Professional sports are dangerous. The number of injuries sustained by athletes at major competitions is increasing every year, mainly due to the constantly growing workload. Now sports injuries account for 2-5% of all injuries. Below is a list of the most traumatic sports in Russia in descending order.
1. Martial arts (boxing, wrestling, taekwon-do)
If we talk about boxing, then in 65% of cases athletes injure the distal upper extremities: fingers, metacarpophalangeal joints, and joints - wrist, elbow, shoulder. Most often, sprains and ruptures of ligaments, fractures of the phalanges, periostitis of the dorsum of the metacarpal bones occur. Another 18% of injuries are accounted for by facial injuries (damage to the nose and bridge of the nose, ears, inner lining of the lips and cheeks, dissection of the eyebrows). Separately, it is worth noting injuries to the central nervous system (central nervous system).
In taekwon-do, the legs are most often injured (about 51%), specifically the foot and its fingers (29%), followed by the frequency of injuries to the head (on average 26%), more precisely the face and teeth (18%). The back, spine and upper limbs take on another 11-19% of injuries .
In wrestling (classical and Greco-Roman) 69.27% of injuries are acute injuries of the musculoskeletal system, most often the knee (menisci, cruciate and lateral ligaments), as well as associated injuries of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus. Approximately 13% of injuries account for fractures and dislocations, 4.3% are severe bruises, and another 5.6% are injuries to muscles and tendons (ruptures of the shoulder girdle muscles, pectoralis major muscle, biceps tendons and Achilles tendons). Experts emphasize that the majority of medium and severe injuries are received by wrestlers, being insufficiently prepared for a fight.
2. Basketball
According to NBA sports doctors, most of the injuries among basketball players are due to the following causes: sudden angular acceleration, sudden starts and stops, jumping, physical contact. Shoulder and knee injuries, the most common in this sport, include rotator cuff injuries, recurrent shoulder dislocation, meniscus injuries, and lateral and cruciate knee ligaments. The collective term "jumper's knee" refers to damage to the patella's own ligament, functional subluxation in the patellofemoral joint, tendinopathy of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle in the place of its attachment to the tuberosity of the tibia.
About 17% of athletes receive some kind of knee injury during the season. Thus, the legendary "flying" basketball player Michael Jordan had to retire from the sport after the 2002-2003 season. After a knee injury, he underwent several operations, but he was unable to fully recover.
Also, basketball players often suffer from damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the ankle joint and dislocation / subluxation of the foot, injuries of the hands and fingers, rupture of the Achilles tendon, dental injuries - the highest rate among all sports - 10.6% per season.
3. Football
Football is one of the most popular and most traumatic games. The main mechanism of damage here is contact injuries (38%) among goalkeepers and defenders, and among midfielders and forwards, injuries occur most often during running, when falling and hitting the ball, and more in official matches (64%) than during training (51%).
Knee injuries mainly represent injuries of the ACL - the anterior cruciate ligament (47%) and injuries of the medial collateral ligament (28%). The posterior cruciate or lateral collateral ligaments are much less likely to be injured. As for the damage to the menisci, about 50% of them are due to the technique of hitting the ball.
If we talk about muscle stretching, then the mechanism of damage directly depends on their localization. Thus, stretching of the anterior rectus muscle occurs during the execution of a ball hit (86%), and the muscles of the posterior surface of the thigh and calf muscles - during acceleration (91%). Most ankle injuries occur as a result of supination (70%).
In football, fractures cannot be avoided. Eduardo Da Silva suffered an open fracture of his shin against Birmingham on 23 February 2008 in a collision with Martin Taylor. Similar injuries were received: David Bast "Coventry City" (1996) - an open fracture of both bones of the lower leg, Alan Smith "Manchester United" (2006) - an external ankle, Luke Nills "Aston Villa" - a pylon, Jacob Olsen "Viborg" ( 2006) - both ankles, dislocation of the foot. And these are not all serious injuries of football players.
4. Artistic gymnastics
The frequency of injuries, depending on their location, differs between men and women. Leg injuries are most common for gymnasts.... According to various sources, the lower extremities of gymnasts account for 54-70% of all injuries, the upper ones - 17-25%, the back and trunk - 1-4%. In men, on the other hand, the hands are at risk (36-53% of injuries, while 32-43% are on the legs).
