and public administration of the republic - the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Council of Ministers of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as the Supreme Court of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Thus, in the spring of 1958, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had a completely legitimate system of government with clearly defined branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. In other words, national autonomy - statehood - of the Chechen and Ingush peoples in the constitutional and legal sense was restored in full format.
The most difficult problem of the restoration process, the successful solution of which depended on many factors, including subjective, as well as accidental and force majeure, from our point of view, was the repatriation of the half-million Vainakh population to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, their household and labor device. The situation was aggravated by the fact that each individual family, with rare exceptions, sought to take advantage, and without delay, of its legal right to return to its republic. This is mainly why the authorized authorities were not always able to organize the systematic relocation of such a huge number of people.
The return of the Vainakh population to Checheno-Ingushetia increased every year. According to official data from the All-Union Population Census, the number of Chechens and Ingush in the USSR in 1959 was 524,736 people. .
The geography of their concentration throughout the country as a whole was as follows:
Table 1
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Ossetia. ASSR
Chechens 418756 261311 243974 12798 339 130232 25208
Ingush 105980 55799 48273 No data 6071 47867 1721
The table indicators characterize the dynamics of the Chechen-Ingush population within the borders of the RSFSR, in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz union republics. At the same time, it is obvious that the observed ethnic dispersion is due to the targeted movement of the Chechen-Ingush population from places of special settlement. As a result of these transformations, its share in the RSFSR quite logically increased, mainly in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on a smaller scale in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Chechens) and the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Ingush). Within the same parameters, its share in the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR decreased.
In places of new concentration, a more multi-level transformation of demographic processes gradually became visible. In this case, we focus on only one of the the most important aspects: based on natural growth rates. At the same time, we proceed from the fact that this indicator almost mirrored the real influence of the sociocultural well-being of an ethnic group on its everyday life.
In the 60s-70s. An unprecedented, in particular in the 40s - in the first half of the 50s, natural increase in the Chechen-Ingush population was recorded. According to the All-Union Population Census, in 1970, 612,674 people lived in the Soviet Union. Chechen nationality and 157,605 people. Ingush nationality. Thus, in ten years - 1959-1970. - the total increase in the Vainakh population in the USSR amounted to 245,543 people, including the Chechen - by 193,918 people, or 46.3%, the Ingush - by 51,625 people, or 48.7%.
The geography of settlement of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR in 1970 was as follows:
table 2
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Total population - - 1064471 - - - -
Russians - - 366959 - - - -
Chechens 612674 572220 508898 39965 1402 34492 3391
Ingush 157605 137380 113675 202 18387 18356 654
Others - - 74939 - - - -
Thus, according to the 1970 census, in Russian Federation 93.4% of Chechens and 87.2% of Ingush lived there. Of these, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 83.1% and 72.1%. respectively.
Changes, although not so large-scale, in the number and geography of settlement of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR, in the same regions, occurred in the next decade - from 1970 to 1979. (according to the 1979 census):
Table 3
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR
Total population 1155805
Russians 336044
Chechens 755782 712161 611405 49227 23663 38256 2654
Ingush 186198 165997 134744 165 1760 18337 643
Others - - 73612 - - - -
The following people lived in the Georgian SSR: Chechens - 158 people, Ingush - 89 people; in Kalmykia: Chechens - 8100, Ingush - 322.
In the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic at the time in question (1979) lived (except for the Vainakh population and Russians): Ukrainians - 12021, Armenians - 14621, Georgians - 1180, Azerbaijanis - 790, Belarusians - 2281, Kumyks - 8087, Tatars - 5444, Jews - 3993, Nogais - 6093, Avars - 4970 and representatives of other peoples of the USSR.
