More than six dozen people live in foreign Europe different nations. For many, this territory became home even before the formation of the modern world map.

Factors in the formation of the national composition of Foreign Europe

• Relief . Since ancient times, tribes of people united in lowland areas. Therefore, the Paris Basin and the North German Lowland are considered the earliest inhabited regions. The fusion of ethnic groups is clearly visible in countries with predominantly mountainous terrain - in the Balkans and the Alps.
• Migration . Europe has experienced waves of migration more than once throughout its history. In fact, the processes of migration of peoples to more the developed countries has been going on for 4 centuries. But the largest influx of people occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, after the end of the First World War and the liquidation of the colonies. The continent was settled by people from Central Asia, Latin America, Africa and Oceania. Ethnic diasporas of these people still exist in France, Germany, England, Switzerland and a number of other countries. But people have taken root and merged with the ethnic people so much that it is almost impossible to single out purebred Arabs or Mexicans.
• Interspecific conflicts and civil wars . National composition foreign Europe was constantly changing. Only for the last 60 years has Europe been at peace. It is difficult to list all the conflicts and wars in its history. Countries united, divided, and only in 1918 the foundation was formed, which is now depicted on the world map. The final formation of states occurred as recently as 1990, following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Fig.1. Map of Europe before the First World War, 1914.

There is no such ethnic group as the Spaniards; in the tenth century AD, several nationalities united into one. These were: Arabs, Celts, Jews, representatives of the Romanesque culture. It took several centuries to complete the merger process. The Bulgarians also lost their original culture because they were under the rule Ottoman Empire for 4 centuries.

Composition of the population of Foreign Europe

According to the number of peoples within the country, all states are divided into three types: single-national, binational and multinational, i.e. those with large national minorities.

Rice. 2. Ethnic composition of Europe

14 single-national countries Foreign Europe are presented in the table:

Fig.3. Percentage of indigenous population

Germany, and its neighbors from the west and east - Austria and the Netherlands, are conventionally considered single-national, despite mass migrations to these countries.

The most multinational countries of Foreign Europe can be conditionally divided into two groups: the first will include the states of Great Britain, Spain and Switzerland, and the other will include all the countries of the Balkans.

The indigenous population of Germany are Germans. The largest diaspora are Turks, Russians, Italians and Greeks.

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Great Britain consists of several ethnic territories united under one crown. That is why it is considered multinational. The English live in the towns and villages of England, the Scots live in the northern part of the island, and the Irish live in Ireland. And among all the diversity of migrant cultures, the Gaels and Welsh retained their identity.

The peoples predominant in Spain: Basques, Spaniards, Catalans, Gypsies.

The indigenous population of Switzerland is divided into 4 ethnic groups: German-Swiss, Italo-Swiss, Franco-Swiss and Romansh.

Binational countries:

• Baltic Sea States : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. In addition to the national indigenous population, the Russian diaspora predominates in these countries.
• Scandinavian states : Finland, Sweden. In addition to the indigenous peoples, who make up the first group of the national majority (Finns and Swedes), in these countries there is a second group - immigrants.
• Slavic countries : Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria.
• France . Despite the fact that the majority of the population calls themselves French, the following nationalities have survived: Basques, Lorraine, Flemings, Jews.

What have we learned?

In the process of becoming European Union, all countries have passed difficult path formation of their ethnic groups. Today there are practically no purebred nations left. But scientists still divide European states into three groups: with one predominant nation, with two, and multinational.

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Nowadays, more than 60 peoples live in Foreign Europe. The colorful ethnic mosaic was formed over several millennia under the influence of both natural and historical factors. Vast plains were convenient for the formation of large ethnic groups. Thus, the Paris Basin became the center of education of the French people, and the German nation was formed on the North German Lowland. Rough, mountainous landscapes, on the contrary, complicated interethnic ties; the most variegated ethnic mosaic is observed in the Balkans and in.