The most common injuries in gymnasts are the shoulder joint (16-19%), the wrist (8-13%) and the ankle (10-14%). This happens usually when performing a vault, exercises on rings, parallel bars, a crossbar and a horse.
Traumas such as a fracture of the scaphoid, damage to the rotator cuff, rupture of the ACL, osteochondrosis of the elbow, rupture of the lateral or medial meniscus, arthritis of the ankle, fractures of the legs, primary dislocation of the hip, severe trauma of the spine are usually the reason for the end of the career of sports gymnasts.
5. Bicycle
Most of the pathology (61.68%) in sportsmen-cyclists is constituted by acute injuries of the musculoskeletal system. 13.83% of them - fractures of the long bones (clavicle, forearm, ankle), another 15.40% - damage to the menisci, cruciate and lateral ligaments of the knee. There are also combined and concomitant injuries of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus.
Cyclists usually suffer bruises from the outer side of the thigh and trunk as a whole. Extensive abrasions and wounds in the same places account for 16.66%, and muscle and tendon injuries - 2.51%. Most often these are tendon injuries - closed (subcutaneous) ruptures of the Achilles tendon and open injuries of the flexor tendons of the fingers.
Among the chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system against the background of repeated injuries among cyclists, the prevailing (10.06%) are pathologies of the knee joint (chronic microtraumatization of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus, meniscopathy, cartilage chondromalacia, Hoff's disease) and the spine (8%) - osteochondrosis, spondylosis and spondyloarthrosis against the background of a congenital anomaly.
6. Handball
Russian handball has long held a leading position in the world arena. However, despite the very good physical fitness of athletes, injuries in this sport cannot be avoided. The most susceptible to injury in handball are goalkeepers and forwards. The main reasons (84%) are poor-quality and varied coverage of the playgrounds. The most typical injuries for handball are: damage to the capsule-ligamentous apparatus of the shoulder joint 16% (falls, jerks), injuries of the elbow joints 9% (falls, jerks), wrists and fingers 23% (contact with the ball), knee injuries (ligamentous apparatus, menisci) 24% (jumps, sharp turns), damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the ankle joints 8%.
7. Weightlifting
Injuries in modern Olympic weightlifting have become noticeably lower thanks to the use of modernized training systems and adequate technical instruction. Injuries usually occur as a result of already existing fatigue injuries, and sharp injuries as a result of improper execution technique or inadequate warm-up.
According to studies from 1990-1995, professional weightlifters at the US Olympic Sports Centers were dominated by injuries to the lower back, shoulder and knee, accounting for 64.8% of all injuries in total. Muscle sprains and tendinitis (68.9%) predominate among them. The former are more typical for the lower back and shoulders (75% and 55%, respectively), the latter for the knee (85%).
The above list of the most traumatic sports in Russia is compiled on the basis of official data published by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 2007 , By the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, British sports doctors after the 21st Winter Olympics in Vancouver in 2010, CBS News from Safe Kids Worldwide on Child Injuries in Sports 2011, IOC General Sports Statistics 2003-2009, various foreign research centers.
Boxing, taekwon-do, wrestling are combined into the "single combat" item, which, in particular, is the reason for its first line in the ranking. When compiling the list, injuries and injuries of the musculoskeletal system of mild severity were not taken into account, due to the designation by the athletes themselves as insignificant and, therefore, extremely rare requests for medical help. Some highly traumatic sports were not included in the list, due to their insignificant popularity in Russia compared to others. For example, golf (every year more than 900 people die on the golf course), rodeos (more than 80 thousand victims every year in the world), rock climbing (every third professional climber is killed or seriously injured), surfing (hitting the board, jerking, turning , sharks) and others.
| Rice. one |
 |
| Rice. 2- Number of injuries per 1000 sports exposure (American Sports Data Press Release, 2003) |
 |
| Rice. 3- Number of injuries per 1000 competitions in various sports |
 |
| Rice. 4- Number of injuries per 1000 workouts in various sports (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2007) |
 |
| Rice. 5- Number of injuries per 1000 athletes in various sports (3.S. Mironova and L. 3. Kheifets, 1965) |
Sports injury, according to various sources, accounts for 2-5% of total injuries (household, street, industrial, etc.). Some of the disagreement in numbers stems from the fact that sports injuries depends on how sports injuries, and on the degree of employment of the respondents in sports.
