| Taxonomy on Wikispecies | Images on Wikimedia Commons |
|
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ HISTORIANS LIE TO US AGAIN. 100% Evidence that mammoths lived in the 19th CENTURY. ARE ALL MAMOTHS EXTINCTION?
✪ Alexey Tikhonov: “Mysteries of the mammoth” (SPB)
✪ DID Dinosaurs and Mammoths ALWAYS LIVE IN THE 20TH CENTURY? Why is this hidden?
✪ Mammoths (narrated by paleontologist Yaroslav Popov)
✪ Live mammoth in Siberia. Yakutsk (1943)
Subtitles
from encyclopedias we can learn that mammoths are an extinct genus of mammals from the elephant family; they were twice as heavy as the largest modern African elephants; in the same encyclopedias we learn that mammoths became extinct during the last ice age about 10 thousand years ago, but let’s try to look at this issue from a seditious point of view view in Turgenev's story the polecat and Kalinich from the series of notes from the hunter there is interesting phrase the ferret raised his leg and showed his boot, probably made of mammoth skin, in order to write this phrase Turgenev had to know several things quite strange for the mid-19th century in our understanding today, he had to know that there was such a beast at the moment and know what kind of animal he had there was leather, he should have known about the availability of this leather, because judging by the text, the fact that a simple man wears boots made of mammoth skin for Turgenev was not something out of the ordinary; it should be recalled that Turgenev wrote his notes almost like documentaries without fiction, which is why they in the note he simply conveyed his impressions of the meeting with interesting people and it happened in the Oryol province of the autumn region in Yakutia where mammoths are found and the cemetery there is an opinion that Turgenev expressed himself allegorically, we mean the thickness and quality of the boot, but why then was it not from elephants that elephant skins were well known in the 19th century, but about mammoths official version awareness was negligible until the beginning of the twentieth century, the only mammoth skeleton that could be seen was in the zoological museum, but it could hardly give an answer to the question of what the mother’s skin looks like, so the phrase dropped that I’m not at least a puzzle for you, however, in the Tobolsk Museum of Local Lore a harness of the 19th century was kept, made precisely from mammoth skin, a mention of mammoths is also present in another famous writer of the 19th century, Jack London, his story, a fragment of a critical era, tells of a meeting of a hunter in Alaska with an unprecedented animal, which, according to the description, is like two peas in a pod, but not Only writers remember mammoths in their works; there is a sufficient amount of historical evidence of people meeting these animals greatest number mentions of such cases were collected by Anatoly Kartashov, here is evidence from the sixteenth century, the ambassador of the Austrian Emperor Croatian Sigismund Herberstein, who visited Muscovy in the mid-16th century in 1549, wrote in his notes about Muscovy in Siberia there are a great variety of birds and various animals, such as sable and martens, beavers, ermines, squirrels and in the ocean live on I am a walrus, in addition, the weight is exactly the same as polar bears, wolves, hares, please note that in the same row as very real beavers, squirrels and a walrus there is a certain, if not fabulous, then certainly mysterious and unknown weight, however, this forest might not be known only to Europeans but to locals inhabitants of this possibly rare endangered species did not represent anything mysterious not only in the sixteenth century, but Idris more than a century later in 1911 you wrote an essay in the silence of the towns the trip stood up and the narrow edge there are such lines to the tired Khanty pike the mammoth is called this whole monster was covered with a thick long wool and had large horns, sometimes all over then or between each other I’ll take such that the ice on the lakes broke with a terrible coffin and it turns out that in the sixteenth century almost everyone knew about mammoths, including the Austrian ambassador, another legend is known that in 1581 the warriors of the famous conqueror Siberia Ermak saw huge hairy elephants in the dense taiga let's move on to the 19th century, the New York Herald newspaper wrote that US President Jefferson, who held the highest office from 1801 to 1809, became interested in the sled's messages about mammoths, sent helmets with the nose of an envoy who, when he returned, claimed with everything fantastic things according to the Eskimos of mammoths You can still find living mammoths in remote areas in the northeast of the peninsula; the messenger really didn’t see them with my eyes, but a special Eskimo weapon will come for hunting them, and this is not the only known story about the case of an Eskimo weapon for hunting mammoths; there are lines in an article published in San- Francis in 1899, some travelers along the fishing line have a question: why would the Eskimos make and store weapons for hunting animals that became extinct at least 10 thousand years ago? Here is another evidence of the end of the nineteenth century in the magazine Max Store for 1899 in a story called the murder of mothers so it is stated that the last mammoth was killed in the Yukon in the summer of 1891, of course now it is difficult to say what is true in this story and what is literary fiction, however at that time the story was considered to be already known to us from the towns he writes in his essay about a trip to the Solunsky region in 1911 according to the Ostyaks in Kent us of scam in the sacred forest, as in other places, mammoths live near the river and in the river itself, often in winter time you can see wide cracks on the ice of the river, and sometimes you can see that the ice is split and crushed into many small pieces; we eat all these are visible signs and results of the mammoth’s activity, playing out and diverging, the animal breaks the ice with its horns and back. Recently, about fifteen to twenty years ago, there was such a case on the lake of a mammoth barrel in its own way, the animal is meek and peace-loving and treats people kindly when meeting a person, the maman not only does not attack him, but even doesn’t even caress him in Siberia, you often have to listen to the stories of local peasants and come across the opinion that mammoths still exist but it’s just that it’s very difficult to see them; now there are only a few mammoths left; they, like most large animals, are now becoming rare; let’s trace the chronicle of contacts between humans and mammoths in the 20th century; Albert Moskvin from Krasnodar, who lived for a long time in the Mari SSR, talked with people who themselves saw woolly elephants; here’s a quote from a letter from before the Mari name of the mammoth, according to eyewitnesses, the Mari used to be seen more often than now in a herd of 45 heads, the Mari call this phenomenon about before the sound wedding of mammoths, the Mari told him in detail about the way of life of mammoths about their appearance about the relationship with the cubs of people and even about the funeral of a dead animal according to them in the words of a kind and affectionate abd, offended by people at night, he turned out the corners of the barns without breaking them and making a dull trumpet sound at the same time, according to the stories of local residents, even before the revolution, the mammoths forced the inhabitants of the lower villages to move to a new place shop and and and for whom what were in the area that are now called Medvedev's stories contain many interesting and surprising details, however, there is a strong conviction that there is no science fiction in them. According to this evidence, mammoths were seen and known well a hundred years ago, and this was in the Volga region of the European part of Russia, but here is evidence from Siberia in 1920, hunters observed two individuals mammoths in the interfluve of the Ob and