One of the most pressing problems today is interethnic conflicts and national separatism. Confrontation between the Flemings and Walloons in the 1980s. almost led to the split of the country, which in 1989 became a kingdom with a federal structure. For several decades now, the terrorist organization ETA has been operating, demanding the creation of an independent Basque state in the Basque territories in the north and southwest. But 90% of the Basques oppose terror as a method of achieving independence, and therefore the extremists do not have popular support. Acute interethnic clashes have rocked the Balkans for more than ten years. One of the main factors here is religious.

They have a significant influence on the ethnic composition of Europe. From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. Europe was a region of predominantly, and in the second half of the past century, mass immigration. One of the first waves of mass emigration to Europe is associated with the 1917 revolution in Russia, from where more than 2 million people left. Russian emigrants formed ethnic diasporas in many European countries: France, Germany, Yugoslavia.

Numerous wars and conquests have also left their mark, resulting in most European nations having a very complex gene pool. For example, the Spanish people were formed on the mixture of Celtic, Roman, Arab blood that lasted for centuries. The Bulgarians bear in their anthropological appearance the indelible signs of 400 years of Turkish rule.

In the post-war period, the ethnic composition of Foreign Europe became more complex due to increased migration from third world countries - former European colonies. Millions of Arabs, Asians, Latin Americans and Africans flocked to Europe in search of better life. During the 1970-1990s. there were several waves of labor and political emigration from the republics of the former Yugoslavia. Many immigrants not only took root in Germany, France, Great Britain and other countries, but also assimilated and are included in official statistics these countries along with the indigenous population. Higher and more active assimilation of alien ethnic groups lead to a change in the appearance of modern Germans, French, and English.

National composition of the states of Foreign Europe

Mononational*	With large national minorities	Multinational
Iceland Denmark Germany Austria Italy Greece Poland Slovenia	France Slovakia Bulgaria Lithuania	Great Britain Spain Switzerland Belgium

There are about 3 thousand ethnic units on the globe. There are significantly fewer states - only a little over 200. It is clear that people live in each of them different nationalities. In this case, we will only talk about the most multinational countries and the peoples of their constituents.

A country beloved by numerous immigrants. Hence the national diversity. Why is she so attractive?

• High quality of life.
• Excellent ecology.
• Quality education system.

Today, many Russians, as well as former residents of Ukraine, have settled there. For several centuries in a row, the most different people speaking different languages. Before that, Indians and Eskimos lived there.

The French, who colonized the lands, established their own rules, including the state language. According to some sources, Canada is classified as a binational state.

7. Türkiye

For European countries Türkiye is very multinational. Mostly native Turks live, but you can always meet Armenians and Greeks. Other representatives of the indigenous population are Kurds. There are few of them left, only 6 million.

Another 8% of all Turkish citizens are Crimean Tatars, who chose it as their place of residence back in the 18th century. A large community of Christians, mostly Greeks, have settled since the Byzantine period.
The total number of nationalities in the country is 25.

If you take the minimum number, then it will inspire respect - 56. This is how many nationalities live in China.
The placement is uneven. For example, the Han people are widespread everywhere, but especially in the basins of the most largest rivers. They are among the most significant, since historically they have always closely interacted with their neighbors.
There are numerous Uighurs, there are Kazakhs, Tibetans, and Koreans. There are also very small peoples that few people know about.

However, more than 90% of the Celestial Empire are still indigenous Chinese. There are minorities who have their own dialects.

The main peoples of the PRC:

• Gaoshan (Taiwanese);
• Tibeto-Burman;
• she, yao, miao;
• Mongolian;
• Turkic;
• Gelao (Kadai);
• Han people;
• Huizui others.

In the south, residents speak the northern Han dialect.

The state in many ways became the successor to the USSR, including as regards the population. A lot of representatives of the nations of the post-Soviet space live in modern Russia. Most of them are Russians (80%), but with them there are several dozen others (20%).

The largest ones include the Tatars, Bashkirs, Armenians, Ukrainians, and Chuvashs. There are other peoples inhabiting the Volga region, Western. Siberia, Far East.

