Oratory- this is one of the most valuable skills that will help you concisely, beautifully and without special problems convey your point of view to your interlocutor. There are people who are natural speakers; just give them a topic and you can listen for hours. But what should those who want to master these skills do, but nature has not given them innate abilities?
Oratory, like any other skill, can be developed, trained, and improved. In this article we will give 6 useful tips, thanks to which you can develop incredible abilities, and in less than a month speak freely in public, concentrating the attention of listeners on your speech.
1. What causes the greatest difficulties for beginning speakers? As a rule, this is an insufficient vocabulary and limited vocabulary. The solution is simple, you need to talk, talk and talk again. You can do this at home. Take any item you see - a hairdryer, a vase, a frying pan, in general, it doesn’t matter what it is. And then, for 5 minutes, try to talk about it, characterize all the features of this item, explain how wonderful and necessary it is. It will be difficult at first, but over time you will easily cope with this task. When you see that five minutes is not enough, then increase the time, say 10, 20, 30 minutes. I knew people who, without any problems, could talk for hours on a given topic, and never repeat themselves in phrases or thoughts.
3. Rate of speech is another feature worth mastering. Watch how you speak. The listener may not be able to understand speech that is too fast, while speech that is slow will lead to boredom. Try to maintain pauses, highlight the right places with intonations, raise and lower your voice, thereby attracting the attention of the audience.
4. Talking about subjects at home is good, but in order to hone the skill of oratory, you need to communicate more with real people. The easiest way to hone public speaking is for students. You have access to speeches in front of your group, and during the speech you can track the reaction, behavior of the audience, their mood and desire to listen.
5. Your speech should not be dry. Try to use sayings and quotes from time to time famous people, as well as humor. By the way, humor plays a very important role. The ability to make a timely and apt joke is the quality of a good speaker who can hold his audience without any problems and, at the right moment, relieve accumulated tension.
Over time, as you expand your lexicon, and begin to apply all the acquired knowledge in practice, you will notice how your speech has changed, how your interlocutor carefully listens to every word spoken, how the audience closely follows your statements and phrases.
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1. Pause
Where should any successful performance begin? The answer is simple: from a pause. No matter what kind of speech you give: a detailed presentation of several minutes or a short introduction of the next speaker, you must achieve silence in the room. Once on the podium, look around the audience and fix your gaze on one of the listeners. Then mentally say the first sentence to yourself and, after an expressive pause, begin speaking.
2. First phrase
All successful speakers place great importance on the first sentence of their speech. It must be powerful and definitely evoke a positive response from the audience.
The first phrase is, in TV terminology, the “prime time” of your speech. At this moment, the audience is at its maximum size: every person in the room wants to look at you and find out what kind of bird you are. In just a few seconds, the screening of listeners can begin: someone will continue the conversation with a neighbor, someone will bury their head in their phone, and someone will even fall asleep. However, everyone without exception will listen to the first phrase.
3. Bright start
If you don’t have a bright, suitable aphorism that can attract everyone’s attention, start with a story from your life. if you have important fact or news unknown to listeners, start immediately with it (“Yesterday at 10 o’clock in the morning...”). In order for the audience to perceive you as a leader, you need to immediately take the bull by the horns: choose a strong beginning.
4. Main idea
Before you even sit down to write your speech, you must determine its main idea. This key moment The message that you want to convey to the audience must be concise, capacious, and “fit in a matchbox.”
Stop, look and make a plan: first, highlight the key ideas, and then you can supplement and clarify them with real-life examples or quotes.
As Churchill said, a good speech is like a symphony: it can be performed at three different tempos, but it must maintain the main melody.
5. Quotes
There are several rules, the observance of which will give strength to the citation. First, the quote should be close to you. Never cite statements from an author who is unfamiliar to you, uninteresting, or whom you do not like to quote. Secondly, the name of the author should be known to the audience, and the quote itself should be short.
You must also learn how to create an environment for quoting. Many successful speakers use similar techniques: before quoting, they pause and put on glasses, or with a serious look they read a quote from a card or, for example, a sheet of newspaper.
If you want to make a special impression with a quote, write it down on a small card, take it out of your wallet during your speech, and read the statement.
6. Wit
Surely you have been advised many times to add a joke or anecdote to your presentation. There is some truth in this advice, but do not forget that a joke for the sake of a joke only insults the listener.
There is no need to start your speech with an anecdote that is not related to the situation (“It seems that it is customary to start a speech with an anecdote, so here it is. Somehow a man comes to see a psychiatrist...”). It's best to sneak in your funny story mid-speech to lighten the mood.