Yenisei in the thirties, there are references to the life of mammoths in the area of Lake Syrkovaya in the territory of the present Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Region, there are also later descriptions, for example, in 1954, a huntsman observed a mammoth in one of the reservoirs, similar meetings of residents of remote corners of our country with huge furry animals were described in the sixties, seventies and eighties of the 20th century, for example, in 1978, in the area of the Indigirka River, a group of prospectors in the morning discovered mammoths swimming in the river in the amount of about 10 individuals; this story could be classified as a tale of invention, only this time marvelous animals were observed for half an hour by not a single frightened person, but by a whole group of adult men, it is clear that many will accept these stories, guided by the principle that until I see it, I don’t believe it; meanwhile, there are two videos on the Internet that show a living mother of mammoths, which is rightfully called fossils in our time and in fact I’m digging for the purpose of extracting tusks for the reason why mammoths and tusks drip from cliffs on the banks of rivers and so massively that a bill has been introduced into the State Duma equating mammoths to minerals and also introducing a tax on their extraction, science tells us that the distribution area mammoths were huge, but they dig them en masse for some reason, only here in the north the question arises: what led to the formation of these mammoth cemeteries, you can build the following logical chain of mammoths, there were many times there were a lot of them, they had to have a good food supply, for example, the daily ration of an elephant living in the Moscow Zoo is about 250 kilograms of food, which includes hay, grass, bread, vegetables and other products, even if the mammoths ate a little less with such appetites, they still could not for a long time wandering on glaciers as is traditionally depicted in all kinds of reconstructions, in turn, a good food supply suggests a slightly different, warmer glue in those places, a different climate in the Arctic Circle could only be if it was so in time not the Arctic mammoth tusks and the mammoths themselves are found underground it means some event happened on the roof and their servants group if the mammoths didn’t bury themselves in the ground then this new club could only have been brought by water that first gushed in and then went away a layer of sediment quite thick, meters and tens of meters means the amount of water that deposited such a layer must have been very large; mammoth carcasses are found well preserved; if their meat can be eaten, it means that the event that killed them did not happen tens of thousands of years ago, but relatively recently, and immediately after the burial of the corpses on young soil, they quickly froze, here are a few examples when paleontologists came to the river bank then We were surprised at the preservation of the mammoth in permafrost, it spent almost 30 thousand years, but some muscle skin was preserved internal organs and most importantly, the brain in Siberia in permafrost areas, Russian scientists discovered a mammoth carcass with well-preserved liquid blood and muscle tissue, members of the expedition of the Yakut North-Eastern Federal University and the Russian Geographical Society or their research on Malo Lyakhovsky Island, the result was a unique find, they discovered the carcass of a female, the lower part of which was frozen into ice and was well preserved, but the most amazing liquid blood that flowed from the mammoth’s abdominal cavity even at an air temperature of minus 10 degrees Celsius is quite fresh in appearance to everyone red and again your light smells in some parts and I will say that you all will still add to this logical chain the research of Alexey Artemyev and Alexey Kungurov, who drew attention to the average age of the forests of Siberia about 300 years, of course there is a village older, but the dating of the supposed cataclysm, given these data, is still the same fluctuate on a scale of centuries, they span millennia; taking this into account, it becomes clear that there is massive evidence of living or recently living mammoths, which represent the remnants of a huge population; after all, over the last 200 years alone, more than a million pairs of mammoth tusks were exported from Russia, which means millions of mammoths populated the ecological niche in the territory Eurasia, at the same time, it is precisely the recent dates of the cataclysm that are the most painful and unacceptable for official science, because the very formulation of this problem gives rise to a huge number of new questions that someone really wants to answer
Phenotype
Extinction
Most mammoths went extinct about 10 thousand years ago during the last Vistula Ice Age in the Younger Dryas, simultaneously with the extinction of 34 genera of large animals (the Great Holocene Extinction). At the moment, there are two main hypotheses for the extinction of mammoths: according to the first, Upper Paleolithic hunters played a significant, or even decisive role in this, and the other, which explains the extinction to a greater extent by natural causes (the era of extreme flooding, which began 16 thousand years ago, rapid climate change about 10-12 thousand years ago, disappearance of the food supply for mammoths). There are also more exotic assumptions, for example, due to the fall of a comet in North America or large-scale epidemics, but the latter remain marginal hypotheses that most experts do not support.
The first hypothesis was put forward in the 19th century by Alfred Wallace, when sites of ancient people with large accumulations of mammoth bones were discovered. This version quickly gained popularity. It is believed that Homo sapiens settled in northern Eurasia about 32,000 years ago, entered North America 15,000 years ago and probably quickly began actively hunting megafauna. But in favorable conditions in the vast tundra-steppes, their population was stable. Later, a warming occurred, during which the range of mammoths significantly decreased, as had happened before, but active hunting led to the almost complete extermination of the species. Scientists led by David Noguez-Bravo from National Museum natural sciences in Madrid, in support of these views, the results of large-scale modeling are cited.
Proponents of the second point of view believe that human influence is greatly overestimated. In particular, they point to a period of ten thousand years, during which the mammoth population grew 5-10 times, that the process of extinction of the species began even before the appearance of people in the corresponding territories, and that along with mammoths many other species of animals became extinct, including small ones, which were “neither enemies for the Cro-Magnons nor prey to be destroyed,” and that there is insufficient direct evidence of active hunting of mammoths by people - only 6 “places of slaughter and cutting of proboscideans” are known in Eurasia, and 12 in North America. Therefore, in this hypothesis, anthropogenic intervention is assigned a secondary role, and the primary factors are considered natural changes: changes in climate and food supply for animals and pasture area. The connection between extinction and climate change in the Upper Drias has been noticed for a long time. But for a long time there was no convincing justification for the fatalism of this particular cooling, since this species has experienced many warming and cooling events. Researcher Vance Haynes from the University of Arizona again raised this question in 2008, and using data from several excavations, found that the onset of cooling and the extinction of megafauna coincided with an accuracy of up to 50 years. He also drew attention to the fact that the Upper Dryas sediments are dark in color due to their enrichment in organic particles, the composition of which indicates a much more humid atmosphere at that time, compared to what was previously.
