Artemenko Anna Vladimirovna
Ecological project“The problem of garbage and the second life of used things”
Explanatory note
Relevance.
Preschool age is an important stage in development ecological culture of personality. At this age, the child begins to distinguish himself from the environment, develops an emotional and value-based attitude towards the environment, and forms the foundations of moral and ecological positions of the individual.
Ecological-social situation today puts forward to experts preschool education the task of finding universal means environmental education in modern conditions. One of these means, in my opinion, may be environmental project, one of the few technologies that takes the teacher beyond the walls of the kindergarten in the world and social reality.
Every day during the walk, the preschoolers took part in cleaning the territory of their site and every time they had problems questions: where does so much come from? garbage? Where are they taking them? garbage? etc. To answer these childish questions and try to solve “ garbage problem", I developed project« The problem of garbage and« second Life» used items».
Passport project
Name project« The problem of garbage and« second Life» used items»
Developer project Artemenko Anna Vladimirovna
Teacher of MBDOU No. 5
What age and social group aimed project Pupils of the preparatory group for school
Tasks project to form in children knowledge about various types of activities to protect nature.
Expand children’s knowledge about the interdependence of the natural world and human activities, both economic and environmental;
Form ideas about feasibility reuse household and household waste;
Learn to correctly express your attitude towards the actions of children and adults from the perspective of generally accepted norms and adequately perceive the assessment of your behavior;
Develop imagination, the ability to realize one’s impressions in artistic and creative activities.
Type project According to the dominant activities: cognitive-creative.
By composition of participants: group.
By time: short-term
/from 01.03.2017 to 31.03.2017/
Participants project Pupils of preparatory school group No. 1, teachers of preschool educational institutions, parents of pupils.
Venue MBDOU No. 5, group room, playground, park area, st. Pervomayskaya.
Planned result:
Develop in children a negative attitude towards garbage on the streets of his native village and the desire to make it clean and beautiful
Create parents' interest in environmental problem raising your children.
Bring up careful attitude to nature.
Stages project
1. Preparatory (definition of goals and objectives project, planning).
Development of an implementation plan project.
Preparation of event notes.
Selection of illustrative material.
Introducing parents to the plan project.
2. Main (implementation of the plan project) .
Thematic excursion around the territory of the kindergarten and beyond .
Collection of photographic materials on the topic “Nature is begging for help!”
Conversations with children.
Games are experiments.
Organization of motor activity of children.
Reading fiction. Studying literature on the topic project("Encyclopedia Pochemuchki", « Trash fantasy» V. A. Usacheva).
3. Final (summarizing).
Show ecological fairy tale“Like a hedgehog was looking for grandma”
Thematic planning
No. Event Goals and objectives Participants
From 01.03 to 03.03.17
1. Thematic excursion "Clean area of the kindergarten". Monitoring the state of the environment in and around the kindergarten. To instill a love of nature, careful and caring attitude To environment. Cultivate interest and respect for the work of a janitor. Teacher
Pupils
2 Conversation "Help nature". To develop in children knowledge about various types of activities to protect nature, to arouse a desire for this activity, and to aim at carrying out some activities to help nature. Teacher
Pupils
3 Work assignments: “Helping the kids clean up the area from garbage» . "Cleaning the group site from garbage» Fostering hard work, accuracy, and respect for the environment.
Pupils
From 06.03 to 10.03.17
4 Reading ecological fairy tale: Ants and garbage.
Nikitina Yu. V.,
Nikitin Valery. Introduce children to ecological fairy tale . To develop in children the ability to listen, to follow the development of the plot in the work. Teacher
Pupils
5 Conversation: "O garbage and that what can be done to There is less garbage...» Give children an idea of the problem of garbage in the village.
Talk about the dangers of landfills for nature and people. Teach children to have a responsible attitude towards nature.
Convey to the children the importance of this Problems and show some ways out of this situation. Teacher
Pupils
6 Didactic game : "Nature and Man"
To consolidate and systematize children’s knowledge about what is created by man and what nature gives to man. Teacher
Pupils
From 13.03. until 03/17/17
7 Outdoor game: "Take it quickly"
Teach children to walk, run in circles, act on a signal, develop dexterity and speed. Teacher
Pupils
FC instructor.
8 Memo for parents
“Teach children to save nature” Cultivate a caring attitude towards the environment, show in practice your attitude towards trash teacher
9 Game-experiment: "We're sorting garbage right»
To promote the development of the ability to differentiate and sort objects according to the materials from which they were made. Teacher
Pupils
10 Reading Ecological fairy tale"About how Purity Garbage won»
Pupils
From 20.03 to 24.03.17
11 Conversation: "Treat your planet right"
Introduce children to environmental problems; cultivate love for the world around us. Teacher
Pupils
12 Outdoor game: "Change the subject". Learn to act on a signal, develop your hands, dexterity, speed. Teacher
Pupils
13 Didactic game "What happens if?"
Know what needs to be done in order to protect, preserve and enhance nature.