Traumatism different sports are different. Naturally, the more people are involved in this or that sport, the relatively more injuries in it. In order to level the differences in the number of people involved, it is possible to calculate the number of injuries per 1000 people involved - this is the so-called intensive injury rate(fig. 1).
However, the number of injuries depends not only on the number of people involved, but also on the intensity of sports. Obviously, a person who exercises 6 times a week has a higher risk of injury than someone who exercises 3 times a week. To take this factor into account, the number of injuries sustained per 1000 training sessions or competitions is calculated taking into account the total number of participants (athlete-exposures). That is, one training session or competition is regarded as one "exposure to sports influence" - foreign researchers most often use this very coefficient (Fig. 2).
These are the results of an American study that was released on May 5, 2003. The survey data of 20.1 million athletes in 2002 were processed.
In 2007, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) reported 182,000 injuries — more than 1 million athletic records over a 16-year period (1988/1989 to 2003/2004). The association has been collecting standardized injury data for varsity sports and training since 1982 through the Injury Surveillance System (ISS).
Data from all athletic events during that period showed that injury rates were statistically significantly higher in competition (13.8 injuries per 1000 events) than in training (4.0 injuries per 1000 trainings). During these 16 years, there have been no significant changes in these indicators.
More than 50% of all injuries were in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injury of all sports considered and accounted for 15% of all injuries. The rates of bruises and injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament have increased significantly compared to previous years (average annual increases of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively). American football had the highest injury rates, both in training (9.6 damage per 1000 training sessions), and in competition (35.9 damage per 1000 events). Whereas men's baseball had the lowest training injury rate (1.9 injuries per 1000 training sessions), while women's softball had the lowest rate in competition (4.3 injuries per 1000 events). A summary of this study is shown in Figures 3 and 4. All results are published in the Journal of Athletic Training (Hootman J.M. et al., 2007).
These are two very large studies, the results of which are highly statistically significant. But their disadvantage is that this is the United States, with its own preferences in sports. There are sports there that we don't have - baseball, softball or gymnastic performances by cheerleaders. Recent Russian studies, and even such a scale, have not been found. Apparently they were not carried out, tk. in modern textbooks on sports medicine in 2000-2006, data from the 60s are given. Much has changed since then, but much has remained the same, so it makes sense to familiarize yourself with these results.
Average number of sports injuries per 1000 students at that time was 4.7. The frequency of injuries during training, competition and training camps is not the same. During the competition, the intensive indicator is 8.3, in training - 2.1, and at the training camps - 2.0. Naturally, this indicator varies greatly among different sports. 3.S. Mironova and L. 3. Kheifets give number of injuries for every 1000 athletes in various sports (Fig. 5).
In classes where, for whatever reason, there is no coach or teacher, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in his presence, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
Yandex request statistics
We conducted our own statistical research based on the statistics of the Yandex search engine. We analyzed the number of queries in the Yandex system for different keywords per month - from March to December 2009. We asked for the keywords "injury" + "[sport]", for example, "soccer injury" or "gymnastics injury". Thus, we found out which sports injuries were of the most interest to people. In turn, we dare to suggest that this interest is directly related to the number of injuries occurring in the requested sport. When entering keywords, no restrictions were set for the countries of the world or regions of Russia. The results are presented in the form of a cumulative histogram (Fig. 6), in which the length of the bar is the sum of requests for each studied month, the contribution of each month to the total amount can be determined by color. The following queries were not included in the histogram (hereinafter in brackets - the sum of queries for March-December 2009): "powerlifting injuries" (410), "weightlifting injuries" (381), "alpine skiing injuries" (334), "judo injuries "(180)," Sambo injuries "(174)," swimming injuries "(112)," equestrian injuries "(90)," rugby injuries "(57). The queries "dance injuries", "wrestling injuries" and "bicycle injuries" were also investigated, for which statistics were not given for each month. However, according to our observations, we can say that the largest queries for these words were 51, 50 and 43 per month, respectively.
thesis
1.2.3 Sports injury statistics
Sports injuries, according to various sources, account for 2-5% of total injuries (domestic, street, industrial, etc.). Some disagreements in the numbers are related to the fact that sports injuries depend on both the injury rate of sports and the degree to which the respondents are engaged in sports.
