"The debate about what happened on August 30, 1918 has not subsided to this day. Versions are being put forward, one more fantastic than the other: the bullets that hit Lenin were poisoned; the murder was ordered by Yakov Sverdlov, who was aiming for the role of leader; it was a staged act to start the Red terror, Lenin agreed with the security officers that they would shoot into the air, and he would “theatrically” fall to the ground... Sometimes it reaches the point of absurdity - for example, that the assassination attempt was Kaplan’s revenge for a failed romance with Dmitry Ulyanov..." - so the presidential library named after B.N. Yeltsin introduces on his portal digitized official materials related to the assassination attempt at the Mikhelson plant.
Many of these materials from the Presidential Library were published in the August issue of Rodina magazine. The “synchronicity” is not surprising: Rodina and the Presidential Library are long-time friends and business partners. The August magazine selection analyzes versions of what happened on August 30, 1918. And the question is raised: why did the investigation turn a blind eye to the key details of the assassination attempt?
We offer our readers " Russian newspaper"two publications from .
The investigative experiment in the Fanny Kaplan case was led by the regicide Yakov Yurovsky. Just a month and a half ago he was shooting in Yekaterinburg royal family("Motherland" spoke about this in detail). Yakov Yurovsky also fulfilled the new task of the party in good faith. True, now he had in his hands not a revolver, but a camera.
Kingisepp as Kaplan
Four photographs appear in the documents of the investigation carried out in hot pursuit. On one of them the inscription “staged” is clearly readable. Lenin in the photographs is replaced by the chairman of the factory committee Nikolai Ivanov (in the photo second from the right), in the role of Kaplan - the investigator for especially important Viktor Kingisepp (in the photo on the left), the accidentally wounded housekeeper Popova is portrayed by a member of the factory committee Sidorov (far left), the driver Stepan Gil plays yourself. And Yakov Yurovsky “sets” the frame and takes photographs.
Photo No. 1. Lenin goes to the car, Popova speaks to him, Kaplan is preparing for a terrorist attack, the driver is waiting.
Photo No. 2. Kaplan shoots.
Photo No. 3. Lenin falls, the wardrobemaid tries to escape, Kaplan heads for the gate.
Photo No. 4. General form factory building.
Attached to the photographs is the “Protocol of the inspection of the scene of the attempted murder of Comrade Lenin at the Mikhelson plant on August 30, 1918.” It is dated September 2, signed by Yurovsky and Kingisepp and describes in detail the details: the distance from the door of the factory building to the parking lot (9 fathoms); the distance from the front and rear wheels of the car to the gate to the street (8 fathoms 2 feet and 10 fathoms 2 feet, respectively); the point from which Kaplan fired; her escape route...
Investigative photographer Yurovsky captured a re-enactment that has nothing to do with the investigative experiment. Because it had to involve a real suspect (the next day she would be killed and burned right in the Kremlin), a real witness (after being wounded by a stray bullet, the housekeeper Popova could easily move) and even the real victim himself. Therefore, the protocol of a “deep examination” (as the authors call it) is more reminiscent of an indictment.
Obvious inconsistencies receive categorical explanations. Why did the found cartridges “hit abnormally, somewhat forward”? But because “those bounced off people standing densely around them.” It would later become known that the bullets were fired from two pistols. But the materials of the “deep” investigation do not contain traceological and ballistic examination data. There is no interview with the victim, that is, Vladimir Ilyich - although in such cases this is the main document...
There is nothing but proletarian instinct.
The photographer clicks...
As a participant in the execution royal family ended up in Moscow? On July 25, a week after the terrible massacre, whites entered Yekaterinburg. Yurovsky, urgently recalled to Moscow, became the head of one of the district departments of the Cheka. And very soon his photography skills came in handy.
Yes, before the revolution, Yakov Yurovsky had his own photo studio in Yekaterinburg and a watch workshop, which was a convenient cover for the illegal appearance of Marxists. At the same time, by the way, he earned the praise of his photography teacher for his “special ability to see the subject.” In his memoirs, Yurovsky notes displeasedly that the gendarmerie “nagged” him, that he was constantly “dragged” to the police and forced to take photographs of suspicious persons and prisoners. However, there was also enough time to produce false passports for party comrades.
A logical question: why didn’t he take photographs of the royal family before and after the execution? After all, the prisoners were called into the basement specifically to “take pictures,” and the expensive camera that belonged to them was kept by the commandant of the “special purpose house” Yurovsky. Historians agree that “something went wrong before the execution.” And Yurovsky himself, who wrote pathetic memoirs, avoided this issue. Perhaps he cursed himself for an unforgivable omission...
By the way, he took up the memoirs three times: in 1920, with the participation of the historian M. Pokrovsky, in 1922 and 1934. Researchers and fiction writers continue to search in Yurovsky's notes hidden meaning, default figures, versions, hints. But it is difficult to trust the revelations of the “director” of the 1918 dramatization...
Museum on Party Lane
Today, photocopies of the protocol signed by Yurovsky and Kingisepp, recordings of Fanny Kaplan’s interrogation, and a doctor’s report on her almost complete blindness “due to hysteria” can be seen in the museum of the former Mikhelson plant, now the Moscow Electromechanical Plant named after Vladimir Ilyich. The most important display cases are in the CEO’s office, where there are more visitors. And the museum is quiet and cool. In the depths are a dozen red banners. The history of the plant in Party Lane knows many truly glorious events.
