I decided to start with the Tsar-Emperors of Russia. He did not consider wives or other empresses.
The height of Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584) is 178 cm. The first king of all Rus'. This sovereign was distinguished by his formidable disposition, the cause and capture of Kazan. Astrakhan campaigns. Livonian War. Since 1578, Tsar Ivan the Terrible stopped executing people, and in his will of 1579 he repented of his deeds.
The height of Peter I (the Great (1682-1725)) was 201 cm. He ruled for quite a long time by tsarist standards. He distinguished himself in many positive ways, brought Russia development and integration into Europe, successfully beat the Swedes. All subsequent sovereigns from the Romanov family were of different heights.
Peter II (1727-1730) his height is unknown, he ruled for a short time and was invisible.
Height Peter III(1761-1762) 170 cm. He didn't rule for long.
Ivan VI (1740-1741) Height unknown, reigned briefly.
The height of Paul I (1796-1801) is 166 cm. Ruled for 5 years. He is short in stature, has a quarrelsome and arrogant character. He loved to play toy soldiers. He was strangled with a scarf.
The height of Alexander I (1801-1825) is 178 cm. Above average height. Enlightened liberal. During his reign the war with Napoleon Bonoparte was won. In addition, the wars with Turkey, Persia, and Sweden were successful. During the reign of Alexander, the territory of the Russian Empire expanded significantly: Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imereti, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, and most of Poland (which formed the Kingdom of Poland) came under Russian citizenship. He died of brain inflammation.
The height of Nicholas I (1825-1855) is 205 cm. A tall ruler. Ascetic, did not drink or smoke. Soldier. The defeat of the noble December revolt. The politics of reactionary anti-liberalism. The first railways. Stabilization and strengthening of the ruble. The defeat of the Polish uprising. Participation in the defeat of the Hungarian uprising. The unsuccessful Crimean War and the loss of the Russian fleet on the Black Sea coast. Caucasian War. Persian War. He died of pneumonia.
The height of Alexander II (1855-1881) is 185 cm. Abolition of serfdom. Strengthening the role of the army and police. During this period, Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Far East, Bessarabia, Batumi. Victory in Caucasian War. Height public discontent. Several assassination attempts. Died as a result of a terrorist attack organized by the People's Will party.
Height Alexandra III(1881-1894) 179 cm. The laws of the empire regarding Jews prohibited them from living anywhere except in special “places of settlement.” The era of stagnation. He practically never fought wars. IN Central Asia after the annexation of Kazakhstan, the Kokand Khanate, the Bukhara Emirate, and the Khiva Khanate, the annexation of the Turkmen tribes continued. During the reign of Alexander III, the territory of the Russian Empire increased by 430 thousand square meters. km. This was the end of the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire. Died of kidney disease.
The height of Nicholas II (1904-1917) is 168 cm. He was indecisive and weak-willed, dependent on his German wife and Grigory Rasputin (193 cm). Russia miserably lost the war against island Japan under him, and Nikolai did not have time to end the imperialist war with the Germans. He was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family.
Then the Autocracy ended and power passed into the hands of the Provisional Government. The height of Alexander Kerensky (1917-1918) is unknown, he ruled for a very short time, and did not leave a noticeable mark. Except that he removed the crown from the royal eagles. Typical temporary worker. He fled from Russia.
In 1918, the Bolsheviks took power in Russia, and another, Soviet countdown began.
The height of V.I. Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet state, was 164-165 cm. He did not rule for long (1918-1924), but was distinguished by his enormous energy and built the foundations of the USSR and party policy. He died from a serious illness caused by a gunshot wound during an assassination attempt by the Socialist Revolutionary Kaplan.
Joseph Stalin's height was 163-164 cm (according to some sources, 175 cm). Ruled the USSR from 1924 until his death (1953). He was distinguished by his stern character, vindictiveness, and tenacity. He continued Lenin's work, but with some amendments. Under him, the country began to massively increase industrialization, and technical and industrial growth appeared. Quite quickly dealt with political opponents (Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc: Trotsky - 168 cm, Bukharin - 155 cm), (which Lenin could not afford) and just in case with their families and their sympathizers ( height of People's Commissar of the OGPU Gendrikh Yagoda is 146 cm). Numerous repressions weakened the Workers' and Peasants' Army, which gave rise to an attack on the USSR Hitler's Germany (Hitler's height is 175 cm). An indicative example of that time is that Stalin refused to exchange his son Yakov for Field Marshal Paulus. Cult of personality. He died after a long illness.
Nikita Khrushchev's height was 166 cm. Ruled the country from 1953 to 1966. He debunked Stalin's personality cult. Soviet army takes part in the suppression of the Hungarian events of 1956. He loved to sow corn, inspired by the American example, and sowed it even where it could not grow for physiological reasons. The first launch of a satellite and a person into space. Execution of Novocherkassk workers. Execution "case of currency traders". Under Khrushchev, the country began to massively build the first multi-story housing, inexpensive and very economical. He was removed from his post by a group of disgruntled colleagues.
Brezhnev's height (1966-1982) was 176 cm. The defeat of the Czechoslovak rebellion. An era of stability and stagnation. Persecution of dissidents. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet administrative and economic apparatus, together with the party apparatus, reached the limit of corruption. He had many awards and loved to award them. Development of space programs. War in Afghanistan. First New Year's television message to to the Soviet people. Olympics-80. Soviet assistance developing countries. Under Brezhnev, the country's economic growth reached its peak and gradually faded away. He died after a long illness (from old age).
Yuri Andropov's height was 182 cm (1983-1984). Chekist. I set my sights on fighting corruption. Mass release gramophone records and televisions. A fighter against nationalism, opposition and other activities related to undermining the foundations of the USSR. Strengthening party discipline. He didn't rule for long. He died of kidney disease, which developed after an unsuccessful assassination attempt.
The height of Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985) was 178 cm. He didn't rule for long. Died of old age.
Mikhail Gorbachev's height (1985-1991) is 175 cm. First and last President THE USSR. Anti-alcohol policy. Perestroika. Curtailment of the arms race. Democratization and openness. Dissolution of the USSR.