Injury rates vary across sports. Naturally, the more people are involved in this or that sport, the relatively more injuries there are. In order to level the differences in the number of trainees, it is possible to calculate the number of injuries per 1000 trainees - this is the so-called intensive indicator of trauma (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 - The number of injuries per 1000 athletes in various sports
Another way to measure the risk of injury in different sports is to calculate the number of injuries sustained per 1000 training sessions or competitions. That is, one training session or competition is regarded as one "exposure to sports influence" - foreign researchers most often use this coefficient (Fig. No. 4).
These are the results of a US study that was released on May 5, 2003. Data from a survey of 20.1 million athletes in 2002 were processed.
In 2007, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) reported 182,000 injuries — more than 1 million athletic records over a 16-year period (1988/1989 to 2003/2004). This association has been collecting standardized injury data for college sports and training since 1982 through the Injury Watch System.
Figure 4 - The number of injuries per 1000 injuries to sports performance
Data from all sports events during that period showed that injury rates were statistically significantly higher in competition (13.8 injuries per 1000 events) than in training (4.0 injuries per 1000 trainings). During these 16 years, there have been no significant changes in these indicators.
More than 50% of all injuries were in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injury of all sports considered and accounted for 15% of all injuries. The rates of contusions and injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament have significantly increased compared to previous years (average annual growth rates of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively). American football had the highest injury rates, both in training (9.6 injuries per 1000 training sessions), and in competition (35.9 injuries per 1000 events). Whereas men's baseball had the lowest training injury rate (1.9 injuries per 1000 training sessions), and the lowest competitive injury rate for women's softball (4.3 injuries per 1000 events).
These are two very large studies, the results of which are highly statistically significant. But their disadvantage is that this is the United States, with its own preferences in sports. There are sports there that we don't have - baseball, softball or gymnastic performances by cheerleaders. Recent Russian studies, and even such a scale, have not been found. Apparently they were not carried out, tk. in modern textbooks on sports medicine in 2000-2006, data from the 60s are given. Much has changed since then, but much has remained the same, so it makes sense to familiarize yourself with these results.
The average number of sports injuries per 1000 athletes at that time was 4.7. The frequency of injuries during training, competition and training camps is not the same. During the competition, the intensive indicator is 8.3, in training - 2.1, and at the training camps - 2.0. Naturally, this indicator varies greatly among different sports.
In classes where for some reason a coach or teacher is absent, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in his presence, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
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Injuries are different - both a bruise and a fracture are considered trauma. Injuries are classified by type, severity, and location. Of particular interest is their percentage depending on the type of sports activity.
VC. Dobrovolsky and V.A. Trofimov show that minor injuries account for 91.1%, medium -7.8% and severe 1.1% of all injuries. Interesting data are cited by 3. S. Mironova and L. 3. Kheifets, reflecting the distribution of injuries by severity for some sports (Fig. 1). The data in the table do not agree with the data of V.K. Dobrovolsky and V.A. Trofimova - here the injuries are predominantly of moderate severity, and only in wrestling and boxing injuries of a severe degree prevail.
Injuries are classified by type (contusion, sprain, fracture, etc.). Of interest is the percentage of various injuries and chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system (caused by microtraumas) requiring long-term inpatient or outpatient treatment (Table 1). Among acute injuries, the largest percentage is damage to the menisci of the knee joint and the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the joints. Among chronic diseases in the first place are diseases of the joints (deforming arthrosis
, diseases of the fatty bodies and chronic microtraumatization of the ligaments, meniscopathy, bursitis, etc.). Chronic diseases of muscles, tendons (along their length and in the place of attachment to the bone), diseases of the periosteum, spine, including osteochondrosis, spondylosis and spondyloarthrosis, are also often found in athletes.According to the localization of injuries in athletes, in general, injuries of the lower extremities are most often observed (on average, about 50%), especially of the joints (mainly of the knee and ankle). The distribution of localization of injuries by type of sport is shown in Table. 3.