General Director Joseph Vayman is a graduate of MADI, which he is sincerely proud of. Like a normal techie, he doesn’t like slackness in production and speculation in history. He explains that there is no need to call the building on Dubininskaya Street, building 60, building 1, “Kaplan’s house” - it’s just a factory forge, where Fanny sat under arrest for several hours, hidden from the crowd. Shows on the map the building where Lenin spoke to the workers, the place where Lenin’s car stopped, and the place of the assassination attempt. I am sure that this page of history must be preserved for posterity - despite the fact that the plant itself will soon disappear from city maps.
Yes, on the site of the enterprise included in books, paintings, and films, a block with apartments, offices and landscape design will rise. It’s good that the monument to the factory workers who died in the Great Patriotic War and Afghanistan will be preserved. It’s good that they won’t demolish the statue of Lenin and the stone - a memorial sign at the place where they tried to kill the leader. All this is our memory. And it’s not staged at all.
10 questions for the investigation
WHY the victim Lenin was not interviewed in the prescribed manner, although he was conscious and available to the investigation (there is no testimony from him in the “case”)?
WHY Were no ballistic and traceological examinations of the shots carried out?
WHY Do the bullet holes on Vladimir Ilyich’s clothes not match the wounds on his body?
WHY is there no testimony from workers who recognized Fanny Kaplan as the shooter?
WHY Were there no confrontations between the witnesses of the assassination attempt and the terrorist?
WHY was a full-fledged investigative experiment at the scene of the assassination replaced by a “staging”?
WHY did the weapon brought by a certain worker a day after an advertisement in the newspaper belong to Fanny Kaplan (there is no supporting data in the “case”)?
WHY Could the terrorist, at the time of the shots, have been holding a bulky briefcase and a large umbrella, which she had with her at the time of her arrest on the evening of August 30?
WHY Lenin went to Mikhelson's plant without security, although in the morning the head of the Petrograd Cheka, Solomon Uritsky, was killed and the situation became sharply more complicated?
WHY Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Yakov Sverdlov even before the end of the investigation ordered the execution of Fanny Kaplan, although the accused did not pose a threat and was under reliable guard?
One American writer in the 1960s had a story called “Historinaut”: about how the CIA, when they invented a time machine, decided to send its agent back in time, to 1917, to kill Lenin. The agent copes with the task perfectly, returns safely back to the 1960s, and everything would be fine, but it turns out that America has been conquered by Germany...
Indeed, the assassination of Lenin, apparently, is one of those events that could jam and break, if not the entire “machine” of world history, then at least the twentieth century; it is not surprising that this plot appeared regularly - first in the political agenda, and then in fantasy fiction.
There is, however, an event of a “related nature”, which, one feels, is given too much great importance: speech about the tragic incident at the Mikhelson plant on August 30, 1918.
Fell, shook himself off, moved on
The moment is certainly extraordinary - Lenin really “looked into the face of death,” and the brave Fanny Kaplan really accomplished her mission more successfully than all her numerous colleagues and predecessors. Another thing is that the incident did not have any colossal consequences: the political line of the Bolsheviks did not undergo changes, the “Red Terror” would have inevitably been declared even after the murder of Uritsky; and most importantly, Kaplan failed to “terrorize” Lenin himself, to instill terror in him.
Not just "failed"; It didn’t work out at all, not one iota, not one bit.
It is tempting for a fiction writer to attribute Lenin’s “equanimity - shot, fell, shook himself off, moved on - to his superman psyche: Ironman, Rakhmetov, titanium.
For the historian, however, it makes more sense to focus on the circumstances, the context, which explains Lenin’s behavior no worse than the hypothesis of “special abilities.”
Jokes with two bullets in the body
The summer of 1918 was, apparently, the most difficult period in Lenin’s entire and not so calm life; the consequences of the “obscene” Brest Peace, the rebellion in Yaroslavl, the murder of Mirbach, the threat of a new wave of German intervention, battles in Kazan, Socialist Revolutionary terror; With such an intensity of negative news flow, it can be said, almost without exaggeration, that the evening of August 30 was a “routine moment” for the leader of the Soviet state.
They wanted and could kill Lenin in July 1917, in October 1917, in January 1918, in March 1918 and so on; professional military men plotted against him, he was pursued by an angry crowd, they shot at him, threw bombs at him; in the summer of 1918, it was more difficult than a hired killer to find a person who did not want Lenin to die.
He knew perfectly well that every moment could be his last.
And if so, it is not surprising that, judging by the memoirs, Lenin in the first ten days of September - with two bullets in his body, with a pleura full of blood, with a fracture of the humerus and a fracture of the scapula - did not cry in pain, did not scratch the mattress, did not demand read the Gospel to him and does not send for a notary to bequeath all his savings to the church; No.
He is correct, very “Leninist”, nothing new - he jokes and laughs.