Characterizing the demographic processes that took place in the USSR as a whole and in its individual regions from 1959 to 1979, a number of researchers note noticeable correlation changes in the national composition of the national-state formations of the USSR, in particular Russian ones. At the same time, attention is drawn to fluctuations (pendulum) in the size of the Russian population in national republics and regions. As an example, where the share of the Russian population has “severely decreased”, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is given. Indeed, such an assessment corresponds to statistical indicators, which is confirmed by the data in the table:
Table 4
CHIASSR Number of people (persons) As a percentage of the total
Censuses 1959 1970 1979 1959 1970 1979
Total population 710424 1064471 1155805 100 100 100
Russians 348343 366959 336044 49.0 34.5 29.1
Chechens 243974 508898 611405 34.3 47.8 52.9
Ingush 48273 113675 134744 6.8 10.7 11.7
However, such a statement of an indisputable fact does not sufficiently reflect the cause-and-effect phenomena that determined such a situation. Data indicate that over the ten-year period from 1959 to 1970, the republic experienced an increase in the Russian population by 18,616 people. This is mainly the result of transfer to the jurisdiction
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Naur, Kargalinsky and Shelkovsky districts (zaterechnyh). Their population was mainly made up of residents of Russian nationality. In the process of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the country's leadership recognized the revival of some high-mountainous regions of the republic, in particular Galanchozhsky, Sharoevsky, Cheberloyevsky, as inappropriate. Therefore, a significant part of the population who lived there before the eviction was sent for permanent residence to remote areas. Naturally, as a result of such dynamics, their national composition has changed, and therefore the proportion of individual nationalities.
According to the 1970 census, the proportion of Russians in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole decreased by 14.5%. There are two main reasons: firstly, the almost complete return of almost half a million Vainakh population to the republic; secondly, the persistence of a fairly high level of fertility in Chechen and Ingush families, and therefore a corresponding ranking of natural increase.
The positive dynamics of the birth rate and natural increase of the Chechen and Ingush population continued in the eighties, as evidenced by the 1989 census data.
Table 5
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR
Total population 1270429
Russians 293771
Chechens 956879 898999 734501 57877 2646 49507 2873
Ingush 237438 215068 163762 212 32783 19914 592
Others - - 78395 - - - -
Since its formation (1936), the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has been a multinational republic. Along with Russians, Chechens and Ingush, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Jews, Ossetians, Kabardians, Tatars, representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, etc. traditionally lived here.
Table 6
1959 1970 1979 1989
Russians 348343 366959 336044 293771
Chechens 243974 508898 611405 734501
Ingush 48273 113675 134744 163762
Azerbaijanis 581 739 790 1108
Armenians 13213 14563 14621 14824
Belarusians 1724 2312 2281 2577
Georgians 1433 1373 1180 1041
Avars 5354 4337 4970 6276
Kumyks 5556 7218 8087 9853
Nogais 4123 5534 6093 6884
To the history of the issue
Having lost the first battle to capture the city of Vladikavkaz, based on the ancestral Ingush lands, the Ossetian leaders, supported by I. Stalin, began to prepare for a new stage of the struggle against the Ingush Autonomous Region (IAO) from an unexpected direction: Ossetia conceived and began to implement a plan for the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia into one autonomy with the capital in Grozny, which greatly facilitated the task of ousting the Ingush from Vladikavkaz (the Ingush did not even imagine that Vladikavkaz would later be followed by the whole of Ingushetia, including the Prigorodny district).
However, this move of the Ossetians was figured out by the secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Idris Zyazikov and did everything possible to prevent the abolition of the IAO, and achieved a postponement of consideration of the issue of unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Even earlier than the well-known resolution of the Bureau of the North Caucasian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated October 13, 1928, Bulatu and Zyazikov issued a report on November 28, 1927. A resolution was adopted: a) to take note of the message from Bulatu and Zyazikov; b) consider the issue of uniting Chechnya and Ingushetia in the near future premature; c) to instruct within a month to examine the work of the National Council in the field of development of national culture in general and, in particular, the implementation of joint work in the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions; d) recognize it necessary, upon completion of the study, to convene a meeting of workers from national regions to discuss this issue and consider it in the National Commission.
Both the Ossetians and Stalin’s envoy, the secretary of the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Andrei Andreev, perfectly understood the difficulty of resolving the issue of the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia, which opened the way for the Ossetians to oust the Ingush from Vladikavkaz while Ingushetia was led by I. Zyazikov, an opponent of such a unification. He was not needed, because he interfered with the implementation of insidious plans against the Ingush. And he was removed from the post of secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and sent to courses in Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and then arrested and subsequently physically eliminated. The path to the capture of Vladikavkaz was clear, which the Ingush neighbors did not fail to take advantage of. This was facilitated by the new secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Isidor Chernoglaz.