Boris Yeltsin's height (1991-2000) is 187 cm. The first President of Russia. The first high-ranking official of the USSR who voluntarily left the CPSU, leaving all leadership positions. Dispersal of the State Emergency Committee. Development of democracy and civil liberties. 1st and 2nd war in Chechnya. Dispersal of the Russian parliament. Alcohol addiction. Dependence on the daughter and the clan of oligarchs. He resigned from the presidency due to old age, launching Operation Successor.
Vladimir Putin's height (2000-2008) 168-170 cm. Second President of Russia. Chekist. The defeat of the clan of oligarchs. Closure of independent media. Second war in Chechnya. Guided democracy. Enrichment of close friends and relatives. Kadyrovshchina. He resigned as President after 2 terms in office, launching Operation Tandem.
Dmitry Medvedev's height (2008 average) is 162 cm. Third President of Russia. The smallest leader historical Russia. Lawyer. Victorious war in Georgia. Revolutionary and non-working amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation. Relaxation of legislation in relation to bribe-takers. We depend on the Prime Minister Putin. A supporter of nano-technologies, a lover of everything new, iPods and iPhones.
And everyone knows what size person will be the next ruler of Russia. Is not it?
A diagram of the study of the growth of leaders in centimeters showed the following general civilizational trend - after a period of decline, a period of rise begins.
This means that after the dominance of political kids and dwarfs, some ruler of Russia will definitely be tall. And who will it be - HZ, i.e. history is still silent))))))
E. Vernet "Portrait of Nicholas I"
According to the description of contemporaries, Nicholas I was “a soldier by vocation,
a soldier by education, by appearance and by inside.”
Personality
Nicholas, the third son of Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna, was born on June 25, 1796 - a few months before the accession of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich to the throne.
Since the eldest son Alexander was considered the crown prince, and his successor Konstantin, the younger brothers - Nicholas and Mikhail - were not prepared for the throne, they were raised as grand dukes destined for military service.
A. Rokstuhl "Nicholas I in childhood"
From birth, he was in the care of his grandmother, Catherine II, and after her death, he was raised by a nanny, Scottish woman Lyon, to whom he was very attached.
Since November 1800, General M.I. Lamzdorf became the teacher of Nikolai and Mikhail. This was the choice of the father, Emperor Paul I, who said: “Just don’t make my sons such rakes as German princes.” Lamsdorf was the future emperor's tutor for 17 years. The future emperor did not show any success in his studies, with the exception of drawing. He studied painting as a child under the guidance of painters I.A. Akimov and V.K. Shebueva.
Nikolai realized his calling early. In his memoirs, he wrote: “The military sciences alone interested me passionately; in them alone I found consolation and a pleasant activity, similar to the disposition of my spirit.”
“His mind is not cultivated, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.
During Patriotic War In 1812, he passionately wanted to participate in military events, but received a decisive refusal from the Empress Mother.
In 1816-1817 To complete his education, Nikolai made two trips: one throughout Russia (he visited more than 10 provinces), the other to England. There he met state structure countries: attended a meeting of the English Parliament, but remained indifferent to what he saw, because... believed that such a political system was unacceptable for Russia.
In 1817, Nicholas's wedding took place with the Prussian princess Charlotte (in Orthodoxy, Alexandra Fedorovna).
Before ascending the throne, his public activities were limited to the command of a guards brigade, then a division; from 1817, he held the honorary position of inspector general for the military engineering department. Already during this period of military service, Nikolai began to show concern for military educational institutions. On his initiative, company and battalion schools began to function in the engineering troops, and in 1818. were established Main engineering school(future Nikolaev Engineering Academy) and the School of Guards Ensigns (then Nikolaev Cavalry School).
Beginning of reign
Nicholas had to ascend the throne under exceptional circumstances. After the death of childless Alexander I in 1825, according to the Decree on Succession to the Throne, Constantine was to become the next king. But back in 1822, Constantine signed a written abdication of the throne.
D. Doe "Portrait of Nicholas I"
On November 27, 1825, having received news of the death of Alexander I, Nicholas swore allegiance to the new emperor Constantine, who was in Warsaw at that time; swore in the generals, army regiments, and government agencies. Meanwhile, Constantine, having received news of his brother's death, confirmed his reluctance to take the throne and swore allegiance to Nicholas as the Russian Emperor and swore in Poland. And only when Constantine twice confirmed his abdication, Nicholas agreed to reign. While there was correspondence between Nicholas and Constantine, there was a virtual interregnum. In order not to drag out the situation for a long time, Nicholas decided to take the oath of office on December 14, 1825.
This short interregnum was taken advantage of by members of the Northern Society - supporters of a constitutional monarchy, who, with the demands laid down in their program, led to the Senate Square military units who refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas.
K. Kolman "Revolt of the Decembrists"
The new emperor dispersed the troops from Senate Square with grapeshot, and then personally supervised the investigation, as a result of which five leaders of the uprising were hanged, 120 people were sent to hard labor and exile; The regiments that took part in the uprising were disbanded, the rank and file were punished with spitzrutens and sent to remote garrisons.
Domestic policy
Nicholas's reign took place during a period of aggravated crisis of the feudal-serf system in Russia, a growing peasant movement in Poland and the Caucasus, bourgeois revolutions in Western Europe and, as a consequence of these revolutions, the formation of bourgeois revolutionary movements in the ranks of the Russian nobility and the common intelligentsia. Therefore, the Decembrist cause was of great importance and was reflected in the public mood of that time. In the heat of revelations, the tsar called the Decembrists “his friends of December 14th” and understood well that their demands had a place in Russian reality and the order in Russia required reforms.
Upon ascending the throne, Nicholas, being unprepared, did not have a definite idea of what he would like to see Russian Empire. He was only confident that the country’s prosperity could be ensured exclusively through strict order, strict fulfillment of everyone’s duties, control and regulation of social activities. Despite his reputation as a narrow-minded martinet, he brought some revival to the life of the country after the gloomy recent years reign of Alexander I. He sought to eliminate abuses, restore law and order, and carry out reforms. The Emperor personally inspected government institutions, condemning red tape and corruption.
