Autumn Strochok is a fungus of the Strochok genus, bizarre in the shape of its cap, which received its name due to the time of its fruiting. And it’s not hard to guess that this time falls in autumn, unlike other lines (giant and spring). And also for the specific shape of the cap, it is sometimes called a horned stitch. This mushroom is poisonous, and it contains much more toxins than its spring “relatives”.

Latin name

Gyromítra infula

Synonyms: autumn lobe, autumn line, inviolable line, inedible line, infula-like lobe, gyromitra, Helvella infula, Helvella infula-like, horned line, inviolable gyromitra, smarzhok, Helvella infula

Appearance

The cap is a bizarre, irregular shape, in the shape of blades or horns (in the form of 2, 3 or 4 fused horns), wrinkled, velvety, its edges merge with the stem. Up to 10 cm wide, brown in color, becoming black-brown with age.

The leg is hollow inside, sometimes curved or flattened on the sides, thickened towards the bottom, cylindrical. The color can range from whitish to pink or gray chestnut.

The consistency of the pulp resembles wax, thin, translucent, fragile, whitish, very similar to the pulp of related species.

Smell. They have no particular smell, or have a very weak mushroom aroma.

Spore powder whitish or light brownish.

Growth time

Sometimes the horned line can be found even in July, but already from the end of August the active fruiting period begins, which lasts until the end of September, and in some places until frost.

Spreading

Autumn line mushrooms grow throughout Eurasia and in North America, in deciduous, mixed and pine forests, as well as near roads, in clearings and on the edges. Sometimes you can find single specimens, and sometimes small groups of 5-7 specimens. Grows on fallen trunks, on missing, decaying trees or near them, as well as on stumps. The most common of its type is Helvel.

Edibility

Today there is no consensus on how poisonous autumn stitch is. In its raw form, it is definitely poisonous, and fatally poisonous. But in the finished form - with double boiling - some find it possible to use it.

But there is also an opinion that even with prolonged boiling, the poison of these mushrooms is not completely destroyed, and they remain dangerous to eat and can cause poisoning, quite severe ones, and this even after heat treatment. In addition, even if you risk consuming it after proper processing, remember that it is forbidden to eat it often, since the toxins in it tend to accumulate in the body.

Some studies have shown that in autumn lines the amount of toxic substances that can cause poisoning and even death depends on the age of the mushroom. And all because the lines ripen extremely slowly, and both young and overripe specimens can immediately end up in one basket. They actually contain more toxic substances. And the poison in them does not completely disappear when boiled; it can only be gotten rid of by drying the mushrooms for a month.

But for a lover of quiet hunting, it will hardly be possible to do a biochemical and toxicological analysis of the harvest on their own. Because the most effective method To protect yourself from severe poisoning - do not touch the autumn lines at all.

There is also an opinion that the toxicity of these mushrooms largely depends on the area where they grow and is determined by climatic conditions. And the warmer the climate, the more dangerous and toxic the lines will become. It is for this reason that in countries with the warm climate of Western and of Eastern Europe, absolutely all mushrooms of the Strochok genus are considered poisonous. In Russia, with its colder climate, only autumn lines are considered poisonous. And all because they begin their active fruiting immediately after the hot summer, on heated soil and, therefore, manage to accumulate quite a considerable amount of dangerous substances, which makes them unsuitable for consumption.

Similarities with other species

The autumn line is similar to the dubious line (Gyromitra ambigua) - a poisonous mushroom. However, Gyromitra ambigua is smaller in size and purple-brown in color, and has large spores.

Medicinal properties

The main therapeutic effect of all mushrooms of the Strochok genus is analgesic. Most often, an alcohol tincture of these mushrooms is used to anesthetize joints and also restore their cartilage tissue. In general, joint diseases are the main area of ​​application of the tincture.

In addition, the line tincture is excellent for the following diseases: various arthrosis, lupus erythematosus, osteochondrosis, rheumatism, radiculitis, polyarthritis. In addition, the tincture is used for rubbing for prolonged cough, bronchitis and pneumonia, as well as for any neuralgia and postoperative adhesions.

(smoke)

or horned stitch, inviolable gyromitra

- inedible mushroom

✎ Affiliation and generic characteristics

Autumn stitch(lat. Gyromitra infula) is inedible species from the genus of marsupial mushrooms (lat. Gyromitra), the family Discinaceae (lat. Discinaceae) and the order Pezizales (lat. Pezizales).
The autumn line (no matter what online publications claim, indiscriminately ripping off each other’s text) has never had and is now not related to the genus Helvella (or lobes) and is not even included in the same family with them. It’s just that, together with the lobedworts (Helvella), it belongs to the order of Poles, which is why it is often called the autumn lobewort (infula-like), or Helvella infula-like. But it’s only more correct to call it (in strict accordance with its generic affiliation) - gyromytra inviolable.
In Russia, the autumn line is called differently - horned line, and among the people - smarzhok. And, unlike other species of its genus, it is given the epithet “autumn” for its peculiarity of growing in autumn, and not in spring, when almost all of its “spring” relatives grow:

- ordinary stitch (edible);
- giant line (large);
- pointed stitch (beam);
- long-legged (shiny) line.