3. Indonesia

Another interesting country in terms of its national composition. If available state language live here:

• Javanese - 67 million (42%), they are the most
• Sudanese - 15% of all living in Indonesia,
• Malaysians.

The population speaks 7 hundred different dialects.
It is noteworthy that most of these are non-indigenous residents, or rather, they were born in Indonesia, but their parents are foreigners. There are a lot of visitors, mostly Japanese, Indians, and Chinese. The country is not deprived of national groups, it is

• Madurese
• bujis
• durre
• betawi and many others etc.

2. Brazil

The South American state is the owner of a rich palette in terms of cultures of different peoples. Surprisingly, according to statistics, in Brazil there is almost every representative of the planet's nation.
On average, the so-called whites here number 54%. These are mainly Germans, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Arabs. There are also many mulattoes - 38.5%, and blacks - 6.5%.

Asians are also common (0.5%). And there are few representatives of the indigenous population, only 0.45% of all Brazilians.

There are a lot of nationalities in the country (more than 100), and the population density is high (20 people/sq. m). Coastal areas are mostly populated, and urban growth is noticeable. Many Brazilians are now city dwellers. If we compare the composition of the population in different years, then in 1960 only half lived in the city, and the figures ten years ago are already higher - 85%.

It tops this rating in terms of the richness of nations and nationalities. On top of everything else, there is a huge number of tribes and caste divisions. If you imagine the image of India, then it is something whole, made up of many multi-colored pieces of different sizes and shapes. There are several hundred nations, tribes and various nationalities.

These are Bengalis, Tamils, Kannaras, Hindustanis, Gujaratis, Punjabis and many more. Considering that the entire Indian population is one sixth of the earth's, according to 2016 data, there is no need to be surprised.

The country owes its diversity to the influence of neighboring peoples and the British, who once dominated its territory. Who lives in this fairy-tale world?

• Indo-Aryans - 70%
• Their religion is usually Hinduism or Islam. They have European facial features, but have dark skin.
• Dravidians. They are considered the most ancient inhabitants of Indian territory. Their religion is Hinduism and they consider themselves indigenous Indians.
• Mongoloid race 3% formed under the influence of neighbors: Chinese, Nepalese, Burma. The majority are Buddhists.
• Negroids. Residents of the south. the bulk settled on the Andaman Islands. There are even Christians among them.

In terms of population, India is slightly behind China; about 1.2 billion citizens now live on its territory, but in terms of national composition and its diversity it has no equal.

Historically, multinational states were formed where state consolidation of more or less vast territories occurred before the formation of nations began and national movements developed (a number of countries of Eastern Europe, including Russia, and Asia), as well as during colonial expansion (African countries, where many ethnic groups were divided by borders between states); and as a result of intense migration (for example, the USA).

A multiethnic state is composed of more than one ethnic group, as opposed to ethnically homogeneous societies. In fact, almost all modern national communities are multinational. David Welsh in the article “ Domestic policy and ethnic conflicts" ("Domestic politics and ethnic conflict", Brown, Michael E.), published in 1993 at Princeton University in the work "Ethnic conflicts and international security" ("Ethnic Conflict and International Security"), argued that less than 20 of the 180 independent states can be called ethnically and nationally homogeneous, but they can be called so only if national minorities in it make up less than 5% of the total population. Therefore, Sajit Choudhri () argued that: “the growth of ethnoculturally homogeneous states, if it existed, has ended.”

In Russia, the educational standard for secondary (complete) general education (profile level of the subject “geography”), “multinational” means states within state borders inhabited by several ethnic groups and are divided into countries:

Examples of multinational states

• many African countries

Due to active migration to Europe, countries Western Europe are gradually turning into multinational states.