The same question was raised in a publication in the journal Nature Communications in June 2012, where the results were published basic research international group scientists led by Glen MacDonald from the University of California. They tracked changes in the habitat of woolly mammoths and their impact on the population of the species in Beringia over the past 50 thousand years. The study used a significant amount of data on all radiocarbon dating of animal remains, human migration in the Arctic, climate and fauna changes. The main conclusion of scientists: over the past 30 thousand years, mammoth populations have experienced fluctuations in numbers associated with climatic cycles - a relatively warm period about 40-25 thousand years ago (relatively high numbers) and a cooling period about 25-12 thousand years ago (this is the so-called “ The last glaciation" - then most mammoths migrated from the north of Siberia to more southern regions). The migration was caused by a relatively sharp change in tundra fauna from tundra steppes (mammoth prairies) to tundra swamps at the beginning of the Allerød warming, but subsequently the steppes located to the south were replaced by coniferous forests. The role of people in their extinction was assessed as insignificant, and the extreme rarity of direct evidence of human hunting of mammoths was also noted. Two years earlier, Brian Huntley's research team published the results of their modeling of the climates of Europe, Asia and North America, where the main reasons for the predominance of herbaceous vegetation over vast areas for a long time were identified: low temperatures, dryness and low CO 2 content; and also revealed the direct influence of subsequent climate warming, increased humidity and CO 2 content in the atmosphere on the replacement of herbaceous communities by forests, which sharply reduced the area of pastures.
In North America, the people known as the Clovis culture disappeared at the same time as the megafauna, so it is unlikely that they could have been involved in their extermination. Lately it has been acquiring more weight cosmic hypothesis of the extinction of megafauna in North America. This is due to the discovery of a thin layer of wood ash (supposedly evidence of large-scale fires), numerous finds of nanodiamonds, impact spherules and other characteristic particles throughout the continent, and finds of mammoth bones with holes from meteorite particles. The culprit is considered to be a comet, which had probably already broken up into a trail of debris by the time of the collision. In January 2012, a paper was published in PNAS about the results of a large scientific team's work on Mexico's Lake Cuitzeo. This publication marked the transition of this hypothesis from the category of marginal to the main hypotheses explaining the Younger Dryas crisis - climate cooling for a millennium, oppression and destruction of established ecosystems, extinction of glacial megafauna.
Asia's largest local concentration of remains Mammuthus primigenius is a burial in the Volchya Griva area in the Novosibirsk region. Some of the bones bear traces of human processing, but the role of the Paleolithic population in the accumulation of the bone-bearing horizon of the Wolf's Mane was insignificant - the mass death of mammoths on the territory of the Barabinsky refugium was caused by mineral starvation. 42% of samples of woolly mammoths discovered in the ancient oxbow lake of the Boryolekh River show signs of osteodystrophy - a disease of the skeletal system caused by metabolic disorders due to a lack or excess of vital macro- and microelements (mineral starvation).
Skeleton
In terms of its skeletal structure, the mammoth bears a significant resemblance to the living Indian elephant, which it was somewhat larger in size, reaching 5.5 m in length and 3.1 m in height. Huge mammoth tusks, up to 4 m in length, weighing up to 100 kg, were located in the upper jaw, protruded forward, curved towards the top and converged towards the middle.
The molars, of which mammoths had one in each half of the jaw, are somewhat wider than those of an elephant, and are distinguished by a greater number and hardness of lamellar enamel boxes filled with dental substance. As they wore out, the mammoth's teeth, like those of modern elephants, were replaced with new ones; such a change could take place up to 6 times during its life.
History of the study
Bones and especially molar teeth of mammoths were found very often in the deposits of the Ice Age of Europe and Siberia and were known for a long time and, due to their enormous size, with general medieval ignorance and superstition, were attributed to extinct giants. In Valencia, a mammoth molar was revered as part of the relics of St. Christopher, and back in 1789 the canons of St. Vincent carried the femur of a mammoth in his processions, passing it off as the remnant of the hand of the named saint. It was possible to get acquainted with the anatomy of the mammoth in more detail after the Tungus discovered in 1799 in the permafrost soil of Siberia, near the mouth of the Lena River, a whole mammoth corpse, washed by spring waters and perfectly preserved - with meat, skin and wool. 7 years later, in 1806, Adams, sent by the Academy of Sciences, managed to collect an almost complete skeleton of the animal, with some surviving ligaments, part of the skin, some entrails, eyes and up to 30 pounds of hair; everything else was destroyed by wolves, bears and dogs. In Siberia, mammoth tusks, washed away by spring waters and collected by the natives, were the subject of significant trade trade, replacing ivory in turning products.
Mammoth genome
Genetic groups
Legends of the peoples of Northern Europe, Siberia and North America
In 1899, a traveler wrote an article for a San Francisco daily newspaper about the Alaskan Eskimos who described a shaggy elephant by carving its image on a walrus ivory weapon. A group of researchers who went to the site did not find mammoths, but confirmed the traveler’s story, and also carried out an examination of weapons and asked where the Eskimos saw shaggy elephants; they pointed to the icy desert to the northwest.
Mammoth bone
Exhibits in museums
Unique stuffed adult woolly mammoth(the so-called “Berezovsky mammoth”) can be seen in
Mammoth skeletons can be seen:
Monuments
Mammoths in heraldry
The image of a mammoth can be seen on the coats of arms of some cities.
Mammoths in toponomics
In the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Lower Taimyr basin there are such objects as the Mammoth River (named after the discovery of the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth on it in 1948), Left Mammoth and Mammoth Lake. In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, on Wrangel Island, there are the Mammoth Mountains and the Mammoth River. A peninsula in the northeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the remains of the animal were found, is named after the mammoth.
see also
Notes
- BBC Ukrainian - Russian News Scientists Russia and Korea want to clone mammoths
- RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS TOLD HOW THE TRUNK HELPED MAMOTHS SURVIVE
- In Taimyr they found a unique mammoth Zhenya - with meat, wool and a hump
- Chubur A. A. Man and mammoth in the Paleolithic of the Pedesenia. Continuing the discussion // Desninskie antiquities (issue VII) Materials of the interstate scientific conference “History and Archeology of Podesenya”, dedicated to the memory of the Bryansk archaeologist and local historian, Honored Worker of Culture of the RSFSR Fyodor Mikhailovich Zavernyaev (11.28.1919 - 18.VI.1994). Bryansk, 2012
- Doctor of Geographical Sciences Yaroslav Kuzmin on the causes of the extinction of mammoths
- New data from genetics and archeology shed light on the history of the settlement of America Elementy.ru
- Marc A. Carrasco, Anthony D. Barnosky, Russell W. Graham. Quantifying the Extent of North American Mammal Extinction Relative to the Pre-Anthropogenic Baseline plosone.org December 16, 2009
- People have completed nature’s work of exterminating mammoths
Where did mammoths come from? What kind of life did you lead? Why did they die out? The scientific community has been struggling with these mysteries for several centuries. And each new study refutes the previous one.