Wanting to strengthen the existing political system and not trusting the apparatus of officials, Nicholas I significantly expanded the functions of His Majesty’s Own Chancellery, which practically replaced the highest government bodies. For this purpose, six departments were formed: the first dealt with personnel issues and monitored the execution of the highest orders; The second was concerned with the codification of laws; The third monitored law and order in government and public life, and later turned into a body of political investigation; The fourth was in charge of charitable and women's educational institutions; The fifth developed the reform of state peasants and monitored its implementation; The sixth was preparing governance reform in the Caucasus.
V. Golike "Nicholas I"
The emperor loved to create numerous secret committees and commissions. One of the first such committees was the “Committee of December 6, 1826.” Nicholas set him the task of reviewing all the papers of Alexander I and determining “what is good now, what cannot be left and what can be replaced with.” After working for four years, the committee proposed a number of projects for the transformation of central and provincial institutions. These proposals, with the approval of the emperor, were submitted for consideration to the State Council, but events in Poland, Belgium and France forced the king to close the committee and completely abandon fundamental reforms of the political system. So the first attempt to implement at least some reforms in Russia ended in failure, the country continued to strengthen clerical and administrative methods of management.
In the first years of his reign, Nicholas I surrounded himself with large statesmen, thanks to which it was possible to solve a number of capital tasks that were not completed by his predecessors. So, M.M. He instructed Speransky to codify Russian law, for which purpose they were identified in the archives and located in chronological order all laws adopted after 1649, which were published in 1830 in 51 volumes of the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire”.
Then the preparation of the current laws began, drawn up in 15 volumes. In January 1833, the “Code of Laws” was approved by the State Council, and Nicholas I, who was present at the meeting, having removed the Order of A. the First-Called from himself, awarded it to M.M. Speransky. The main advantage of this “Code” was the reduction of chaos in management and arbitrariness of officials. However, this over-centralization of power did not lead to positive results. Not trusting the public, the emperor expanded the number of ministries and departments that created their local bodies in order to control all areas of life, which led to the swelling of the bureaucracy and red tape, and the costs of their maintenance and the army absorbed almost all state funds. V. Yu Klyuchevsky wrote that under Nicholas I in Russia “the building of the Russian bureaucracy was completed.”
Peasant question
The most important issue domestic policy Nicholas I was faced with the peasant question. Nicholas I understood the need to abolish serfdom, but could not carry it out due to opposition from the nobility and fear of a “general upheaval.” Because of this, he limited himself to such minor measures as the publication of a law on obligated peasants and the partial implementation of the reform of state peasants. The complete liberation of the peasants did not take place during the life of the emperor.
But some historians, in particular V. Klyuchevsky, pointed to three significant changes in this area that occurred during the reign of Nicholas I:
— there was a sharp reduction in the number of serfs, they ceased to constitute the majority of the population. Obviously, a significant role was played by the cessation of the practice of “distributing” state peasants to landowners along with lands, which flourished under the previous kings, and the spontaneous liberation of the peasants that began;
- the situation of state peasants greatly improved, all state peasants were allocated their own plots of land and forest plots, and auxiliary cash desks and grain stores were established everywhere, which provided assistance to the peasants with cash loans and grain in case of crop failure. As a result of these measures, not only did the welfare of state peasants increase, but also treasury income from them increased by 15-20%, tax arrears were halved, and by the mid-1850s there were practically no landless farm laborers eking out a miserable and dependent existence, all received land from the state;
- the situation of serfs improved significantly: a number of laws were adopted that improved their situation: landowners were strictly forbidden to sell peasants (without land) and send them to hard labor, which had previously been common practice; serfs received the right to own land, entrepreneurial activity and received relative freedom of movement.
Restoration of Moscow after the Patriotic War of 1812
During the reign of Nicholas I, the restoration of Moscow after the fire of 1812 was completed; on his instructions, in memory of Emperor Alexander I, who “restored Moscow from the ashes and ruins,” Triumphal Gate in 1826 and work began on the implementation new program planning and development of Moscow (architects M.D. Bykovsky, K.A. Ton).
The boundaries of the city center and adjacent streets were expanded, Kremlin monuments were restored, including the Arsenal, along the walls of which trophies of 1812 were placed - guns (875 in total) captured from " Great Army"; the building of the Armory Chamber was built (1844-51). In 1839, the solemn ceremony of laying the foundation of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior took place. The main building in Moscow under Emperor Nicholas I is the Grand Kremlin Palace, the consecration of which took place on April 3, 1849 in the presence of the sovereign and the entire imperial family.
The improvement of the city’s water supply was facilitated by the construction of the “Alekseevsky water supply building,” founded in 1828. In 1829, the permanent Moskvoretsky Bridge was erected “on stone piers and abutments.” Great importance for Moscow was the construction of the Nikolaev railway (St. Petersburg - Moscow; train traffic began in 1851) and St. Petersburg-Warsaw. 100 ships were launched.
Foreign policy
An important aspect of foreign policy was the return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. Russia's role in the fight against any manifestations of the “spirit of change” in European life has increased. It was during the reign of Nicholas I that Russia received the unflattering nickname of “the gendarme of Europe.”
In the fall of 1831, Russian troops brutally suppressed the uprising in Poland, as a result of which Poland lost its autonomy. The Russian army suppressed the revolution in Hungary.
The Eastern Question occupied a special place in the foreign policy of Nicholas I.
Russia under Nicholas I abandoned plans for the division of the Ottoman Empire, which were discussed under the previous tsars (Catherine II and Paul I), and began to pursue a completely different policy in the Balkans - a policy of protecting the Orthodox population and ensuring its religious and civil rights, up to political independence .
Along with this, Russia sought to ensure its influence in the Balkans and the possibility of unhindered navigation in the straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles).