Multinational states in the past

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Notes

Excerpt characterizing the Plurinational State

- God bless! All glory to God! We just ate it now! Let me look at you, Your Excellency!
- Is everything all right?
- Thank God, thank God!
Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, took off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into the dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young master, and before he had time to reach the living room, something quickly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, same creature jumped out of another, third door; more hugs, more kisses, more screams, tears of joy. He couldn’t make out where and who dad was, who was Natasha, who was Petya. Everyone was screaming, talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that.
- I didn’t know... Nikolushka... my friend!
- Here he is... ours... My friend, Kolya... He has changed! No candles! Tea!
- Yes, kiss me!
- Darling... and then me.
Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, hugged him; and people and maids, filling the rooms, muttered and gasped.
Petya hung on his legs. - And then me! - he shouted. Natasha, after she had bent him to her and kissed his whole face, jumped away from him and holding onto the hem of his Hungarian jacket, jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed shrilly.
On all sides there were eyes shining with tears of joy, loving eyes, on all sides there were lips seeking a kiss.
Sonya, red as red, also held his hand and was all beaming in the blissful gaze fixed on his eyes, which she was waiting for. Sonya was already 16 years old, and she was very beautiful, especially at this moment of happy, enthusiastic animation. She looked at him without taking her eyes off, smiling and holding her breath. He looked at her gratefully; but still waited and looked for someone. The old countess had not come out yet. And then steps were heard at the door. The steps are so fast that they couldn't be his mother's.
But it was she in a new dress, still unfamiliar to him, sewn without him. Everyone left him and he ran to her. When they came together, she fell on his chest, sobbing. She could not raise her face and only pressed it to the cold strings of his Hungarian. Denisov, unnoticed by anyone, entered the room, stood right there and, looking at them, rubbed his eyes.
“Vasily Denisov, a friend of your son,” he said, introducing himself to the count, who was looking at him questioningly.
- Welcome. I know, I know,” said the count, kissing and hugging Denisov. - Nikolushka wrote... Natasha, Vera, here he is Denisov.
The same happy, enthusiastic faces turned to the shaggy figure of Denisov and surrounded him.
- Darling, Denisov! - Natasha squealed, not remembering herself with delight, jumped up to him, hugged and kissed him. Everyone was embarrassed by Natasha's action. Denisov also blushed, but smiled and took Natasha’s hand and kissed it.
Denisov was taken to the room prepared for him, and the Rostovs all gathered in the sofa near Nikolushka.
The old countess, without letting go of his hand, which she kissed every minute, sat next to him; the rest, crowding around them, caught his every movement, word, glance, and did not take their rapturously loving eyes off him. The brother and sisters argued and grabbed each other's places closer to him, and fought over who should bring him tea, a scarf, a pipe.
Rostov was very happy with the love that was shown to him; but the first minute of his meeting was so blissful that his present happiness seemed not enough to him, and he kept waiting for something else, and more, and more.
The next morning, the visitors slept from the road until 10 o'clock.
In the previous room were scattered sabers, bags, swords, open suitcases, dirty boots. The cleaned two pairs with spurs had just been placed against the wall. The servants brought washbasins, hot water shaving and cleaned dresses. It smelled of tobacco and men.
- Hey, G"ishka, t"ubku! – Vaska Denisov’s hoarse voice shouted. - Rostov, get up!
Rostov, rubbing his drooping eyes, raised his confused head from the hot pillow.
- Why is it late? “It’s late, it’s 10 o’clock,” Natasha’s voice answered, and in the next room the rustling of starched dresses, the whispering and laughter of girls’ voices was heard, and something blue, ribbons, black hair and cheerful faces flashed through the slightly open door. It was Natasha with Sonya and Petya, who came to see if he was up.
- Nikolenka, get up! – Natasha’s voice was heard again at the door.

Ethnos (Greek ἔθνος - people) - a group of people united common features: objective or subjective. Various directions in ethnology include in these characteristics origin, language, culture, territory of residence, identity, etc.

In Russian, a synonym for the term for a long time there was the concept of “people”. The concept of “ethnicity” was introduced into scientific circulation in 1923 by the Russian emigrant scientist S. M. Shirokogorov.