In September 1931, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed on the initiative of the Ingush to the city of Ordzhonikidze, and on June 20, 1933, by a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the city of Ordzhonikidze was included in the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, and the first stage of the Ossetian expansion of the Ingush territories was completed.
To begin the second repressive stage, it was necessary to complete the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Having gained a foothold in power, it was not difficult for Stalin to complete this anti-Ingush operation, which resulted in the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR “On the formation of a united Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region” with the center in Grozny. This process ended on January 15, 1934. By the way, there was no consent of the peoples of Chechnya and Ingushetia, and, nevertheless, the document on the formation of the united Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region of an anti-constitutional nature, in violation of Article 13 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, was adopted signed by the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee M. Kalinin and the Secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee A. Kiselev.
In 1934, the period of independent development in the fairway ended Russian politics Ingush people. Ingushetia was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage in the new state formation - the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (CHI AO), with the loss of its capital.
After 1934, a new, main stage began to eliminate the national statehood of the Ingush, who, together with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia on February 23, 1944.
This is truly a state crime and all the false slander and rumors go back to it in huge quantities, and the consequences of the deportation of these peoples have not yet been eliminated, especially in relation to the Ingush.
Much has been written and spoken about repeatedly about the thirteen-year exile of the Ingush. Less known are the behind-the-scenes anti-Ingush games of the Ossetian leadership. Even less known are the actions of the anti-Ingush forces after the 20th Congress of the CPSU related to the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, although we find the key to solving the Ingush tragedy precisely in the actions of the anti-Ingush forces. It is extremely important to note the following fact here. The Chairman of the Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Chi ASSR, and then the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Chi ASSR, Muslim Gairbekov, without any knowledge of the Ingush, conducted behind-the-scenes negotiations with the leadership of North Ossetia on the issue of retaining the Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts, although as a Chechen he had no moral right to do so. , especially since the Ingush did not authorize him to do this.
Soon at the VI Plenum of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU, held in Grozny on August 12, 1957 with the agenda: “On the progress of implementation of the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of November 24, 1956 “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples,” with the participation of the Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU Petr Pospelov, the question was raised about the need to return the Prigorodny District to the CHI ASSR.
At this plenum, the chairman of the government of the SO ASSR, B. Zangiev, spoke, stating that the Ossetian population living within the Prigorodny district expressed a desire to move to North Ossetia.
And yet, M. Gairbekov, in agreement with the Ossetian leadership, headed by the first secretary of the North Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU A. Agkatsev, is implementing a plan behind the backs of the Ingush, according to which the Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts of the former Chi ASSR remain part of the SO ASSR, and in return, for the resettlement of Chechens in the mountainous regions of the Chi ASSR, as the Ossetian side claims today, it receives the flat Shelkovsky, Naursky and Karagalinsky districts of the Stavropol Territory, along with the Cossack and Nogai population.
Speaking about the unsightly role played by M. Gairbekov in the anti-Ingush political intrigue, at the Second Congress of the Ingush people on September 9, 1989 in Grozny, the delegate of the congress, the Chief State Inspector for the Use and Protection of the Land Fund of the Chi ASSR, Bembulat Bogatyrev, noted: “ In 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR asked to be informed of which regions it would be desirable and necessary to restore the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.” Alexey Slyusarev, who was then replacing M. Gairbekov, gave an answer to this question, and at the same time he placed special emphasis on the need to return the Prigorodny region to the Ingush. He (M. Gairbekov - B.K.) recalled the telegram sent signed by A. Slyusarev, and sent a new one, in which he argued that the Ingush could do without the Prigorodny district. At the same time, an unpleasant conversation took place between M. Gairbekov and A. Slyusarev. A. Slyusarev was categorically against this scam. M. Gairbekov referred to the promise he made to A. Agkatsev.
In 1973, the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Shchelokov, who arrived in Grozny after the famous January rally of the Ingush, brought with him and showed this particular telegram from M. Gairbekov as an argument against the demands of the Ingush to return their lands to them.
