The 2K22 Tunguska anti-aircraft missile and gun system is designed for air defense of motorized rifle and tank units on the march and in all types of combat, and ensures the destruction of low-flying air targets, including hovering helicopters. Adopted into service in the mid-eighties. The combat vehicle has a turret with two double-barreled 30-mm automatic cannons and eight launchers with anti-aircraft guided missiles.
The development of the Tunguska complex was entrusted to the Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) MOP ( chief designer A.G. Shipunov) in cooperation with other organizations of the defense industries by the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 8, 1970 and initially provided for the creation of a new cannon anti-aircraft self-propelled unit (ZSU) to replace the well-known "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4).
Despite the successful use of the Shilka in the wars in the Middle East, during these hostilities its shortcomings were also revealed - short reach to targets (no more than 2 km in range), unsatisfactory power of the projectiles, as well as allowing air targets to go unfired due to the impossibility timely detection. The feasibility of increasing the caliber of automatic anti-aircraft guns was explored. Conducted experimental studies showed that the transition from a 23 mm caliber projectile to a 30 mm caliber projectile with a two to threefold increase in the mass of the explosive makes it possible to reduce the required number of hits to destroy an aircraft by 2-3 times. Comparative calculations of the combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4 and the hypothetical ZSU-30-4 when firing at a MiG-17 fighter flying at a speed of 300 m/s showed that with the same mass of ammunition consumed, the probability of destruction increases by approximately one and a half times, the reach of altitude - from 2000 to 4000 m. With an increase in the caliber of guns, the efficiency of firing at ground targets also increases, the possibilities of using cumulative-action projectiles in the self-propelled gun system to destroy lightly armored targets such as infantry fighting vehicles, etc., are expanded. Transition from the caliber of automatic anti-aircraft guns 23 mm to 30 mm had virtually no effect on the rate of fire provided, but with a further increase in caliber it was technically impossible to ensure a high rate of fire.
The Shilka ZSU had very limited search capabilities provided by its target tracking radar in the 15:40° sector in azimuth with a simultaneous change in elevation within 7° from the established direction of the antenna axis. The high firing efficiency of the ZSU-23-4 was achieved only when preliminary target designation was received from the battery command post PU-12 (PU-12M), which, in turn, used data received from the control post of the division air defense chief, which had a P-type all-round radar -15 (P-19). Only after this did the ZSU-23-4 radar successfully search for targets. In the absence of target designations, the ZSU radar could carry out an autonomous circular search, but the efficiency of detecting air targets was less than 20%. In NII-3 MO it was determined that in order to ensure combat autonomous operation of a promising ZSU and high firing efficiency, it must have its own all-round radar with a range of 16-18 km (with a root-mean-square error in range measurement of no more than 30 m), and a sector The visibility of this radar in the vertical plane must be at least 20°.
However, the feasibility of developing an anti-aircraft gun-missile system raised great doubts in the office of the USSR Minister of Defense A.A. Grechko. The basis for such doubts and even the cessation of funding for further development of the Tunguska self-propelled gun (in the period 1975-1977) was that it was put into service in 1975. The Osa-AK air defense system had a similar-sized aircraft engagement zone in range (up to 10 km) and larger than the Tunguska air defense system, the dimensions of the aircraft engagement zone at altitude (0.025-5 km), as well as approximately the same characteristics of the effectiveness of aircraft destruction . But this did not take into account the specifics of the armament of the regimental air defense division for which the ZSU was intended, as well as the fact that when fighting helicopters, the Osa-AK air defense missile system was significantly inferior to the Tunguska ZSU, since it had a significantly longer operating time - more than 30 seconds versus 8 -10s for the Tunguska ZSU. The short reaction time of the Tunguska air defense system ensured successful combat against helicopters and other low-flying targets that appeared briefly (“jumping”) or suddenly took off from folds in the terrain, which the Osa-AK air defense system could not provide.
In the Vietnam War, the Americans first used helicopters armed with anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM). It became known that 89 out of 91 helicopters with ATGMs were successful in attacking armored vehicles, artillery firing positions and other ground targets. Based on this combat experience In each US division, special helicopter units were created to combat armored vehicles. A group of fire support helicopters, together with a reconnaissance helicopter, occupied a position hidden in the folds of the terrain 3-5 km from the line of combat contact of the troops. When tanks approached it, the helicopters “jumped” up 15-25 m, hit the tanks with ATGMs, and then quickly disappeared. As a result of the research, it was determined that the reconnaissance and destruction weapons available to modern tanks, as in general, weapons used to destroy ground targets in motorized rifle, tank and artillery formations are not capable of hitting helicopters in the air. The Osa air defense systems can provide reliable cover for advancing tank units from aircraft attacks, but they are not capable of protecting tanks from helicopters. The positions of these air defense systems will be located at a distance of up to 5-7 km from the positions of helicopters, which, when attacking tanks, will “jump”, hovering in the air for no more than 20-30 seconds. Based on the total reaction time of the complex and the flight of the missile defense system to the position of the helicopters, the Osa and Osa-AK air defense systems could not hit the helicopter. The Strela-2, Strela-1 and Shilka air defense missile systems, due to their combat capabilities, were also not capable of fighting fire support helicopters with such tactics of their combat use. The only anti-aircraft weapon capable of effectively combating hovering helicopters could be the Tunguska ZSU, which had the ability to accompany tanks as part of their battle formations, had a sufficiently far border of the affected area (4-8 km) and short operating time (8-10 s ).