Develop the ability to draw conclusions and inferences. Teacher
Pupils
From 27.03 to 31.03.17
14 Consultation for parents « Ecological raising children in a family" Give guidelines on formation ecological culture in the family, help to realize the need for personal participation in environmental activities . Teacher
Pupils
15 Didactic game: "Protect nature" To consolidate knowledge about the protection of natural objects. Teacher
Pupils
16 Ecological fairy tale“Like a hedgehog was looking for grandma”
Teach children to be careful about the environment. Develop in children ecological thinking. Promote the development ecologically conscious behavior. Develop in children a negative attitude towards garbage on the streets of his native village and the desire to make it clean and beautiful Teacher
Pupils
Musical director
Publications on the topic:
2017 in Russia was declared the Year of Ecology. And as part of the year of ecology and the celebration of April 22 International Day We had land.
One autumn evening, turning over the shelves of furniture, I discovered a lot of unnecessary things: jars, ribbons, photo frames, etc. Anything could be done.
Project on environmental education “The problem of household waste” (preparatory group) Passport of the project “The Problem of Household Waste” MADOU Kindergarten combined type No. 4 “Sun”, Aramil, 2017 Contents Characteristics.
"Aquarium" out of the box and plastic bottles. Description of the design and research work Author and project leader: teacher Barinova.
Hypothesis: to prove that household waste can be given a “second life”, or at least extend the life of plastic bottles, cans and other packaging material by making crafts with your own hands that will become a real work of art.
Garbage problem in last years among others environmental problems The problem of garbage has come to the fore. According to experts, currently every inhabitant of the planet produces on average about one ton of garbage per year. IN Russian Federation Over 140 million cubic meters are generated annually. m of such waste and only 5% is processed, and the rest is transported to landfills for storage. The increase in the amount of household waste is associated with the following reasons: growth in the production of disposable consumer goods; increasing the amount of packaging; - increasing the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced
Types of household waste: - Food scraps - Paper (newspapers, magazines, packaging materials) - Glass (bottles, broken cans) - Textiles (old clothes, bed linen) - Rubber ( car tires) - Polymers (disposable tableware, plastic bags, plastic bottles) - Ferrous and non-ferrous metals (tin cans).
Decomposition times for household waste. I have found that household waste takes a very long time to decompose. Glass bottles 1000 years; Plastic products 100 years; Tin cans - 50 to 80 years Rubber soles of shoes - 4050 years; Leather goods 50 years; Nylon products – 30-40 years; Plastic bag – 10 20 years; Batteries 10 years; Cigarette butts 1 – 5 years; Wool sock 1 – 5 years; Paper 2 years; Orange or banana peel2 5 weeks.
Methods for recycling household waste. Today, there are the following methods that make it possible to get rid of household waste: The landfill method is the cheapest way to get rid of waste. In this case, the garbage is simply buried in the ground or dumped on it and covered with earth. Incineration method – when household waste burns, many toxic substances are released into the air. The first two methods are not harmless to our environment. They pose a serious environmental hazard. Recycling is the most effective way to solve the problem of getting rid of garbage, but FOR THIS it is necessary to build recycling plants and change the usual behavior of people, everyone should learn to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green. Recycling. I will tell you more about the recycling method.
Carton boxes. After moving or purchasing household appliances There are often a lot of cardboard boxes left over. Crafts made from waste cardboard can be of completely different sizes and purposes. You can make a small toy house and decorate it with colored pencils. A few boxes, a roll of adhesive tape and imagination are the necessary things to build a full-fledged playroom.
Disposable tableware is an excellent material for creating wonderful children's crafts. Using spoons, forks and plates you can make many different crafts. Plasticine and colored paper will help you decorate a plate and turn it into a wall panel. And pieces of fabric will turn plastic forks into beautiful fans. Spoons can be used to create interesting flowers for bouquets or paintings.
Burnt-out old light bulbs are often used to create children's New Year's crafts, namely for making Christmas tree decorations. Beading and painting are used to transform light bulbs. You can paint a light bulb and make it into a beautiful Christmas tree decoration in the shape of a penguin or snowman. You can also make a bell from a yogurt cup, decorating it with glitter, colored paper, beads and satin bows.