| Table 1- The percentage of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system in athletes (V.L. Karpman, 1987) | ||||||||
| The nature of the damage | Sports | |||||||
| Unity-no-bor-stva | Difficult coordination | Cyclic | A lot of struggle | Game | Speed-growing-power-exittd> | Technical, etc. | Total | |
| Acute injuries | ||||||||
| Fractures | 7,59 | 8,74 | 6,56 | 21,83 | 4,42 | 3,33 | 15,84 | 7,09 |
| Dislocations | 4,54 | 2,82 | 2,32 | 1,41 | 3,22 | 0,62 | 5,07 | 2,91 |
| Wounds | 1,03 | 0,78 | 1,41 | 1,41 | 6,47 | 0,83 | 2,97 | 1,09 |
| Abrasions | 0,11 | 0,10 | 0,43 | - | 0,17 | - | 0,25 | 0,19 |
| Bruises | 5,06 | 6,02 | 6,16 | 13,38 | 6,82 | 4,51 | 9,65 | 6,23 |
| Muscle damage | 2,87 | 2,67 | 3,23 | 2,82 | 3,17 | 11,10 | 0,87 | 3,91 |
| Tendon injuries | 0,98 | 3,29 | 1,34 | 2,82 | 2,23 | 0,90 | 1,24 | 1,76 |
| Damage to the capsular-ligamentous apparatus | 12,30 | 14,96 | 9,15 | 14,08 | 10,85 | 15,39 | 9,03 | 11,86 |
| Damage to the menisci | 31,15 | 18,36 | 14,28 | 7,75 | 33,11 | 13,89 | 14,23 | 21,42 |
| Cruciate ligament injuries | 2,76 | 2,41 | 1,23 | 0,70 | 3,00 | 1,59 | 1,36 | 2,09 |
| Lateral ligament injuries | 3,91 | 2,67 | 2,68 | 1,41 | 3,82 | 3,88 | 3,22 | 3,29 |
| Chronic diseases | ||||||||
| Patellar ligament diseases | 0,52 | 1,93 | 1,30 | 3,52 | 1,41 | 6,38 | 1,11 | 1,98 |
| Bursitis | 2,87 | 2,04 | 2,86 | 1,41 | 1,93 | 1,66 | 2,10 | 2,31 |
| Diseases of the joints | 8,85 | 11,51 | 10,27 | 7,04 | 11,41 | 10,89 | 9,95 | 10,51 |
| Diseases of the bones and periosteum | 3,05 | 4,39 | 8,86 | 3,52 | 2,96 | 2,70 | 1,61 | 4,55 |
| Spine diseases | 5,52 | 9,26 | 7,14 | 2,11 | 3,17 | 11,16 | 7,85 | 6,92, |
| Muscle diseases | 1,21 | 2,25 | 3,81 | 2,11 | 1,80 | 5,48 | 2,35 | 2,81 |
| Tendon diseases | 0,98 | 2,09 | 6,49 | 6,34 | 1,88 | 3,61 | 1,73 | 3,19 |
| Diseases of the feet | 0,57 | 0,78 | 3,15 | 0,70 | 0,26 | 0,55 | 2,10 | 1,29 |
| Other diseases | 4,13 | 2,93 | 7,33 | 5,64 | 3,90 | 1,53 | 7,55 | 4,60 |
| table 2- Localization of sports injuries (in percent), taking into account the main sports (V.K.Dobrovolsky and V.A.Trofimov, 1967) | |||||
Localization Kind of sport |
Head | Torso | Pelvis | Limbs | |
| upper | lower | ||||
| Football | 4,48 | 2,59 | 2,14 | 14,12 | 76,67 |
| Hockey | 18,84 | 5,29 | 3,51 | 24,13 | 49,23 |
| Fight | 12,58 | 18,99 | 1,08 | 38,62 | 28,73 |
| Boxing | 23,89 | 4,15 | 0,33 | 51,56 | 20,07 |
| Gymnastics | 2,23 | 7,83 | 1,39 | 54,49 | 33,96 |
| Athletics | 2,17 | 4,56 | 1,98 | 23,88 | 67,41 |
| Bicycle | 13,54 | 7,09 | 1,93 | 34,85 | 42,59 |
| Ski | 11,79 | 2,71 | 1,38 | 18,74 | 65,28 |
| Skating | 9,02 | 5,36 | 2,01 | 18,74 | 64,87 |
| Rowing | 17,76 | 4,44 | - | 42,18 | 35,62 |
| Swimming | 9,92 | 7,21 | 0,9 | 31,98 | 49,99 |
References
- Hootman J.M., Dick R., Agel J. Epidemiology of Collegiate Injuries for 15 Sports: Summary and Recommendations for Injury Prevention Initiatives J Athl Train. 2007, vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 311–319
- Schneider S., Seither B., Tonges S., Schmitt H. Sports injuries: population based representative data on incidence, diagnosis, sequelae, and high risk groups Br J Sports Med. 2006, vol. 40, pp. 344–339
- Graevskaya N.D., Kukolevsky G.M. Fundamentals of Sports Medicine. Moscow: Medicine, 1971.