The development of the Tunguska complex as a whole was carried out by KBP MOP (chief designer A.G. Shipunov). The main designers of the guns and rockets, respectively, were V.P. Gryazev and V.M. Kuznetsov. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP (for the radio instrument complex, chief designer Yu.E. Ivanov), the Minsk Tractor Plant MSKHM (for the GM-352 tracked chassis with a power supply system), and the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Signal" MOP (for guidance systems, stabilization of the shot line and optical sight, navigation equipment), LOMO MOP (for sighting and optical equipment) and other organizations.
Joint (state) tests of the Tunguska complex were carried out from September 1980 to December 1981 at the Donguz test site. " Mayak" MOP, sighting and optical equipment - in LOMO MOP. Tracked self-propelled vehicles (with support systems) were supplied by the Minsk Tractor Plant MSHM.
By mid-1990, the Tunguska complex was modernized and received the designation Tunguska-M (2K22M). The 2K22M complex was tested from August to October 1990 at the Emba test site under the leadership of a commission headed by A.Ya. Belotserkovsky and was put into service in the same year.
The Tunguska air defense missile system and its modifications are in service with the armed forces of Russia and Belarus. In 1999, Russia began supplies of the Tunguska-M1 air defense missile system to India. total number 60 pieces. Previously, India acquired 20 Tunguska complexes. According to some reports, the complex was delivered to the UK in single quantities through the Voentekh Group of Companies in the mid-90s.
In the west, the complex received the designation SA-19 "Grison".
Compound
Anti-aircraft gun-missile system 2K22 consists of combat equipment, maintenance equipment and training equipment located in 1Р10-1 and 2В110-1 products.
The ZPRK 2K22 combat assets include a battery of ZSU 2S6 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, consisting of six combat vehicles.
Maintenance equipment for ZPRK 2K22 includes:
- repair and maintenance machine 1Р10-1,
- maintenance machine 2V110-1,
- repair and maintenance machine 2F55-1,
- transport-loading machines 2F77M (see photo),
- diesel power plant ESD2-12,
- The MTO-AG-1M workshop (for servicing ZSU 2S6 tracked chassis) and the AKIPS 9V921 automated control and testing mobile station (for servicing 9M311 missiles) are also involved in carrying out maintenance.
Educational and training facilities consist of:
- training device 1RL912, designed for training and training of the SPAAG commander and operator,
- 9F810 simulator, designed for training and training of a self-propelled gunner.
Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun ZSU 2S6 consists of a GM 352 tracked chassis on which a 2A40 turret is installed. The turret contains the RCK 1A27 radio instrument complex, which includes the 1RL144 radar system (see description), the 1A26 digital computer system and the 1G30 roll angle measurement system.
In addition, the tower has optical sight with the 1A29 guidance and stabilization system, navigation equipment, external and internal communication equipment, including the R-173 radio station and 1B116 internal telephone communication equipment, weapons protection equipment mass destruction, fire-fighting equipment, some of which is installed in the GM-352 tracked chassis, surveillance equipment, ventilation and microclimate systems. The armored body protects the equipment and crew of the ZSU from damage by 7.62 mm bullets and shrapnel.
On the outside of the tower, in the front part of it, there is an antenna column for a target tracking station; on the outside, along the sides of the tower body, there are guides for installing 9M311 missiles (see description, projections) and 2A38 anti-aircraft guns. On the roof of the tower, in the rear part, there is an antenna column for the detection and target designation station.
The interior of the tower, according to the location and purpose of the equipment, is divided into a control compartment, artillery and aft compartments. The control compartment is located in the front part of the turret, the artillery compartment occupies the volume around the perimeter of the turret and the middle part of the turret cap.
The interaction of the components of the ZSU is shown in the figure.
To ensure the combat operation of the ZSU, the 1A27 instrument complex performs the following operations:
- search, detection and tracking of air targets;
- issuing guidance signals for anti-aircraft guns;
- issuing missile control signals;
- generation of current values of the ZSU coordinates relative to the reference point;
- provides indication on the SPAAG commander's console of the operating modes of the radar system.
An optical sight with a guidance and stabilization system provides search, detection, tracking of air and ground targets and determination of the mismatch between the position of the missile and the optical line of sight of the optical sighting equipment. An optical sight with a guidance and stabilization system consists of a guidance and stabilization system for an optical sight, sighting and optical equipment and coordinate extraction equipment.
Guidance of the POO to the target is carried out by the SNS OP drives using control signals coming from the gunner's console or from the central military station.
External and internal communication means provide communication with an external subscriber and between payment numbers.
The 2A40 turret is mounted on a tracked chassis. According to the purpose of the systems and equipment, the chassis is divided into a control compartment, a compartment for installing a turret, an engine-transmission compartment and compartments for placing life support equipment, fire-fighting equipment, a power tracking drive for horizontal guidance, and a gas turbine engine.
The power supply of the ZSU is carried out from the electric power supply system. The source of direct current electricity is a direct current generator, the rotor of which is driven by a gas turbine engine or a traction motor. The converter unit converts direct current electricity into three-phase alternating current electricity with a frequency of 400 Hz and a voltage of 220 V, intended to power the ZSU equipment.
The power tracking drive (PSD) of horizontal guidance is designed for automated guidance and stabilization of the tower according to signals from the TsPSYU, as well as semi-automatic guidance according to signals from the SNS OP.
SPP is an electro-hydraulic automatic control system.
Repair and maintenance machine (MRTO) 1Р10-1. The MRTO 1R10-1 includes special test equipment and equipment, radio measuring instruments, communications equipment, primary power supplies, equipment that ensures the normal functioning of the product and microclimate, safety and security equipment, PCP, PBZ, and auxiliary equipment.
MRTO 1Р10-1 is intended for carrying out maintenance of TO-1 and TO-2 and restoring the functionality of ZSU 2S6 electrical and radio equipment by replacing faulty components with serviceable ones from the ZSU 2S6 spare parts group kit.