7. Reading
Reading a speech from a sheet of paper with your eyes downcast does not, to put it mildly, excite the audience. What should we do then? Is it really necessary to memorize a half-hour long speech? Not at all. You need to learn to read correctly.
The first rule of reading a speech: never say words while your eyes are looking at the paper.
Use the SOS technique: look - stop - say.
For training, take any text. Lower your eyes and take a mental picture of a few words. Then raise your head and stop. Then, looking at any object at the other end of the room, tell what you remember. And so on: look at the text, stop, speak.
8. Speaker techniques
It is known that Churchill recorded his speeches like poetry, dividing them into separate phrases and writing each on a separate line. To make your speech sound even more convincing, use this technique.
Use rhyme and internal consonance in a phrase to give the sound of your speech poetic impact (for example, Churchill's phrase “We must follow the principles of HUMANISM, not bureaucracy”).
It’s very easy to come up with rhymes, just remember the most common ones: -na (war, silence, needed), -ta (darkness, emptiness, dream), -ch (sword, speech, flow, meetings), -oses / wasps (roses , threats, tears, questions), -anie, -yes, -on, -tion, -ism and so on. Practice these simple rhymes to create sonorous phrases.
But remember: the rhymed phrase should be the same for the entire speech; there is no need to turn your speech into a poem.
And so that the rhyme does not go to waste, express the key idea of the speech in this phrase.
9. Questions and pauses
Many speakers use questions to connect with the audience. Don't forget one rule: never ask a question if you don't know the answer. Only by predicting the audience's reaction can you prepare and get the most out of the question.
10. Final
Even if your speech was inexpressive, a successful ending can fix everything. To make an impression in the finale, tune in, call on your emotions to help: pride, hope, love and others. Try to convey these feelings to your listeners the way great speakers of the past did.
Under no circumstances should you end your speech on a minor note, as this will simply destroy your career. Use uplifting quotes, poems or jokes.
Ticket No. 1
When did the art of eloquence begin? The subject of rhetoric.
Even in the early era of the development of public life in Greece, oratory occupied an important place.
With the development of statehood, especially after the Greco-Persian wars, when in the 5th century. BC. As a result of the political struggle, the influence of the democratic party increased, and the activity of the masses in the internal life of the Greek advanced city policies became more active. In this regard, the art of oratory - eloquence - also developed.
The art of oratory first received practical application in Sicily. Aristotle calls Empedocles of Agrigentum the father of rhetoric and teacher of the sophist-orator Gorgias.
In Sicily, the main types of oratory had already emerged, which became widespread in Athens in the 5th century. BC. This is first of all political eloquence, glorified by the names of Themistocles and mainly Pericles. Evidence has been preserved from ancient poets who speak of Pericles as an Olympian whose eloquence was like thunder and lightning. It was no less common judicial eloquence.
The third type of oratory is epideictic, solemn eloquence, in which Gorgias was especially skilled. Epideictic eloquence was used in the delivery of funeral orations, as was practiced, for example, at the annual memorial celebrations in honor of fallen soldiers during the Greco-Persian War.
These three types of oratory did not develop independently of each other.
The science of oratory was created - rhetoric. The creators of rhetoric are considered to be the sophists, who had one goal - to persuade. This was called "making a worse argument seem better."
According to civil duties, each person was required to appear in court and plead his case in person. Inexperienced litigants often turned to the help of orators, who would compose for them a defensive speech that would be suitable for the person speaking in court. It goes without saying that the task of a logographer - a writer of speeches for others - was not an easy one; he was to a certain extent a dramatic writer.
In all the diversity of types and kinds of works of literature, rhetoric studies a certain aspect of verbal creativity - argumentation.
But the subject of rhetoric is not limited to any specific categories of verbal works - only oratory, sermons, journalism, mass information, although rhetoric primarily studies works of precisely this kind. Argumentation is contained in scientific, philosophical, and even artistic works. Rhetoric studies any works of words that contain argumentation. The peculiarity of rhetoric is that the study of literary works is not a goal for it, but a means.
The subject of rhetoric is the work of a word that has not yet been created, but which is yet to be created.
Thus, we can talk about the following meanings of “rhetoric, eloquence, literature”:
1) rhetoric is a science, rules; eloquence - art, ability;
2) while logic deals with thoughts, grammar deals with words, rhetoric serves beauty and harmony, an elegant presentation of thoughts and words, strives to convince, prove, teach the mind, engage the imagination, touch the heart
3) eloquence as an art is necessary for “all sciences”
Introduction
1. Types of eloquence
2. Preparing for the performance
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
The art of eloquence has been valued at all times among all peoples. "Who do people stand in awe of? Who do they look at in shock when he speaks? Who do they admire? Who is considered almost a god among people? The one who speaks harmoniously, shining with vivid words and images, introducing even into the very prose a certain poetic meter, “in a word, beautiful,” asserted great speaker antiquity Cicero.