How and why the Checheno-Ingush Republic collapsed
The beginning of perestroika made fundamental changes to the system of government on the territory of the USSR. The notorious Yeltsin parade of sovereignties became the basis for the collapse of the USSR. In the North Caucasus, these processes were most painful in Dagestan, North Ossetia and especially in Checheno-Ingushetia.
In 1987-1990 In deep secrecy from the Ingush, the informal leaders of Chechnya developed the concept of an independent Chechen state. This concept found its concentrated expression at the first congress of the Chechen people, held in Grozny on November 23-25, 1990.
The Ingush were not allowed to attend the congress thanks to such organizers as L. Umkhaev, Z. Yandarbiev, Yu. Soslanbekov. The Ingush appeal to the Chechen people was not read to the delegates, and representatives of the Ingush Orstkhoi were even taken out of the hall. Without a doubt, this undignified game was played without the knowledge of the Chechen people. At the congress, some Chechen delegates agreed to the point that they declared the entire Ingush people to be one Chechen tukhum, and the delegates assigned the remaining nine teip associations to the Chechens. According to the Chechen scenario, the Ingush had no right to independent existence as a people.
General Dzhokhar Dudayev, who appeared at the congress as a guest, was elected chairman of the executive committee of the congress, which later became known as the National Congress of the Chechen People (NCCHN). The pressure in Checheno-Ingushetia was growing with increasing force. The failure of the State Emergency Committee in Moscow opened the door for the executive committee of the OKCHN, headed by D. Dudayev, to seize power. The national congress of the Chechen people decided to create the independent state of Nokhchicho.
The official government of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (CHIR) acted in the same vein. On November 27, 1990, under the leadership of Doku Zavgaev, a session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of Checheno-Ingushetia, in which there was not even a mention of the Russian Federation.
On March 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the ChIR, on the initiative of the same D. Zavgaev, adopted a resolution to refuse to hold a Russian referendum on the territory of the ChIR. The author of these lines personally took part in the work of this session and listened to the speakers of Chechen deputies who spoke about the Russian Federation as a “neighboring state.”
And only six months later, in June 1991, at the next congress of the OKChN, a political statement was adopted, which stated that the Chechen Republic of Nokhchicho was not part of either the USSR or the RSFSR.
This idea, as noted above, was enshrined by the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic even earlier in its Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic of November 27, 1990, Article 15 of which established “the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Chechen Republic throughout the entire territory,” which meant the actual secession from the RSFSR and USSR, although Ingush deputies objected to such a political adventure.
This was a prelude to the brewing national tragedy of the Chechens, Ingush, and the entire multinational people of Checheno-Ingushetia, which freed the hands of hawks both in the North Caucasus and in the Kremlin.
The extraordinary events that followed in August 1991 in Moscow with the establishment of the State Emergency Committee seriously interfered with the implementation of the RSFSR Law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” adopted on April 26, although the legislative framework for this was fully prepared.
The coup d'état carried out in Checheno-Ingushetia under the leadership of General Dudayev also played a negative role here. The Ingush, not wanting to participate in the apparatus games of secession from Russia, held their Third National Congress in Grozny on October 6-7, 1991 and, taking into account the current situation, spoke out for the indivisibility of the Chechen Republic within the Russian Federation. However, the extremist groups in Checheno-Ingushetia, striving for power, did not want to hear anything.
It is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (in its eastern part) and on the adjacent Chechen Plain and Terek-Kuma Lowland. Area 19.3 thousand km2. Population 1159 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1977). In Ch.-I. 14 districts, 5 cities and 4 urban villages. The capital is Grozny.
Political system
Socialist state of workers and peasants, autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current constitution was adopted on June 22, 1937 by the Extraordinary 3rd Congress of Soviets of Ch.-I. ASSR. The highest bodies of state power are the unicameral Upper Council of Ch.-I. The ASSR, elected by the population for 5 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 6 thousand inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Council forms the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers. It is represented in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, town and village Councils of People's Deputies - are elected by the population for 2.5 years.
The Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic elects the Supreme Court of the Republic, consisting of 2 courts, for a period of 5 years. collegiums (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium of the Supreme Court. Prosecutor Ch.-I. The ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for 5 years.