MRTO 1Р10-1 provides:
- carrying out technical maintenance of products 1RL144, 1A26, 1A29, 2E29VM, 1G30, block Sh1;
- restoring the functionality of products 1RL144, 1A26, 1A29, 2E29VN, 2E29GN, 1G30, electrical equipment of products 2A40 and the Sh1 unit by replacing faulty blocks, sub-blocks and wall-mounted elements with serviceable ones from the group kit of spare parts for the ZSU;
- performance monitoring, testing and configuration of individual units and systems included in the ZSU 2S6.
- transportation of the training device 1RL912.
Maintenance vehicle (MTO) 2В110-1. The MTO includes equipment, tools and materials used in the maintenance and repair of the ZSU 2S6 and its components, the R-173 radio station, telephone communication apparatus, PCP and ESD devices, primary power supply installation and life support and microclimate equipment. The MTO is intended for carrying out technical maintenance of TO-1 and TO-2 and restoring the functionality of mechanical assembly units of the ZSU 2S6, as well as for transporting the 9F810 simulator and training the gunner based on the ZSU 2S6.
Repair and maintenance machine (MRTO) 2F55-1. The MRTO 2F55-1 includes racks with cassettes containing spare parts from the group set of spare parts for 2S6 products, individual components of single spare parts for the ZSU, surveillance devices and life support systems for calculating and creating a microclimate in the body of a van, ESD and PCP devices. MRTO 2F55-1 is intended for placement, storage and transportation of part of a group set of spare parts for the ZSU 2S6, as well as part of the range of a single set of spare parts not located on the ZSU 2S6. Spare parts elements are located in drawers mounted in frames along the sides of the van body.
Transport-loading vehicle 2F77M. It includes an electric crane, manazons for placing cartridge boxes, cradle for stowing 9M311 missiles, a machine for loading cartridge belts, an R-173 radio station, PAZ and PKhZ devices, devices for carrying boxes and night vision devices. It is designed to transport ammunition ammunition in boxes and ammunition for 9M311 missiles; self-unloading from the ground or vehicles; participation in loading, unloading and reloading of the ZSU 2S6. One TZM 2F77M provides servicing of two ZSU 2S6.
Automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V921. It includes special testing equipment for testing 9M311 missiles, standardized instrumentation, crew life support equipment, and an electrical installation of single-phase alternating current voltage 220 V 50 Hz.
Maintenance workshop MTO-AG-1M designed for routine repair and maintenance in field conditions of the GM-352 tracked chassis and vehicles included in the 2K22 complex. The workshop equipment allows for diagnostic, washing and cleaning, lubrication and refueling work, adjustment of units, charging batteries, tire repair, lifting and transport, welding, carpentry and other routine repair work.
Diesel power plant ESD2-12 designed for use as an external power supply for the ZSU 2S6 during routine maintenance. ESD2-12 provides three-phase alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz and a voltage of 220 V and a direct current of ±27 V (with a midpoint).
The ZSU 2S6 is mounted on the chassis of the MT-T multi-purpose tracked heavy transporter. Hydromechanical transmission and hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance provide high cross-country ability and smooth ride over rough terrain.
Fire from 30-mm 2A38 cannons can be fired on the move or from a standstill, and the missile defense system can be launched only from a stop. The fire control system is radar-optical. A surveillance radar with a target detection range of 18 km is located at the rear of the turret. In front of the tower there is a target tracking radar with a range of 13 km. In addition to the radar, the fire control system includes a digital computer, a stabilized optical sight and angle measuring instruments. The reaction time of the complex is 6-8 s. The combat vehicle has a navigation, topographical reference and orientation system for determining coordinates. The installation is reloaded from a special transport-loading machine on the chassis of a KamAZ-43101 vehicle using the container method. The reloading time of the SPAAG with missiles and shells is 16 minutes. The hull and turret of the vehicle are made of all-welded armor and provide protection for the crew from bullets and shrapnel. The driver is located in the front of the vehicle. The radar operator, commander and gunner are located in the turret.
Operation of a combat vehicle 2S6 was carried out mainly autonomously, but work in the air defense control system of the ground forces was not excluded.
During autonomous operation the following was provided:
- target search (circular - using a detection station, sectoral - using a tracking station or optical sight);
- identification of nationality of detected aircraft and helicopters using a built-in interrogator;
- target tracking by angular coordinates (automatic using a tracking station, semi-automatic - using an optical sight, inertial - according to digital computer system data);
- target tracking by range (automatic or manual - using a tracking station, automatic - using a detection station, inertial - using a digital computer system, at a set speed, which was determined visually by the commander based on the type of target selected for firing).
The combination of various methods of tracking a target by angular coordinates and range provided the following modes of operation of the combat vehicle:
- according to three target coordinates received from the radar system;
- by the range to the target received from the radar system, and by its angular coordinates obtained from the optical sight;
- inertial target tracking in three coordinates received from the computer system;
- according to angular coordinates obtained from the optical sight and the target speed set by the commander.
When firing at moving targets on the ground, the mode of semi-automatic or manual aiming of weapons at the lead point along the remote sight reticle was used. After searching, detecting and identifying the target, the tracking station switched to its automatic tracking along all coordinates.
When firing anti-aircraft guns The digital computer system solved the problem of the projectile meeting the target and determined the affected area based on data coming from the output shafts of the tracking station antenna, from the unit for isolating error signals by angular coordinates and from the rangefinder, as well as from the system for measuring pitching angles and heading of the combat vehicle. In the event that the enemy caused intense interference to the tracking station via the range measurement channel (autorangefinder), a transition was made to manual tracking of the target in range, and if even manual tracking was impossible, to tracking the target in range from the detection station or to its inertial tracking. When setting up intense interference from the tracking station along angular coordinates, target tracking in azimuth and elevation was carried out by an optical sight, and in the absence of visibility - inertially (from a digital computer system).