CONCLUSION: I proved that household waste has a second life. This does not require any resources, you only need an idea, imagination, patience and hands that will bring everything to life. Unusual compositions from old things make city streets more beautiful, making passers-by surprised, causing a smile, and sometimes just delight. how big a problem is the “invasion” of garbage on our planet. If you throw out less garbage, it means the environment will be more As a result of the research work carried out, it became clear to me that it is environmentally friendly. More than half of the waste can be recycled and used again. And not one person should stand aside! Everyone can do their bit and help nature in recycling waste. There is no need to wait for scientists to come up with microelements that can speed up the decomposition process of things like glass, tires, and plastic bottles.
Barbashov Dmitry, Khamaganova Zoya
Ecological project. The idea of recycling waste.
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Preview:
Scientific and practical conference
"Rostock"
Creative and practical project
"Garbage and its second life"
Project implementation period: January-February 2012.
Present the project
students of grade 3 “b” of MBOU “Nizhneangarsk Secondary School No. 1”:
Barbashov Dmitry
Khamaganova Zoya
Performed:
Barbashov Dmitry
Khamaganova Zoya
Pirogova Nadezhda
Yashkina Anastasia
Kotova Anastasia
Golikova Ksenia
Supervisor:
Moiseeva N.A. - primary school teacherMBOU "Nizhneangarsk secondary school No. 1
n. Nizhneangarsk
2011-2012
The project is divided into two stages.
January
February
Information and research stage
Our village is located on the shores of the unique Lake Baikal. We were born in the village, we grow up, we study and we live. But you often see unfurnished garbage cans filled with waste near residential buildings, and the same amount of garbage lying around. And stray dogs rummage through all this. And in the spring our village turns into a garbage field. But then cleanup days are organized, cars arrive, all the garbage is loaded and taken away. "Where?" , adults answer: “To the landfill!”
Relevance of the project.In Nizhneangarsk in this moment There is one option for waste disposal - removal tovillage landfill. But does this solve the problem?household waste disposalin an environmental sense? No and no again.
Hypothesis: Or maybe garbage can be given a “second life”?
And then we decided to conduct an investigation on the topic: “Garbage and its “second life.”
Objective of the project:
- Learn all about waste disposal methods.
- Learn through practical work find useful application household waste, thereby making our contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.
Tasks:
- identify which household waste is most abundant in the classroom and at home;
- find out which waste decomposes faster;
- get acquainted with the methods of “fighting” household waste, namely the safest method of disposal;
- recycling of waste.
- master new technologies for working with various waste materials;
- make together with the teacher useful products from household waste;
- organize a master class.
Exploring this problem From magazines, encyclopedias, textbooks on ecology, and the Internet, we learned that, it turns out, the problem of household waste is relevant for all countries of the world.
It turned out that:
200 thousand years BC e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists.
400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill has been established in Athens.
200 A city garbage collection service was established in Rome.
1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris.
1388 The English Parliament banned throwing garbage on the streets.
1775 The first rubbish bins appeared in London.
1800 The City Council of New York ordered the removal of pigs from the city streets.
Which were supposed to eat garbage.
1874 Organized burning of city rubbish began in Nottingham.
1897 The first waste sorting and recycling center was opened in New York.
1932 Garbage compacting machines are invented in the USA.
1942 Mass collection of waste for recycling begins in the USSR and the USA.
Military purposes.
1948 The Fresh Kills landfill opened in New York and remains
The largest in the world.
1965 The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Disposal Act.
2000 EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and recycling
Use 50% waste.
On average, every inhabitant of the Earth accumulates about a ton of waste per year, which is more than 5 billion tons. Every country has its own garbage problems, but wherever there is garbage, there are landfills. There are “wild” and specially equipped landfills. We are all familiar with “wild” landfills. In vacant lots, abandoned construction sites, on the edges of forests, along highways and railways They dump a wide variety of garbage, despite the prohibitions.
Of all this garbage, solid household waste poses a serious threat to environmental pollution. Garbage dumps significantly affect all components of the environment and are a powerful pollutant of air, soil, and groundwater. These landfills are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become sources infectious diseases. Plastics and synthetic materials occupy a special place among household waste, since they are not subject to biological degradation processes and can long time be in the environment. So, for example, left by us plastic bag, will lie in the ground for several centuries. There are no bacteria on Earth that can destroy it. And shards of glass, cans, and bottles can, like mines, “work” even after 1000 years: in sunny weather, a shard of glass can act as a lens and cause a fire. And how many people are injured due to broken glass, which can easily even cut through shoes?
We found out that it takes many years for household waste to decompose.