That is, exactly the opposite: if “before Kaplan,” according to his wife’s recollections, he looks “like after a serious illness,” then “after” this very illness he, on the contrary, “jokes,” “is happy,” and all that; or - according to Ya.M. Sverdlova - “tells the doctors that he is tired of them, does not want to submit to discipline, jokingly cross-examines the doctors, and generally “rages.”
Arrest is worse than death
Most likely, Lenin perceived these few days, if not as a “gift,” but as a legal, that is, with a good reason, opportunity to “forget” and get at least a little sleep; not much, because such a “window” is actually being provided to him for the first time in a year and a half, since February 1917. Just for a few days - because the situation in Soviet Russia still remained monstrous; and the Bolsheviks understood perfectly well what was threatening them, and were preparing to retreat underground; At the Moscow Provincial Executive Committee, just in the summer of 1918, they opened a workshop for forging passports: they washed off names, filled out forms from old archives with the names of the dead, and falsified the signatures of volost elders and Governor Dzhunkovsky.
The fact that Malkov burned Kaplan’s corpse in the Alexander Garden is evidence not of the special cynicism of the Kremlin commandant, but of the fact that the Kremlin was at that moment almost a besieged fortress, and it was dangerous for a Bolshevik representative to go into the city with such a load.
And now, when the eventual context of Kaplan’s shots is clear, we can return to “psychology”: Lenin took the threat of being arrested much more seriously - and with greater caution - than the threat of death; Apparently, the experience of losing four years (a year in solitary confinement and three in exile) turned out to be a monstrous trauma for him. Therefore, when something threatened his freedom, he showed extreme ingenuity - whereas in mortal danger he behaved surprisingly carelessly, almost like a brat. Hence, in fact, his summer trips without security, with only his driver Gil, to perform in areas of the city filled with weapons and teeming with people extremely dissatisfied with the Bolshevik government.
The shockingly frivolous tone in which Lenin used to describe dangerous circumstances to his addressees is also characteristic: “if I am killed, I ask you to publish my notebook,” etc. So on September 2, 1918, on the verge of death, he only asks to be informed if the situation is hopeless: “some things cannot be left behind.”
"Kaplan" for Stalin
Fortunately, the murder did not take place, and starting in the fall, the number of potential killers began to decline sharply: already in November it would become clear that Lenin had brilliantly played out his “Brest strategy” - and that he was the only one who was orchestrating the situation, and not just waving his arms, trying to deal with it. And from this moment on, mass hatred will turn into its opposite: admiration.
So why, undoubtedly dramatic, but, by and large, a failure for Lenin’s biography - Kaplan’s bullets, even indirectly, ultimately were not the cause of Lenin’s death, as was feared in 1922 - the episode turned into a “textbook” in the collective consciousness "?
Apparently, the “institutionalization” of the episode occurred not least thanks to Mikhail Romm’s “Lenin in 1918,” where the scenes with Kaplan and her accomplices are some of the most striking in the film. The story of the assassination attempt turned out to be particularly important - in hindsight - also because, through films about the events of 20 years ago, the imaginary "conspirators" of the 1930s were assigned and imposed a "treacherous" identity - hereditary: within the framework of this film mythology, Bukharin and his gang were first trained in Lenin, and now they almost sent their “kaplans” to Stalin.
Thus, Stalin did the same thing that the American “historinauts” did in the 60s - he sent “his” killers to Lenin; but at the same time not only achieved all the intended goals, but also pulled it off in such a way that the global historical fabric remained intact and unharmed.
But who really was Yakov Yurovsky, the notorious commandant of the Ipatiev House? Investigator Sokolov, who in 1919 was assigned to conduct the case of the execution of the Romanovs, characterizes him as follows:
“The immediate leader of the murder was Yakov Yurovsky. But he also developed the murder plan itself in detail.”
And especially now, after the discovery and publication of his “Note”, Yurovsky will remain in history as the direct perpetrator of this terrible crime, which he organized with unheard-of cruelty.
Before the revolution, Yurovsky was well known to the tsarist police. His name appears in the documents of the former, which are located in Moscow, in the fund of the Special Department of the Police Department:
“To the Cannes tradesman Yakov Mikhailov Yurovsky by the Tomsk governor, in the interests of maintaining public order, on the basis of clause 4 of Art. 16 of the Regulations on enhanced protection in view of the harmful direction of activity of the said Yurovsky, he is prohibited from living within the Tomsk province for the entire duration of the said provision with the right to choose Yurovsky’s place of residence.”
Judging by the results, the orders of the tsarist police were not so cruel and not so effective if a person, clearly registered with the local authorities, was given the opportunity to choose his place of residence.
The above document, compiled in the gendarmerie department of the city of Tomsk, is equipped with an appendix, which more precisely explains the “harmful direction of Yurovsky’s activities”: we're talking about about a report from secret agent "Sidorov" regarding weapons - nine revolvers - that belonged to a local Social Democratic organization and which Yurovsky gave to his sister Pana, also a party activist, before his departure.
Yurovsky was a left-wing social democrat, and therefore a Bolshevik. Using the terminology of those times, he was a “professional revolutionary”, but, as we will see later, rather atypical. Having joined the party in 1905, he immediately began to stand out for his unbending faith, and even Lenin himself called him “the most devoted communist” at one time. Yurovsky has accumulated a solid “working record”, as he was an active member of an underground organization for many years.
