B13. Complete the phrase: “Human needs are based on...” Answer: ______________________________. B14. Find the distinguishing characteristics of a person in the list below. 1) a biological creature 2) consciously sets goals for activity 3) lives among its own kind 4) has the ability to be creative 5) produces tools with the help of other tools 6) has innate instincts of self-preservation Write down the numbers in your answer in ascending order. Answer: __________________________. B15. Establish a correspondence between the types of human needs and their concrete examples: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form (without spaces or other symbols). Answer: ______________________. Examples of needs. Types of needs. 1) food. A) social needs. A) social needs. 2) prestigious job. 3) communication. B) biological needs. B) biological needs. 4) sleep and rest. 1. 2. 3. 4. . . . .
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“Tasks for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies” - Preparation for the Unified State Exam. Correspondence between types of human needs. Individuality. Human nature. Traits characteristic only of creative activity. A game. The unique identity of man. Judgments about the connection between activity and communication. Fill the gap. Distinctive characteristics of a person. Conflict between desires and possibilities.
“Unified State Examination in History and Social Science” - Based on the FIPI report, the following recommendations can be made. Materials from the FIPI website are recommended to help teachers and students. Use test-based knowledge testing as often as possible. Recommendations for students. Regularly study fragments of popular science texts. Clichés that can be used when writing an essay.
“Unified State Exam simulator in social studies” - Phases of the economic cycle. World religions in modern world. Activities. Council of the Federation. Federal Assembly. Courts of the Russian Federation. Federation. Mediator. Social differentiation. The level of education. Factors of production. Levels of scientific knowledge. Democracy. Possibility of lawful use of force.
“Unified State Exam in Social Studies” - Rules for drawing up a plan. Look for semantic and structural connections. Purposeful and specially planned preparation of schoolchildren for the Unified State Exam becomes extremely important. Use test-based knowledge testing as often as possible. 2. What are the main problems of social science? this topic? It's important to remember that.
“Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2012” - Sources for preparing for the exam. Analysis of examination work performance. Average test score chart. Control data measuring materials. Economy. Source analysis tasks. CMM specification. Policy. Social science. Three independent experts. General information about the results of the Unified State Exam.
Speech
In humans, the larynx is located lower in the throat than in chimpanzees. This feature allows a person to speak. Our ancestors developed it about 350 thousand years ago. Then we also got the hyoid bone. The uniqueness of this horseshoe-shaped bone is that it is not attached to any other bone in the body, which allows a person to articulate words.
Upright walking
One of the unique features of humans is the ability to walk upright. This is a method in which the hands are freed up for tools. Unfortunately, the changes in pelvic structure required to walk on two legs, coupled with the fact that human babies have relatively large brains, have made human birth very dangerous compared to similar processes in the animal kingdom. In the last century there were births main reason death of women. The lumbar curve in the lower back, which helps us maintain balance when walking, also makes the lower back vulnerable to pain and strain.
Lack of fur
We look naked compared to our hairy distant relatives. Surprisingly, a square centimeter of human skin contains as many hair follicles as primates, or even more. Only humans usually have thinner, shorter, and lighter hair.
Hands
There is a common (and erroneous) belief that only humans have an opposable thumb. Most primates have this trait. However, unlike great apes we do not have opposable big toes. Humans are unique in that they can connect the thumb with the ring finger and little finger, and can also touch the base of the thumb with these fingers. Because of this, people have a strong grip and exceptional dexterity to hold tools and wield them skillfully.
Special brain
Without a doubt, the distinguishing feature of humans from most representatives of the animal world is our extraordinary brain. No, in humans it is not the largest - from sperm whales, for example, it is larger. We don't even have the largest brains as a percentage of our bodies. In many birds, the brain makes up 8 percent of their body weight, while for us it is only 2.5 percent. Yet the human brain, weighing about 1360 grams for an adult, gives us the ability to reason, create and make scientific discoveries.
Cloth
People may be called "naked apes", but most of us wear clothes. This fact also makes us unique. The advent of clothing even influenced the evolution of other species. For example, without clothing the body louse would not appear, which, unlike other species, clings to clothing and not to hair.