Nature
Along the southern borders of the republic there is the Side Range with the peaks of Tebulosmta (4493 m - the highest point of Ch.-I.), Diklosmta (4285 m), etc.; to the north stretch parallel ridges-cuestas: Skalisty, Pastbischny, Black Mountains. To the north of them is the Chechen Plain. The Terek-Kuma lowland with sandy ridges and hills extends to the north. In the west is the Terek-Sunzha Upland, consisting of the Terek and Sunzhensky ridges, separated by the Alkhanchurt Valley.
In the northern part the climate is continental. In the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, the average temperature in January is -3 °C, in July - 25 °C; precipitation 300-400 mm per year; growing season 190 days. On the Chechen Plain the average January temperature is -4°C, July 24-22°C; precipitation is 400-600 mm per year. In the mountains, the average January temperature ranges from -5°C in the lowlands to -12°C and lower in the highlands; July 21°C and 5°C, respectively; precipitation 600-1200 mm per year.
Almost all rivers belong to the Terek basins. The largest ones - Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Assa - begin in the highlands from glaciers. Floods occur in spring and early summer due to the melting of seasonal snow and glaciers. Rivers originating in low mountains experience summer rain floods. River waters are widely used for irrigation.
The soils on the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland are chestnut and light chestnut, on the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya upland - carbonate chernozems. On the Chechen Plain, meadow soils predominate, and in elevated areas - leached chernozems, in river valleys - alluvial and meadow-swamp soils; in the mountains - mountain-forest and mountain-meadow.
In the Terek-Kumskaya lowland, wormwood-hodgepodge plant formations are common; in more humid areas there is a dry fescue-feather grass steppe, in places on depressions on the sand there are communities of shrubs (elion, hawthorn, etc.). On the Chechen Plain there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains up to an altitude of 1800-2200 m there are broad-leaved forests, higher there are subalpine and alpine meadows. The forest area is 361 thousand hectares (18.7% of the territory of the republic); beech (48.8% of the forested area), birch (10.9%), hornbeam (9.9%), oak (9.6%) predominate.
In the steppe and forest-steppe there are many rodents and reptiles; among birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along the river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. The mountains are inhabited by stone and pine martens, wild boar, aurochs, roe deer, wild cat, wolf, chamois, and badger. In the alpine meadows - black-headed vulture, mountain turkey (sular), Caucasian black grouse, stone partridge (chukar). In Ch.-I. - 8 reserves.
Population
In the republic live: Chechens (508.9 thousand people; here and below are the 1970 census data), Ingush (113.7 thousand people), Russians (366.9 thousand people), peoples of Dagestan (Kumyks, Nogais , Avars, Laks, Dargins, etc.; 19.7 thousand people), Armenians (14.5 thousand people), Ukrainians (12.7 thousand people), Tatars (5.6 thousand people). ) and etc.
From 1926 to 1977 the population increased by 2.2 times. Average density 60 people. per 1 km2 (as of January 1, 1977). The foothill plain is the most populated; very weak - steppe part and highlands. The share of the urban population increased from 19% (1926) to 44% (as of January 1, 1977). All cities, with the exception of Grozny (387 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1977), were formed during the years of Soviet power; Gudermes, Malgobek, Nazran, Argun.
Story
Territory of Ch.-I. was inhabited back in the Paleolithic era. From the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), mainly funerary monuments have been preserved in the mountain and lowland zones. The basis of the economy was pastoral cattle breeding and agriculture, the social system was primitive communal. Monuments of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age (late 2nd - 1st half of the 1st millennium BC) indicate a significant level of socio-economic development of the tribes, the presence of developed metallurgy of copper, and then iron, about connections with Scythia, Transcaucasia and Western Asia. In the early Middle Ages, most of the lowland and part of the foothill regions of Ch.-I. were part of the early feudal state association - Alania. The direct ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush lived in the mountains, where the primitive communal system was undergoing intensive decomposition. In the 13th century Ch.-I. was subjected to devastating invasions of the Mongol-Tatars at the end of the 14th century. Timur's troops invaded here. The low level of development of the productive forces contributed to the preservation for a long time of the remnants of the primitive communal system. On the territory of Ch.-I. there were separate clans and societies (mainly on the plain), uniting several clans, sometimes at war with each other. Until the beginning of the 20th century. there was a blood feud.