And the autumn line has one more, perhaps the most important difference from other spring lines: the autumn line contains much more of any poison (gyrometrin) than its spring counterparts (perhaps even combined). This is due to the fact that spring lines bear fruit in early spring, at the end of winter (during a colder period, on cold soil), and the autumn line ripens only at the end of summer (during a warmer period, on warm soil). In this case, its mycelium, grown in a warm summer environment, produces much more toxic gyrometrin and transfers it to its fruits than the mycelium of the earlier lines. That is why spring lines in Russia are used for food, and autumn lines are not used under any circumstances.
Not many sources consider the autumn line to be even deadly poisonous. But this is not at all true; no cases of fatal poisoning with autumn mushrooms have yet been recorded, and the degree of poisoning with them, like with all mushrooms of this family, strongly depends on the quantity and frequency of their use. For this reason, the autumn line is assigned to inedible mushrooms; it is not used as food, so as not to get poisoned.
Science has determined that the toxicity of stitches is largely determined by the temperature and climatic conditions of their growth and directly depends on the area of ​​origin. And the warmer climatic conditions, the more poisonous these mushrooms will be. Therefore, in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, with their climate, absolutely all lines refer to poisonous mushrooms, and in Russia, with its very cold climate, only autumn lines have always been considered inedible.

✎ Similar species

Autumn stitch(Gyromytra inviolable) is visually similar to some lobed mushrooms of the Helwellaceae family. You can confuse it:
- with curly lobed, which, like the autumn line, grows in autumn, is distinguished by a folded, two-four-lobed cap with wavy edges and a strongly ribbed leg with deep longitudinal grooves and folds;
- with elastic lobe, but it grows a little earlier and already leaves in September, it is distinguished by a saddle-shaped, two-lobed, but sometimes slightly wavy, cap with freely hanging edges and a short, slightly curved, and sometimes with deep, longitudinal grooves and folds, white, leg;
- with pitted lobe, which grows in early autumn and completely overlaps in time with the autumn line, but is distinguished by a folded, two-three-lobed and saddle-shaped, irregularly shaped cap and a short, pitted-furrowed leg consisting of fused parallel tubes;
- with black lobe, which grows in late summer or early autumn and also exactly intersects in time with the autumn line, and is distinguished by a small, saucer-like model with lobes, tubercles and folds on the surface, a cap and a small and usually curved, slightly noticeable pubescence, longitudinal ribs at the base or stripes along the entire length, stalk.
All other lobes bear fruit in the spring, being early species, or are extremely rare in Russia. In any case, any species of mushroom similar to the autumn string is either inedible or nutritional value in principle they do not. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid of confusion; you just don’t need to select these or similar mushrooms.

✎ Distribution in nature and seasonality

Autumn grass (Gyromitra inviolable) is a common saprotroph that grows on soil or rotting decomposing wood and close to it, in deciduous and coniferous forests, sometimes singly, sometimes in small families.
Autumn stitch can be found in temperate climatic zone Europe and Russia, as well as in the northern United States of America and Canada.
The main fruiting period for the autumn line is at the end of August and lasts until the end of September, and sometimes until the middle or end of October.

✎ Brief description and application

The autumn line (Gyromitra inviolable) belongs to the section of marsupial fungi and it reproduces by spores that are located in the fruiting body, in a specialized spore-bearing “bag”. Its fruiting body (apothecium) is in the form of a cap on a stalk. The cap is saddle-shaped or irregular in shape, two to four lobed, with edges bluntly turned inward, growing to the stem. The outer side of the cap is wrinkled and less often smooth, radiant brown (in young fruits), red-brown and dark coffee (in mature fruits) in color, but the inner sphere is paler, velvety to the touch. The leg is cylindrical and slightly granular to the touch, slightly thickened at the base, hollow inside, waxy white-gray or pink-beige in color. The pulp is thin, brittle, translucent, grayish in color, tasteless and odorless.

Eating autumn stitch (in any form) is completely unsafe, and therefore highly undesirable!