When firing rockets target tracking was used along angular coordinates using an optical sight. After launch, the missile system fell into the field of view of the optical direction finder of the missile coordinates selection equipment. Based on the light signal from the missile tracer, the equipment generated the angular coordinates of the missile defense system relative to the target’s line of sight, which were fed into the computer system. It generated missile control commands that entered the encoder, where they were encoded into pulses and transmitted to the missile through the tracking station transmitter. The movement of the rocket along almost the entire trajectory occurred with a deviation from the target line of sight by 1.5 d.u. to reduce the likelihood of an optical (thermal) interference trap falling into the field of view of the direction finder. The launch of the missile onto the target's line of sight began 2-3 seconds before meeting the target and ended close to it. When the missile defense system approached the target at a distance of 1000 m, a radio command was transmitted to the missile to arm the non-contact sensor. After the time corresponding to the missile flying 1000m from the target, the combat vehicle was automatically transferred to readiness to launch the next missile at the target. If there was no information in the computer system about the range to the target from tracking or detection stations, an additional missile guidance mode was used, in which the missile was immediately brought to the target line of sight, the non-contact sensor was cocked 3.2 s after the missile launch, and the combat vehicle was brought into readiness for launch the next missile was carried out after the missile's flight time to its maximum range had expired.
Organizationally, 4 combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were combined into an anti-aircraft missile and artillery platoon of an anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery, consisting of a platoon of Strela-10SV air defense systems and a platoon of Tunguska complexes. The battery is part of the anti-aircraft division of a motorized rifle (tank) regiment. The PU-12M control post, which was associated with command post commander of the anti-aircraft division - chief of the air defense regiment. The latter was used as a control point for air defense units of the regiment "Ovod-M-SV" (mobile reconnaissance and control point PPRU-1) or its modernized version - "Assembly-M" (PPRU-1M). In the future, combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were to be interfaced with a unified battery command post 9S737 "Rank". When paired with the Tunguska complex with the PU-12M, control commands and control commands from the latter to the combat vehicles were to be transmitted by voice using standard radio stations, and when paired with the 9S737 command post - using codegrams generated by data transmission equipment, which should have been these facilities are equipped. In the case of control of the Tunguska complexes from a battery command post, the analysis of the air situation and the selection of targets for firing by each complex should have been carried out at this point. In this case, orders and target designations were to be transmitted to combat vehicles, and data on the condition and results of the complex’s combat operation were to be transmitted from the complexes to the battery station. It was intended in the future to provide direct interface between the anti-aircraft gun and missile system and the command post of the air defense chief of the regiment using a telecode data line.
Modernization
By mid-1990, the Tunguska complex was modernized and received the designation 2K22M Tunguska-M. The main improvements to the complex were the introduction of new radio stations and a receiver for communication with the Ranzhir battery command post (PU-12M) and the PPRU-1M (PPRU-1) command post, as well as the replacement of the gas turbine engine of the complex's power supply unit with a new one - with increased service life (600 instead of 300 hours).
In the Tunguska-M1 modification, the processes of missile guidance and exchange of information with the battery command post are automated. In the 9M311M missile, the laser non-contact target sensor was replaced by a radar one, which increased the likelihood of hitting ALCM-type missiles. Instead of a tracer, a pulse lamp was installed - the efficiency increased by 1.3-1.5 times, the missile range reached 10 km. Work is underway to replace the GM-352 chassis produced in Belarus with the GM-5975 developed by the Mytishchi Metrovagonmash Production Association.
The 2K22M1 "Tunguska-M1" complex (2003) implemented a number of technical solutions that expanded its capabilities:
- The ZSU included equipment for receiving and implementing automated external target designation, which interfaces via a radio channel with the battery command post, which made it possible to automatically distribute targets from the Ranzhir battery command post between the battery ZSU and significantly increased the effectiveness of combat use during a massive raid.
- Unloading schemes were introduced, which made it possible to significantly facilitate the gunner’s work when tracking a moving air target with an optical sight, reduced it to working as if on a stationary target, which greatly reduced errors during tracking (this is very important when firing at a target with a missile, since the miss value should not exceed 5 m).
- The equipment for isolating coordinates has been improved in connection with the use of a new type of rocket, equipped, in addition to a continuous light source, also with a pulsed one. This innovation significantly increased the noise immunity of the equipment and made it possible to more likely hit targets equipped with optical interference. The use of a new type of missile increased the range of the missile strike zone to 10,000 m.
- The system for measuring pitching and heading angles was changed, which significantly reduced the disturbing influences on the gyroscopes that occur during movement, reduced the errors in measuring the tilt angles and heading of the ZSU, increased the stability of the control loop of anti-aircraft guns and, therefore, increased the likelihood of hitting targets.
- The operating time of the missile elements was increased, which increased the firing range from 8 to 10 km, and a radar non-contact target sensor (NDTS) with a circular antenna pattern and an operating radius of up to 5 m was introduced, which ensured the destruction of small targets (such as the ALCM cruise missile).
Modernization of the control system for the optical sight, central heating system and radar significantly simplifies the process of target tracking by the gunner while simultaneously increasing the accuracy of tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the combat use of the optical channel on the level of professional training of the gunner.Work is underway to further modernize the 2S6M1 ZSU. The introduction of a tele-thermal imaging channel with automatic tracking ensures the presence of a passive target tracking channel and 24-hour availability missile weapons.