Fire
The “taming” of fire gave man the opportunity to bring night closer to day, navigate in the dark and ward off nocturnal predators. The heat of the fire also allowed people to stay warm in cold weather and, therefore, gave us the opportunity to develop colder territories. And, of course, we learned to cook food on fire. According to some scientists, this seriously affected human evolution. Cooked foods are easier to chew and digest, which likely contributed to the reduction in the size of human teeth and digestive tracts.
Blush
Humans are the only species that has a blush. Darwin called it "the strangest and most human of all expressions." However, it still remains a mystery why people blush, unwittingly revealing their deepest emotions. The most common idea is that blushing helps people to be honest, which has a beneficial effect on relationships in society.
Long childhood
Humans remain under the care of their parents much longer than primate infants. The question arises: why? In an evolutionary sense, it would be advantageous to mature faster and have as many offspring as possible. Perhaps the answer lies in our larger brains, which likely take longer to grow and learn.
Life after children
Animals reproduce until they die, but humans can continue to live after reproduction ceases. The reason lies in the social connections inherent in people. IN big family grandparents help their children's families.
As Victor Hugo used to say, a person has three characters: one is attributed to him by his environment, another he attributes to himself, and the third is real, objective.
There are more than five hundred human character traits, and not all of them are clearly positive or negative; much depends on the context.
Therefore, any personality that has collected certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.
A person’s character is a specific, unique combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, characteristics, and nuances. It is formed, however, throughout life and manifests itself during work and social interaction.
Soberly assessing and describing the character of the chosen person is not an easy task. After all, not all of its properties are demonstrated to the environment: some features (good and bad) remain in the shadows. And we seem to ourselves to be somewhat different than what we see in the mirror.
Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that this is possible. Through long efforts and training, you are able to assign yourself the qualities you love, becoming a little better.
A person's character is manifested in actions, in social behavior. It is visible in a person’s attitude to work, to things, to other people and in her self-esteem. 
In addition, character qualities are divided into groups - “volitional”, “emotional”, “intellectual” and “social”.
We are not born with specific traits, but acquire them through the process of upbringing, education, exploration of the environment, and so on. Of course, the genotype also influences the formation of character: the apple often falls extremely close to the apple tree.
At its core, character is close to temperament, but they are not the same thing.
In order to assess yourself and your role in society relatively soberly, psychologists advise writing down your positive, neutral and negative traits onto a piece of paper and analyze.
Try to do this too, you will find examples of character traits below.
Positive character traits (list)
Negative character traits (list)
At the same time, some qualities are difficult to classify as good or bad, and they cannot be called neutral. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and bashful, but is this beneficial for the girl?
Again, a dreamy person may be cute, but completely unlucky because he always has his head in the clouds. An assertive individual looks stubborn to some, but obnoxious and pushy to others.
Is it bad to be gambling and carefree? How far has cunning gone from wisdom and resourcefulness? Do ambition, ambition, and determination lead to success or to loneliness? It will probably depend on the situation and context.
And what you want to be, you decide for yourself!
Character is the manifestation of an emotional reaction in a person’s behavior in various relationships and specific situations. The character of a certain person and all his particular manifestations of qualities are a consequence of upbringing and living conditions in a social society.
Of course, individual adjustments and various life circumstances influence human psychology, but the formation and development of higher mental functions and genetic characteristics are laid down and formed in the womb, so when a person is born, he shows his individual characteristics almost from the first days. Any person can be characterized and assigned a certain personality type.
You can also pay attention to the manifestation of characteristic typical signs different nations, i.e. exist general definitions specific nationalities. For example, the character of the Russian is clearly different from other national mentalities.
Temperament of a Russian person:
- “Breadth and generosity of soul”, which is absent among most peoples.
- Patience, perseverance and endurance.
- Craving for justice and compassion.
- Among the negative ones: laziness, pessimism, hypocrisy and foul language.
It is easy to identify a Russian person by temperament; foreign nations associate a Russian person as someone who loves to go out in a big way; they have always been amazed by the generosity, resilience and dedication of the Russian people. Only a Russian person has an original sense of humor, which bewilders his foreign brothers. Many foreign men believe that a Russian woman is the best companion for life, as she is responsive, humane, faithful and compassionate.
Also, a significant barrier for foreigners is learning the Russian language; it is considered the most difficult due to excessive emotionality and double meaning of the same words. The qualities in people of the Russian type, their attitude towards other people in the social environment, are more inclined to honor religious traditions. The attitude towards Christianity and the observance of religious rituals begin with the origins of the formation of the Slavic race.