Yakut treasures
It all started with the Amsterdam burgomaster Witsen, when in 1692 he first described an intact mammoth carcass found in Yakutia. He didn't even know what he would give new life extinct animal species. Modern scientists increasingly call Yakutia the homeland of mammoths. This may not be the historical homeland, but at least it is the place with the highest concentration of mammoth populations in the past.
Behind last years This is where the largest number of animal remains were found (according to statistics, about 80%), including well-preserved ones. The scientific world was especially struck by the latest discovery - a 60-year-old female mammoth. But its uniqueness lies not so much in the preservation of the tissues, but in the liquid blood contained in them. This find could give scientists new knowledge about the genetic and molecular composition of primitive animals.
Mammoths began to die out due to warming
Recently, more and more scientists have been leaning towards this version. Dr. Dale Guthrie from the University of Alaska, who did radiocarbon dating of the remains of animals and people who lived more than 10 thousand years ago, agrees with her. According to Guthrie, climate change transformed a dry and cold area into a wetter and warmer one, which in turn led to a modification of vegetation - something the mammoths simply did not have time to adapt to.
Other scientific evidence confirms the decline of tundra forests, the main habitat of mammoths. Like reindeer, mammoths, depending on the time of year, wandered in search of their usual food - in the summer they moved to the north, and in the winter to the southern regions. And then one day they were faced with a lack of tundra vegetation.
In 1900, on the banks of the Berezovka River, a mammoth carcass, virtually untouched by time and predators, was discovered. Later, other similar remains were found. Some details, including unchewed grass, suggested that the animals died suddenly. The version of murder was eliminated immediately - there were no signs of damage. Scientists puzzled over this mystery for a long time and finally came to an unexpected conclusion - the animals died after falling into the melted wormwood. Over time, researchers were able to discover more and more animals that ended up in the old riverbeds. The rise in temperature played a cruel joke on them.
Here is another fact in favor of the version of the extinction of animals due to global warming. Researchers have found that during the process of climate change, mammoths also changed their size. During the ice ages (Zyryansk and Sartan times) they became larger, and during periods of global warming (Kazantsev and Kargin times) they became smaller. It follows from this that cold was more preferable to mammoths than warmth.
People didn't hunt mammoths
According to one hypothesis, the mammoths were exterminated by hunters, at least, British naturalist Alfred Wallace was inclined to believe this version. Indeed, in parking areas ancient man Many items made from mammoth skin and tusks are found. We also know about people hunting mammoths from school textbooks. However, modern researchers claim that man did not hunt mammoths, but only finished off sick and weak animals. The fact is that with warming, the groundwater that rose to the top washed out the minerals from the soil that were part of the plant food of the mammoths. The fragility of the bones, which appeared as a result of a poor diet, made the giants vulnerable to humans.
A.V. Bogdanov in his book “Secrets of the Lost Civilization” convincingly proves the impossibility of people hunting mammoths. A modern elephant has a skin of about 7 centimeters, and a mammoth, due to the layer subcutaneous fat, she was even thicker. “Try yourself with a stick and a stone to pierce the skin, which does not burst even from the tusks of five-ton males,” says the writer.
But then Bogdanov is even more convincing. Among the reasons, he cites the very tough and stringy mammoth meat, which was practically impossible to eat, as well as the actions necessary for successful hunting that were beyond the strength of even a large group of people. To catch even a medium-sized specimen, you need to dig a hole of at least 7 cubic meters, which is impossible to do with primitive tools. It is even more difficult to drive a mammoth into a hole. These are herd animals, and when trying to take even a baby from the herd, hunters risked being trampled by multi-ton carcasses.
Contemporaries of the Egyptian pyramids
Until recently, it was believed that mammoths disappeared from the face of the earth 10,000 years ago. But at the end of the 20th century, the remains found on Wrangel Island significantly corrected the dating. Based on the data obtained, scientists have determined that these individuals died approximately 3,700 years ago. “Mammoths inhabited this island when the Egyptian pyramids already stood and the Mycenaean civilization flourished,” states Frederik Paulsen. The Wrangel Island mammoths lived when most of these animals on the planet had long since disappeared. What made them move to the island? This remains a mystery for now.
Holy mammoth tooth
In the Middle Ages, people who unearthed the bones of mammoths had no idea who they belonged to and often mistook them for the remains of cynocephali, huge creatures with a dog’s head and a human body, who lived in legendary times. For example, in Valencia, a mammoth molar tooth was sacred relic, according to legend, belonged to the “dog-headed” Christopher, a holy martyr revered by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. It was recorded that during processions back in 1789, canons also carried a mammoth femur along with a tooth, passing it off as a fragment of the saint’s hand.
Relatives of mammoths
Mammoths are close relatives of elephants. This is evidenced by their scientific name Elefas primigenius (translated from Latin as “first-born elephant”). According to one version, the elephant is the result of the evolution of a mammoth, which adapted to a warmer climate. Perhaps this is not so far from reality, because mammoths of late times corresponded in their parameters to the Asian elephant.
But German scientists compared the DNA of an elephant and a mammoth, and came to a paradoxical conclusion: the mammoth and the Indian elephant are two branches that descended from African elephant approximately 6 million years ago. Indeed, recent studies have shown that the ancestor of the African elephant lived on earth more than 7 million years ago, and therefore this version does not seem fantastic.
"Resurrect" the giant!
Scientists have been trying to “resurrect” the mammoth for quite some time. So far to no avail. The main obstacle to the successful cloning of an extinct animal, according to Semyon Grigoriev (head of the P. A. Lazarev Mammoth Museum), is the lack of source material of adequate quality. But, nevertheless, he is convinced of the good prospects of this endeavor. He places his main hopes on a recently extracted female mammoth with preserved liquid blood.