In general, the level of combat effectiveness of the Tunguska-M1 complex in conditions of interference is 1.3 - 1.5 times higher compared to the Tunguska-M complex.
Performance characteristics
| Crew, people | 4 |
| Overall dimensions, m: - length - width - height with radar raised - height with radar lowered |
7.93 0.46 4.021 3.356 |
| Machine weight, tons | 36 |
| Detection range of air targets, km | 16-18 |
| Tracking range, km | 10 |
| Reaction time, s | 10 |
| Firing range, km: - cannon - SAM |
0.2-4 2.5-8 |
|
Slant range firing, km: - cannon - SAM |
up to 4 up to 8 |
| Height of targets hit, km: - when firing cannons - when firing missiles |
0-3 0.015-3.5 |
| Technical rate of fire of guns, rds/min. | 4000-5000 |
| Initial projectile speed, m/s | 960 |
| Maximum speed flight of the fired target, m/s | 500 |
| Angle of vertical cannon fire, degrees: - minimal - maximum |
-10 +87 |
| Travel speed, km/h | 65 |
| Ammunition: - 30 mm shells - SAM |
1904 8 |
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The radar system includes a separate tracking radar mounted on the front of the turret, and a target acquisition and identification radar mounted on the rear of the turret. The information received by the radar is transmitted to a digital computing device that controls the weapon. The radar operating range is 18 km, target tracking range is 16 km.
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The vertical guidance angle of two 30-mm 2A38M automatic cannons (the same ones used on the BMP 2 and the Ka-50 helicopter) ranges from -6 to +80°. The ammunition load consists of 1904 armor-piercing tracer, fragmentation tracer and high-explosive tracer shells. The rate of fire is 5,000 rounds per minute. The Tunguska is capable of conducting effective cannon fire at air targets at a range of 200 to 4,000 m; the cannons are also capable of hitting ground targets. Maximum height target when conducting effective fire is 3000 m, the minimum height is Yum. The guns are capable of hitting a target moving at a speed of up to 700 m/s, and the complex as a whole is capable of hitting targets moving at a speed of 500 m/s. Currently, the Tunguska is in service with the Armed Forces of Russia, Belarus and India.
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The Tunguska-M1 anti-aircraft gun-missile system (ZPRK) was designed in the second half of the 1990s and was adopted by the Russian army in 2003. The main developer of the Tunguska-M1 anti-aircraft missile system is the State Unitary Enterprise Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), the vehicle is produced by Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant OJSC. The main combat weapon of the modernized complex is the 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1 ZSU. Its main purpose is to provide air defense to tank and motorized rifle units both on the march and during combat operations.
The Tunguska-M1 ZSU provides detection, identification, tracking and subsequent destruction of various types of air targets (helicopters, tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, drones) when operating on the move, from short stops and from a standstill, as well as the destruction of surface and ground targets , objects that are dropped by parachute. In this self-propelled anti-aircraft installation, for the first time, the combination of two types of weapons (cannon and missile) with a single radar and instrument complex was achieved.
The cannon armament of the Tunguska-M1 ZSU consists of two 30-mm anti-aircraft double-barreled rapid-firing machine guns. The high total rate of fire - at the level of 5000 rounds per minute - guarantees the effective destruction of even high-speed air targets that are in the complex’s fire zone for a relatively short time. High aiming accuracy (achieved through good stabilization of the shot line) and high rate of fire allow you to fire at air targets while on the move. The transportable ammunition consists of 1904 30-mm rounds, and each of the machine guns has an independent power supply system.
The missile armament of the Tunguska-M1 air defense system consists of 8 9M311 missiles. This rocket is bicaliber, solid fuel, two-stage, it has a detachable starting engine. Aiming the missiles at the target is radio command with an optical communication line. At the same time, the missile is very maneuverable and resistant to overloads of up to 35 g, which allows it to hit actively maneuvering and high-speed air targets. average speed missile flight to maximum range is 550 m/s.
The experience that was gained during the active operation of previous versions of the Tunguska air defense missile system demonstrated the need to increase the level of noise immunity when firing missiles at targets that have means of creating optical jamming. In addition, it was planned to introduce into the complex equipment for automated reception and implementation of target designations received from higher command posts in order to increase the combat effectiveness of the Tunguska air defense system battery during an intensive air raid.
The consequence of all this was the development of the new Tunguska-M1 air defense missile system, which has significantly improved combat characteristics. To arm this complex, a new anti-aircraft guided missile was created, equipped with a modernized control system and a pulsed optical transponder, which significantly increased the noise immunity of the missile defense control channel and increased the likelihood of destroying air targets that operate under the cover of optical interference. Besides, new rocket received a non-contact radar fuse, which has a response radius of up to 5 meters. This move made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the Tunguska in the fight against small air targets. At the same time, increasing the operating time of the engines made it possible to increase the air strike range from 8 thousand to 10 thousand meters.
The introduction into the complex of equipment for automated processing and reception of external target designation data from the command post (similar to PPRU - a mobile reconnaissance and control point) significantly increased the effectiveness of the combat use of the complex's batteries during a massive enemy raid. The use of a modernized digital computer system (DCS), built on a modern element base, made it possible to significantly expand the functionality of the 2S6M1 ZSU when solving control and combat missions, as well as increase the accuracy of their execution.
The modernization of the complex's optical sighting equipment made it possible to significantly simplify the entire process of target tracking by the gunner, while at the same time increasing the accuracy of target tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the combat use of the optical guidance channel on the professional level of the gunner's training. The modernization of the radar system of the Tunguska anti-aircraft missile system made it possible to ensure the operation of the gunner’s “unloading” system, the reception and implementation of data from external target designation sources. In addition, the overall level of reliability of the complex’s equipment was increased, operational and specifications.