8 SIGNS THAT YOU ARE BEING LYING! How to recognize a lie?
Individual characteristics in people, identification of their signs indicator true face Russian person, what qualities and abilities can manifest themselves in non-standard situations social society. The psychology of the Russian person, flexibility of mind, extraordinary endurance, selflessness, love for the fatherland, and manifestation of compassion have more than once convinced opponents of their strength and steadfastness.
Classification of character traits
| Character traits | |||
| Emotional | Strong-willed | Moral | Intelligent |
| Emotionality | Perseverance | Honesty | Curiosity |
| Cheerfulness | Independence | Responsiveness | Quick wit |
| Impressionability | Uncertainty | Kindness | Resourcefulness |
| Determination | Cruelty | frivolity | |
| Courage | Thoughtfulness | ||
The psychology of varying degrees of manifestation of the character of each person is individual and is formed throughout life, changing depending on the social environment. There is a certain classification into which a particular person can be classified.
List of manifestations in human behavior and assessment of qualities in social situations.
- Volitional qualities are characteristics of properties specific person that manifest themselves in non-standard situations (restraint, patience, stubbornness, courage, cowardice, courage, discipline, etc.)
- Emotional manifestations are duration mental processes in a certain person in specific situations (negative, positive, dynamic, neutral, statistical, unconventional).
- Intellectual characteristics of an individual person, the quality of a person’s thinking (breadth, depth, flexibility, criticality, stupidity, etc.)
List of manifestations of human qualities
Attitude to the surrounding world is divided into four types:
- I am good - everyone is good.
- I am good - everyone is bad.
- I'm bad - everyone is good.
- I am bad - everyone is bad.
- Attitude towards one’s personality (self-respect, self-criticism, arrogance, self-esteem, etc.).
- Attitude to work (laziness, hard work, accuracy, tolerance, negligence, punctuality, responsibility, etc.).
- Attitudes in groups of the social environment (sociability, isolation, truthfulness, deceitfulness, politeness, rudeness, etc.).
Types of human temperament
Temperament is the constant characteristics of the individual behavior of a particular person, which are equally manifested in various activities. There are four types whose definitions are:
- A sanguine person is distinguished by increased mobility, efficiency, pronounced facial emotional manifestations in facial expression, responsiveness, sociability, poise, optimism, cheerful disposition, rapid fatigue from hard work, carelessness.
- Choleric – sudden changes in mood, short temper, hysteria, quick response, impetuosity, outbursts of anger.
- Melancholic – anxiety, pessimism, vulnerability, excessive worries about any reason, restraint, self-control, lack of trust in others.
- Phlegmatic - cold-blooded, low activity, prudence, creates an impression wise man, always gets things done.
Human temperaments. 4 types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic
Manifestations of character traits in men and women
Manifestation of character traits in men
The same character trait in men and women, their attitude to actions manifests itself in different emotional reactions, causing completely different feelings.
For example, a woman’s touchiness manifests itself in a man in the form of angry outbursts.
- Women are characterized by manifestations of excessive emotionality, sensitivity, understanding and compassion; practicality, they are more susceptible to sudden changes in mood. The psychology of men, their attitude to values, is based on restraint and the desire for power and leadership. Each period of an era is characterized by the presence of certain qualities in men and women.
Manifestation of character traits in women
- So, for example, the quality in modern people have minor differences, associations of male and female professions are increasingly being formed. Today it is not uncommon to find the fair half of humanity driving, and a man being a stylist, hairdresser or conductor, which several decades ago would have greatly surprised them.
The main character traits of a person are the prevailing stable, innate or acquired qualities that are constantly manifested in the behavior of an individual. Having found out what signs correspond to a certain person, you can create a psychological portrait, attitude and opinion about him, as well as assign a type of temperament (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic).
Classify which individual qualities are characteristic in order to determine positive and negative character traits and draw general conclusions. This will help, for example, when applying for a job, in choosing a position, and sometimes in choosing a life partner, by determining the criteria that you value.
Negative and positive human character traits
The psychology of any person is the continuous formation of character qualities, depending on what conditions, therefore it is common for him to exhibit negative traits, they can change depending on what conditions, for the worse or for the better.
There are also constant negative qualities that appear in an individual person, which do not change throughout life.
