In popular culture, the ritual of mummification is associated exclusively with ancient Egypt. This is explained by the fact that it was Egyptian mummies that became known to our distant ancestors. But modern historians have found out more ancient culture who practiced mummification. This is the South American culture of the Andean Indians Chinchorro: mummies dating back to the 9th millennium BC were found here. But still, the attention of modern historians is focused specifically on Egyptian mummies - who knows what secrets these well-preserved dead may hide.

In Egypt, mummification began only in 4500 BC. So the exact date The excavations of an English expedition carried out in 1997 made it possible to find out. Egyptologists attribute the earliest burials of mummies to the so-called Baddari archaeological culture: at that time, the Egyptians wrapped the limbs and heads of the dead in flax and matting, impregnated with a special composition.

Ancient evidence

Historians have still not been able to recreate the process of classical mummification of antiquity. The fact is that the only evidence preserved today about the stages of mummification belongs to ancient authors, including such great philosophers as Herodotus, Plutarch and Diodorus. At the time of these travelers, the classical process of mummification of the New Kingdom had already deteriorated.

Storage vessels

All organs removed from the corpse were carefully preserved. They were washed with a special composition and then placed in vessels with balm, canopic jars. There were 4 canopes per mummy - their lids were decorated with the heads of the gods: Hapi (baboon), Dumautef (jackal), Quebehsenuf (falcon), Imset (man).

Honey and shell

There were others, more refined ways embalm the deceased. For example, the body of Alexander the Great was mummified in an unusual “white honey” that never melted. In the early dynastic period, on the contrary, embalmers resorted to more simple way: the bodies were covered with plaster, on top of which there was oil painting. This left a shell with dust inside.

Inca mummies

In late 1550, a Spanish official accidentally stumbled upon Inca mummies hidden in a secret cave near Peru. Further research revealed other caves: the Indians had a whole warehouse of mummies - 1365 people who were once the founders of the most important clans of culture.

Egyptian pharaoh

The first letter is "r"

Second letter "a"

Third letter "m"

The last letter of the letter is "c"

Answer for the clue "Egyptian pharaoh", 6 letters:
Ramses

Alternative crossword questions for the word ramses

Egyptian pharaoh who restored Egyptian power in Palestine

Say in ancient Egyptian "Ra gave birth to him"

Say in ancient Egyptian "Ra gave birth to him"

Pharaoh who restored Egyptian rule in Palestine

Definition of the word ramses in dictionaries

Wikipedia Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Ramesses is the name of several ancient Egyptian pharaohs. Ramses I is an ancient Egyptian pharaoh from the 19th dynasty. Ramesses II the Great - ancient Egyptian pharaoh from the 19th dynasty, one of the most famous pharaohs Ancient Egypt. It was in his honor that the following were named...

Big Soviet Encyclopedia The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The most famous are: R. II (throne name Ra-sotep-en-Ra), pharaoh (late 14th ≈ mid 13th centuries BC) of the 19th dynasty. Under him, Egypt achieved significant power. He waged a long struggle with the Hittites, as a result of which Egypt...

Examples of the use of the word Ramses in literature.

One afternoon I was sleeping in the chamber of the blind harpers, in the same tomb of the pharaoh Ramesses near Tape, where I still lived, and my old father Amenemhet appeared to me in a dream, he stood at my bed, leaning on his staff, and commanded: “Look carefully, my son.”

Ramses dares to think that the Assyrians are tall and strong warriors and their weapons are excellent, but it is clear that they are poorly trained.

“Tell me again,” he continued. Ramses, - to our lord, who gives us life, that all the Egyptian nobility and all the warriors are indignant at the mere thought that the Assyrians could capture Phenicia.

Ramesses having visited Djoser’s complex and spoke enthusiastically about the beauty of his texts, he was also outraged by the blasphemous, in his opinion, inscriptions painted on the walls by his contemporaries, which were not only stupid, but also mediocre from the point of view of art.

Since the day Ramses became governor of Lower Egypt, he was faced with difficulties that he could not even imagine, although he was born and raised at the royal court.

The sixth pharaoh of Ancient Egypt of the 6th dynasty Merenra II (Nemtiemsaaf), reigned from 2219 to 2184. BC.

Family connections of Pharaoh Merenre II

Father of the 6th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.

Mother - Queen of the 6th Dynasty Neith.

His wife is the sister of Queen Nitocris, who later ruled Ancient Egypt.

Grandfather - pharaoh of the 6th dynasty Piopi I.

In the Abydos list, Pharaoh Merenra II is recorded under number 39.

Economic situation of Egypt under Merenra II

The economy during the reign of Pharaoh Merenre II was based on the order established during the rule of Ancient Egypt by father Piopi II, who was in power for more than 50 years and transferred rule of the kingdom to the already young son Merenre II from his wife Knight.
Like all relatives of the same dynasty, the son and daughter of Nitocris helped maintain the state of affairs in Egypt.

Possible illnesses and work stress after taking over the leadership of the country led Pharaoh Merenra II to an untimely death. The circumstances of Queen Nitocris's reign as regent point to a longer reign for Merenre II.

The cause of death could have been influenced by the rulers of the nomes and priests, who by this time were increasingly trying to seize power in Egypt in order to enrich themselves.

Tomb of Pharaoh Merenra

The pyramid of Pharaoh Menenre II was built under Father Piopi II and is located in the Saqqara necropolis, where in the 18th century French researchers discovered a sarcophagus and the remains of a mummy.

The pyramid was built according to a single design with a separate entrance on the north side, a long corridor reaching the vestibule in front of the entrance to the burial chamber.

Additional rooms opposite the burial chamber served as storage for food and things needed in afterlife. The ascending road to the Lower Temple has not yet been dug up, it is a matter of time.

Queen of Ancient Egypt of the 6th dynasty Nitocris, 2184-2181 BC. According to some historians, Nitocris, the wife of Pharaoh Merenra II, took the title of pharaoh after the death of her husband and brother.

The first woman in Egypt to take the title of pharaoh. The last pharaoh of the sixth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. According to other sources, Mitocris is the mother of the young Menenre II, governing the country as regent. Since the reign of the pharaoh was relatively short, after his death his wife, Queen Nitocris, came to power, who reigned for 3-5 years, but was unable to restore the power of the cult of the sun Ra in the governance of Egypt. And according to some sources, she committed suicide; according to others, she was executed by the opposition of Menenra II during a palace coup.