And here is other information about this man, collected many years later by White Guard counterintelligence:
“Yakov Movshev Yurovsky, 40 years old, Jew, tradesman of the city of Cannes, Tomsk province, watchmaker, ran an electrophotography shop in Yekaterinburg and lived at the address: 1st Beregovaya Street, building 6.”
Like many other professional revolutionaries, and not only Jews, Yurovsky changed his real name to the Russian style: this was what many underground fighters did in order to more reliably hide from the authorities. Yurovsky’s patronymic was not Movshev, but Khaimovich, but the first was quite suitable for this document, as long as it indicated the Jewish origin of the object. Such bias was characteristic of the lists compiled by the White Guard counterintelligence, and in Once again demonstrated the unshakable confidence of this organization that it was Jews - and only Jews - who conceived and “made” the revolution.
The future commandant of the Ipatiev House was born in 1878, and his real name was Yakov Khaimovich Yurovsky; and although his name and patronymic leave no doubt about his nationality, he was not a devout Jew: the fact is that during the period of the democratic revolution of 1905, he lived in Germany for about a year and converted to Lutheranism. The same mysterious stay in Berlin helped him return to his homeland almost a rich man. Yurovsky, the penultimate of eight children in the family, got on his own feet and before the revolution lived in relative prosperity, engaging in small trade.
The general mobilization of 1914 did not bypass him: Yurovsky was drafted into the army, but he still managed to avoid being sent to the front, as he enrolled in a course for orderlies. Having completed them brilliantly, he then served in the Yekaterinburg military hospital.
Without a doubt, from a young age Yurovsky was distinguished by a strong character and had a strong personality; he so captivated Kensorin Arkhipov, the doctor who taught the courses, that he took him under his protection and provided him with all kinds of assistance.
But the personal physician of the heir Alexei, Vladimir Derevenko, in his testimony, which he gave as a witness in 1919, paints a clearly negative portrait of Yurovsky:
“On one of my visits, entering the room, I saw a man sitting near the window in a black jacket, with a wedge beard, black, black mustache and wavy black hair, especially long, combed back, black eyes, full, high-cheeked face, clean, without any special features. marks, dense build, broad shoulders, short neck, clear baritone voice, slow, with great aplomb, with a sense of dignity, which Avdeev and I came to the patient with. Having examined the patient, Yurovsky, seeing a tumor on the Heir’s leg, suggested that I apply a plaster cast and thereby revealed his knowledge of medicine.”
It should be noted that Dr. Derevenko was given the right to live in freedom in Yekaterinburg, and he alone of the entire imperial retinue was allowed by the Bolsheviks to regularly visit prisoners.
In a fit of iconoclasm and gripped by a thirst for blood, Yurovsky destroyed all the Romanovs, including Dr. Botkin and even the servants, but for reasons that were then unclear, he spared Derevenko. But he was seriously compromised, since he was suspected of mediating between Romanov and a certain “white officer” during their fictitious correspondence and, accordingly, in an effort to free the prisoners. This happened even before Yurovsky arrived at the Ipatiev House, when Avdeev, a gloomy and cruel man, was the commandant.
Now, after the appearance of new materials that have already been published, we can say with complete confidence that there has never been any “White Guard conspiracy” to free the prisoners. As we said earlier, this famous correspondence was fabricated in order to prove the guilt of the Romanovs who responded to the letters, and then justify their murder. Yurovsky undoubtedly knew the truth and, by leaving Dr. Derevenko alive, he wanted to once again demonstrate to his predecessors his strength and power in decision-making.
Yurovsky was not so much oppressed by the tsarist regime; on the contrary, fate granted him a very privileged position, far from the conditions in which a significant part of the population of proletarian origin lived. For them, the revolution brought with it freedom and the beginning of a bright future. But when did it happen February Revolution, Yurovsky - in the words of General Diterichs (Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterichs (1874-1937), one of the organizers of the counter-revolution during civil war. He was a close associate of the admiral. Died in exile.) - “was the first in the ranks of those dissatisfied with everything and everyone.” And further:
“Loose in words and in speech, having picked up superficial concepts about socialism abroad, not embarrassed by lies, blatant, but popular at that time, slander...”
Yurovsky immediately managed to prove himself, rise above the crowd, and from the hospital in which he served, he was elected as a delegate to the Yekaterinburg Council: from there his career as a political figure began.
After the October events, the “professional revolutionary” very soon became a famous figure among local Bolsheviks. Almost simultaneously, he held various positions: he was a member of the executive committee of the Urals Council, the Commissioner of Justice of the Ural Region and the commandant of the Ipatiev House. He also continued to be one of the most prominent figures in the regional Cheka, created through his efforts, in whose ranks he continued to be active. He also had “high-ranking” friends in Moscow, in particular Sverdlov.
This was Yurovsky during the period of his appointment as commandant: perhaps not quite a typical Bolshevik, but in any case a man considered devoted to the cause of the party and a tireless activist. Not a single fact from what we know about his activities before the murder of the Romanovs gives us grounds to explain such a monstrous metamorphosis: on that July night in 1918, Yurovsky turned into a beast, gripped by dark fanaticism and overwhelmed by a thirst for blood.
