A. SHMAKOVA
Rice. L. TEPLOVA
With the first spring flood and until the end of navigation, hundreds of thousands and millions of trees, cut down in forests and tied into rafts, are melted along large and small rivers. A considerable part of them is sent to paper mills and pulp and paper mills. The so-called balance is delivered here by rivers and railways - straight, without knots, slender spruce trees of a certain thickness and length.
Currently, the raw material for the pulp and paper industry is mainly wood. coniferous species. 10% of industrial wood harvested by the USSR Ministry of Forestry Industry is processed into pulp, paper and cardboard.
Every year more and more paper is produced. And yet we miss her. Who hasn't felt frustrated when a quickly sold out favorite magazine wasn't available at the newsstand? How nice it would be to always receive bread wrapped in thin paper at the bakery!
The demand for paper is increasing faster than the growth of spruce in the forests. Our country is very rich in forests: we have one third of all the world's green areas. But already now in the European part Soviet Union, where paper mills and pulp and paper mills are mainly concentrated, the annual consumption of wood exceeds the natural growth of the forest. And in the vast expanses of the south of the USSR there are no or almost no forests. Wood has to be brought here from afar. Paper, produced mainly in forest areas, also travels long distances by rail.
But in the same southern treeless expanses there are huge, annually reproducible reserves of raw materials suitable for the production of paper and cardboard.
In fact, is it really necessary to spend only wood on the production of paper, which is so necessary for construction and for other economic needs? In addition, cutting areas with timber reserves are gradually moving further and further from railways and waterways, which leads to higher prices for products. And cut down logging areas are renewed only after 50-100 years.
It has long been known that in China, which is not rich in forests, paper has been made for many centuries from rice straw, bamboo, reeds, and shrubs. Nowadays, for example, in France, not only coniferous wood, but also annual plants are used as raw materials for paper and cardboard.
The history of the Russian paper industry also knows examples of the use of such raw materials. In one of the chronological indexes of the most important Russian inventions and improvements in paper production, we find that back in 1714, straw was used as a raw material at the Bogoroditsky paper mill and the Krasnoselskaya paper mill. It is also known that in 1861, at the St. Petersburg Industrial Exhibition, samples of white paper and cardboard made from straw were presented. In 1870, the Nevskaya Factory organized a straw-cellulose plant, and two years later, paper was made from sedge at the Malinskaya Paper Factory. In those same years, the Odessa and Kherson factories successfully produced paper from the reeds that grew in abundance here. In the book depositories of old libraries you can find No. 107 of the Odessa Journal for 1872, printed on reed paper.
The reserves of non-timber raw materials in the Soviet Union are incalculable. The area occupied by various reeds is about 5 million hectares. In the south of Ukraine alone, in the floodplains of the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester and Danube, the annual resources of reed, cattail and reed amount to more than 400 thousand tons, of which only 50-60 thousand tons are currently used for various economic purposes. Even greater resources of these plants in the Volga delta, where they reach 2 million tons, and in Kazakhstan -14 million tons.
It's time to put these resources to work for the pulp and paper industry. They will make it possible to obtain additional hundreds of thousands of tons of printed paper and cardboard.
Two tons of reed can be used to make a ton of cardboard. Consequently, hundreds of thousands of tons of cardboard can be produced annually from the reed beds of the Astrakhan region and Kazakhstan alone.
Cardboard is the most valuable material. It is widely used in industry, construction, and at home. There are about 100 types of cardboard. In many cases, it successfully replaces and even surpasses wooden packaging in its qualities. In national economic terms, this is not a trifle at all. Suffice it to say that in 1955, we produced about 650 million wooden boxes for packaging, for which approximately 16 million cubic meters were consumed. m of business forest. Even recycling this wood into cardboard would yield significantly more packaging materials. After all, only about 40 packaging boxes are made from one cubic meter of wood. And if this wood is turned into cardboard, then it will make 200 boxes of the same capacity, quite strong and lighter. It is even more profitable to obtain cardboard containers from reed and straw.
It's time to put an end to the unjustified waste of our forest resources.
The directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, providing for an increase in the production of printing paper by approximately 60%, newspaper by 51% and cardboard in the sixth five-year plan by 2.8 times, directly indicate the need to “build new pulp mills and cardboard factories based on the use of reeds.”