The use of a more advanced and powerful gas turbine engine, which has a twice as long operating life (600 hours instead of 300), made it possible to increase the power of the entire power system of the installation, achieving a reduction in power drawdowns during operation with the hydraulic drives of the weapon systems turned on.
At the same time, work was underway to install thermal imaging and television channels on the ZSU 2S6M1, equipped with an automatic target tracking system; in addition, the detection and target designation station (SOC) itself was modernized in order to increase the target detection zones at flight altitude to 6 thousand meters (instead of existing 3.5 thousand meters). This was achieved by introducing 2 angles of the SOC antenna position in the vertical plane.
Factory tests of the ZSU 2S6M1 model modernized in this way confirmed the high efficiency of the introduced options when operating the complex against air and ground targets. The presence of thermal imaging and television channels on the installation with an automatic target tracking system guarantees the presence of a passive target tracking channel and the 24-hour use of existing missiles. The Tunguska-M1 self-propelled gun is capable of providing combat work while on the move, operating in combat formations of covered military units. This air defense system has no analogues in the world in terms of the combination of qualities and effectiveness of protecting units from enemy air attacks launched from low altitudes.
Differences between the Tunguska-M1 air defense missile system and the previous version
The modification of the Tunguska-M1 complex is distinguished by a fully automated process of pointing missiles at the target and exchanging information with the battery command post. In the missile itself, the laser non-contact target sensor was replaced with a radar one, which had a positive effect on the defeat of ALCM-type cruise missiles. Instead of a tracer, a flash lamp was mounted on the installation, the efficiency of which increased by 1.3-1.5 times. The range of anti-aircraft guided missiles was increased to 10 thousand meters. In addition, work began on replacing the GM-352 chassis produced in Belarus with the domestic GM-5975, created in Mytishchi at the Metrovagonmash Production Association.
In general, the 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1 complex, which was put into service in 2003, managed to implement a number of technical solutions that expanded its combat capabilities:
Equipment for receiving and implementing external automated target designation was introduced into the complex. This equipment is interfaced with the battery command post using a radio channel, and this in turn allows you to automatically distribute targets between the battery's self-propelled guns from the Ranzhir battery command post and significantly increases the effectiveness of the combat use of the complex.
- The complex included unloading schemes, which significantly facilitated the work of the Tunguska gunner when tracking moving air targets using an optical sight. In essence, everything was reduced to working as if with a stationary target, which significantly reduced the number of errors when tracking the target (this has a very great importance when firing a missile at a target, since the maximum miss should not exceed 5 meters).
The system for measuring heading and pitching angles was changed, which significantly reduced the disturbing effects on the installed gyroscopes that appeared while the vehicle was moving. It was also possible to reduce the number of errors in measuring the heading angles and inclination of the ZSU, increase the stability of the control loop of the ZSU, and therefore increase the probability of hitting air targets.
In connection with the use of a new type of rocket, the coordinate selection equipment was modernized. In addition to a continuous light source, the rocket also received a pulsed source. This solution increased the noise immunity of missile defense equipment and provided the ability to effectively engage air targets with optical jamming systems. The use of a new type of missile also increased the range of destruction of air targets - up to 10 thousand meters. In addition, a new radar non-contact target sensor (NDTS), with a response radius of up to 5 meters, was introduced into the missile design. Its use had a positive effect on the destruction of small air targets, such as cruise missiles.
In general, during the modernization work, a significant increase in efficiency was achieved. The Tunguska-M1 air defense missile system is 1.3-1.5 times more effective in enemy jamming conditions than the previous version of the Tunguska-M complex.
Tactical and technical characteristics of "Tunguska-M1":
Damage zones by range: SAM - 2500-10000 m, ZAM - 200-4000 m.
Damage zones by height: SAM - 15-3500 m, FOR - 0-3000 m.
The maximum firing range against ground targets is 2000 m.
Target detection range is up to 18 km.
Target tracking range is up to 16 km.
The maximum speed of air targets hit is up to 500 m/s.
Ammunition: SAM - 8 in launchers, ZAM - 1904 30 mm rounds.
The mass of the missile defense system in the transport and launch container is 45 kg.
The mass of the warhead of the missile defense system is 9 kg, the damage radius is 5 m.
Operating conditions of the complex: FOR - from a standstill and on the move, SAM - from short stops.
Information sources:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://www.military-informant.com/index.php/army/pvo/air-defence/3603-1.html
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tunguska/tunguska.shtml
http://www.kbptula.ru
http://www.ump.mv.ru/tung_ttx.htm
After almost seven years of design and development work, it was decided to abandon the modernization of Shilka and create a fundamentally new complex.
On June 8, 1970, CM Resolution No. 427-151 was issued on the creation of a new ZSU "Tunguska". KBP was appointed the lead developer of the Tunguska, and A.G. Shipunov was appointed the chief designer. Specifically, the KBP was engaged in the missile and artillery part of the installation - 2K22. The design of the RPK was carried out by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant of the Ministry of Radio Industry, which later became the head plant for its production. The developer of the computing device is the Scientific Research Electromechanical Institute of the Ministry of Radio Industry. The GM-352 tracked chassis was manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant. Anti-aircraft complex The 2S6 "Tunguska" was adopted for service by decree of the Council of Ministers of September 8, 1982, and the modernized Tunguska-M complex by order of the Minister of Defense of April 11, 1990.