The basic conditions for the emergence of an ethnos - common territory and language - subsequently act as its main features. At the same time, an ethnos can be formed from multilingual elements, formed and consolidated in different territories in the process of migration (gypsies, etc.). In the conditions of early long-distance migrations of “Homo sapiens” from Africa and modern globalization, everything higher value ethnic groups acquire as cultural and linguistic communities that move freely throughout the entire planet.

Additional conditions for the formation of an ethnic community can be the commonality of religion, the proximity of the components of the ethnic group in racially or the presence of significant mestizo (transitional) groups.

During ethnogenesis, under the influence of characteristics economic activity in certain natural conditions and other reasons, features of material and spiritual culture, everyday life, group psychological characteristics. Members of an ethnos develop a common self-awareness, in which the idea of ​​their common origin occupies a prominent place. The external manifestation of this self-awareness is the presence of a common self-name - an ethnonym.

The formed ethnic community acts as a social organism, self-reproducing through predominantly ethnically homogeneous marriages and the transfer of language, culture, traditions, ethnic orientation, etc. to the new generation.

Humanity is usually divided into three main races:

Caucasian (countries of Europe, America, South-West Asia, North Africa);

Mongoloid (countries of Central and East Asia, America);

Negroid (most African countries).

There is also an Australoid race, whose representatives are settled in southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia.

30% of the world's population belongs to intermediate racial groups (Ethiopians, Malagasy, Polynesians, etc.). Mixing of races led to the formation of special groups of mestizo, mulatto and sambo in America.

2. The ethnic composition of the population is the result of a long historical process mixing and relocation of representatives of different races and ethnic groups.

Ethnicity (people) is an established stable group of people, characterized by a common language, territory, peculiarities of life, culture and ethnic identity.

In total there are 3-4 thousand ethnic groups in the world. Some of them have turned into nations, others are nationalities and tribes.

3. The classification of ethnic groups is carried out according to various criteria, the main ones of which are size and language.

The peoples of the world vary in size. The vast majority of peoples are small in number. Only 310 nations have a population of more than 1 million people, but they account for about 96% of the Earth's population.

The largest nations in the world by population include:

Chinese (1,120 million people);

Hindustani (219 million people);

US Americans (187 million people);

Bengalis (176 million people);

Russians (146 million people);

Brazilians (137 million people);

Japanese (123 million people).

More than 30 million people include the following peoples: Biharis, Punjabis, Mexicans, Germans, Koreans, Italians, Vietnamese, French, English, Ukrainians, Turks, Poles, etc.

By language, peoples are united into language families, which, in turn, are divided into language groups. There are a total of 20 language families in the world. The largest of them are:

Indo-European, whose languages ​​are spoken by 150 peoples (about 2.5 billion people). It includes Romance languages ​​(French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian), Germanic (German, English, Yiddish, Dutch), Slavic (Russian, Polish, Ukrainian), Indo-Aryan (Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi), Iranian (Persian, Tajik ) and etc.;

Sino-Tibetan, the languages ​​of which are spoken mainly in China, Nepal, Bhutan (over 1 billion people).

The linguistic classification of peoples differs significantly from the national one, since the distribution of languages ​​does not coincide with ethnic boundaries. For example, in the former colonies of Spain, Great Britain, France in Africa, Asia, Latin America speak the languages ​​of the metropolises.

4. Depending on whether ethnic and state borders coincide or not, countries of the world are divided into single-national and multinational.

About half of the countries are single-national. These are countries whose state borders coincide with ethnic ones and the main nationality makes up 90% of the total population. They are most numerous in Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Such countries include Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, most Latin American countries.

Multinational countries are countries where several ethnic groups live within their state borders. They can be divided into four groups:

with a sharp predominance of one nation in the presence of more or less significant national minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, China, Mongolia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, USA, Commonwealth of Australia);

binational (Canada, Belgium);

with a complex but ethnically homogeneous national composition (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos);

with a complex and ethnically diverse national composition (Russia, India, Switzerland, Indonesia).