The paper industry has been slow and timid in pursuing new opportunities to increase paper and board output.
True, the Ministry of Paper and Woodworking Industry plans to build two factories in Ukraine for the production of bleached cellulose from reed and two cardboard mills: one in the Astrakhan region, the other in Kazakhstan. But this is a drop in the bucket. Apparently, the ministry's leaders prefer to follow the beaten path of using precious wood, not wanting to bother themselves with finding new ways to process cheaper materials. At the same time, many experts argue that the production of cellulose from reed and straw is technologically simpler, and its quality is no worse than from wood.
The production of paper and cardboard can be expanded on a wide scale: in virgin regions - from straw; V southern regions Ukraine and the North Caucasus - from straw and reed vegetation; in rice-growing areas - from rice straw; in the middle and central zone - from straw, potato tops, flax and hemp fires, pine needles, bark and other plant waste.
To do this, it is not always necessary to build huge plants, such as Kamsky and Balakhninsky. Small pulp mills and pulp and cardboard mills will be fully supplied with local raw materials.
Reed, straw - a wide road to pulp, paper and cardboard mills!
MINISTER OF PAPER AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY COM. F. D. VARAKSIN
DEAR FEDOR DMITRIEVICH!WE KNOW THE GREAT CHALLENGES THAT ARE IN GETTING AVAILABLE FROM THE VALUABLE WOOD REQUIRED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD. THESE DIFFICULTIES GROW BY THE “SCISSORS” PRINCIPLE: THE WOOD WILL BE PROVIDED INSUFFICIENTLY, THE PAPER WILL BE DEMANDED EVERY MORE. After all, the forests are retreating from the paper mills that consume them, and the demand for paper is growing. THIS QUESTION WORRIES EVERYONE: PUBLISHERS, READERS, SCHOOLCHILDREN, YOU PERSONALLY, MANY OF YOUR EMPLOYEES AND EVEN PEOPLE WHO BURN TENS OF MILLION TONS OF STRAW, REED AND OTHER TYPES OF POTENTIAL BURN AS BAD FUEL MAJOR RAW MATERIALS.
YOU, OF COURSE, KNOW THAT WE ARE OBLIGATED TO RESTORING OUR FOREST RICHES, WHICH HAVE BEEN DAMAGED IN MANY PLACES BY THE PAPER INDUSTRY. IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD FROM REED, STRAW AND EVEN FROM THE TOPS OF MANY GARDEN PLANTS AND CORN STALKS IS HARD TO CALL A TECHNICAL NEW. MANY OF SIMILAR TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES WERE KNOWN IN US UNDER PETER I, AND IN CHINA EVEN EARLIER.
UNDOUBTEDLY, THE PAPER INDUSTRY IS ONLY ONE OF THE CAUSES OF FOREST DESTRUCTION, BUT IF FORESTS ARE CUT DOWN EVEN TO SAW OUT OF WOOD, MAINLY YOUNG, “NON-RETURNABLE” CONTAINER BOARDS, IT’S BECAUSE WE HAVE SO MUCH THEY MAKE CARDBOARD CONTAINERS.
OVER A NUMBER OF YEARS, BOTH THE COUNTRY'S FOREST RICHES AND PAPER PRODUCTION HAVE SUFFERED STRONGLY FROM PAPER PRODUCTION. IN THE PAPER FLOW, THERE ARE A LOT OF EXCELLENT DECISIONS ABOUT THE USE OF CHEAP AND AVAILABLE TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS FOR PAPER PRODUCTION. FROM DECISIONS TO ACCOMPLISHMENTS - ONE STEP. BUT IS HE, TO SPEAK IN THE LANGUAGE OF ATHLETES, “TOO LONG”?
PAPER, THE MAIN CARRIER OF HUMAN CULTURE, CANNOT BE SCARED. THIS IS UNACCEPTABLE IN ANY COUNTRY, AND ESPECIALLY IN OURS.
READERS ARE LEGITIMATELY DISSATISFIED WITH THE FACT THAT THE CIRCULATION OF OUR MAGAZINE, LIKE A NUMBER OF OTHER PUBLICATIONS, SATISFIES ONLY 10% OF THE NEED. HOW MANY YEARS WILL THIS BE A BOTTLE PLACE? HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE THE TRANSITION TO NEW TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS TO COMPLETE AND IS IT SPECIFICALLY PLANNED?