During the Russian-Turkish wars of 1806-1812. and 1828-1829, Russia achieved great success in implementing this policy. At the request of Russia, which declared itself the patroness of all Christian subjects of the Sultan, the Sultan was forced to recognize the freedom and independence of Greece and the broad autonomy of Serbia (1830); According to the Treaty of Unkar-Iskelesiki (1833), which marked the peak of Russian influence in Constantinople, Russia received the right to block the passage of foreign ships into the Black Sea (which it lost in 1841). The same reasons: the support of Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman Empire and disagreements over the Eastern Question - pushed Russia to aggravate relations with Turkey in 1853, which resulted in its declaration of war on Russia. The beginning of the war with Turkey in 1853 was marked by the brilliant victory of the Russian fleet under the command of Admiral P. S. Nakhimov, which defeated the enemy in Sinop Bay. This was the last major battle of the sailing fleet.
Russia's military successes caused a negative reaction in the West. The leading world powers were not interested in strengthening Russia at the expense of the decrepit Ottoman Empire. This created the basis for a military alliance between England and France. Nicholas I's miscalculation in assessing the internal political situation in England, France and Austria led to the country finding itself in political isolation. In 1854, England and France entered the war on the side of Turkey. Due to Russia's technical backwardness, it was difficult to resist these European powers. The main military operations took place in Crimea. In October 1854, the Allies besieged Sevastopol. The Russian army suffered a number of defeats and was unable to provide assistance to the besieged fortress city. Despite heroic defense city, after an 11-month siege, in August 1855, the defenders of Sevastopol were forced to surrender the city. At the beginning of 1856, following the Crimean War, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed. According to its terms, Russia was prohibited from having naval forces, arsenals and fortresses in the Black Sea. Russia became vulnerable from the sea and lost the opportunity to conduct an active foreign policy in this region.
Carried away by reviews and parades, Nicholas I was late with the technical re-equipment of the army. Military failures occurred to a large extent due to the lack of roads and railways. It was during the war years that he finally became convinced that the state apparatus he himself had created was good for nothing.
Culture
Nicholas I suppressed the slightest manifestations of freethinking. He introduced censorship. It was forbidden to print almost anything that had any political overtones. Although he freed Pushkin from general censorship, he himself subjected his works to personal censorship. “There is a lot of ensign in him and a little of Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nicholas in his diary on May 21, 1834; at the same time, the diary also notes “sensible” comments on “The History of Pugachev” (the sovereign edited it and lent Pushkin 20 thousand rubles), ease of use and good language king Nikolai arrested and sent to soldiery for Polezhaev’s free poetry, and twice ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By his order, the magazines “European”, “Moscow Telegraph”, “Telescope” were closed, P. Chaadaev and his publisher were persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from publication in Russia. But at the same time, he supported the Alexandria Theater, both Pushkin and Gogol read their works to him, he was the first to support the talent of L. Tolstoy, he had enough literary taste and civic courage to defend “The Inspector General” and after the first performance to say: “Everyone got it - and most of all ME.”
But the attitude of his contemporaries towards him was quite contradictory.
CM. Soloviev wrote: “He would like to cut off all the heads that rose above the general level.”
N.V. Gogol recalled that Nicholas I, with his arrival in Moscow during the horrors of the cholera epidemic, showed a desire to uplift and encourage the fallen - “a trait that hardly any of the crown bearers showed.”
Herzen, who from his youth was painfully worried about the failure of the Decembrist uprising, attributed cruelty, rudeness, vindictiveness, intolerance to “free-thinking” to the tsar’s personality, and accused him of following a reactionary course of domestic policy.
I. L. Solonevich wrote that Nicholas I was, like Alexander Nevsky and Ivan III, a true “sovereign master”, with “a master’s eye and a master’s calculation.”
“Nikolai Pavlovich’s contemporaries did not “idolize” him, as was customary to say during his reign, but were afraid of him. Non-worship, non-worship would probably be recognized as a state crime. And gradually this custom-made feeling, a necessary guarantee of personal safety, entered the flesh and blood of his contemporaries and was then instilled in their children and grandchildren (N.E. Wrangel).
Secret societies of nobles arose in the Russian Empire, aiming to change the existing order. The unexpected death of the emperor in the city of Taganrog in November 1825 became the catalyst that intensified the activities of the rebels. And the reason for the speech was the unclear situation with the succession to the throne.
The deceased sovereign had 3 brothers: Konstantin, Nikolai and Mikhail. Constantine was to inherit the rights to the Crown. However, back in 1823, he renounced the throne. No one knew about this except Alexander I. Therefore, after his death, Constantine was proclaimed emperor. But he did not accept that throne, and did not sign an official renunciation. The country has created a difficult situation, since the entire empire had already sworn allegiance to Constantine.
Portrait of Emperor Nicholas I
Unknown artist
The next oldest brother, Nicholas, took the throne, which was announced on December 13, 1825 in the Manifesto. Now the country had to swear allegiance to another sovereign in a new way. Members of a secret society in St. Petersburg decided to take advantage of this. They decided not to swear allegiance to Nicholas and force the Senate to announce the fall of the autocracy.
On the morning of December 14, the rebel regiments entered Senate Square. This rebellion went down in history as the Decembrist uprising. But it was extremely poorly organized, and the organizers showed no decisiveness and clumsily coordinated their actions.
At first, the new emperor also hesitated. He was young, inexperienced and hesitated for a long time. Only in the evening Senate Square was surrounded by troops loyal to the sovereign. The rebellion was suppressed by fire artillery pieces. The main rebels, numbering 5 people, were subsequently hanged, and more than a hundred were sent into exile in Siberia.
Thus, with the suppression of the rebellion, Emperor Nicholas I (1796-1855) began to reign. The years of his reign lasted from 1825 to 1855. Contemporaries called this period the era of stagnation and reaction, and A. I. Herzen described the new sovereign as follows: “When Nicholas ascended the throne, he was 29 years old, but he was already a soulless person. call him an autocratic forwarder whose main task was not to be even 1 minute late for the divorce.”
Nicholas I with his wife Alexandra Fedorovna
Nicholas I was born in the year of the death of his grandmother Catherine II. He was not particularly diligent in his studies. He married in 1817 the daughter of the Prussian king, Friederike Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. After converting to Orthodoxy, the bride received the name Alexandra Feodorovna (1798-1860). Subsequently, the wife bore the emperor seven children.