- Dobrovolsky V.K. Prevention of injuries, pathological conditions and diseases when playing sports. M., 1967
- Mironova Z.S., Heyfeits L.Z. Prevention and treatment of sports injuries. M., 1965.
- Sports medicine: textbook. for inst. physical cult. / Ed. Karpman V.L. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1987.
9.2. Sports injury
9.2.1. General characteristics of sports injuries
T lesion is damage with or without violation of the integrity of tissues, caused by any external influence. There are the following types of injuries: industrial, household, transport, military, sports, etc.
WITH Portal injury is damage accompanied by a change in the anatomical structures and function of the injured organ as a result of exposure to a physical factor that exceeds the physiological strength of the tissue during exercise and sports. Among the various types of injuries, sports injuries are in last place both in terms of quantity and severity of the course, accounting for only about 2%.
T Ranges are distinguished by the presence or absence of damage to the outer integument (open or closed), by the extent of damage (macrotrauma and microtrauma), as well as by the severity of the course and impact on the body (light, medium and severe).
At closed injuries, the skin remains intact, and when open, it is damaged, as a result of which an infection can enter the body.
M acrotrauma is characterized by a rather significant destruction of tissues, determined visually. With microtrauma, the damage is minimal and often not visually determined.
O the main symptom of trauma is pain. With microtrauma, it appears only during strong stresses or large amplitude of movements. Therefore, an athlete, without feeling pain in normal conditions and while performing training loads, usually continues to train. In this case, healing does not occur, microtraumatic changes are summed up and macrotrauma may occur.
L Light injuries are considered injuries that do not cause significant disturbances in the body and loss of general and sports performance; medium - injuries with mild changes in the body and loss of general and sports performance (within 1-2 weeks); severe - injuries that cause pronounced health disorders, when the victims need hospitalization or long-term treatment on an outpatient basis. According to the severity of the course, minor injuries in sports injuries account for 90%, moderate injuries - 9%, severe - -1%.
For sports injuries are characterized by the prevalence of closed injuries: bruises, sprains, tears and ruptures of muscles and ligaments (Table 48).
Table 48. Distribution of different types of sports injuries
|
The nature of the injuries |
Total cases (in%) according to various authors |
|||
|
VC. Dobrovolsky |
A.M. Landa |
V.L. Serebrennikova |
Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO) |
|
|
Sprains, tears and tears of the ligaments | ||||
|
Sprains, tears and | ||||
|
muscle tears | ||||
|
Abrasions and abrasions | ||||
|
Fractures and cracks in bones | ||||
H The number of open injuries is small, they are mainly scuffs and abrasions. The ratio of dislocations and fractures in sports injuries is, according to different authors, 1: 3, 1: 1.8; 1: 1.5. In all other types of injuries, dislocations are observed 8-10 times less often than fractures.
T ramatism is not the same in different sports. Naturally, the more people are involved in this or that sport, the relatively more injuries in it. In order to level the differences in the number of trainees, it is customary to calculate the number of injuries per 1000 trainees - this is the so-called intensive injury rate (Table 49).