After the 10th century in Ch.-I. Christianity began to penetrate from Georgia; from the end of the 16th century. Islam began to spread from Dagestan, which in the 1st half of the 19th century. became the dominant religion. In the 16th century in Ch.-I. feudal relations arise. At the beginning of the 18th century. the Nakhcho tribe was given the ethnic name Chechens (from the village of Chechen), and from the 2nd half of the 19th century. behind the Galgai tribe are the Ingush [from the village of Angush (Ingush)].
In 1722, during the Persian campaign, Peter I visited Chechnya. From that time on, the Chechens and Ingush, especially those living on the plains, began cultural and economic ties with Russia. At the same time, the colonial policy of tsarism caused the growth of the national liberation struggle (in particular, the popular movement in the North Caucasus, which was led by the Chechen Ushurma, 1785). In 1810, the Ingush voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship; their lands were not subject to colonization; The tsarist government encouraged the resettlement of the Ingush to the plain, as a result of which the bulk of them did not participate in the war against Russia. The strengthening of the military colonization of the North Caucasus (the construction of fortresses, the pushing of the Chechens and other mountain peoples into the mountains, the settlement of fertile lands by the Cossacks, etc.) caused the movement of the mountaineers under the leadership of the imams Gazi-Magomed, Gamzat-bek and Shamil (see Caucasian War of 1817- 64). After Shamil’s capitulation in 1859, Chechnya completely and finally became part of Russia, which contributed to the economic and cultural development of the Chechen and Ingush peoples and undermined the patriarchal clan system and subsistence farming in the villages of Ch.-I. At the end of the 19th century. A commercial and industrial bourgeoisie appeared, owning oil fields, factories, and trading enterprises. In the early 90s. through Ch.-I. Vladikavkaz railway was carried out. d. The Grozny oil industry began to develop rapidly (the first well was drilled in 1893). The working class was formed from the newcomer, mainly Russian, population. By 1905 there were over 10 thousand workers in Grozny, by 1917 - up to 20 thousand. Commercial farming and cattle breeding developed. Only in 1913 from Ch.-I. 6816 thousand poods of grain were exported.
In the early 1900s. Social Democratic circles arose in Grozny, and in 1903 a Bolshevik organization took shape, in the creation of which I. T. Fioletov played a major role. The city's proletariat actively participated in the Revolution of 1905-07. In the spring and summer of 1905 there was a wave of peasant uprisings, mainly in the Vedeno district.
After the February Revolution, on March 4 (17), 1917, the Civil Committee was created in Grozny, which was an organ of the bourgeois Provisional Government. On March 5 (18), the Grozny Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies was formed. On March 14 (27), the Chechen Congress took place in Grozny, at which the bourgeois-nationalist “Chechen National Council” of sheikhs, merchants and officers, as well as the Ingush National Council, were elected. By the fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by N. A. Anisimov, won a majority in the Grozny Soviet; The Grozny garrison went over to the side of the October Revolution. On October 26 (November 8), Soviet power was proclaimed in the city.
The establishment of Soviet power in Ch.-I. accompanied by fierce class struggle. In mid-November, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division (the so-called “Wild Division”) were killed at the Groznaya station. Cossack and mountain counter-revolution, led by the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M.A. Karaulov and the Chechen oil industrialist A.-M. A. Chermoev, used this incident to present an ultimatum on November 23 (December 6) demanding the Grozny Soviet to disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. On November 24 (December 7) counter-revolutionary units captured Grozny; On December 31, 1917 (January 13, 1918) they were expelled with the help of revolutionary troops arriving from Mozdok; power passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee.
On January 25-31 (February 7-13), 1918, the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region took place in Mozdok, one of the leaders of which was S. M. Kirov. The congress created the Terek People's Council and prevented an interethnic war started by the Cossack elite. The 2nd Congress of the Peoples of the Terek in Pyatigorsk (March 1-18, 1918) recognized Soviet power on March 17 and created the Terek Soviet Republic as part of the RSFSR. After the congress, the workers of Chechnya convened a congress of the Chechen people in the village of Goyty and elected the Goyty People's Council (chaired by T. E. Eldarkhanov). The Ingush National Council, headed by G. Akhriev, was reorganized. The Goytinsky People's and Ingush National Councils declared their support for the Soviet authorities.