Glass bottles - 1000 years;
Plastic products - 100 years;
Cans – 50 - 80 years
(bury it under a plum tree - 2-3 years);
Rubber soles of boots – 50 - 40 years;
Leather - 50 years;
Nylon products – 30 - 40 years;
Plastic bag – 10 - 20 years;
Batteries - 10 years;
Cigarette butts - 1 - 5 years;
Wool sock - 1 - 5 years;
Paper - 2 years;
Orange or banana peel -2 - 5 weeks.
During the week, we monitored the accumulation of garbage in the classroom and at home.
Paper | Plastic | Glass | Food waste | Textile leather, etc. | ||||||
Day of the week | House | School | House | School | House | School | House | School | House | School |
Monday | ||||||||||
Tuesday | ||||||||||
Wednesday | ||||||||||
Thursday | ||||||||||
Friday | ||||||||||
Saturday | ||||||||||
Sunday |
+ :was
- :was not
Conclusion: Household waste accumulates the most (paper, plastic, food waste)
At school, paper mostly accumulates.
Then we conducted a survey of school students.
The most littered places
streets – 37%
residential courtyards – 30%
shopping centers – 12%
school grounds – 1%
recreation areas for citizens – 20%
The main reason for littering
Insufficient number of trash cans and containers for waste – 5%
Poor performance of wipers – 2%
Lack of a clear waste collection and disposal system – 47%
Low level of culture of the settlement’s residents – 46%
Who litters the most?
Preschoolers and students junior classes – 10%
Teenagers – 66%
Youth – 24%
Adults - 0%
What would you throw away on the street?
Empty cardboard box – 3%
An empty can or bottle of juice, water, beer, etc. – 2%
Wrapper from chewing gum – 25%
Read newspaper – 15%
Paper cup – 2%
Peel from banana, orange, etc. – 13%
Nothing at all – 40%
After conducting a survey Among school students we found that
The main reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage in our village are:
- growth in the production of disposable goods;
- increasing the amount of packaging;
- increasing the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced with new ones.
- low level of culture of the village residents.
The amount of household waste is growing every day at a rapid pace. A is recycled industrial method only 5% of household waste.
World practice offers the following methods that make it possible to get rid of household waste:
- method of burial (in the ground, in reservoirs);
- combustion method;
- disposal.
The first two methods are not harmless to our environment. They pose a serious environmental hazard. The recycling method is the most effective for solving the problem of getting rid of garbage, butTo do this, it is necessary to build processing plants and change the habitual behavior of people, everyone must learn to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green.
- Into a gray barrel carry newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes;
- In a yellow barrel throw away cans, bottles, plastic, paper, and metal packaging;
- The green barrel is intendedfor biodegradable food waste that will later be processed into compost.
In general, the problem of eliminating waste, namely household waste, is modern world is particularly acute. This applies to a greater extent to our country. For example, the first waste incineration plant in Russia was built only 102 years after the opening of a similar one in England. And now the number of waste processing plants can be counted on one hand.
So much garbage has accumulated everywhere that... If you can’t recycle it, it will cover the entire planet.
Recycling waste.
Glass.
Used glass products are very easy to reuse. Undamaged cans and bottles do not need to be recycled; after processing, they can be used again for their intended purpose. Broken glass can be melted down.
Glass is a durable and wear-resistant material. In itself it does not harm the environment, but broken glass dangerous for people and animals. In nature, glass waste breaks down over several hundred years, cracking and crumbling due to temperature changes. The final product of glass container decomposition is glass chips, similar in appearance to sand.
The bulk of glass waste is not recycled and is instead disposed of in landfills.
Scrap metal.
Most often, scrap metal contains items made of iron or cast iron. Iron compounds can cause significant harm to the environment - they are toxic to many organisms. In addition, pieces of discarded metal are dangerous for people and animals.
Scrap metal decomposes when exposed to oxygen, eventually forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products is in 10-20 years per millimeter in depth (in fresh water - in 3-5 years, in salt water - in a year or two).
Scrap metal is the most suitable material for recycling. Recycling scrap metal is of great economic and environmental importance. It allows you to unload already depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for smelting essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in associated costs (for example, transportation).
Foil products and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In nature, foil can lie on the ground for up to 20-30 years (and aluminum cans - up to several hundred!), forming generally harmless aluminum oxide and salts under the influence of oxygen. Most safe way disposal of aluminum-based products (not counting remelting) - burial.
Leather.
Even small, useless scraps of leather can bring a lot of benefit.
From an old belt you can make easy-to-make, reliable and non-creaking hinges for the lid of a box, easel, or casket.
It is easy to make beautiful spines for book bindings from scraps of belts.