Edible mushroom black morel has fragile fruiting bodies 5-12 cm high, 4-7 cm wide. Cellular conical, ovoid or pear-shaped cap, occupying 2/3 of the mushroom in height, dark brown or black with light brown cells. The leg is hollow, fragile, white with a granular surface. The pulp is fragile, not bitter and not pungent. There is no milky juice.

Look at the edible morel mushrooms in the photo and remember what they look like in order to distinguish them from poisonous species:

Morel mushroom growing in a mixed forest
Edible black morel mushroom

Grows in coniferous and mixed forests. Prefers limestone soil.
Black morel is found in early spring. IN middle lane In Russia, its fruiting occurs on May 10-20, immediately after the wave of fruiting lines. Black morel is quickly damaged by fungus gnats (“worms”), so you need to have time to collect it immediately after the start of fruiting. Fruits abundantly in pine forests after fires. It grows on or near fire pits.
Black morel poisonous doubles does not have.
No pre-boiling required. It tastes best after cooking for 10 minutes.

Common stitch mushroom (with photo)

The common string mushroom is conditionally edible, its fragile fruiting bodies are 4-12 cm high and wide, hollow with a brown, chestnut or yellow-chestnut cap. The cap is brain-folded, like the inside walnut, irregular in shape with internal cavities in fairly thick pulp. The pulp is light, without bitterness and odorless. The leg is white, sometimes pink, also with cavities.

It grows in deciduous and mixed forests, most often in small ravines and roadside holes.

Look at the photos of line mushrooms of this type - they show appearance at different periods of development:

Common stitch in mixed forest
Common stitch mushroom

Found from late April to mid-May.

There are no poisonous doubles.

In Russia they eat it. After pre-boiling for 15 minutes and draining, it is boiled in salt water or fried. The smell of boiled lines is mushroom. The taste of the boiled mushroom is good, the consistency is pleasant. In France and Germany, the common string is considered a poisonous mushroom.

Autumn stitch mushroom: photo and description

If you read the description, the autumn stitch mushroom is considered inedible. Fragile fruiting bodies are 6-15 cm high and 4-8 cm wide, hollow with a light brown, dark brown or purple-brown cap. Irregular shape the cap consists of blades and cavities. The pulp is thin, fragile, light, without bitterness and odorless. The leg is light brown with a finely fleecy surface, also with cavities. The autumn stitching is not damaged by insects.

Look at this mushroom line in the photo and in the description, you should remember it and not try to eat it:

The autumn stitch mushroom grows on stumps overgrown with moss
String mushroom grows in deciduous and mixed forest

Grows in deciduous and mixed forests on destroyed stumps and trunks overgrown with moss or on the ground near them. Autumn stitch is a tree mushroom.

Found from late August until frost.

It has no poisonous counterparts.

The mushroom is considered inedible. However, in Russia they eat it. After pre-boiling for 15 minutes and draining the water, it is boiled in salt water or fried. The smell of boiled lines is mushroom.

Line, a mushroom with a shapeless wrinkled cap, was considered conditionally edible in the USSR and was allowed by GOST for preparation. The study of the toxic substances contained in the line allowed scientists to conclude: the mushroom can cause severe poisoning due to the gyromitrin it contains.

Common stitch, photo from Wikipedia

Description stitch

(Gyromitra esculenta). This spring mushroom appears in late April - May. It reacts to frost by the appearance of small blackened spots. The thawed morel continues to grow as if nothing had happened. More often found in pine forests (especially on sandy soil and loam). It is found in clearings, clearings, burnt areas and along forest roads. Often under old birch and spruce trees.

The lines have a shapeless, wrinkled, sinuously wavy cap, the edges of which are partially fused with the stem. The height of the cap is from 2 to 10 cm. This folded cap can be yellowish, brown, red-brown or brown. As the mushroom matures, it becomes lighter. Sometimes the stitches are compared to heavily crumpled scraps of velor or suede, to which a short leg has been attached. The body of the line is filled with “convolutions”. The leg (2 - 5 cm long, 1.5 - 3 cm in diameter) is swollen, uneven, sometimes folded. Its color is white, yellowish, reddish or with a purple tint. The almost white flesh of the string has a faint smell of dampness or a mushroom aroma. It is cartilaginous and breaks easily.

Autumn stitch (Gyromitra infula). This mushroom appears from late summer in pine and mixed forests(pine + birch). The time of its main growth occurs in September - October. The autumn line often grows in mountainous areas. In some years, there is a massive appearance of autumn stitches in lowland areas. The autumn line's hat is shaped like a twisted piece of a brain. It is chestnut, brown or brown, almost black at the edges. The height (and diameter) of the cap is from 6 to 15 cm. The stem is white, cream, reddish or light brown. Its thickness is up to 3 cm.