Yankel Khaimovich Yurovsky... This man is better known under the name Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky. He went down in history as the immediate leader of the execution of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family.
Emperor Nicholas II with his family. Photo from the Internet
Once upon a time there lived a very ordinary man of mediocre abilities. Illiterate. From a very poor family. Until a certain point, nothing outstanding happened in his life.
Time will pass, and either due to circumstances or chance, fate will take a sharp turn. Which will be followed by the path first to the glory of a hero (this is how some saw him), then to the shameful stigma of an executioner-murderer (this is how others see him), and then to almost complete oblivion...
Yakov Yurovsky. Photo from the Internet
In 1967, at a meeting of the presidium of the Tomsk City Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, a proposal was considered to recommend to the City Executive Committee that one of the Tomsk streets be named after Ya. M. Yurovsky. The basis was the appeal of a group of old Bolsheviks to Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU to L. I. Brezhnev about the need to perpetuate the memory of Yakov Yurovsky, a party member since 1905. A copy of the letter of appeal is stored in the State Archive of the Tomsk Region.
Here is his text:
The letter indicated that Yurovsky’s name had been undeservedly forgotten. It was proposed to name streets in his honor in Moscow, Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinburg) and Tomsk. Publish memoirs and biography of a prominent revolutionary. With honors, transfer the urn with Yurovsky’s ashes from the Moscow columbarium to Novodevichy Cemetery and install a tombstone.
In that already distant 1967, Tomsk archivists and historians began to identify addresses related to the life and work of Yakov Yurovsky. As a result of studying the documents, a list was compiled, which included per. Protopopovsky (Pionersky), per. Belozersky, st. Magistratskaya (R. Luxembourg), Bolshaya Korolevskaya (Maxim Gorky), etc. Well, the most famous address was and remains the house on the street. Tatarskaya, 6.
House on Tatarskaya street, 6.
Indeed, in April 1912, it was in this house that the gendarmes arrested Yakov Yurovsky and his two fellow illegal immigrants. We will return to the circumstances of the arrest of the revolutionaries in a safe house, but for now you can find out how the modern inhabitants of the almost legendary house live.
Be patient, reader! Together we will take a journey into the world of old Tomsk. It so happened that local historians mostly studied the details of Yakov Yurovsky’s presence in our city. They were less interested in information about people close to him. But many facts are very colorful, interesting and allow us not only to understand the everyday life of the Jewish family in which the regicide grew up, but also the peculiarities of some laws Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which formed this way of life.
Document from the funds State Archives Tomsk region
On May 5, 1897, something happened in the fate of the Cain tradesman Khaim Itskovich Yurovsky an important event: The title of exile was removed from him and he was given a passport. After 20 years spent in Siberia, he could count on receiving the right to live in Tomsk without restrictions, but at the same time constantly register at his place of residence. Chaim is a little over forty years old. His wife Esther is three years younger. In their marriage they had nine children. Chaim, like all members of his household, professes Judaism and observes religious ceremonies, visits the synagogue on the street. Magistratskaya (the modern name is Rosa Luxemburg Street).
Tomsk synagogue at the beginning of the twentieth century. Photo from the Internet
In archival files you can see information that Chaim Yurovsky was exiled to Siberia in 1876. For what? For theft committed in the Poltava province, where he lived before trial and punishment. Having appeared in Kainsk (Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk region), Chaim soon moved to Tomsk and began to engage in glass and painting crafts. Sometimes he had to trade at the Tomsk flea market. The wife, Esther Moiseevna, raised the children and worked as a seamstress at home. All property consisted of wretched home and economic furnishings. However, if we consider the future wealth of the offspring of this family, poverty seems exaggerated.
Photo from the Internet
Extending permission for unhindered residence in the provincial capital, Chaim Yurovsky invariably emphasized “that a long, unblemished stay in Siberia, engaging in honest work guarantee his trustworthiness and approving, from the point of view of the police, behavior.” All petitions were not drawn up in his hand, but papers were signed on his behalf by other people.
Document from the funds of the State Archive of the Tomsk Region
In 1878, the Yurovskys had a son, Yankel, who would later write in his autobiography: “By the grace of tsarism, I was born in prison.” The expression is too pretentious, figurative and far from reality. Although childhood was indeed difficult. WITH early age the boy was working. But things didn’t work out with education. Course of study in primary school at the synagogue was never completed. By the way, the appearance of the religious building in the 70s of the 19th century is very different from the usual appearance of the Choral Synagogue, rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century.
Tomsk synagogue on Magistratskaya street from a lithograph by artist M. Kolosov, 1871. From the funds of the Tomsk Regional Museum of Local Lore
In his autobiography, Yakov Yurovsky mentions that on for a long time left Tomsk. Lived and worked in Tyumen, Tobolsk and Ekaterinodar (Krasnodar). At the same time, personal life circumstances young man- vague. In 1898, in Feodosia he had a daughter, Rimma. In 1904, the first son Alexander was born in Batumi. The mother of the children was Maria Kaganer, whose marriage was concluded in the same year. Perhaps already in Berlin, where Yakov’s family will end up in an unknown way and for unknown reasons. In the capital of Germany, Yakov Yurovsky accepted Lutheranism and in 1905 returned to Tomsk.