Russian speaker M.M. Speransky in “The Rules of Higher Eloquence” added: “Eloquence is the gift of shaking souls, pouring one’s passions into them, and communicating to them the image of one’s concepts.”
Without the ability to speak, it is difficult to achieve success in any field: military, diplomatic, commercial. Therefore, still in Ancient Greece oratory (Latin) art arose. Its synonyms are the Greek word "rhetoric" and Russian word"eloquence".
Rhetoric is the science of persuasion, various forms predominantly linguistic impact on the audience. The task of rhetoric from ancient times to today is to educate, delight, and inspire. Influence can be carried out both orally and in writing using arguments and evidence to form new or change old stereotypes of perception and behavior.
Eloquence, as ancient philosophers noted, is a way of cognition and interpretation of complex phenomena; it should bring knowledge to people. It operates with facts, events, figures, putting them into a certain system. Rhetoric uses the discoveries and achievements of many sciences. It is based on psychology, philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics and other sciences. Rhetoric is a science that teaches reasoning, thinking logically, and generalizing. Many speakers were prominent scientists and political figures of their time.
Rhetoric is the art of constructing and publicly delivering a speech, the art of mastering the living word. As an art, it is close to poetry, acting and directing: it studies facial expressions and body movements, teaches you to control your voice and feelings.
The condition for the emergence and development of oratory is democracy, the free participation of citizens in public political life countries.
1. Types of eloquence
Each performance corresponds to its own situation, takes place in a certain sphere of human activity. In public speaking, there are separate genera and types.
Currently, the genera and types of eloquence correspond to the spheres of communication and distinguish academic, socio-political, judicial, spiritual, social and everyday eloquence.
Academic eloquence is a type of speech that helps form a scientific worldview, characterized by scientific presentation, deep argumentation, and logical culture. In Russia, academic eloquence developed in the first half of the 19th century. The university platform was a means of promoting scientific thought and advanced scientific ideas. Among the outstanding scientists and speakers are physicist L.D. Landau, historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, physiologist I.M. Sechenov, botanist K.A. Timiryazev et al.
Characteristics academic eloquence are: high level scientific nature, logic, accessibility of presentation, clarity, brightness and emotionality. A special place is given to the scientific nature of the presentation. It presupposes the lecturer's familiarity with new developments and discoveries not only in this field of science, but also in neighboring areas, fluency in all material, the ability to explain individual provisions, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.
A speaker reading the text of a lecture or report must remember that oversaturation of a speech with factual material tires listeners, just as frequent repetitions, complex structures, and monotony tire them. Talking simply about complex things is the task that a lecturer should set for himself. The second task is to teach creative thinking, awaken the consciousness of listeners, force them to independently look for answers to the questions posed.
Judicial eloquence is a type of speech designed to have a targeted and effective impact on the court, to contribute to the formation of the convictions of judges and citizens present in the courtroom. Russian judicial eloquence began to develop after the judicial reform of 1864, when hearings of cases became public. Journalists and simply curious people could attend the trials.
Outstanding judicial speakers of the past - V.D. Spasovich, K.I. Arsenyev, A.I. Urusov, F.N. Plevako, A.F. Horses.
Judicial speech should form certain moral positions among the court and those listening. The purpose of the trial is a lawful, justified verdict. Find out, prove, convince - the components of judicial speech. Features of judicial speech are knowledge of psychology, social problems, polemical nature, preliminary conditioning of the content, formality and the final nature of the speech.
In judicial eloquence, the speech of the defense attorney and the prosecutor are distinguished. The subject of the dispute is the qualification of the crime, which determines the type and extent of punishment. Court speeches reflect the socio-political significance of the case and characterize the personality of the defendant. The reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of the crime are also revealed. Judicial speeches should be interesting, bright, written correctly literary language, logical and evidence-based.
An example of a high syllable can be the speeches of F.N. Gobber.
“The deceased was a fighter for rights, for honor; the deceased saved the accused, defended the orphan and the offended. So does he really need a funeral feast, is it really more pleasant to him than the tears of the condemned, like the fragrance of a censer?
No, I would like to render him a different service, I would like to hear a different word than a merciless accusation on his memorial days.”