Among his family, the sovereign was an easy-going and good-natured person. The children loved him, and he could always find a common language with them. Overall, the marriage turned out to be extremely successful. The wife was a sweet, kind and God-fearing woman. She spent a lot of time on charity. True, she had poor health, since St. Petersburg, with its damp climate, did not have the best effect on her.
Years of reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
The years of the reign of Emperor Nicholas I were marked by the prevention of any possible anti-state protests. He sincerely strived to do many good deeds for Russia, but did not know how to start this. He was not prepared for the role of an autocrat, so he did not receive a comprehensive education, did not like to read, and very early became addicted to drill, rifle techniques and stepping.
Outwardly handsome and tall, he became neither a great commander nor a great reformer. The pinnacle of his military leadership talents were parades on the Field of Mars and military maneuvers near Krasnoe Selo. Of course, the sovereign understood that the Russian Empire needed reforms, but most of all he was afraid of harming the autocracy and landownership.
However, this ruler can be called humane. During the entire 30 years of his reign, only 5 Decembrists were executed. There were no more executions in the Russian Empire. This cannot be said about other rulers, during whose times people were executed in thousands and hundreds. At the same time, a secret service was created to carry out political investigation. She got the name Third department of personal office. It was headed by A. K. Benkendorf.
One of most important tasks became the fight against corruption. Under Emperor Nicholas I, regular audits began to be carried out at all levels. The trial of embezzled officials has become a common occurrence. At least 2 thousand people were tried every year. At the same time, the sovereign was quite objective about the fight against corrupt officials. He claimed that among high-ranking officials He's the only one who doesn't steal.
Silver ruble depicting Nicholas I and his family: wife and seven children
Any changes in foreign policy were denied. The revolutionary movement in Europe was perceived by the All-Russian autocrat as a personal insult. This is where his nicknames came from: “the gendarme of Europe” and “the tamer of revolutions.” Russia regularly interfered in the affairs of other nations. She sent a large army to Hungary to suppress the Hungarian revolution in 1849, and brutally dealt with the Polish uprising of 1830-1831.
During the reign of the autocrat, the Russian Empire took part in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, the Russian-Persian War of 1826-1828, and the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829. But the most important thing was Crimean War 1853-1856. Emperor Nicholas I himself considered it the main event of his life.
The Crimean War began with hostilities with Turkey. In 1853, the Turks suffered a crushing defeat in the naval battle of Sinop. After this, the French and British came to their aid. In 1854, they landed a strong landing in the Crimea, defeated the Russian army and besieged the city of Sevastopol. He bravely defended himself for almost a whole year, but eventually surrendered to the Allied forces.
Defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War
Death of the Emperor
Emperor Nicholas I died on February 18, 1855 at the age of 58 in the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg. The cause of death was pneumonia. The Emperor, suffering from the flu, attended the parade, which aggravated the cold. Before his death, he said goodbye to his wife, children, grandchildren, blessed them and bequeathed them to be friends with each other.
There is a version that the All-Russian autocrat was deeply worried about the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, and therefore took poison. However, most historians are of the opinion that this version is false and implausible. Contemporaries characterized Nicholas I as a deeply religious man, and suicide Orthodox Church has always been equated with terrible sin. Therefore, there is no doubt that the sovereign died from illness, but not from poison. The autocrat was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, and his son Alexander II ascended the throne.
Leonid Druzhnikov
Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov, the future Emperor Nicholas I, was born on July 6 (June 25, O.S.) 1796 in Tsarskoe Selo. He became the third son of Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. Nicholas was not the eldest son and therefore did not claim the throne. It was assumed that he would devote himself to a military career. At the age of six months, the boy received the rank of colonel, and at three years old he was already sporting the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment.
Responsibility for raising Nikolai and his younger brother Mikhail was entrusted to General Lamzdorf. Home education consisted of studying economics, history, geography, law, engineering and fortification. Particular emphasis was placed on studying foreign languages: French, German and Latin. The humanities did not give Nikolai much pleasure, but everything related to engineering and military affairs attracted his attention. As a child, Nikolai mastered playing the flute and took drawing lessons, and this acquaintance with art allowed him to be considered a connoisseur of opera and ballet in the future.
In July 1817, Nikolai Pavlovich’s wedding took place with Princess Friederike Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia, who after baptism took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. And from that time on, the Grand Duke began to actively take part in the arrangement Russian troops. He was in charge of the engineering units, under his leadership they created educational establishments in companies and battalions. In 1819, with his assistance, the Main Engineering School and schools for guards ensigns were opened. Nevertheless, the army did not like him for being excessively pedantic and picky about little things.
In 1820, a turning point occurred in the biography of the future Emperor Nicholas I: his elder brother Alexander I announced that due to the refusal of the heir to the throne Constantine, the right to reign passed to Nicholas. For Nikolai Pavlovich, the news came as a shock; he was not ready for it. Despite the protests of his younger brother, Alexander I secured this right with a special manifesto.
However, on December 1 (November 19, O.S.), Emperor Alexander I suddenly died. Nicholas again tried to renounce his reign and shift the burden of power to Constantine. Only after the publication of the tsar's manifesto, naming Nikolai Pavlovich as heir, did he have to agree with the will of Alexander I.
The date of the oath before the troops on Senate Square was set for December 26 (December 14, O.S.). It was this date that became decisive in the speech of participants in various secret societies, which went down in history as the Decembrist uprising.
The revolutionaries' plan was not implemented, the army did not support the rebels, and the uprising was suppressed. After the trial, five leaders of the uprising were executed, and a large number of participants and sympathizers went into exile. The reign of Nicholas I began very dramatically, but there were no other executions during his reign.
The crowning took place on August 22, 1826 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, and in May 1829 the new emperor assumed the rights of autocrat of the Polish kingdom.
The first steps of Nicholas I in politics were quite liberal: A. S. Pushkin returned from exile, V. A. Zhukovsky became the heir’s mentor; Nicholas’s liberal views are also indicated by the fact that the Ministry of State Property was headed by P. D. Kiselev, who was not a supporter of serfdom.