Parents of Yakov Yurovsky with his wife and son . Photo from the Internet
The news about the renunciation of the Jewish religion will not be the only cause of conflicts between Jacob and his relatives. He really has changed a lot. He got a lot of money and his own business. On Ushayki Embankment Street, Yakov Yurovsky will open a watch shop, a photo studio, and will also master jewelry making.
Ushayki Embankment Street. Modern look
Leib’s younger brother recalled: “At that time, Yakov was already rich. The goods in his store cost ten thousand. But Yankel’s character is hot-tempered. I learned watchmaking from him. He loved to oppress people."
At this point we will interrupt the story. Events in family chronicle There will be many more regicides to come. So, to be continued...
Tags: Tomsk, history of Tomsk, Nicholas II, Yakov Yurovsky, regicide, history of the royal family, GATO, TV-2
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, he was a member of the Military Department, chairman of the investigative commission of the Ural Regional Revolutionary Tribunal, comrade of the Commissioner of Justice of the Ural Region, and member of the board of the regional Cheka. Commandant of the special purpose house (Ekaterinburg), where Nikolai P and his family were kept. From the end of 1918 he worked in Moscow, was a member of the board of the Moscow Black Sea Council, and later deputy head of the administrative department of the Moscow Council.
1919 - Chairman of the Ural Provincial Cheka; In 1917-1919. - member of the city and provincial councils, member of the bureau of the city committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1920 - manager of the organizational and instructional department of the NK RKI; Since 1921 - head of the State Repository of Valuables (Gokhrana Narkomfin). From 1924 - deputy director of the Bogatyr plant, then until 1926 - head of the department for improving the state apparatus and deputy head of the economic section of the MKK-RKI. In 1926-27 Mr. Member of the Board of Mechanics.In the thirties, one after another, the most prominent party members were sent to camps and to death. In 1935, it was his family’s turn. The beautiful Rimma, a favorite of the Komsomol, was arrested and sent to a camp. He rushed to Goloshchekin for help, but he couldn’t help him either.
Now he had to prove: the party is his family.
And if the party needs his daughter...
They still met at Medvedev’s apartment and reminisced. It's all about the same thing, about execution. There was nothing else in their life. We talked prosaically about the Apocalypse over a cup of tea. And they discussed who shot first.
The son of the security officer Medvedev: “One day Yurovsky came triumphant - they brought him a book published in the West, where it was written in black and white that it was he - Yurovsky - who killed Nikolai. He was happy...”
In 1938, the same year of the twentieth anniversary of the murder of the Royal Family and in the same July, Yakov Yurovsky died from a painful ulcer.
The son of security officer Medvedev: “My father said that in Lately Yurovsky had a bad heart condition and was very worried about his daughter. And he couldn't do anything. I couldn't help her."
Yes, theory turned out to be much easier than practice. But in practice, giving away his daughter... so the iron commandant paid with both his heart and his ulcer. A deadly ulcer was devouring his insides. And already knowing that he would die, on that stuffy July day he wrote a letter to his children.
Surrounded by endless dead, with his beloved daughter sent to torture, in anticipation of the death of his closest friends - in the terrible year of 1938, he writes to his children... about the wonderful past, present and future.
"Dear Zhenya and Shura! On July 3, according to the new style, I will turn sixty years old. It so happened that I told you almost nothing about myself, especially about my childhood and youth... I regret that. Rimma can remember individual episodes of the 1905 revolution: arrest, prison, work in Yekaterinburg.
(
Creepy phrase! Where then could unfortunate Rimma remember her father’s years in the royal prison? In a Soviet prison, in front of which her father’s Tsarist prison was an idyll, a sanatorium. - Auto.)
In the thunderstorm of October, fate turned to me on the bright side... I saw and heard Lenin many times, he accepted me, talked to me and, like no one else, supported me during the years of my work at Gokhran. I was lucky enough to know closely Ilyich’s most faithful students and associates - Sverdlov, Dzerzhinsky, Ordzhonikidze. To work under their leadership, to interact with them like a family...
Fate did not offend me: if a person went through three storms with Lenin and the Leninists, he can consider himself the happiest of mortals...
Although I am mortally tired of my illnesses, it still seems to me that I will participate with you in future upcoming events, I hug you, kiss Rimma, your wives and my grandchildren. Father
".
And, reading this suicide letter, I kept remembering another last letter from Doctor Botkin, who was killed by him and his comrades. These letters are self-portraits of two worlds.
Yurovsky was dying, having achieved his goal: in the Museum of the Revolution there was his “Note”, where it was said that it was he who shot the last tsar. Numerous books published in the West confirmed this. He could call himself "the happiest of mortals."