Negative character traits cannot always be regarded as negative; their characteristics and qualities can emphasize advantages:
- Self-confidence - self-satisfaction, can provoke a craving for performance and improved performance, to realize self-satisfaction.
- Stubbornness provokes the achievement of the goals set for oneself.
- Selfishness - ignoring others is bad, but trying to please others is not always beneficial. Sometimes you need to think about yourself in order to be able to help others.
- Envy, for some people, can provoke them to want to achieve a better result than others.
There are such character traits in people as cruelty, deceit, hypocrisy, laziness, stinginess, rudeness, gloominess, etc., which will never provoke them to good deeds.
Positive and negative character traits are present to a greater or lesser extent in every person. Positive ones can cover up negative character traits of an individual. For example, people can be lazy, but good-natured, or selfish, but neat and hardworking, rude, but sympathetic and generous, etc.
List positive qualities their signs:
- Endurance and patience.
- Gratitude and morality.
- Initiative and originality.
- Cheerfulness and talent.
- Sensitivity and optimism, etc.
The main character traits of women
List of predominant qualities and their distinctive properties:
The main character traits in men
List of predominant qualities and their properties:
4 main psychotypes of personality. How to determine and recognize a person’s character?
When a new personality is born, it receives a unique character as a gift. Human nature can consist of traits inherited from parents, or it can manifest itself in a completely different, unexpected quality.
Nature not only determines behavioral reactions, it specifically influences the manner of communication, attitude towards others and oneself, and towards work. A person's character traits create a certain worldview in an individual.
A person’s behavioral reactions depend on character
These two definitions create confusion because they both play a role in shaping personality and behavior. In fact, character and temperament are heterogeneous:
- Character is formed from a list of certain acquired qualities of a person’s mental make-up.
- Temperament is a biological quality. Psychologists distinguish four types of it: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.
Having the same temperament, individuals can have completely different characters. But temperament has an important influence on the development of nature - smoothing or exacerbating it. Also, human nature directly affects temperament.
What is character
Psychologists, speaking about character, mean a certain combination of individual traits that are persistent in their expression. These traits have the maximum impact on the behavioral line of the individual in diverse relationships:
- among people;
- in the work team;
- to one's own personality;
- to the surrounding reality;
- to physical and mental labor.
The word "character" is of Greek origin and means "to mint." This definition was introduced into everyday use by the natural scientist Ancient Greece, philosopher Theophrastus. Such a word really, very accurately defines the nature of an individual.
Theophrastus was the first to coin the term "character" The character seems to be drawn as a unique drawing; it gives birth to a unique stamp, which is worn by the individual in a single copy.
To put it simply, character is a set, a combination of stable individual mental characteristics.
How to understand nature
To understand what kind of nature an individual has, you need to analyze all his actions. It is behavioral reactions that determine examples of character and characterize personality.
But such a judgment is often subjective. A person does not always react the way his intuition tells him. Actions are influenced by upbringing, life experience, and customs of the environment where the person lives.
But you can understand what kind of character a person has. Observing and analyzing for a long time actions of a certain person, it is possible to identify individual, especially stable traits. If a person behaves the same way in completely different situations, showing similar reactions, makes the same decision, this indicates the presence of a certain nature.
Knowing which character traits are manifested and predominant in an individual, one can predict how he will manifest himself in a given situation.
Character and its traits
A character trait is an important part of a personality; it is a stable quality that determines the interaction between a person and the surrounding reality. This is the defining method of resolving emerging situations, therefore psychologists consider a personality trait as a predictable personal behavior.
Variety of characters A person acquires characteristics of character throughout his entire life; it is impossible to classify individual traits of nature as innate and characterological. To analyze and assess a personality, a psychologist does not simply determine the totality individual characteristics, but also highlights their distinctive features.
It is character traits that are defined as primary in the study and compilation of psychological characteristics personality.
But, when defining and assessing a person, studying behavioral traits in social terms, the psychologist also uses knowledge of the meaningful orientation of nature. It is defined in:
- strength-weakness;
- breadth-narrowness;
- static-dynamic;
- integrity-contradiction;
- integrity-fragmentation.
Such nuances make up the overall full description a certain person.