Social and everyday speech is the most common. Nowadays, even an unprepared person has to speak in front of colleagues, relatives, and friends. The traditions of social and everyday speech in Russia go back to the court eloquence of the 18th century. Court eloquence was characterized by the use of comparisons, metaphors, imagery and ornateness. In the 19th century the syllable changes, becoming more free and simple. Currently, there are traditions of pronouncing social speech using certain speech clichés.
“On this festive day, allow me, on behalf of our team, to sincerely congratulate respected Ivan Ivanovich on his birthday and wish him long life, health and fruitful work.”
Spiritual (ecclesiastical and theological) eloquence has a long tradition in Russia. IN Kievan Rus distinguished two of its subtypes: didactic, aimed at instruction, teaching, and panegyric, solemn, dedicated to special events or dates. Preachers Ancient Rus' They chose philosophical, political, and moral topics for their sermons. The sermons of Cyril of Turov - 12th century, Tikhon of Zadonsk - 18th century, and Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Pimen - 20th century - are known. and etc.
A feature of spiritual eloquence in Russia is the comprehension of history, an element of education, an appeal to inner world person.
Spiritual eloquence is studied by a special science - homiletics.
The types of eloquence are not self-contained; there are no clear boundaries between them; they are often intertwined by topic.
2. Preparing for the performance
First of all, reading and studying new things in this area, being informed about what is happening in the country and in the world. It is necessary not just to read and memorize, but to comprehend and analyze the material received, and apply the information received in the material of the speech. You also need to master your speaking technique. This is a well-trained voice, good pronunciation, clear diction. Part of daily training is to improve the culture of oral and writing. The speaker must be able to critically reflect on his speeches and improve them, must listen to the speeches of other speakers and learn from them.
Thus, the preparation of a speech begins long before the speech and consists of several stages, for example, according to the proposal of the German scientist H. Lemmermann, such as:
collection of material,
selection of material and its organization,
thinking about the material
preparation of abstracts or plans,
stylistic design,
writing the text of the speech,
mental mastery,
speech test.
Apart from the first preparatory stage, the next stage is preparation for a specific performance. It is determined by the type of oratorical speech and depends on the topic, goals, and composition of the audience.
Preparing a speech begins with determining its topic. The topic should not be abstract, but clear and understandable for listeners, precise and concise. The topic can be chosen by the author himself or it can be determined by an incident or situation.
The topic is covered if all selected aspects are covered, a sufficient number of necessary facts are given, when the conclusion logically follows from the content of the lecture and everything is clear to the audience. Then the purpose of the speech is determined, since in one case the purpose is to inform the listener, in another - to make the listener worry, in the third - to accept the position of the author. Thus, the task of informational speech is to give listeners new knowledge. Informational speech contains facts, events, reflections and conclusions. An entertaining speech is designed to give listeners pleasure and relieve stress. Propaganda speeches convince listeners, inspire, and motivate them to action. Often these goals are combined. An essential element of preparation is assessing the composition of the audience and the situation. The speaker must find out in advance what the expected number of listeners is, the social composition of the audience, age, educational and cultural level, nationality, and, in some cases, religion. It is also necessary to find out where the performance will take place - in a large hall, in a small room, what the acoustics of the chosen room are, and whether it will be crowded for the audience. The next stage of work is the selection of material for a specific performance.
The speaker must study official documents, reference and popular science literature, summarize observations and reflections. During this work, it is recommended to take notes, write out quotes, numbers, facts, and keep a card index. No matter how skillfully the speaker speaks, the text of the speech must be prepared in advance. Preparing a pre-written text has many benefits. It can be checked, errors can be corrected, additions and changes can be made, and it can be shown to someone for verification. In addition, when the speaker is working on a speech, he once again carefully thinks through all the details of the speech. In order for the speech to sound and reach the audience, so that the speaker does not deviate from the topic, it is necessary to arrange the material in a certain way. Therefore, the composition of the speech is very important - the composition and arrangement of the material for the speech. The composition can be divided into five parts: beginning, introduction, main part, conclusion, ending of the speech. But some parts of it may be missing.
Conclusion
There is hardly any need to prove that all types of eloquence need comprehension, ordering, and self-control. This is the culture of communication, i.e. speech. The scientific understanding of some types already has its own centuries-old history, others are new: for example, the culture of inner speech, which, by the way, constitutes the largest, most difficult and longest block in a person’s life. The culture of mental speech is the key to the success of external, spoken or written speech.
Relatively recently, everyday speech has also become the subject of rhetoric, in addition to friendly conversation, which Aristotle paid attention to.