Edward Radzinsky "Epilogue"
Gordon . Editing history.
| Broadcast 10/07/2002. How did the tsarist government hide gold transactions from its own Duma? What did Lenin and Yurovsky talk about after the execution of the royal family, based on the transcript preserved in the archives? Who started the Soviet historical school, turning into an all-powerful dictator in the field of historical science? Historian Yuri Buranov talks about “double accounting” of the tsarist government and Lenin’s will. Yuri Alekseevich Buranov - Doctor of Historical Sciences; main areas of research - analysis of the capitalist structure of large-scale industry in Russia in the 19th century. 20th centuries (1861-1917), the role and place of financial capital in it, corporatization of industry; in 1991, he conducted archaeographic and source research during the declassification of Lenin’s archives, documents of investigator N.A. Sokolov on the murder and burial of the royal family; V last years(2000-2002) works at the Gokhran of the Russian Federation (under contract); areas of work - creation of an archival database (with an expert assessment of sources) on the history of jewelry of the Romanov house, pre-revolutionary gold reserves of Russia, etc. |
Father of Alexander Yakovlevich - Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky, former member Yekaterinburg gubchek and commandant of the Romanov house, carried out the sentence of the Ural Council - he shot the royal family and those who served it faithfully. Much later I learned that the Ural Soviet only carried out the will of Lenin, Sverdlov and Dzerzhinsky, who did not want to be seen in this monstrous crime. I found out that when Admiral Kolchak occupied the city, his counterintelligence arrested the father and mother of the regicide, who had gone underground. But, making sure that they were completely uninvolved in her son’s affairs, she released the old men. In this light, the rumors spread by the Bolsheviks about the atrocities of Kolchak’s gangs look, at least, not convincing.
Alushinsky also told me about how Alexander Yakovlevich’s sister Rimma Yakovlevna and her husband, who held major party posts, were repressed in 1937, and their two sons were taken in by Alexander Yakovlevich, at that time a captain of the first rank, commander of a warship. Although the act was more than risky at that time, it did not prevent him from rising to the rank of rear admiral engineer and taking the position of deputy chief of the artillery department of the USSR Navy. He served in this position throughout the war and the first post-war years. At the beginning of 1952, Yurovsky was arrested and thrown to the mercy of the “troika”. The admiral behaved courageously. To the accusation that he has too many people of “non-indigenous nationality” in his management, he replied that personnel should be selected for business and political reasons, and not according to their nationality. Yurovsky was thrown into prison, but he was lucky: he spent only a year in solitary confinement and was released immediately after the death of the Kremlin dictator. Yurovsky was restored to his rank, all orders were returned and he was offered a position corresponding to the rank of admiral. But he refused, resigned and moved to his native Leningrad.
"THE REAR ADMIRAL'S SORRY PATH" Efim Wenger
http://www.informprostranstvo.ru/N6_2006/vehi_6_2006.html
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P . S. - Chronicle
End of July 1918 - summoning Yurovsky and Goloshchekin to Moscow.
March 1919 - sudden death of Yakov Sverdlov
According to newly discovered data, Lenin was shot by Grigory Protopopov and Lydia Konopleva, employees of the Cheka.
Shot in 1939
Rimma Yurovskaya
Autobiography
Yurovskaya Rimma Yakovlevna
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On April 4, 197, I joined the RSDLP (b), where my father and I were already active workers. mother - Maria Yakovlevna Yurovskaya, party member since 1917. In these same days, a youth organization was created under the RSDLP (b) Yekaterinburg Committee and I was elected chairman.
In August 1917 during the creation of the “Socialist Union of Working Youth of the 3rd International” I was elected chairman of the Union, and then at the 1st Regional Congress of the Council in December 1917, deputy. chairman, and then chairman of the Uralobkom SSRM. In March 1918, with the “Hundred of Youth” I went to the Dutov front as a “sister of mercy” in the squad of Ivan Mikhailovich Malyshev, participating in battles along the entire route of the Dutov campaign.
After working for a couple of months in the Regional Management Department (at that time there were no paid workers in the Komsomol, they worked without interrupting their immediate work), I again went to the Czechoslovak Front. My sister took part in the fighting. First on the Zlatoust front, and after the surrender of Zlatoust, on the Yekaterinburg front, before the fall of Yekaterinburg. After the creation of the 3rd Army on the Kolchak Front (?), I worked until January 1919 in the political department of the 3rd Army in the press bureau (Perm). In 1918, having been elected at the 2nd Ural Regional Congress of the RKSM as a delegate to the 1st All-Russian Congress of the RKSM, I was elected a member of the Central Committee of the RKSM. Having returned from the congress to the army again, by order of the Uralobkom of the RCP (b), I again begin to work on organizing youth. The Komsomol Uralobkom moves to Kirov (formerly Vyatka) and temporarily ceases its activities. I am elected chairman of the Vyatka Provincial Committee of the RKSM. The Red Army liberates the Urals, I return to Yekaterinburg, where I am again elected chairman of the Uralobkom, and am going as a delegate to the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the RKSM. At the 2nd Congress I was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol (?) in 1919.
I worked as the Secretary of the Central Committee until the 3rd Congress of the Komsomol (?) end of 1920. From 1920-1921, I worked in Rostov-on-Don as secretary of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee. In 1922 The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks sends me to study at the Komvuz named after. Sverdlova (Moscow).
In 1924, she was released early from Komvuz. And she worked in the Propgroup of the Central Committee of the Party to work among the Leninist draft in the Motovilikha and Nadezhdinsky in the Urals
1926 Since 1926, I have been working in leadership positions in party bodies: head. Agitprop of the 1st district party committee of Sverdlovsk, instructor, and then head. Organizational department of the Sverdlovsk District Party Committee until 1930. From 1930-1932 she worked as head of the department of the Perm City Party Committee, from! 932-1934, head. department of the 4th District Party Committee of Sverdlovsk.