However, history has shown that the new emperor was an ardent supporter of the monarchy. His main slogan, which determined state policy, was expressed in three postulates: autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationality. The main thing that Nicholas I sought and achieved with his policy was not to create something new and better, but to preserve and improve the existing order.
The emperor's desire for conservatism and blind adherence to the letter of the law led to the development of an even greater bureaucracy in the country. In fact, an entire bureaucratic state was created, the ideas of which continue to live to this day. The most severe censorship was introduced, a division of the Secret Chancellery was created, headed by Benckendorff, which conducted political investigation. Very close monitoring of the printing industry was established.
During the reign of Nicholas I, some changes affected the existing serfdom. Uncultivated lands in Siberia and the Urals began to be developed, and peasants were sent to raise them regardless of their desire. Infrastructure was created on new lands, and peasants were supplied with new agricultural equipment.
The first one was built under Nicholas I Railway. The track of Russian roads was wider than European ones, which contributed to the development of domestic technology.
Finance reform began, which was supposed to introduce a unified calculation system silver coins and banknotes.
A special place in the tsar's policy was occupied by concern about the penetration of liberal ideas into Russia. Nicholas I sought to destroy all dissent not only in Russia, but throughout Europe. The suppression of all kinds of uprisings and revolutionary riots could not be done without the Russian Tsar. As a result, he received the well-deserved nickname “gendarme of Europe.”
All the years of the reign of Nicholas I were filled with military operations abroad. 1826-1828 - Russian-Persian War, 1828-1829 - Russo-Turkish War, 1830 - suppression of the Polish uprising by Russian troops. In 1833, the Unkyar-Iskelesi Treaty was signed, which became highest point Russian influence on Constantinople. Russia received the right to block the passage of foreign ships into the Black Sea. However, this right was soon lost as a result of the Second London Convention in 1841. 1849 - Russia is an active participant in the suppression of the uprising in Hungary.
The culmination of the reign of Nicholas I was the Crimean War. It was she who was the collapse political career Emperor. He did not expect that Great Britain and France would come to Turkey's aid. The policy of Austria also caused concern, whose unfriendliness forced the Russian Empire to keep an entire army on its western borders.
As a result, Russia lost influence in the Black Sea and lost the opportunity to build and use military fortresses on the coast.
In 1855, Nicholas I fell ill with the flu, but, despite being unwell, in February he went to a military parade without outerwear... The emperor died on March 2, 1855.
Romanovs: Nicholas I and his children (1)Daughters 
Princess Charlotte (Empress Alexandra Feodorovna) and Tsarevich and Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich (Emperor Nicholas I)
Today about the children of Nicholas I. Nicholas I has seven children in total: Alexander II, Maria, Olga, Alexandra, Konstantin, Nikolai, Mikhail. Many people know about his son, Emperor Alexander II.
A little about the three daughters of Nicholas I - Olga, Maria, Alexandra.
M A R I A
Maria Nikolaevna
Maria Nikolaevna(August 18, 1819 - February 21, 1876) - the first mistress of the Mariinsky Palace in St. Petersburg, president of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1852-1876. She was eldest daughter and the second child in the family of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Fedorovna.
P. Sokolov. Portrait of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with her daughter Maria on the shores of the Black Sea. 1829
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna was born on August 18, 1819 in Pavlovsk. She was the eldest daughter and second child in the family of Grand Duke Nikola I Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna, née Princess Charlotte of Prussia. The birth of a girl was not a joyful event for the father. Alexandra Fedorovna wrote:
Alexander II and Maria Nikolaevna
“Indeed, I lay down and dozed off a little; but soon serious pain set in. The Empress, warned about this, appeared very quickly, and on August 6, 1819, at three o'clock in the morning, I safely gave birth to a daughter. The birth of little Marie was not greeted with much joy by her father: he was expecting a son; Subsequently, he often reproached himself for this and, of course, fell deeply in love with his daughter.”
Her parents paid a lot of attention to raising their children and gave them an excellent education.
Portrait of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, née Charlotte of Prussia with her two eldest children, Alexander and Maria Nikolaevna.
Contemporaries noted the similarity of the Grand Duchess to her father in both appearance and character. Colonel F. Gagern, who accompanied the Dutch Prince Alexander to Russia, spoke about her in his diary:
"The eldest, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, wife of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, is small in stature, but her facial features and character are the spitting image of her father. Her profile bears a close resemblance to the profile of Empress Catherine in the years of her youth. Grand Duchess Maria is her father’s favorite, and it is believed that in the event of the death of the Empress, she would have acquired great influence. In general, who can foresee the future in this country? Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna has, of course, many talents, as well as a desire to command; already in the first days of her marriage she took the reins of government into her hands "
P.F. Sokolov Maria Nikolaievna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg as child
Unlike many princesses of that time, whose marriages were concluded for dynastic reasons, Maria Nikolaevna married for love. Married: Duchess of Leuchtenberg. Despite Maximilian's origins and his religion (he was a Catholic), Nicholas I agreed to marry his daughter with him, provided that the couple would live in Russia and not abroad.
Maximilian of Leuchtenberg
The wedding took place on July 2, 1839 and took place according to two rites: Orthodox and Catholic. The wedding took place in the chapel Winter Palace. Before the blessing, two rock doves were released into the church, which sat on the ledge above the heads of the young people and remained there throughout the ceremony. The crown over Mary was held by her brother, Tsarevich Alexander, and over the duke, by Count Palen. At the end of the ceremony, the choir sang “We Praise You, God,” and cannon shots announced the marriage. Later, in one of the palace halls, specially adapted for this purpose, a marriage blessing of the couple by a Catholic priest took place. Despite the huge number of those present, including diplomats and their spouses, the wedding was not attended by relatives of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, as well as princes of houses related to the Romanovs. Count Sukhtelen remarked in a conversation with Friedrich Gagern:
Duchess Maria of Leuchtenberg (former Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia)with her four older children.