In addition to these two types, there are also giant stitch (big) with an impressive cap size up to 30 cm in diameter!

How not to get poisoned by a line?

In the USSR, the line was allowed by GOST in the preparation and was considered a conditionally edible mushroom. At that time, the cause of stitch poisoning was considered to be Helvella acid. That is why the recommendation arose to first boil the mushroom for 10 - 15 minutes, and then drain the water. Unfortunately, such preliminary preparation of lines did not always save people from terrible poisoning. Often they ended tragically. In the process of studying the lines, it turned out that they do not contain helvellic acid, but there is another toxin - gyromitrin. It is its action that causes poisoning, similar to poisoning by the poison of the toadstool. In some mushrooms the concentration of gyromitrin is high, in other mushrooms this toxin accumulates less. Then poisoning can be avoided. Professor S.G. Musselius, who for many years has not only been studying the impact poisonous mushrooms on the human body, but also pulls people out of the other world, explains it this way:

The toxic substance contained in the lines is gyromitrin. In the composition of the mushroom mass, gyromitrin is found not only in the form of a free fraction, but also in the form of various compounds. The most pronounced changes in the body occur from exposure to monomethylhydrazine. In new lines, the content of this substance can vary widely. This is determined by seasonality, soil composition, weather conditions, degree of maturity of the mushroom. The concentration can vary from 50 to 300 mg/kg, but in some cases reaches 1200 - 1600 mg/kg.
The lethal concentration of gyromitrin for an adult is 20 - 50 mg/kg, for children 10 - 30 mg/kg. When converted to the amount of fresh mushrooms, the lethal concentration is achieved when an adult takes 400 - 1000 g of mushrooms. Maximum amount highly toxic compounds are formed during the process of breakdown in the intestines and liver 2 - 2.5 hours after ingestion (S.G. Musselius “Poisonous Mushrooms”).

German scientists discovered that in fresh lines collected in Germany, many fruiting bodies mushrooms had 1676 mg/kg gyromitrin. They noted that the results of analyzes of lines found in some other countries were much better (Plant Life, Volume 2, Fungi).

Most cases of string poisoning occur when people do not boil them first or boil them for 5 - 10 minutes. For lines, the minimum boiling time, according to S.G. Musselius, - 25 - 30 minutes. During this time, some of the gyromitrin compounds go into the decoction, and some are destroyed. For 1 kg of mushrooms, about 2.5 - 3 liters of water are required. Not less! In most reference books for mushroom pickers, the lines advise boiling for 10 - 15 minutes, then draining the broth and not trying. Doctors who have had to save people poisoned by stitches more than once advise boiling mushrooms twice, adding fresh water. After each time you need to rinse the mushrooms clean water. Repeated use of the decoction only causes harm, since the concentration of the toxin in the mushrooms greatly increases. And this threatens the development of acute renal failure. Using lines prepared according to all the rules several times in a row can also end badly. The interval between meals with lines should be at least two days. Often repeated use of lines causes general malaise, which ends in jaundice. It is worth saying that there are lucky people with low individual sensitivity to the poison of the lines.

Professor S.G. Musselius introduces the clinic of poisoning with lines. It is useful to know for lovers of these spring mushrooms. The first symptoms of poisoning appear 3 to 25 hours after the lines have been eaten. These include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. Urine becomes Pink colour. During this period, red blood cells breakdown occurs. On the second or third day, the poison begins to affect the kidneys and liver. IN severe cases On the third or fourth day, an unconscious state develops. It is accompanied by skin hemorrhages, jaundice, increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Further, all hope is only in God and in doctors, who often have to connect an “artificial kidney”.

For those daredevils who have not lost the desire to try their luck for a plate of stewed strings, here are a couple of recipes for delicious strings in sour cream. Just in case, in the article you can find out the numbers of the Ambulance and rescue services.

How to prepare stitches

Lines in sour cream. Mushrooms are pre-boiled in large quantities water (for 25 - 30 minutes), then the broth is drained. It can no longer be used! After this, the lines are washed in cold water and squeeze it out. Cut the mushrooms into small pieces, add a little water and keep on the fire for another 15 minutes. Then the lines are salted, sour cream is added and brought to a boil.

Lines in sour cream(another variant). The lines, boiled for 25 - 30 minutes in a large amount of water, are washed in cold water and squeezed. Then they are chopped, rolled in flour, salted and fried in oil. After 15 minutes, add sour cream and bring to a boil. Before serving, the lines are sprinkled with herbs.

According to “literary information”, lines that are fried without adding liquid become hard and “rubbery”. They taste better with sauce. And one more piece of advice: in the spring it is better to collect morels rather than strings. They are much safer. You can read about this spring mushroom in the article.

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