The fundamental feature of the 2S6 complex is the combination in one combat vehicle of cannon and missile weapons, radar and optical fire control systems using common systems: detection radar, tracking radar, digital computing system and hydraulic guidance drives. "Tunguska" is intended for air defense of motorized rifle and tank units on the march and at all stages of the battle. It has a continuous destruction zone (without the “dead” zone characteristic of air defense systems), which is achieved by sequentially firing at the target first with missiles and then with cannons. Fire from 2A38 machine guns can be carried out both from a place and on the move, and missiles can be launched only from a place, or, in extreme cases, from short stops.
Gun 2A38. At the end of the right barrel there is a speed indicator, at the end of the left there is a compensator.
“Tunguska” at the air show in Zhukovsky (Moscow region), August 1992.
"Tunguska" before the parade in Samara on May 9, 1995. The detection radar column is in a stowed position, only the outer row of missile launch containers are installed.
"Tunguska" at the air show in Zhukovsky. The barrels of anti-aircraft guns are raised to the maximum elevation angle. The detection radar column is in combat position. Missile launch containers have not been installed.
RPK 2S6 turret. In the rear part of the tower there is a detection radar antenna, in the front part there is a tracking radar. Guns and missile launch containers can take up a firing position independently of each other. Silver containers - dimensional layouts.
Commander's cupola and optical sight armor cap (right).
The 9M311 missile defense system is a solid-fuel bicaliber (76/152 mm) two-stage missile, made according to the “duck” design. It is guided to the target by radio command. The tracking radar via synchronous communication provides precise target designation to the optical sight and brings it to the line of sight. The gunner detects the target in the field of view of the sight, takes it into tracking, and during the aiming process keeps the sight mark on the target. The missile has good maneuverability (the maximum permissible overload is 32 d). The rocket fuse is non-contact, with a radius of action of 5 m. The warhead is a fragmentation rod. The length of the rods is about 600 mm, the diameter is 4 - 9 mm. On top of the rods there is a “shirt” containing ready-made fragments - cubes weighing 2 - 3 g. When the warhead ruptures, the rods form a ring with a radius of 5 m in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the missile. At a distance of more than 5 m, the action of rods and fragments is ineffective.
The GM-352 tracked chassis has high maneuverability, maneuverability, and smooth running. The ability to fire without reducing speed is ensured by the use of a hydromechanical transmission with a hydrostatic turning mechanism, hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance and a hydraulic track tensioning mechanism.
Thus, the Tunguska is a highly mobile self-propelled gun with effective missile and artillery weapons. Its disadvantages include short range target detection by on-board radar and the inability to operate missile defense systems in poor visibility conditions (smoke, fog, etc.).
The author does not have data on the combat use of the Tunguska in the fight against air targets. In the New Year's assault on Grozny in 1994 as part of the Maykop 131st brigade Russian army Six Tunguskas took part, which were destroyed in the first minutes of the battle.
A prototype of the GM-5975 tracked chassis for the RPK2S6M2. Exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, May 1997.
As the means of air attack by a potential enemy improved, new air defense systems were required in the late sixties. Each of the means of combating flying targets had its own advantages, but was not without its drawbacks. One of the attempts to create a universal weapon capable of destroying targets at different altitudes and moving at different speeds was the Soviet Tunguska air defense missile system. About what lies behind it code name and what were the preconditions for its appearance in service will be discussed in this article.
Rocket or anti-aircraft gun?
In the second half of the 20th century, the main means of air defense became the missile. Its advantages were evident in a famous incident in 1960, when a spy plane flying at a hitherto unattainable altitude was shot down by Soviet air defenses. The rocket has a greater speed than any artillery shell, and it reaches higher. It does, however, have a significant drawback - the price, but it is not worth standing behind it when the issue of air border security is at stake. In the early 80s, the Soviet Army received the 2c6 Tunguska anti-aircraft missile and gun system, which is a mobile complex combining both missile and artillery weapons. At that time, no air defense system in the world had such capabilities, combining “two in one”. In order to realize the urgent need for this type of weapons, a scrupulous analysis of modern military conflicts that then, fortunately, took place outside the borders of our country was required.
Experience in using the self-propelled system and the general concept of Tunguska
1973, Middle East. During the Yom Kippur War, Soviet specialist officers provided assistance to the conflict, including Egypt.
On October 15, ARE tracking stations reported a group of Israeli Phantoms, consisting of dozens of aircraft, approaching from the Mediterranean Sea. They flew at low altitude, approaching the Nile Delta.
The enemy's target was Egyptian airfields. So the Israeli Air Force pilots tried to avoid the risk of being shot down by Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles, capable of hitting aircraft flying at medium and high altitudes, but an unpleasant surprise awaited them. Among the numerous tributaries at the confluence of the ancient river into the sea, the Egyptians placed Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft guns on pontoon rafts, literally tearing up the planes and fuselages of the Phantoms with their rapid-fire cannons. These ZSUs had their own radar and very good automation, which helped conduct targeted fire, and were also used by North Vietnamese troops in repelling American aggression. In a sense, its successor was the Tunguska ZSU. Air defense air defense systems had restrictions on the lower height limit, and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns - on the upper limit. And the USSR decided to combine the capabilities of these two types of anti-aircraft weapons in one system.
Varieties, modifications and names
The complex entered service with the Soviet Army in 1982, immediately after the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP produced the first pilot batch of vehicles. From the very beginning, the project was classified as complete secrecy, which explains some discrepancies in the coding, numbers and letters with which it was designated in open sources. Sometimes the name 2S16 (“Tunguska”) appears in the press. it would be more correct to designate 2С6, apparently there was a typo, although it is possible that “16” is also some kind of variety. Improvement of military equipment is carried out constantly; this is normal practice in all armies of the world. In 1990, Tunguska-M appeared. The anti-aircraft gun-missile system was modernized and received a new control system design, which included a “friend or foe” identifier, and the power plant began to be duplicated by an auxiliary power unit.