A strip of soft thin leather glued to inner side a metal bracelet for your watch will make it more convenient.
If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative finishing of leather, you can make a comfortable and soft leather watch strap to your taste.
Using the same techniques, it is not difficult to make a convenient and durable bookmark from leather.
A strip of thin leather, folded in half or three times lengthwise and glued, can be sewn as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and more durable than fabric hangers and is not as rough as metal chain hangers.
What can you do with used but still usable natural leather if you collect it centrally? At the cooperative institute, tannery specialists thought out to the smallest detail how to sort and process secondary leather raw materials, how to disinfect and restore them. They developed a technology for making fashionable youth jackets, vests, and slippers from old shoes. Everyone really liked the laboratory samples.
Another example is the development of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Leather and Footwear Industry. Here they proposed using completely useless skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. The skin scraps are crushed, filled with water, boiled and dried. The result is a gray powder that contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable microelements. Free fertilizer turned out to be highly effective: potato yield increases by 30%, and tomato yield by 35%.
Feed flour is also made from tannery waste.
Paper.
Waste paper accounts for 40% of all solid waste and is usually end-of-life printed matter consisting of paper (sometimes processed protective substances), cardboard and paint. Despite the fact that paper decomposes in 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can release substances that are toxic to humans during the decomposition process.
Waste paper has great recycling potential. It is used to make paper for various purposes, packaging and construction materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal of paper waste will help to significantly reduce deforestation. Old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to produce fibers called cellulose. The further process is identical to the process of producing paper from forest products.
When burning paper waste, harmful dioxides are formed - products of burning paint and printing ink. This method is not rational when disposing of this type of waste.
Plastic.
In the modern world, not a single enterprise can do without the use of polymer materials. Therefore, recycling plastic waste has great potential - polymer raw materials used in the production of products can be obtained from recycled plastic. Products, depending on quality standards, can be made entirely from recycled plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of virgin and recycled plastic.
Discarded plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are many examples when a swallowed package led to the death of an animal - even cases of death of whales were recorded. Plastic containers are resistant to aggressive environments and are not digested by the animal’s body.
In addition, plastic releases toxic substances when burned and decomposed, which can take more than 100 years.
Food waste.
When burning food waste Substances harmful to human health - dioxides - are released. This once again confirms the need to sort waste before recycling it.
The safest method of disposing of organic waste is composting. During this process, the content of substances easily digestible by plants - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others - increases in the organic mass, and unfavorable flora and microorganisms are neutralized.
Thus, with proper and timely disposal of organic waste, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but can also be used as a natural fertilizer
More than half of this waste can be recycled and used again. Let's start with ourselves and try not to pollute our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least basic methods to reduce the volume of garbage.
Glass can be recycled an unlimited number of times. Typically, it is sorted by color, cleaned, melted down and reused into new bottles, decorative items and even flooring.
Take bottles and cans to glass collection points. If you throw them away, put them in a separate bag and place them next to trash can so that others can hand them over.
Aluminum cans beverage cans can be melted down into new cans. Steel cans are used in the production of various parts.
In Russia, unfortunately, aluminum and steel are processed only in industry, and collection points for cans exist in few places. Therefore, simply do not leave drink cans anywhere, but throw them in trash bins.
Plastic bottlescan be recycled and used again. In some countries, furniture and accessories are made from melted bottles. The best way out is to sort the garbage. Containers for selective waste are already appearing for this purpose. The yellow tank is for plastic bottles. In some areas there are collection points for plastic bottles.
Cardboard packagingJuice containers are the most difficult to recycle because they usually consist of a layer of aluminum foil or polyethylene in addition to the cardboard to keep the liquid out. If you are vacationing outside the city, do not throw such packaging into the local landfill, but burn it at the stake.
Plastic bagsbuyers take them at supermarket checkouts. Every year, tens of billions of bags are used that cannot be recycled. Try not to take extra bags at the supermarket. Even better: go back to Soviet-era tradition and bring your own bag to the store.
Paper and cardboard make up approximately 1/3 of the household waste we throw away. They are the easiest to recycle and use again. IN Soviet times waste paper was accepted in each district. Currently in Russia, organizations that deal with this mainly accept large parties. But you can donate the accumulated paper and cardboard free of charge by bringing it yourself to the collection point.
Fabric productsthat we throw away every year are mostly good clothes that, according to objective characteristics, can still be worn. Out-of-fashion clothes, curtains, tablecloths can be donated to homeless shelters or churches, where these items will go to those who need them. New items can be returned to Orphanage or boarding school.
And just try not to buy unnecessary and useless goods, calculate the amount of material required for your needs.