Perhaps in the future some other types of speech and their spheres will be highlighted, for example, medical eloquence, speech in the service sector - hospitality, tourism...
Bibliography
1. Alexandrov D.N. Rhetoric. - M.: 1999.
2. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov - n/a, 1996.
3. Deletsky Ch. Workshop on rhetoric. - M.: 1996.
4. Ivanova S.F. Specifics of public speech. - M.: 1978.
The development of the country, the essence and goals of the scientific and technological revolution and other equally complex topics. It follows that mastery of eloquence is mastery of the specifics of each type and type of oratory, especially knowledge of its subject. According to what scientific principles should we classify eloquence? It seems that a correct interpretation of the reasons for the diversity of oratory will help...
Science speech culture, it makes sense to talk specifically about rhetoric, which last decades restored in Russia as a scientific and academic subject. The object of the study is oral public speech. The subject of the study is the main types of arguments, as well as types of modern oratory. Types of modern oratory Theorists of oratory distinguish such types...
Church preaching - oral and written - was a school for introducing people to high cultural values and contributed to the formation of national self-awareness. History has not left direct evidence of the oratory art of Ancient Rus'. But according to documents and surviving literary works you can get an idea of the main features and principles of ancient Russian eloquence. ...
The information given in this essay is based on impressions of the judicial and political life that surrounded the author. The same contradiction inherent in the art and activity of the orator is spoken of in “Brutus”. In the mid-80s, when Cicero’s views on the essence of eloquence were being formed, he took on the task of translating Plato’s dialogue “Protagoras”. The hero of the dialogue, the famous Greek sophist of the 5th century. taught that truth is always...
The ability to speak in public has been a useful skill at all times. People who have excellent public speaking skills will always be in demand by society and will be able to find work. It's no secret that there are few such people; they always stand out among others. They turn out to be successful leaders, politicians, businessmen, journalists, writers, teachers, since in many professions knowledge of rhetoric plays a vital role. The purpose of this public speaking course is to provide everyone with the opportunity to learn free online materials, lessons, exercises, techniques and rules for mastering the basics of rhetoric.
What is rhetoric?
This is a word that has ancient Greek origin ( Greek rhetorike), and literally means “ oratory" What is “oratory”? And how to develop your abilities for it?
Each of us has had the opportunity to speak in public at least several times in our lives. And, for sure, no one doubts that To be fluent in public speaking, you need to know and be able to do a lot. It can be said that the ability to speak in public reflects our intellectual development and our social skills.
Martin Luther King's famous speech
By definition Big Soviet Encyclopedia, « oratory speech"is a type of monologue speech used in a situation where the speaker addresses a large audience with the aim of persuasion or suggestion. Oratory is often identified with eloquence, so a good speaker must be well-read and have competent speech, be able to express your thoughts clearly. But the speaker also needs to be able to cope with his anxiety, control his diction and have a well-trained voice. In addition, it is important to master speech improvisation, be able to answer questions, maintain contact with the audience, pronounce the text with the necessary intonation, and much, much more.
Most of the skills described, which together form public speaking, can be learned. To do this, it is important to work on yourself, to realize, analyze and correct the unsuccessful moments of your own and others public speaking, and most importantly, train your skills in practice. Our training will help you work through all of these difficult steps towards developing excellent public speaking skills.
Want to test your knowledge?
If you want to test your theoretical knowledge on the topic of the course and understand how suitable it is for you, you can take our test. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question.
Online Rhetoric Lessons
The public speaking training posted on this website is an integration of many techniques described by public speaking experts. Each of the lessons involves the development of a specific skill that contributes to the development of your public speaking abilities. Naturally, each person can master these skills differently, so try to pay attention to those lessons that seem most useful to you.
Video
In this section of the training on public speaking skills, you can watch videos of famous speeches by outstanding speakers: Martin Luther King, Steve Jobs, Vladimir Lenin and others. Also here you can find videos from various competitions, presentations and speeches of people to investors. In addition, the section contains video lessons from leading experts in the field of public speaking.
4 rules of rhetoric
- First rule. Start any speech with a strong desire to achieve your goal.
- Second rule. Try to always prepare for your performance.
- Third rule. Show confidence even if you don't feel confident.
- Fourth rule. Practice more (this is true for any other skill).
These four rules of public speaking are essentially the foundation of any good speech. If you do not set yourself the goal of achieving great success in rhetoric, but are only trying to prepare for a specific speech, then they may be useful to you.
If you are planning to take a more detailed approach to studying the art of oratory, then we will be happy to provide you with useful and interesting information in the lessons on our website.
We wish you success in mastering the art of public speaking!