In the summer of 1918, the Cossack counter-revolution of the Terek, led by G. F. Bicherakhov (see Bicherakhovs), launched an anti-Soviet rebellion. In the battles near Grozny (August 11 - November 12, 1918), the Bicherakhites were defeated. The defense of the city was led by N. F. Gikalo, A. Sheripov, A. Z. Dyakov. Extraordinary Commissioner of the South of Russia to the North. The Caucasus was G.K. Ordzhonikidze.
In February 1919 Ch.-I. captured the White Guard troops of General A.I. Denikin; on the night of February 3, Soviet troops left Grozny. In the mountains of Ch.-I. partisan detachments were created that continued the fight against the counter-revolution. On the night of December 23, 1919, an uprising of workers and political prisoners occurred in Grozny, suppressed by Denikin’s forces.
With the approach of the Red Army to the North Caucasus, by decision of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) in January 1920, the Terek regional group of rebel troops was created under command. Gikalo. In March, the 11th Army and rebel troops launched an offensive against Grozny; On March 17, the city was liberated. By the end of March 1920, Soviet power in Ch.-I. was finally restored.
On November 17, 1920, at the congress of the peoples of the Terek region in Vladikavkaz (now the city of Ordzhonikidze), the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed (decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921), into which Chechnya and Ingushetia were included as the Chechen and Nazran districts. On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Okrug was separated from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 7, 1924, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished, and the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was created on part of its territory. The Soviet government freed the working people of Ch.-I. from national oppression and eliminated national inequality in all areas of socio-political, economic and cultural life. In 1921-26 in Ch.-I. With the help of the Russian and other fraternal peoples, the national economy was restored. For the heroic struggle against counter-revolution and the restoration of the oil industry, the Grozny proletariat was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1924.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, the industry and oil fields of Grozny were radically reconstructed, new powerful oil refineries, chemical and machine-building plants, as well as canning and other food industry enterprises were built. The collectivization process was successful. The percentage of collectivized peasant farms by 1933 was 40.5 in Ingushetia and 32.4 in Chechnya. In 1939, 73,744 farms (96%) were united in 472 collective farms. Successes in the field of agriculture were achieved in the context of the struggle against kulaks and mullahs, who used remnants of the tribal system and religious beliefs against collectivization.
During the years of Soviet power, a culture that was national in form and socialist in content was created in the republic. In 1920, only 0.8% of Chechens were literate, and among Ingush - 3%. In 1923-25, writing was created in the Chechen and Ingush languages. By 1940, literacy among Chechens was 85%, and among Ingush - 92%. The cadres of the national intelligentsia have grown. A large educational work to eliminate patriarchal-tribal remnants. Measures were taken to involve Chechens and Ingush in industrial production. Based on successes in economic and cultural development, on January 15, 1934, the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions were united into the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, which on December 5, 1936 was transformed into Ch.-I. ASSR.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the working people of Ch.-I. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic actively helped the front. The oil industry worked with great effort, providing the front with gasoline and lubricants. Agriculture remained at 1940 levels and supplied the army with food. In the fall of 1942, Nazi troops invaded the western part of the republic, but were stopped at the distant approaches to Grozny; in January 1943 the territory of Ch.-I. The ASSR was liberated. During the Great Patriotic War, Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts and took part in the partisan struggle against the fascist invaders. Several thousand people. awarded orders and medals, 36 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1944 Ch.-I. The ASSR was abolished; By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 9, 1957, the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples was restored.
In the 60-70s. Ch.-I. The ASSR achieved new successes, which was facilitated by the constant and selfless assistance of the peoples of the entire Soviet Union. In the republic by 1977 there were 32 Heroes of Socialist Labor, a total of 13,060 workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. Behind achievements achieved in the development of the national economy Ch.-I. The ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965; in 1972 - the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
Sources
- N.V. Pribytkov, V.B. Vinogradov, N.P. Gritsenko “Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”