Modernization work continued further in the difficult 90s. The result was the Tunguska-M1 gun-missile system, the description of which became more accessible due to the fact that this modification was exported, in particular, to India. The code used most often is 2K22. This is the factory designation of the Tunguska air defense missile system. It also has a NATO “name” - “Greeson SA-19”.
Electronic eyes and brain
From the very name of the complex it is clear that its armament consists of two components - artillery and anti-aircraft missiles. Both of these elements have individual guidance systems, but they have common radars that provide information about the air situation (in two bands). It is these “eyes” that search for the target in a circular manner. Sectoral search is provided by a tracking station, and if visual contact is possible, the use of optical means is also permissible.
The newest system is capable of not only identifying friend or foe, but also reliably reporting its nationality at a distance of up to 18 km.
2S6 (or ZRPK 2S16) “Tunguska” can track air targets using several algorithms (inertial, three-coordinate, angular two-coordinate) using data from its own locator or external radar posts. The necessary calculations are performed by the built-in onboard computer. The transition to a certain method of tracking or shooting is carried out automatically, depending on the degree of electronic countermeasures and the level of interference. If it is impossible to make automatic calculations, fire is carried out manually.
Artillery
Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun“Shilka” (ZSU-23-4) showed its high efficiency, but by the end of the 70s its performance characteristics no longer satisfied the Soviet military. Claims were made primarily to the insufficient caliber (22 mm), causing a relatively small radius of destruction. The ZRPK 2S16 “Tunguska” guns are more powerful, thirty-millimeter, and their number has been halved, there are now two. This is exactly the case when less is more. The firing range increased from 2.5 to 8 km, and the intensity of fire, despite the smaller number of barrels, increased from 3.4 to 5 rounds per minute.
Rockets
The main weapon of the complex is the 9M311 two-stage guided missile. It's structured in a very interesting way. The first stage is solid fuel, which is a lightweight fiberglass shell filled with fuel. The second part, which directly engages the target, does not have an engine; it moves, like an artillery shell, due to the impulse received during acceleration, but it can be controlled by a gas generator located in the tail section. The connection between the missile and the control post is optical, which ensures ideal noise immunity. Guidance is carried out in a semi-automatic radio command mode using letter frequencies set immediately before launch from the Tunguska air defense missile system. The anti-aircraft missile and gun complex with its circuitry eliminates the possibility of electronic interception or redirection of the missile. To guarantee destruction, an impact on the target is not necessary; the fuse will ensure the scattering of the rod striking elements at the required distance in a non-contact mode. There are eight launchers.
Chassis
The mobility of air defense elements in the front-line zone, for which the complex is actually intended, is impossible without a powerful, reliable and high-speed chassis with high maneuverability. In order to avoid unnecessary expenses, it was decided to mount the 2K22 Tunguska anti-aircraft missile and gun system on the GM-352 of the previously developed Osa self-propelled gun. The speed that the car develops on the highway is 65 km/h; in off-road conditions or rough terrain it is naturally lower (from 10 to 40 km/h). Diesel engine V-46-2S1 with a power of 710 hp. With. provides a lifting angle of up to 35°. The track roller suspensions are individual, with a hydropneumatic drive, which also includes adjustment of the height of the body lift above the ground.
Crew
Personnel protection is provided by bulletproof and anti-fragmentation armor of the all-welded hull. The driver’s seat is located in the bow of the vehicle; in addition to him, three more people in the mobile turret (commander, radar operator and gunner) make up the crew of the Tunguska air defense missile system. The anti-aircraft missile and gun system responds to changes in the situation within 8 seconds, its reloading (using a special vehicle based on KamAZ-43101) takes 16 minutes.
Such time frames require excellent training and high qualifications achieved through constant educational work.
Creators of the complex
The chief designer of the system, A. G. Shipunov, as well as V. P. Gryazev, who designed the guns, and the chief missile specialist, V. M. Kuznetsov, through whose efforts the Tunguska was created, deserve special words. The anti-aircraft missile and gun complex was the result of cooperation between many enterprises of the USSR. The tracked chassis was manufactured in Minsk, at the tractor plant, the guidance systems were assembled and debugged at Signal, and the optics at the Leningrad LOMO. Other scientific and production organizations of the Soviet Union also took part in the work.
Artillery weapons were produced in Tula, missiles were assembled in Kirov (“Mayak”).
Application experience
At the moment, there is no more powerful mobile air defense system in the world than the Tunguska. The anti-aircraft gun-missile system, however, has not yet been used for its intended purpose. During the fighting in the Chechen Republic, it was used to carry out fire strikes on ground targets, but there are specialized types of equipment and ammunition for these purposes. The armor protection of 2K22 turned out to be insufficient for conducting a land war. After fifteen of the two dozen Tunguska-M1 air defense systems were damaged (mainly as a result of RPG shots), the command came to the logical conclusion about the poor effectiveness of air defense systems in conditions guerrilla warfare. The lack of casualties among personnel could be a consolation.
Organizational structure
The Tunguska-M air defense system is designed to destroy complex targets such as helicopters and low-flying cruise missiles. In dynamic combat conditions, each such vehicle can make independent decisions, guided by the operational situation, but the greatest effectiveness is ensured by group use. For this purpose, appropriate army command structures have been organized.
In each platoon, consisting of four Tunguska air defense missile systems, the anti-aircraft missile and gun complex, equipped with the Ranzhir centralized command post, is the commander’s command, forming, together with the platoon armed with the Strela air defense system, a larger formation - a mobile missile and artillery unit anti-aircraft battery. In turn, batteries are subordinate to a divisional or regimental command structure.