While Russian scientists are trying to recreate the DNA of an ancient animal, Japanese experts have abandoned ambitious plans to populate the Russian Far East mammoths due to the futility of the idea of their “resurrection”. Time will tell who was right.
Video - When did mammoths become extinct?
10 most interesting facts about mammoths
(Notice how some of the "most interesting fictions" directly contradict what you read above.)
– Mammoths are a genus of extinct mammals of the elephant family of the order Proboscidea. The very first mammoths appeared in Africa about 5 million years ago. 2 million years ago they spread across most of the Northern Hemisphere.
– Mammoths almost completely died out about 10-11 thousand years ago, although a separate population of mammoths still existed about 4 thousand years ago on Wrangel Island.
– The genus of mammoths included at least a dozen species, including the most famous type of woolly mammoth.
– The woolly mammoth was covered with long hair with a thick undercoat, had curved tusks, a large head and a large hump.
– Adult male mammoths were up to 4.5 meters tall, weighed up to 18 tons and had tusks up to 5 meters long. Woolly mammoths were approximately 3 meters tall at the withers. However, there were also dwarf mammoths - their height was less than 1.5 meters, i.e. they were shorter than a man of average height.
– Mammoths ate mainly cereals, grass and shrubs. Their teeth were like graters and were well suited for grinding coarse food.
- It is known that primitive people hunted mammoths for their meat, skins and wool. The bones of these animals, as well as their rock paintings and figurines, are often found at sites of ancient people.
– Hunting was precisely one of the reasons why mammoths disappeared from the face of the Earth. Another main reason Climate change is considered after the end of the last Ice Age. Warming led to the fact that the dry, cold tundra steppes where mammoths lived turned into swampy tundras, the forest area increased, and more snow began to fall. These places became unsuitable for mammoths to live.
– Along with mammoths, other species of large ancient animals also became extinct, for example, cave lions, mastodons, and woolly rhinoceroses.
– Findings of mammoth remains in permafrost prompt scientists to think about cloning a mammoth. They propose to do this according to this scheme - to introduce mammoth DNA into the egg of an elephant and wait for the offspring, and then breed a real mammoth.
Materials from the Krugosvet encyclopedia and GEO magazine were used.
Until recently, it was believed that mammoths lived on our planet in the period from 2 million years to 10 thousand years BC. Of course, their period of existence included homo sapiens, whose first representatives appeared on Earth about 130,000 years ago. However, 10,000 B.C. - this is too long a period to say that humanity found mammoths in the historical era.
At least, this was thought until recently, when scientists made one of the most amazing discoveries archeology of recent times. This discovery took place on Wrangel Island.
Wrangel Island is located in the Chukchi Sea, far beyond the Arctic Circle. The icy arctic air dominates here, and even at the most warm month summer average temperature does not rise above 2-3 degrees. The island is covered with low mountains, glaciers and arctic tundra. It is currently uninhabited, although colonization attempts were made several times in the 20th century and ended in failure. Now to the island declared state reserve, only scientists land to conduct research.
One of these researchers, geographer Sergei Vartanyan, collected samples of mammoth bones in the reserve in 1990. These were quite ordinary collections, since mammoth tusks and bones were found there more than once, as in many other areas of the Arctic. Their age, determined by radiocarbon analysis, turned out to be unusual - from 7 to 4 thousand years. But it was recognized that the last mammoths lived on Taimyr no later than 10 thousand years. Repeated collections confirmed the discovery, and in 1993 a sensational article was published in one of the highest-rated international journals, Nature.
The mammoth turned out to be a dwarf island form and was described as a special subspecies of the woolly mammoth - Mammuthus primigenius wrangeliensis. Its height did not exceed 1.8 m, but an adult male of the continental form could be up to 4 m tall, and its weight probably reached 8 tons. Further research clarified the time of death of the last individuals - 3600 years ago. This historical time: the great Egyptian pyramids had existed for a thousand years, the Mycenaean culture began to flourish; perhaps a little later the first books of the Bible were written. And on Wrangel Island at this time the last population of mammoths quietly died out.
It is possible that the island was inhabited at that time: scientists found Paleo-Eskimo sites on it dating back to 1750 BC. e. But mammoths obviously died out without human intervention - under the influence of the harsh conditions of the far north, inbreeding in a small isolated population, and, perhaps, some other natural factors.
How did they manage to exist in such unfavorable conditions so much time, unlike other mammoths from the continent, which died out thousands of years earlier? A possible answer is given detailed descriptions nature o. Wrangel. Mountain ranges protect the central part of the island from the frequent here hurricane winds and make the climate a little milder. The richness of vegetation on this part of the polar land is amazing: more than 300 species of vascular plants, a third of them are very rare, and some are not found anywhere else. Botanists suggest that the ancient Arctic flora has been preserved here, which on the continent has long been replaced by other types of vegetation. This means that the food supply for dwarf mammoths might not be so bad.
The Wrangel mammoth is always mentioned in discussions about the reasons for the extinction of the ancient megafauna of Northern Eurasia. Proponents of the anthropogenic extinction hypothesis cite the fact that islands inhabited by mammoths (in 2003, the remains of mammoths younger than 10 thousand years old were also discovered on St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea) differ from the continent precisely in the absence of people. However, the latest research associates the disappearance of the fauna primarily with a change in vegetation types - the ancient tundra-steppe to the modern swampy tundra and taiga, in which herds of such large herbivores cannot live.
This process became irreversible approximately 10–12 thousand years ago, when warming began after the end of the Ice Age. However, on the cold Wrangel Island, ancient flora has been preserved. Isn't the long survival of the last mammoth population related to this? Animals covered with long hair easily tolerated the polar cold, but to what extent did they depend on the quality of plant food? Perhaps new research will someday answer these questions.
Illustration: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woolly_mammoth_(Mammuthus_primigenius)_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
Among the Far Eastern mysteries there is also the mystery of the disappearance of mammoths. These furry giants time immemorial wandered in countless herds across the expanses of our vast taiga, and then suddenly they all died out.
According to one scientific version, a terrible cataclysm that occurred on earth about 12 thousand years ago raised a huge ice wave and it swept away all life on the northern shores, this was the reason for the sudden disappearance of mammoths on the planet.
And those who were not reached by the deadly wave were eaten by ancient hunters.
Both versions are not based on empty space, the many remains found indicate that the animals died instantly, with grass in their mouths, swept away by an incredible force that simply tore them apart and they also froze instantly.