It is very unpleasant for the Emperor that none of the princes of the related houses came to this celebration; he would have placed this very highly also because this marriage found opposition in Russia itself and was not liked by foreign courts
By decree of July 2 (14), 1839, the emperor granted Maximilian the title of His Imperial Highness, and by decree of December 6 (18), 1852, he bestowed the title and surname of Prince Romanovsky on the descendants of Maximilian and Maria Nikolaevna. The children of Maximilian and Maria Nikolaevna were baptized into Orthodoxy and raised at the court of Nicholas I; later Emperor Alexander II included them in the Russian Imperial family. From this marriage, Maria Nikolaevna had 7 children: Alexandra, Maria, Nikolai, Evgenia, Evgeniy, Sergei, Georgy.
In her first marriage to Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg, Maria Nikolaevna had seven children:
Portrait of Maria Nikolaevna by F. K. Winterhalter (1857) State Hermitage Museum
Alexandra(1840-1843), Duchess of Leuchtenberg, died in childhood;
Maria ( 1841-1914), in 1863 she married Wilhelm of Baden, the youngest son of Duke Leopold of Baden;
Nikolay(1843-1891), 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg, since 1868 he was married in a morganatic marriage to Nadezhda Sergeevna Annenkova, in his first marriage - Akinfova (1840-1891);
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna, with her daughters Maria and Eugenia
Evgenia(1845-1925), married A.P. Oldenburgsky
Eugene(1847-1901), 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg, was married by his first morganatic marriage to Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1845-1870), by his second morganatic marriage from 1878 to Zinaida Dmitrievna Skobeleva (1856-1899), sister of General Skobelev;
Sergey(1849-1877), Duke of Leuchtenberg, killed in the Russo-Turkish War;
Georgiy(1852-1912), 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg, was married first to Theresa of Oldenburg (1852-1883), second to Anastasia of Montenegro (1868-1935).
Children from second marriage:
Gregory(1857-1859), Count Stroganov;
Elena Grigorievna Sheremeteva, ur. Stroganova
Elena(1861-1908), Countess Stroganova, first married to Vladimir Alekseevich Sheremetev (1847-1893), aide-de-camp, commander of the imperial convoy; then - for Grigory Nikitich Milashevich (1860-1918), an officer in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty.
Of these, daughter Evgenia gave birth to her only child, Peter of Oldenburg. The same one with whom Nicholas II’s sister Olga lived in an unhappy marriage for 7 years. The granddaughter of Maria Nikolaevna from her son, whose name is Evgeniy, was shot by the Bolsheviks. George is the only one of the brothers who concluded dynastic marriage, but his two sons left no offspring, so the family died out.
Count Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov
Maria Nikolaevna's first husband, Maximilian, died at the age of 35, and she married again in 1853 to Count Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov (1823-1878). The wedding was performed on November 13 (25), 1853 in the palace church of the Mariinsky Palace by the priest of the Trinity Church of the Gostilitskaya estate of Tatiana Borisovna Potemkina, Ioann Stefanov. This marriage was morganatic, concluded in secret from Maria Nikolaevna’s father, Emperor Nicholas I, with the assistance of the heir and his wife. From this marriage, Maria has two more children - Gregory and Elena.
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
Since 1845, the Mariinsky Palace, named after Maria Nikolaevna, became the official residence of the Princes of Leuchtenberg in St. Petersburg. She and her husband were actively involved in charity work. Maximilian of Leuchtenberg was the president of the Academy of Arts; after his death in 1852, Maria Nikolaevna, who was fond of collecting works of art, replaced him in this post.
Mariinsky Palace
OLGA
Olga Nikolaevna, second daughter of Nicholas I
She was born in the Anichkov Palace on August 30 (September 11), 1822 and was the third child in the family of Emperor Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna.
Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Nevsky Avenue. Anichkov Palace.
On her mother's side, Princess Olga came from the Prussian royal house of Hohenzollern. Her grandfather and great-grandfather were the kings of Prussia, Frederick William II and Frederick William III. Attractive, educated, multilingual, and interested in playing the piano and painting, Olga was regarded as one of the best brides in Europe.
After the wedding of her sister Maria, who married a prince below her in rank, Olga Nikolaevna’s parents wanted to find her a promising husband. But time passed, and nothing changed in the life of Grand Duchess Olga. Those close to me were perplexed: “How, at nineteen years old, still not married?”
Olga, Queen of Württemberg
And at the same time there were many contenders for her hand. Back in 1838, while staying with her parents in Berlin, the sixteen-year-old princess attracted the attention of crown prince Maximilian of Bavaria. But neither she nor her family liked him. A year later, Archduke Stefan took possession of her thoughts.
Zakharov-Chechen P.Z. Grand Duchess Olga of Württemberg
He was the son of Palatine Joseph of Hungary (the wife of the deceased Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna) from his second marriage. But this union was prevented by Stefan’s stepmother, who did not want to have a Russian princess as a relative out of jealousy towards the first wife of Archduke Joseph. By 1840, Olga decided that she would not rush into marriage; she said that she was already well, she was happy to stay at home. Emperor Nicholas I declared that she was free and could choose whoever she wanted.
Olga Nikolaevna's aunt, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna (wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich) began making efforts to marry her off to her brother Prince Frederick of Württemberg. He was sent a refusal. But I had to wait a long time for an answer to the counter-proposal of marriage with Stefan.
Olga and Friedrich Eugene of Württemberg
The letter from Vienna said that the marriage of Stefan and Olga Nikolaevna, who professed different faiths, seemed unacceptable for Austria. An archduchess of Russian origin could become dangerous for the state due to the fact that unrest could arise among the Slavic population of the “explosive” regions of Austria.
Stefan himself said that knowing about Albrecht’s feelings, he considered it right to “step aside.” This uncertainty had a depressing effect not only on Olga, but also on her parents. She has already begun to be considered a cold nature. The parents began to look for another match for their daughter and settled on Duke Adolphus of Nassau. And this almost led to a break with Mikhail Pavlovich’s wife, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna.
Queen Olga in the arm chair, two ladies-in-waiting and a reader, probably Charles Woodcock. Photograph taken in Nizza.