Creative - practical stage
We offer our own way of reusing used items and things. There are no unnecessary things, but only a little imagination!
Technological map for the production of decorative bottles.
Stage number | Sequence of work. | Tools and adaptations |
Collection waste material | Involvement of class students and school technical staff. |
|
Creating a Sketch | Simple pencil and eraser |
|
Selection of the required material | Glass bottles, buttons, broken glass, keys, ropes, seeds, buttons, corks, pendants, beads, plastic bottles. |
|
Pasting waste material | Glue, scissors. |
|
Painting the composition | Spray paint in two shades |
Our class has a lot of imagination, proof of this is our finished products (it is presented to your attention). Here you will see items that can serve you for some time.Can be used as a souvenir, as a vase, decanter, or as a decorative interior decoration.
Another important result of our research work is that we learned a lot of new and interesting things about household waste, and also learned how to work with different materials(plastic, cellophane, glass and others). IN research work Students from our class took part, parents, teachers of geography, computer science, as well as technical staff of the school were involved.
In the future, we decided to continue practical work on recycling household waste in the near future: to make souvenirs and crafts for the holiday on March 8th.
Cleanliness and comfort to you!
Bibliography.
1. Second life of things. N.P. Konopleva, “Enlightenment”, Moscow, 1993.
2. Gomarovich E.S. "What the city breathes." M.: "Chemistry", 1990
3. Zakhlebny A.N. "Book for reading on nature conservation." M.: Education, 1986
4. Protasov V.F. “Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia”, M.: “Finance and Statistics”, 2001
5. Rodionov S.K. etc. ((What is garbage. M.:
6. Hefling G. ((Anxiety in 2000). M.: “Mysl”, 1990
7. Khotuntsev Yu. L. ((Man, technology, environment. M.: ((Sustainable World), 2001
"Garbage and its second life"
Project implementation period: February - May 2013.
Present the project
DDT, "Handicraft" club
Our village is cool! We were born in the village, we grow up, we study and we live. But you often see how near residential buildings there are heaps of garbage, uncollected firewood, all year round. And in all this dogs dig, children climb. And in the spring our village turns into garbage. But then cleanup days are organized, cars arrive, all the garbage is loaded and taken away. "Where?" , adults answer: “To the landfill!”
Relevance of the project. Currently, there is only one option for waste disposal - removal to village landfill. But does this solve the problem? household waste disposal in an environmental sense? No and no again.
Hypothesis: Or maybe garbage can be given a “second life”?
And then we decided to conduct an investigation on the topic: “Garbage and its “second life.”
Objective of the project:
Learn all about waste disposal methods.
Learn through practical work to find useful uses for household waste, thereby making your contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.
identify which household waste is most abundant in the classroom and at home;
find out which waste decomposes faster;
get acquainted with ways to “fight” household waste, namely with the safest method of disposal;
recycling of waste.
master new technologies for working with various waste materials;
jointly produce useful products from household waste;
organize a master class.
It turned out that:
200 thousand years BC e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists.
400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill has been established in Athens.
200 A city garbage collection service was established in Rome.
1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris.
1388 The English Parliament banned throwing garbage on the streets.
1775 The first rubbish bins appeared in London.
1800 The City Council of New York ordered the removal of pigs from the city streets.
Which were supposed to eat garbage.
1874 Organized burning of city rubbish began in Nottingham.
1897 The first waste sorting and recycling center was opened in New York.
1932 Garbage compacting machines are invented in the USA.
1942 Mass collection of waste for recycling begins in the USSR and the USA.
Military purposes.
1948 The Fresh Kills landfill opened in New York and remains
The largest in the world.
1965 The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Disposal Act.
2000 EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and recycling
Use 50% waste.
On average, every inhabitant of the Earth accumulates about a ton of waste per year, which is more than 5 billion tons. Every country has its own garbage problems, but wherever there is garbage, there are landfills. There are “wild” and specially equipped landfills. We are all familiar with “wild” landfills. In wastelands, abandoned construction sites, on the edges of forests, along roads and railways, a wide variety of garbage is dumped, despite the prohibitions.
Of all this garbage, solid household waste poses a serious threat to environmental pollution. Garbage dumps significantly affect all components of the environment and are a powerful pollutant of air, soil, and groundwater. These landfills are also breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become sources of infectious diseases. Plastics and synthetic materials occupy a special place among household waste, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can remain in the environment for a long time. So, for example, a plastic bag left by us will lie in the ground for several centuries. There are no bacteria on Earth that can destroy it. And shards of glass, cans, and bottles can, like mines, “work” even after 1000 years: in sunny weather, a shard of glass can act as a lens and cause a fire. And how many people are injured due to broken glass, which can easily even cut through shoes?