And at excavations of sites of ancient people, they come across entire huts made of mammoth bones, although they may have built them from already found bones; there are countless of them in the north.
According to some data, at the end of the 19th century, up to 32 tons of tusks were exported from there per year, very profitable business it was, and still is, thriving.
At the end of the 90s of the 20th century, slender scientific theory The extinction of mammoths more than 10 thousand years ago was shaken by a find on the Chukotka Wrangel Island; it turned out that a small population outlived the Siberian and Yakut mammoths by more than 5-7 thousand years. mammoths lived there about 3.5 thousand years ago, they were not like their powerful brothers, they were “dwarf” mammoths, slightly larger than a horse.
The largest mammoths were found in the subpolar regions of Siberia and, some reached a height of 4-4.5 m, weighing about 8 tons, were covered with dark wool in winter, about 1 m long, much shorter in summer, with a thick undercoat lower, and had a layer fat up to 10 cm and strongly curled tusks more than 4 m in length and weighing from 50 to 100 kg each.
They ate mainly grasses, bushes, tree branches, the mammoth found in the Yakut Berezovka had a gladiolus in its mouth, apparently at that time gladioli bloomed in Yakutia, by the way, a thick layer of fat suggests that the animals did not suffer from lack of food, although such a colossus About 200 kg were required per day. plants and a fairly warm climate, because in severe frost fat burns, this supports normal temperature bodies.
Another mystery is why the Chukotka population died, having survived a terrible cataclysm, taking refuge on a distant island from ancient hunters, the most incredible version of their death, which was recently voiced in one of the TV programs, that they died from the flu, brought either by aliens or time travelers , because there was nowhere else for them to catch this infection. Although, who knows, what seems incredible to us today may turn out to be quite probable tomorrow.
Among the incredible are the stories of eyewitnesses still meeting living mammoths; of course, there is no irrefutable evidence of these meetings, but rumors persist in the taiga that they have seen living ones.
Of the most famous evidence, military pilots flying over the dense taiga of Yakutia in the 40s saw a small herd of animals very similar to mammoths and the story of a team of prospectors who in 1978 panned for gold in one of the tributaries of the Indigirka River, waking up in the pre-dawn hour from a strange stomping, they grabbed their guns and rushed towards the noise, their surprise knew no bounds when in the shallow water they saw a dozen real live mammoths, slowly drinking the icy water.
And two thousand years earlier, the Chinese explorer Sym Qian, who visited the north of the Siberian taiga, wrote in historical notes that, in addition to other animals, there were northern elephants with “bristles” and northern rhinoceroses, he wrote about them as if they were alive.
According to legend, Ermak’s warriors met with hairy elephants in the remote taiga when he went to conquer Siberia, the Austrian ambassador Sigismund Herberstein wrote about them in his “notes about Muscovy” in the mid-16th century, where he described the animals that were found in Siberia, there was a description mysterious beast "Ves", very similar to a mammoth.
Tobolsk local historian Gorodkov spoke about the mysterious “mammoth pike”, which the Khanty call “the whole”, in his essays “On a trip to the Salym region” at the beginning of the 20th century; curiously, he even described the character of the mammoth, that they are meek, peace-loving, when they meet They fawn on people.
It is interesting that in many stories about meeting hairy giants, it is said that they are great lovers of water procedures and often frighten people by suddenly appearing from the water. Their closest relatives, elephants, swim tens of kilometers from the shore, perhaps mammoths are also capable of this, maybe because and the “pike” that emerged from the water.
Until the 19th century, the Eskimos of Alaska also talked about encounters with this shaggy giant, they even had weapons for hunting mammoths, one of which they gave to the envoy of President Jefferson, who came to them on the instructions of the president to collect information about the legendary beast.
Legends about the “Northern King of Beasts” can be heard from different nations world, over hundreds of thousands and maybe millions of years of life on Earth, he left his traces and memory of himself in different parts of the planet, his remains are found in Spain, China, even Mexico.
Mammoths still exist today. They live in remote places, and people periodically meet them. The main mystery: why doesn’t “supreme” science want everyone to know about it? What are they hiding from us? Maybe mammoths died out incorrectly?...
On the issue of mammoths, I, like most people, have been in an illusion for a long time. I took my word for it that they died out during the last ice age. I knew that their remains were found in permafrost, and I thought about the possibilities of cloning this amazing ancient animal. But recently I happened to re-read the story Turgenev“Khor and Kalinich” from the cycle "Notes of a Hunter". There is an interesting phrase there:
“...Yes, here I am a man, and you see...” At this word, Khor raised his foot and showed a boot, cut probably from mammoth skin…»
In order to write this phrase, Turgenev needed to know several things that were quite strange for the mid-19th century in our current understanding. He should have known that there was such a mammoth beast, and he should have known. what kind of skin he had. He must have known about the availability of this leather. After all, judging by the text, the fact that a simple man living in the middle of a swamp wears boots made of mammoth skin was not something out of the ordinary for Turgenev. However, this thing is still shown as somewhat unusual, unusual.
It should be recalled that your notes Turgenev I wrote almost like documentaries, without fiction. That's what they're notes for. He simply conveyed his impressions of meeting interesting people. And this happened in the Oryol province, and not at all in Yakutia, where mammoth cemeteries are found. There is an opinion that Turgenev expressed himself allegorically, referring to the thickness and quality of the boot. But why then not from “elephant skin”? Elephants were well known in the 19th century. But mammoths...
According to the official version, which we have to debunk, awareness of them at that time was negligible. One of the first “academic” mammoth skeletons with preserved remains of soft tissue was found by a hunter O. Shumakov in the Lena River delta, on the Bykovsky Peninsula in 1799. And this was a great rarity for science. In 1806, the botanist of the Academy M.N. Adams organized the excavation of the skeleton and delivered it to the capital. The exhibit was collected and exhibited in the Kunstkamera, and later transferred to the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. Only these bones could be seen by Turgenev. Another half century (1900) would pass before the discovery of the Berezovsky mammoth and the creation of the first stuffed animal. How did he know, what kind of skin does a mammoth have, and even determine it offhand?
So, whatever one may say, the phrase dropped by Turgenev is puzzling. I'm not even talking about the fact that the skin of an “ever-frozen” mammoth is not at all suitable for furriery. She is losing her qualities.