WE WOULD BE VERY APPRECIATE IF YOU AND YOUR EMPLOYEES DO NOT CONSIDER IT IS BURNING TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS OF READERS' CONCERNS.
The line for the production of cellular foam concrete contains sand and cement bunkers, sand and cement dispensers, belt and screw conveyors, a foam generator, a screw-type mixer and a mortar pump. Technical result: obtaining a product with controlled parameters, saving raw materials, saving energy resources. The Robus automated line is used for the production of foam concrete and foam blocks. At Robus you will find only high-quality products. Buying equipment for the production of foam blocks from the manufacturer means favorable prices and a guarantee of quality. When purchasing equipment from the Robus company, we transfer the technological regulations and guarantee the support of experienced technologists and on-the-job training. We deliver to any city in Russia and neighboring countries. Delivery, installation and commissioning in as soon as possible. Individual approach to the customer!980000
We offer you a new automated line for the production of plasterboard. Capacity 2 million sq.m. m. per year. Basic line configuration: Plate forming system; Conveyor system; Automatic movement system; Dryer (heating and drying system); Output module; Slab cutting installation. Our equipment has many advantages: it saves energy, the production cycle is short, convenient control (the entire system is controlled by a computer) and a high quality-to-price ratio. All equipment for the production of plasterboard is made of high quality steel and meets all sound insulation standards. Call!
Short description:
The line consists of a rewinding part, a log storage unit and a high-speed orbital saw. The raw material in the reel is loaded onto the frame of the unwinding part, then passes through the embossing unit, the perforation unit and is wound into a log. Gluing the tear-off tail and cutting the paper are automatic. Next, the log goes to the log storage device. The storage tank is necessary for drying the glue. After the drive, the log enters the saw conveyor, where it is cut into rolls of a given length. Next, the rolls are packed into bags on a packaging machine. In the case of individual packaging of rolls in paper, an automatic log wrapping machine is installed between the rewinding part and the log storage unit.
Specifications:
WINDING PART
Width of source material, mm
diameter of source material, mm
<1500 (>1500 need to be ordered)
Automatic line for the production of toilet paper from waste paper base with aspiration.
productivity per month with 24/7 operation:
with a base format of 2700mm - 7,000,000 rolls
with a base format of 2500mm - 6,500,000 rolls
with a base format of 2000mm - 5,500,000 rolls
1. Automatic installation for rewinding toilet paper base of 2800 mm format (Russia) 2 pcs. (price of one - 2,940,000.00 rubles). RUB 5,880,000.00
Single-tambour unwinding unit with loading
vestibule diameter up to 1200 mm
inner diameter of paper core 76mm, 100mm
Winding unit with control of paper web tension between blocks
log diameter from 85 mm to 130 mm log winding without a sleeve and with a sleeve (sleeve loading is automatic)
Line Name: Automatic Toilet Paper/Kitchen Paper Towel Production and Packaging Line
The kitchen paper towel and toilet paper production line includes a rewinder machine, circular and orbital log saw and packing machine.
Short description:
Automatic toilet paper production line is fast and effective method provide yourself with a high income that will allow you to have not only a decent and secure future, but also a present, since this is a truly profitable enterprise.
If you are attracted by the idea of fast and high earnings, then you can organize a line for the production of toilet paper right now. First, you will need to decide on the products you want to produce. It can be not only toilet paper, but also paper towels. Toilet paper can be colored, scented, wet, multi-layered, embossed, smooth and, among other things, can be equipped with a sleeve that...
Line for the production of toilet paper - "Automatic unwinding and winding machine ARNS 23" (complete with the necessary auxiliary equipment). It is also PM-3 under a different name. Everything is practically new. The work took about six months. For sale due to change of occupation. The equipment is currently dismantled and ready for shipment. Currently located in Riga, Latvia. I will organize delivery to any point in Russia, the CIS, etc.
This is a simple and reliable line that allows you to produce high-quality products - toilet paper and paper towel rolls.
The line consists of a main machine for rewinding, embossing and perforating paper and a band saw for cutting products to the required width.
Delivery time - from 40 days.
Main technical characteristics:
The maximum width of the initial roll is 176 cm.