We found out that it takes many years for household waste to decompose.
Glass bottles - 1000 years;
Plastic products - 100 years;
Cans – 50 - 80 years
(bury it under a plum tree - 2-3 years);
Rubber soles of boots – 50 - 40 years;
Leather - 50 years;
Nylon products – 30 - 40 years;
Plastic bag – 10 - 20 years;
Batteries - 10 years;
Cigarette butts - 1 - 5 years;
Wool sock - 1 - 5 years;
Paper - 2 years;
Orange or banana peel -2 - 5 weeks.
The most littered places
streets – 37%
residential courtyards – 30%
near shops – 12%
school grounds – 1%
recreation areas (park) – 20%
The main reason for littering
Insufficient number of trash cans – 5%
No wipers – 2%
Lack of a clear waste collection and disposal system – 47%
Low level of culture of the settlement’s residents – 46%
Who litters the most?
Preschoolers and primary school students – 10%
Teenagers – 66%
Youth – 24%
Adults - 0%
What would you throw away on the street?
Empty cardboard box – 3%
An empty can or bottle of juice, water, beer, etc. – 2%
Chewing gum wrapper – 25%
Read newspaper – 15%
Paper cup – 2%
Peel from banana, orange, etc. – 13%
Nothing at all – 40%
After spending survey Among the students we found that
The main reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage in our village are:
growth in the production of disposable goods;
increasing the amount of packaging;
increasing the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced with new ones.
low level of culture of the village residents.
World practice offers the following methods that make it possible to get rid of household waste:
method of burial (in the ground, in reservoirs);
combustion method;
disposal.
Into a gray barrel carry newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes;
In a yellow barrel throw away cans, bottles, plastic, paper, and metal packaging;
The green barrel is intended for biodegradable food waste that will later be processed into compost.
So much garbage has accumulated everywhere that... If you can’t recycle it, it will cover the entire planet.
Recycling waste.
Glass.
Used glass products are very easy to reuse. Undamaged cans and bottles do not need to be recycled; after processing, they can be used again for their intended purpose. Broken glass can be melted down.
Glass is a durable and wear-resistant material. In itself, it does not harm the environment, but broken glass is dangerous for people and animals. In nature, glass waste breaks down over several hundred years, cracking and crumbling due to temperature changes. The final product of glass container decomposition is glass chips, similar in appearance to sand.
The bulk of glass waste is not recycled and is instead disposed of in landfills.
Scrap metal.
Most often, scrap metal contains items made of iron or cast iron. Iron compounds can cause significant harm to the environment - they are toxic to many organisms. In addition, pieces of discarded metal are dangerous for people and animals.
Scrap metal decomposes when exposed to oxygen, eventually forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products is in 10-20 years per millimeter in depth (in fresh water - in 3-5 years, in salt water - in a year or two).
Scrap metal is the most suitable material for recycling. Recycling scrap metal is of great economic and environmental importance. It allows you to unload already depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for smelting essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in associated costs (for example, transportation).
Foil products and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In nature, foil can lie on the ground for up to 20-30 years (and aluminum cans - up to several hundred!), forming generally harmless aluminum oxide and salts under the influence of oxygen. The safest way to dispose of aluminum-based products (not counting remelting) is burial.
Leather.
Even small, useless scraps of leather can bring a lot of benefit.
From an old belt you can make easy-to-make, reliable and non-creaking hinges for the lid of a box, easel, or casket.
It is easy to make beautiful spines for book bindings from scraps of belts.
A strip of soft thin leather glued to the inside of a metal watch bracelet will make it more comfortable.
If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative finishing of leather, you can make a comfortable and soft leather watch strap to your taste.
Using the same techniques, it is not difficult to make a convenient and durable bookmark from leather.
A strip of thin leather, folded in half or three times lengthwise and glued, can be sewn as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and more durable than fabric hangers and is not as rough as metal chain hangers.
What can you do with used but still usable natural leather if you collect it centrally? At the cooperative institute, tannery specialists thought out to the smallest detail how to sort and process secondary leather raw materials, how to disinfect and restore them. They developed a technology for making fashionable youth jackets, vests, and slippers from old shoes. Everyone really liked the laboratory samples.
Another example is the development of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Leather and Footwear Industry. Here they proposed using completely useless skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. The skin scraps are crushed, filled with water, boiled and dried. The result is a gray powder that contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable microelements. Free fertilizer turned out to be highly effective: potato yield increases by 30%, and tomato yield by 35%.
Feed flour is also made from tannery waste.
Paper.