Did you know that Turgenev was not the only writer of the 19th century who let slip about the “extinct beast”? None other than Jack London, in his story “A Splinter of the Tertiary Era,” conveyed the story of a hunter who encountered a living mammoth in the vastness of northern Canada. In gratitude for the treat, the narrator gave the author his mukluks (moccasins), sewn from the skin of an unprecedented trophy. At the end of the story, Jack London writes:
“...and I advise all those of little faith to visit the Smithsonian Institution. If they submit appropriate recommendations and arrive on time, Professor Dolvidson will undoubtedly receive them. The mukluks are now kept by him, and he will confirm, if not how they were obtained, then, in any case, what material was used for them. He authoritatively claims that they are made from mammoth skin, and the entire scientific world agrees with him. What else do you need?..”
However, it was also kept in the Tobolsk Museum of Local Lore 19th century harness, made specifically from mammoth skin. Come on, why waste time when there is enough information about living mammoths. A lot of scattered evidence was collected by a candidate of technical sciences Anatoly Kartashov in his work ]]> “Siberian mammoths - is there any hope of seeing them alive” ]]> . He was waiting for a reaction to his texts, from the scientific world and in general, but he seemed to be ignored. Let's get acquainted with these facts. Let's start from the early times:
“Probably the first person to tell the world about Siberian mammoths was the Chinese historian and geographer Sima Qian (2nd century BC). In his "Historical Notes", reporting on the north of Siberia, he writes about representatives of distant ice age How about... lively animals! "The animals include... huge boars, northern elephants with bristles and northern rhinoceroses." Here you have, in addition to mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses! The Chinese scientist is not talking about their fossil state at all - we're talking about about living creatures living in Siberia back in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC.”
I myself have not read these “Historical Notes”; such a serious researcher as M.G. refers to them. Bykova, N. Nepomnyashchiy is copying it for her, and I am copying it for both of them.
As for the 2nd century BC, one can hardly trust this dating, since Chinese history has been artificially extended into the past ad infinitum. However, in our case this does not change the essence at all. Sim Qian’s “historical notes” are clearly not 13 thousand years old, that is, it was obviously after the Ice Age. And here's the evidence 16th century:
“...The Ambassador of the Austrian Emperor, the Croatian Sigismund Herberstein, who visited Muscovy in the middle of the 16th century, wrote in 1549 in his “Notes on Muscovy”: in Siberia “... there is a great variety of birds and various animals, such as, for example, sables, martens, beavers, stoats, squirrels and in the ocean the animal walrus... In addition, Ves, just like polar bears, wolves, hares...". Please note: on the same level as very real beavers, squirrels and walruses stands a certain, if not fabulous, then certainly mysterious and unknown, Ves.
However, this Ves could be unknown only to Europeans, and for local residents this possibly rare and endangered species did not represent anything mysterious, not only in the 16th century, but also more than three centuries later. In 1911, Tobolsk resident P. Gorodkov wrote the essay “A Trip to the Salym Territory.” It was published in the XXI issue of the “Yearbook of the Tobolsk Provincial Museum” for 1911, and among other interesting things that we will talk about below, there are the following lines: “...among the Salym Khanty, the “mammoth pike” is called “all.” “This monster was covered with thick long hair and had large horns, sometimes the “entire” would start such a fuss among themselves that the ice on the lakes would break with a terrible roar.”
It turns out that mammoths walked here in the 16th century. Almost everyone knew about them, since even the Austrian ambassador received the information. And again the 16th century, this time the legend:
“Another legend is known that in 1581 the warriors of the famous conqueror of Siberia Ermak saw huge hairy elephants in the dense taiga. Experts are still at a loss: who did the glorious warriors see? Ordinary elephants were already well known in those days: they were found in the courts of governors, in zoological gardens and in the royal menagerie.”
And immediately after that we smoothly move on to the testimony 19th century:
“The New York Herald newspaper wrote that US President Jefferson (1801-1809), interested in reports from Alaska about mammoths, sent an envoy to the Eskimos. President Jefferson's envoy, upon returning, claimed absolutely fantastic things: according to the Eskimos, mammoths can still be found in remote areas in the northeast of the peninsula. True, the envoy did not see live mammoths with his own eyes, but he brought them special weapon Eskimos to hunt them. And this is not the only one famous history, case. There are lines about Eskimo weapons for hunting mammoths in an article published by a certain traveler in Alaska in San Francisco in 1899. The question arises: why would the Eskimos make and store weapons for hunting animals that became extinct at least 10 thousand years ago? The material evidence, however... True, it is indirect.”
Of course, mammoths have not disappeared in 300 years. And now it’s the end of the 19th century. They were seen again:
“In McClure's Magazine (October 1899), in a story by H. Tukeman entitled “The Killing of the Mammoth,” it is stated: “The last mammoth was killed in the Yukon in the summer of 1891.” Of course, now it is difficult to say what is truth in this story and what is literary fiction, but at that time the story was considered true...”
Gorodkov, already known to us, writes in his essay “A Trip to the Salym Territory” ( 1911):
“According to the Ostyaks, in the Kintusovsky sacred forest, as in other forests, mammoths live, they visit the river and in the river itself... Often in winter you can see wide cracks on the ice of the river, and sometimes you can see that the ice is split and crushed into many small ice floes - all these are visible signs and results of the activity of a mammoth: the wild and diverging animal breaks the ice with its horns and back. Recently, about 15-26 years ago, there was such a case on Lake Bachkul. The mammoth is a meek and peace-loving animal by nature, and affectionate towards people; When meeting a person, the mammoth not only does not attack him, but even clings and caresses him. In Siberia, you often have to listen to the stories of local peasants and come across the opinion that mammoths still exist, but it’s just very difficult to see them..., there are now only a few mammoths left, they, like most large animals, are now becoming rare.”
“Albert Moskvin from Krasnodar, who lived for a long time in the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, talked with people who themselves saw woolly elephants. Here is a quote from the letter: “Obda (the Mari name for mammoth), according to Mari eyewitnesses, used to be seen more often than now, in a herd of 4-5 heads (the Mari call this phenomenon obda-sauns - wedding of mammoths).” The Mari told him in detail about the way of life of mammoths, about their appearance, about relationships with cubs, people, and even about the funeral of a dead animal. According to them, the kind and affectionate obda, offended by people, at night turned out the corners of barns, bathhouses, and broke fences, making a dull trumpet sound. According to the stories of local residents, even before the revolution, mammoths forced the residents of the villages of Nizhnie Shapy and Azakovo, which were located in the area now called Medvedevsky, to move to a new place. The stories contain many interesting and surprising details, but there is a strong conviction that there is no fantasy or even just implausibility in them.”