She had long dreamed of marrying her youngest daughter Elizabeth to him. Nicholas I, caring about maintaining peace in the imperial house, decided that the prince was free to make his own choice between his cousins. But Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, who had not forgiven her niece for neglecting her brother, was now worried that Adolf would give preference to the royal daughter to the detriment of her Lily. But Adolf, who came to Russia with his brother Maurice, asked for the hand of Elizaveta Mikhailovna. The emperor had nothing against it, but was surprised.
Grand Duchess Olga Nicholaevna of Russia (1822-1892)
At the beginning of 1846, in Palermo, where Olga was accompanied by her mother, the Empress, who had been there for some time to improve her health, which had deteriorated sharply after the death of her youngest daughter Alexandra, she met the Crown Prince of Württemberg, Charles, and agreed to his marriage proposal.
The wedding took place in Peterhof on July 1 (13), 1846, on Alexandra Feodorovna’s birthday and on the day of her wedding to Nikolai Pavlovich. It was believed that this number should bring happiness to the new couple. Bells rang all day long, even houses in St. Petersburg were decorated with illumination. The emperor wished his daughter: “Be to Karl what your mother has been to me all these years.” Family life Olga's life turned out quite well, but they had no children.
Queen Olga of Württemberg (1822-1892).
Olga's family life was quite successful, but they had no children. A. O. Smirnova commented on the marriage as follows: “The most beautiful of our emperor’s daughters was destined to marry a learned fool in Virtembergia; la Belle et la Bête, they said in the city
ALEXANDRA
Alexandra Nikolaevna (“Adini”) was born on June 12 (24), 1825 in Tsarskoye Selo. She's already with early childhood In her character and behavior she was not like her sisters. The girl preferred to study with herself, loved solitude and silence.
Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia, Princess of Hesse-Kassel. State Open-air Museum Peterhof, St. Petersburg
Alexandra was distinguished in her family by her amazing kindness and special musical talent. She had a wonderful voice and began to study singing under the guidance of the Italian Solivi. However, after a year of classes, the princess’s voice began to change; something was disturbing the rhythm of her breathing. Doctors suspected a lung disease.
In the portrait of the daughters of Nicholas I, Olga and Alexandra. Olga Nikolaevna (1822-1892), Grand Duchess, since 1846 wife of Charles Friedrich Alexander, Prince of Württemberg, is depicted sitting at the harpsichord. Standing nearby is Alexandra Nikolaevna (1825-1844), Grand Duchess, since 1843 the wife of Friedrich Georg Adolf, Prince of Hesse-Kassel.
Grand-Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia (1825-1844)
Among the contenders for the princess's hand was Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel. Arriving in St. Petersburg, the handsome young prince, with his simple manner, won the sympathy of many, but not everyone: for example, to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna the prince seemed “insignificant and without any special manners.”
Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel
Judging by his treatment of the Grand Duchesses, the court decided that he would ask the hand of the eldest, Olga Nikolaevna. But it turned out that everyone was wrong. It soon became known that the Prince of Hesse proposed to Alexandra Nikolaevna, but she, without giving him a definite answer, came to her father’s office, where on her knees she asked him to agree to this marriage.
Silver toilet set. Karl Johann Tegelsten. St. Petersburg, 1842 Silver, casting, chasing. Fulda-Eichenzell, Fasanerie Palace, Hessian Landgraviate Foundation. Made as a dowry for Alexandra Nikolaevna (the youngest daughter of Nicholas I), who married Prince Friedrich-Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel. Exhibition “Russians and Germans: 1000 years of history, art and culture.”
The Grand Duchess said that, contrary to the rules of etiquette, she had already encouraged the prince in the possibility of their happiness. Nicholas I blessed his daughter, but explained that in this case he could not resolve the issue completely: after all, Frederick William was the nephew of Christian VIII, he could become the heir to the throne, so it was necessary to obtain the consent of the Danish court.
On January 16 (28), 1844, Alexandra Nikolaevna married Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse-Kassel (1820-1884). Shortly before the wedding, Alexandra Nikolaevna was diagnosed with tuberculosis. This terrible news was reported to Nicholas I by his physician Mandt, who specially came to England, where Emperor Nicholas I was visiting at that time. He told the Tsar that one lung of the Grand Duchess was already so damaged that there was no hope for recovery. The course of the disease only became more complicated during her pregnancy. The Emperor, interrupting his visit, urgently returned to St. Petersburg. Due to her poor health, Alexandra and her husband did not go to Hesse after the wedding, remaining in St. Petersburg. Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna dreamed of how in her new homeland she would develop her husband morally and spiritually, how she would read Plutarch with him.
Three months before the due date, Alexandra Nikolaevna gave birth to a son, who died soon after birth, and died herself on the same day. “Be happy” were her last words. The father-emperor cried, not embarrassed by his tears. He considered the death of his daughter to be a punishment from above for the blood shed in the year of her birth - the year of the suppression of the December uprising. Together with her son Wilhelm, she was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Subsequently, her burial was moved to the grand ducal tomb built in 1908.
Peterhof. Lower Park. The monument bench was built in 1844-1847 in memory of Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna (The monument was restored in 2000)
Your fingers smell like incense
And sadness sleeps in the eyelashes.
We don't need anything anymore
I don't feel sorry for anyone now
In honor of her, the village near Peterhof is called Sashino, and in Nizino the church of the holy martyr Queen Alexandra was built.
In St. Petersburg, after the death of Alexandra Nikolaevna, an orphanage named after her was opened. The building on the corner of the 12th company (now the 12th Krasnoarmeyskaya) (house 27) and the current Lermontovsky Prospekt (house 51) was built by A.K. Kavos in 1846-1848 (later it was completely rebuilt).
Alexandria Women's Clinic.
In 1850, in Tsarskoye Selo, where her days ended, a monument was erected in the form of a chapel with a statue of the Grand Duchess with a child in her arms
In 1853, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm married a second time, to the Prussian Princess Anna (1836-1918), with whom he had six children.
P. I. Barteneva // Russian Archive, 1868. - Ed. 2nd. - M., 1869. - Stb. 107-108.