The maximum diameter of the original roll is 100 cm.
The kit includes a machine for cutting rolls (band saw).
Automatic roll counting.
Automatic embossing device.
Automatic punching. Flexible setting of perforation pitch from 10 to 50 cm.
Fixing the end of the paper.
The maximum production speed is about 200 m/min.
Line for the production of WPC profiles
WPC profile is a new type of building decorative material, based on a mixture of PVC, PP, PE, PS, ABS and different kind plant fiber, why extrusion and why vacuum calibration. Suitable construction methods, such as shaving, tearing, sawing, painting, etc; Because these products are green environmental protection, waterproof, moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, anti-mildew, non-deformation and also fireproof property is good and can be recycled.
We have long been accustomed to the fact that all paper is made from wood, but in fact this was not always the case...Making paper from wood is a relatively recent invention. For example, in North America, paper was made almost exclusively from recycled linen and rags until 1850.
For example, banknotes, dollars, were made from linen (25 percent) and cotton (75 percent). The resulting paper is rough and velvety, elastic and durable, neutral in color, interspersed with tiny synthetic fibers (red and blue hairs). Rumor has it that hemp fibers are also used to produce this paper, which is why the dollar is so elastic and wrinkle-resistant. However, the official .
The powerful turn of laws in the era of industrialization introduced tax benefits and favorable freight rates in the late 1800s, it was a development that firmly established wood as the primary material for paper. These incentives remain relevant to this day and are a large part of our dependence on endangered forests for our paper needs.
During World War II until 1960, there were 25 mills in the United States that still produced paper from wheat straw.
More than 20% of the paper produced in India and China is made from wheat and rice straw and cane bagasse. (the stalks of the leftover sugar cane are crushed to extract their juice, and then the fibers are used).
Globally, 8% of all paper products are made from agricultural waste.
Every year, millions of tons of agricultural residues from wheat and flax straw remain unused while paper production continues to accelerate. According to various estimates, this leads to the cutting down of about 830 million trees every year in the United States alone.
6 interesting and amazing facts about paper production
1. To produce 1 ton of paper, 98 tons of other resources are used;2. When producing 1 ton of paper, as much electricity is used as is needed to produce 1 ton of steel;
3. Deforestation causes more climate change than harmful emissions all cars in the world;
4.45% of all copies printed are thrown away by the end of the day;
5.Every resident North America and Europe annually consumes 200 kg of paper, while Africans consume only 6.5 kilograms.
6.No one in the world recycles toilet paper.
What is paper made from?
Now in different countries companies are appearing that are actively starting to produce environmentally friendly paper that leaves minimal carbon footprint. USA base already has more than 500 manufacturersOne of these companies was Nature's Paper, which began to use wheat straw, which remains after the grain harvest, to produce office paper. Usually this straw is fed to livestock or left on the fields without any use other than as fertilizer.
Nature's Paper collects straw and processes it into paper pulp. But not only the final product is provided by straw, but the heating of water for production is also produced by fossil fuel made from straw.
Office paper made from this material has a yellowish color, so sodium salts and chlorine are used to bleach it. The quality of bleached paper is absolutely no different from wood paper. If you think about it, how much waste paper is constantly thrown away along with food
The company sets an example exclusively careful attitude to nature and maximalism in the use of agricultural products. This idea is for thought and development of similar thoughts in the minds of future entrepreneurs and inventors.
Another company, New Leaf Paper, makes paper from banana and palm fibers. All paper produced at this enterprise has nothing to do with trees. It is ordered for printing books
Ecopaper produces paper from anything but wood. Paper from banana, mango, coffee plantations. It is made from the leaves and stems of these plants remaining after harvesting. Previously, they were simply thrown away, but now they make excellent paper. No chlorine is used in the production of this paper. The production of hemp paper has also been mastered there. Paper made from sugarcane cake is ideally white, suitable for use in office equipment.
The Poopoopaper company has mastered the technology of producing paper from… elephant dung!
The manure is first dried, then boiled, thoroughly washed and used for paper production. No, the paper does not smell of anything and does not look different from ordinary paper!
Production has been put on stream, paper is sold in 16 countries around the world.
taken
Office paper It may be made from wood or be the result of recycling already used paper, but when it comes to large-scale production, wood is still used to make it.