Waste paper accounts for 40% of all solid waste and is typically end-of-life printed products consisting of paper (sometimes treated with protective agents), cardboard and ink. Despite the fact that paper decomposes in 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can release substances that are toxic to humans during the decomposition process.
Waste paper has great recycling potential. It is used to produce paper for various purposes, packaging and construction materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal of paper waste will help to significantly reduce deforestation. Old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to produce fibers called cellulose. The further process is identical to the process of producing paper from forest products.
When burning paper waste, harmful dioxides are formed - products of burning paint and printing ink. This method is not rational when disposing of this type of waste.
Plastic.
In the modern world, not a single enterprise can do without the use of polymer materials. Therefore, recycling plastic waste has great potential - polymer raw materials used in the production of products can be obtained from recycled plastic. Products, depending on quality standards, can be made entirely from recycled plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of virgin and recycled plastic.
Discarded plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are many examples when a swallowed package led to the death of an animal - even cases of death of whales were recorded. Plastic containers are resistant to aggressive environments and are not digested by the animal’s body.
In addition, plastic releases toxic substances when burned and decomposed, which can take more than 100 years.
Food waste.
When food waste is burned, substances harmful to human health are released - dioxides. This once again confirms the need to sort waste before recycling it.
The safest method of disposing of organic waste is composting. During this process, the content of substances easily digestible by plants - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others - increases in the organic mass, and unfavorable flora and microorganisms are neutralized.
Thus, with proper and timely disposal of organic waste, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but can also be used as a natural fertilizer
More than half of this waste can be recycled and used again. Let's start with ourselves and try not to pollute our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least basic methods to reduce the volume of garbage.
Glass can be recycled an unlimited number of times. Typically, it is sorted by color, cleaned, melted down and reused into new bottles, decorative items and even flooring.
Take bottles and cans to glass collection points. If you throw them away, put them in a separate bag and place them next to the trash can for others to recycle.
Canning aluminum banks beverage cans can be melted down into new cans. Steel cans are used in the production of various parts.
In Russia, unfortunately, aluminum and steel are processed only in industry, and collection points for cans exist in few places. Therefore, simply do not leave drink cans anywhere, but throw them in trash bins.
Plastic bottles can be recycled and used again. In some countries, furniture and accessories are made from melted bottles. The best way out is to sort the garbage. Containers for selective waste are already appearing for this purpose. The yellow tank is for plastic bottles. In some areas there are collection points for plastic bottles.
Cardboard packaging Juice containers are the most difficult to recycle because they usually consist of a layer of aluminum foil or polyethylene in addition to the cardboard to keep the liquid out. If you are vacationing outside the city, do not throw such packaging into the local landfill, but burn it at the stake.
Plastic bags buyers take them at supermarket checkouts. Every year, tens of billions of bags are used that cannot be recycled. Try not to take extra bags at the supermarket. Even better: go back to Soviet-era tradition and bring your own bag to the store.
Paper And cardboard make up approximately 1/3 of the household waste we throw away. They are the easiest to recycle and use again. In Soviet times, waste paper was accepted in every district. Currently in Russia, organizations that deal with this mainly accept large parties. But you can donate the accumulated paper and cardboard free of charge by bringing it yourself to the collection point.
Fabric products that we throw away every year are mostly good clothes that, according to objective characteristics, can still be worn. Out-of-fashion clothes, curtains, tablecloths can be donated to homeless shelters or churches, where these items will go to those who need them. New things can be donated to an orphanage or boarding school.
And just try not to buy unnecessary and useless goods, calculate the amount of material required for your needs.
Creative - practical stage
We offer our own way of reusing used items and things. There are no unnecessary things, but only a little imagination!
Technological map for the production of decorative bottles.
| Stage number | Sequence of work. | Tools and adaptations |
| 1. | Collection of waste material | Involvement of class students and school technical staff. |
| 2. | Creating a Sketch | Simple pencil and eraser |
| 3. | Selection of the required material | Glass bottles, buttons, broken glass, keys, ropes, seeds, buttons, corks, pendants, beads, plastic bottles. |
| 4. | Pasting waste material | Glue, scissors. |
| 5. | Painting the composition | Spray paint in two shades |
We have a lot of imagination, the proof of this is our finished products. Items that can last you for some time. Can be used as a souvenir, as a vase, decanter, or as a decorative decoration for the interior.
Another important result of our research work is that we learned a lot of new and interesting things about household waste, and also learned to work with different materials (plastic, cellophane, glass and others). 2nd grade students took part in the research work, and parents were involved.
In the future, we decided to continue practical work on recycling household waste in the near future.
Cleanliness and comfort to you!