List of personality traits
Human nature is a complex combination of unique traits that forms a unique system. This order includes the most striking, stable personal qualities, revealed in gradations of human-society relationships:
| Relationship system | Inherent Traits of an Individual | |
| Pros | Cons | |
| To self | Pickiness | Condescension |
| Self-criticism | Narcissism | |
| Meekness | Boastfulness | |
| Altruism | Egocentrism | |
| To the people around you | Sociability | Closedness |
| Complacency | Callousness | |
| Sincerity | Deceit | |
| Justice | Injustice | |
| Community | Individualism | |
| Sensitivity | Callousness | |
| Courtesy | Shamelessness | |
| To work | Organization | Laxity |
| Mandatory | Cluelessness | |
| Performance | Sloppiness | |
| Enterprise | Inertia | |
| Hard work | Laziness | |
| To items | Economy | Wastefulness |
| Thoroughness | Negligence | |
| Neatness | Negligence | |
In addition to the character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships ( a separate category) manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were highlighted:
- moral: humanity, toughness, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
- temperamental: passion, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, frivolity;
- intellectual (cognitive): analytical, flexible, inquisitive, resourceful, efficient, critical, thoughtful;
- sthenic (volitional): categoricalness, persistence, obstinacy, stubbornness, determination, timidity, courage, independence.
Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that some personality traits should be divided into two categories:
- Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to perform certain actions and actions. These are goal-traits.
- Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity individuality and method (manner) of action. These are methods-traits.
Gradation of character traits according to Allport
Allport's theory
The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of an individual’s personal characteristics, divided personality traits into three classes:
Dominant. Such traits most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.
Ordinary. They manifest themselves equally in all numerous areas of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, arrogance, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.
Secondary. These nuances do not have a particular impact on behavioral reactions. These are not dominant behaviors. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, and diligence.
A strong relationship is formed between a person’s existing personality traits. This pattern forms the final character of the individual.
But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. The human warehouse was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor traits can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict an individual’s actions, it is necessary to focus on the entire set of personality traits.
What is typicality and individuality?
The manifestation of the nature of each person always reflects the individual and typical. This is a harmonious union personal qualities, because the typical serves as the basis for identifying the individual.
What is a typical character. When a person has a certain set of traits that are the same (common) for a specific group of people, such a warehouse is called typical. It is like a mirror, reflecting the accepted and habitual conditions of existence of a particular group.
Also, typical features depend on the warehouse (a certain type of nature). They are also a condition for the emergence of a behavioral type of character into the category of which a person is “recorded.”
Having understood exactly what characteristics are inherent in a given personality, a person can be drawn up an average (typical) psychological portrait and assigned a certain type of temperament. For example:
| Positive | Negative |
| Choleric | |
| Activity | Incontinence |
| Energy | Hot temper |
| Sociability | Aggressiveness |
| Determination | Irritability |
| Initiative | Rudeness in communication |
| Impulsiveness | Unstable behavior |
| Phlegmatic person | |
| Perseverance | Low activity |
| Performance | Slowness |
| Calm | Inactivity |
| Consistency | Unsociability |
| Reliability | Individualism |
| Integrity | Laziness |
| Sanguine | |
| Sociability | Aversion to monotony |
| Activity | Superficiality |
| Goodwill | Lack of persistence |
| Adaptability | Poor perseverance |
| Cheerfulness | frivolity |
| Courage | Recklessness in actions |
| Resourcefulness | Inability to concentrate |
| Melancholic | |
| Sensitivity | Closedness |
| Impressionability | Low activity |
| Performance | Unsociability |
| Restraint | Vulnerability |
| Cordiality | Shyness |
| Accuracy | Poor performance |
Such typical character traits, corresponding to a certain temperament, are observed in each (to one degree or another) representative of the group.
Individual manifestation. Relationships between individuals always have an evaluative characteristic; they are manifested in a rich variety of behavioral reactions. The manifestation of an individual’s individual traits is greatly influenced by emerging circumstances, the formed worldview and a certain environment.
This characteristic is reflected in the vividness of the individual's various typical features. They vary in intensity and develop individually for each individual.
Some typical traits manifest themselves so powerfully in a person that they become not just individual, but unique.
In this case, typicality develops, by definition, into individuality. This personality classification helps to identify the negative characteristics of an individual that prevent them from expressing themselves and achieving a certain position in society.
By working on himself, analyzing and correcting shortcomings in his own character, each person creates the life he strives for.