In an effort to save tens of millions of trees from this fate, the company "Nature"s Paper» offers an alternative that uses leftover wheat straw.
When wheat is harvested, typically only the grain is used, which becomes the raw material for products such as flour and grains. Residues from mowing, namely wheat straw, are usually left in fields to decompose or fed to livestock.
Company "Nature's Paper" collects the remains of straw and converts them into paper pulp. At the same time, the straw is also used to produce organic biofuel, which helps the company heat water in production.
The bleaching process uses chlorine and sodium salts. The company currently produces office paper in A4 and A3 formats. Its quality is no different from paper made from wood.
This is an ideal business for district and regional scales.
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Comments (8)
The main material for paper production is wood. For this purpose they are used coniferous trees. 10% of the volume of commercial wood production is spent on paper needs. Development computer equipment and the Internet reduces the need for it. But the need for such material is gradually increasing. Exhausted clearings will be renewed in 50 years. When clearing, the forest boundary moves further and further from transport routes.
The destruction of the forest will cause irreparable harm to humanity. There is an alternative production method. For this, ordinary straw is used. After the wheat harvest is harvested, there is a lot of it left in the fields.
Material consumption:
- to produce one ton of paper you need one and a half tons of straw;
- for making cardboard - two tons.
Sometimes a small amount of recycled paper is added during the production process. Nowadays, Woody Harrelson actively promotes the type of paper based on wheat straw.
Story
Actor Woody Harrelson founded a company that produces paper from wheat straw. It promotes the production and use of this environmentally friendly and quality type wheat straw paper. Woody Harrelson believes that using straw to make paper can help protect the environment more effectively.
Woody Harrelson with a book on making paper from straw
Production
The technology of using reed is a complex process. First, straw is poured into the box. Straw cannot be used immediately; long stems will damage the processing.
First stage
First you need to grind the material. A special device is used, which is a rotating drum. The straw is fed into the pipe, where it is sucked in. After processing, the straw becomes suitable for further processing. 1300 kilograms will be processed into 1 ton of paper. Loading occurs approximately every 15 or 20 minutes. The chopped straw will need to be transferred to the digester where further stages of the process will be carried out.
Cooking processing
The crushed material is transferred to vats containing alkali - caustic soda.
- To prepare high-quality paper, it is necessary to soak the straw well with the specified solution. This is done by boiling it. The ability to easily absorb and release moisture plays a significant role. This eliminates the use of powerful presses and intensive cooking processes.
- The processed material is drained through holes that are prepared near the end of the cooking hose. The straw at this stage is saturated with moisture and alkali to a degree of 20 - 25 percent.
- It is fed into the next cooking chamber. In this case, the processing takes place using hot steam at a temperature of one hundred degrees.
The operator monitors the filling of the tank. For this purpose, there are holes in the tank shell, and also installed here various sensors, which allow the operator to quickly respond to the degree of loading of the cooking chamber. There is a special unloading hose at the bottom. Through it, the finished mass is unloaded from the container.
Flushing
The mass of processed straw enters the pulper.
- It is saturated with liquid to a concentration of three percent. In this chamber, the material is washed and prepared for further processing stages.
- The washed and diluted solution is pumped into a buffer pool, which is considered as an intermediate tank. It is specially equipped to ensure constant mixing and prevent possible compaction top layer of solution.
To do this, there is an elevation in the center of the pool, and mixing is carried out using special fans.
The last stage of preparation
The next step is to grind the material.
- The device to which the mixture is fed is a primary grinding mill. The material is further de-fibered and crushed.
- At this stage, the pre-treatment ends and, after drying, it is sent directly to the paper mill. There it is mixed with a small proportion of waste paper and used directly in the paper making process.
Paper making
After final grinding and dilution with water, the solution is sent to the paper machine table, where vibrating meshes are located. There, using vacuum boxes, excess moisture is sucked out and the still wet sheets are cut to the right size. Presses bring the mixture to fifty percent, after which drying machines perform the final drying of the paper. The moisture content of sheets of paper does not exceed ten percent.
Conclusion
The straw reserves are huge. Paper and cardboard made in this way are of high quality and environmentally friendly. They can be produced not only from straw, but also based on similar materials:
- reed;
- reeds;
- cattail.