From 1934-1937 in Voronezh, first as secretary of the party committee of the plant named after. Lenin, then secretary of the Voroshilovsky district party committee of Voronezh, being a member of the bureau of the Voronezh city committee and a member of the Regional Party Committee.
In 1937, by resolution of the organizing bureau of the Central Committee of the party, she was sent to Rostov-on-Don, where the head worked. industrial and transport department of the Rostov City Party Committee. In March 1938, she was repressed for false and slanderous testimony. She was imprisoned in 1946. (?), after which she worked from the beginning until 1950 as a section manager at the camp’s state farm. Since 1950 in Southern Kazakhstan as an MTS economist and until 1957 at the Pakhta-Aral state farm. In February-March 1956, she was completely rehabilitated and the Central Committee of the CPSU was reinstated in the party with her previous experience.
Currently I am not working - I am a personal pensioner of federal significance."We are the young guard". N. Ostrovsky, A. Bezymensky, N. Khlebnikov, A. Zharov, R. Yurovskaya
Yakov Yurovsky was the direct organizer of the murder of Nicholas II and his family. Yurovsky never repented of what he had done, he was even proud. However, the murder of innocent people is murder, and even if the criminal avoids earthly court, he is overtaken by the revenge of some higher powers who have taken upon themselves the mission of justice. Not only the murderer, but also his descendants and relatives will have to answer. (website)
Dom Ipatiev, in the basement of which the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II was shot along with his family and servants.
Children and grandchildren
Rimma, Yurovsky's first child, was his favorite. Like her father, Rimma threw herself headlong into the revolution and successfully moved along the party line. In 1935 she was arrested. Yurovsky adored his daughter, but “the party makes no mistakes” - and he sacrificed his daughter in the name of the revolution.
According to the recollections of his loved ones, Yurovsky almost went crazy when he learned the terrible news about Rimma’s arrest, but he never made any attempts to free her or at least somehow alleviate her fate. Rimma Yurovskaya served time in the Karaganda camp, was released in 1946, and remained in a settlement in Southern Kazakhstan. Only in 1956 was she rehabilitated and was able to return to Leningrad.
Yurovsky did not catch all this, the arrest of his daughter actually brought him to the grave: against the background of his experiences, his stomach ulcer worsened and he died in 1938.
His son can be considered next on the list of victims. Rear Admiral Alexander Yurovsky was arrested in 1952. Only Stalin's death saved him from a terrible fate. Alexander Yurovsky was released in March 1953 and sent into retirement.
Of course, the Stalinist Gulag is not a sanatorium, but still both Yurovsky’s daughter and son remained alive. The fate of the grandchildren was much sadder. The grandchildren fell from the roof of the barn, died in a fire, were poisoned by mushrooms and committed suicide. Girls died in infancy. Beloved grandson Anatoly, Rimma's son, was found dead in a car. The cause of death could not be determined.
As a result, the Yurovsky family line was cut short. But the side branch did not escape the curse.
Favorite niece
Yakov Yurovsky simply adored his niece, the flirtatious Mashenka. At the age of 16, Maria fell in love and ran away from home. A year later she returned home, without her husband, but with a child. His beloved niece Mashenka became the “unlucky Masha” for Yurovsky; he disowned her.
She is not the first, she is not the last, but not all abandoned women’s lives go awry. Maria's went. Subsequently, Mary had more than a dozen “husbands”, from whom she gave birth to 11 children. But only one survived, the first-born Boris, because his mother sent him to an orphanage, where he became Yurovsky from Yurovsky.
The curse bypassed Boris; his son Vladimir was born, who in turn became the father of two children. Vladimir does not tell his son and daughter about their “famous” relative, considering him a soulless villain. Vladimir believes in a curse and seriously fears for the future of his children.
Others
The decision to execute Nicholas II and his family was made on July 14 by the Presidium of the Ural Regional Council. Composition of the Presidium: Alexander Beloborodov (chairman), Georgy Safarov, Philip Goloshchekin, Pyotr Voikov, Fedor Lukoyanov, Yakov Yurovsky. Here's how their fates turned out:
Alexander Beloborodov - arrested in 1936, executed in 1938. Georgy Safarov - arrested in 1934, executed in 1942. Philip Goloshchekin - arrested in 1939, executed in 1941. Pyotr Voikov - in 1927 in Warsaw, he was mortally wounded by a Polish terrorist. Fyodor Lukoyanov was not shot only because in 1919 doctors diagnosed him with a nervous disease (years of work in the Perm and then the Ural Cheka affected him) and placed him in a “Moscow sanatorium”, where he died in 1947.
Each of the destinies described is not unique. Hundreds of thousands of people passed through the Gulag, many of whom died. Many fiery Bolsheviks were shot during the years of repression. Children died as a result of accidents; child mortality still exists today. But taken together, they show a terrible picture: the death of the family of Yakov Yurovsky, who organized the murder of the royal family and the death of each accomplice in the crime.
No crime goes unpunished!