Table 49. Intensive indicators of injuries in various sports (3. S. Mironova, L. 3. Kheifets)
|
Kind of sport |
Intensive indicator |
|
Horseback Riding | |
|
Fencing | |
|
Sailing, iceboat | |
|
Motorcycling | |
|
Gymnastics | |
|
Skiing | |
|
Shooting | |
|
Weightlifting | |
|
Swimming | |
|
Basketball | |
|
Volleyball | |
|
Athletics |
WITH The average number of sports injuries per 1000 people involved is 4.7. The frequency of injuries during training, competition and training camps is not the same. During the competition, the intensive indicator is 8.3, in training - 2.1, and at the training camps - 2.0.
On the classes, in which for some reason a coach or teacher is absent, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in the presence of a teacher or coach, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
N Some types of sports injuries are most common in a particular sport. So, bruises are more often observed in boxing, hockey, football, wrestling and speed skating, muscle and tendon injuries - in weightlifting and gymnastics. Sprains are quite common among wrestlers, weightlifters, gymnasts, athletes (jumping and throwing), as well as among representatives of sports games. Bone fractures are common among cyclists, motor racers and skiers. Wounds, abrasions and abrasions are prevalent in cyclists, skiers, skaters, gymnasts, ice hockey players and rowers.
WITH Concussions are more common in boxers, cyclists, motorcycle races, and divers. Meniscus injuries are most typical for playing sports (33.1%), wrestling, complex coordination and cyclic sports.
By localization of injuries in athletes, injuries of the extremities are most often observed (more than 80%), especially of the joints (mainly of the knee and ankle). In artistic gymnastics, injuries of the upper extremities prevail (70%), and in most other sports, injuries of the lower extremities (for example, in athletics and skiing 66%). Head and face injuries are typical for boxers (65%), fingers - for basketball and volleyball players (80%), elbow - for tennis players (up to 70%), knee - for wrestlers, gymnasts, football players (up to 50%).
O Of particular interest is the percentage of various injuries and chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system (caused by microtraumas) requiring long-term inpatient or outpatient treatment (Table 50). Among acute injuries, the largest percentage is damage to the menisci of the knee joint and the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the joints. Among chronic diseases in the first place are diseases of the joints (deforming arthrosis, diseases of the fatty bodies and chronic microtraumatization of the ligaments, meniscopathy, bursitis, etc.). Chronic diseases of muscles, tendons (along their length and in the place of attachment to the bone), diseases of the periosteum, the spine, including rsteochondrosis, spondylosis and spondyloarthrosis, are also often found in athletes.
Table 50. Percentage ratio of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system in athletes
|
The nature of the damage |
Sports |
|||||||
|
Martial arts |
Difficult coordination |
Cyclic |
All-around |
Speed-power |
Technical, etc. | |||
|
Acute injuries | ||||||||
|
Fractures | ||||||||
|
Muscle damage | ||||||||
|
Tendon injuries | ||||||||
|
Damage to the capsular-ligamentous apparatus | ||||||||
|
Damage to the menisci | ||||||||
|
Cruciate ligament injuries | ||||||||
|
Lateral ligament injuries | ||||||||
|
Chronic diseases (microtrauma) | ||||||||
|
Injuries and diseases of the patella's own ligament | ||||||||
|
Diseases of the joints | ||||||||
|
Diseases of the bones and periosteum | ||||||||
|
Spine diseases | ||||||||
|
Muscle diseases | ||||||||
|
Tendon diseases | ||||||||
|
Diseases of the feet | ||||||||
|
Other diseases | ||||||||
WITH It should be noted that chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system in athletes, as well as acute injuries, have their own specificity, which distinguishes them from similar pathology in other types of activity. These diseases in athletes are due to the nature of sports activity, the characteristics of the training regime, the training period, qualifications, age, morphological and functional characteristics of the athlete, the age of the beginning of specialization in this sport and sports experience.
X ronic diseases of the joints are most common in cyclic and game sports, microtraumatic tendopathy of the patella's own ligament - in speed-strength sports, osteochondrosis of the spine and chronic pathology of the myo-enthesic apparatus - in cyclic, complex coordination and speed-strength sports, foot diseases (longitudinal and transverse flat feet) - in cyclic sports. In addition, the peculiarities of sports are reflected in the difference in the ratios of the frequency of macrotrauma and microtrauma (see Table 54).