It’s not for nothing that foreigners think that we have bears walking around Red Square. At least, mammoths They saw it here a hundred years ago and knew it well.
This is not Yakutia or the north at all. This is the Volga region, the European part of Russia, the middle zone. And now Siberia:
“In 1920, two Russian hunters between the Ob and Yenisei rivers at the edge of the forest discovered traces of a giant beast. It was between the rivers Pur and Taz. The oval-shaped tracks were about 70 cm long and about 40 cm wide. The distance between the tracks of the front and hind legs was about four meters. The enormous size of the beast could be judged by the large piles of dung that appeared from time to time. Isn't it normal person will miss such a unique opportunity - to catch up with and see an animal of unprecedented size? Of course not. So the hunters followed the tracks and a few days later they caught up with two monsters. From a distance of about three hundred meters, they watched the giants for some time. The animals were covered with long, dark brown hair and had steeply curved white tusks. They moved slowly and gave the general impression of elephants dressed in fur coats.”
It's about here.
And here 30s. Everyday everyday memory of a mammoth:
“In the thirties, the Khanty hunter Semyon Egorovich Kachalov, while still a child, heard loud snoring, noise and splashes of water at night near Lake Syrkovoe. Anastasia Petrovna Lukina, the mistress of the house, calmed the boy and said that it was a mammoth making noise. Mammoths live nearby in a swamp in the taiga, they often come to this lake, and she has seen them more than once. Kachalov told this story to Nikolai Pavlovich Avdeev, a biologist from Chelyabinsk, when he was in the village of Salym during his independent expedition to the Tobolsk region.”
It was here.
Here's the evidence 50s:
“The story of the senior ranger of the district, Valentin Mikhailovich D.: “... when I was in my first year at the institute, during the holidays the fish collector Ya. told me personally a fascinating story. By the way, you need to know that when two forests almost meet at capes, dispersing the fog ( shallow lake) into two parts, the narrowest place on the water is called a gate. So, according to Ya., he was driving through the gate through our fog and noticed an unusual splash. I thought I should see what kind of fish it was? And he stopped. Suddenly, as if a haystack was rising from the depths. He looked closely - the fur was dark brown, like a wet fur seal. He quietly moved about five meters into the reeds, and looked at it himself. Whether it was a muzzle or a face, I couldn’t tell. It made a hissing sound. : “Fo-o” - like in an empty bowl. And then it sank into the water..." This incident happened in 1954. This story made such an impression on Valentin Mikhailovich that he went all the way to the bottom in the shallow place to which the narrator referred. I found a deep hole where crucian carp usually lie down for the winter, measured it...
In the 50s, I once staged a network with my son. The weather was very calm. A persistent fog spread over the lake. Suddenly I hear a splash of water, as if someone is walking on it. Usually, in this place, moose crossed to Cape P. in shallow water. That’s what I decided - the elk, prepared to kill. I turned the boat towards the sound and took the gun. Right in front of the boat, a large round and black muzzle of an unknown beast appeared from the water. Round and meaningful eyes looked at me point-blank. Having made sure that it was not an elk, he did not shoot, but quickly turned the boat around and leaned on the oars. My son, who was sitting behind me, also saw “this” and began to cry. We were rocking on the emerging waves for a long time." Story by S., 70 years old, village T. Was it a mammoth? Seeing eyes looking straight ahead and not noticing the trunk? However, who knows what a person manages to notice in such a stressful situation.. .
“During the same years, my fellow villager and I were crossing the fog near the cape. Suddenly, near the shore, we saw a huge dark carcass swinging on the water. The waves from it reached the boat and lifted it. They got scared and turned back.” Story by P., 60 years old, village T.”
And here's the evidence 60s:
“In September 1962, a Yakut hunter told geologist Vladimir Pushkarev that before the revolution, hunters had repeatedly seen huge hairy animals “with a large nose and fangs,” and ten years ago he himself saw unknown traces “the size of a basin.”
More evidence of the end 70s:
“It was the summer of 1978,” recalls prospector foreman S.I. Belyaev, “our team was panning for gold on one of the nameless tributaries of the Indigirka River. At the height of the season, an interesting incident occurred. In the predawn hour, when the sun had not yet risen, near the parking lot suddenly there was a dull stomping sound. The miners were a little sleepy. Jumping to their feet, they stared at each other in surprise with a silent question: “What is this?” As if in response, the splash of water was heard from the river. We grabbed our guns and stealthily began to make our way in that direction. When we rounded the rocky ledge, our eyes were presented with an incredible picture. In the shallow river water stood about a dozen mammoths that had come from God knows where. Huge, shaggy animals slowly drank the icy water. For about half an hour we looked at these fabulous giants, spellbound. And those, Having quenched their thirst, they sedately went deeper into the forest, one after another...”
Of course, even after all this evidence, there will certainly be doubting readers, from the category of those who say: "seeing is believing". Especially for such people, although everything is already clear, we show a live mammoth filmed on a phone and a corresponding video.
OK it's all over Now - there are mammoths, and not even very far away. The fact is obvious. Everyone who has ever had the chance to meet a mammoth has seen it. These are geologists, hunters, residents of the northern regions. You can even provide a summary map of the discovered habitats of these animals.
It's time to figure out how it happened that a living and thriving animal was buried deep in the Ice Age.
I am far from thinking that all of the above evidence remained unknown to the scientific world. Of course not. Paleontologists (those who study fossil animals) always begin their research with a review of existing information. But even with this information in hand, they will rely on the work of authoritative predecessors, among whom neither geologists nor hunters are included.
It is interesting that I was not able to find the specific scientist who “buried” the mammoths. As if this goes without saying. It is known that Tatishchev was also interested in them. He wrote an article in Latin, “The Tale of the Mammoth Beast.” However, the information he received was the most contradictory, often mythical. Most evidence described the mammoth as living animal. Tatishchev could hardly conclude that this animal was extinct. Moreover, the currently dominant glacial theory of the death of northern elephants could have originated no earlier than the end of the 19th century. It was then that the scientific community accepted the dogma of the great glaciation. This dogma lies at the foundation of modern paleontology. In this vein it is clear artificial blindness of the scientific world.
But if you think about it, the matter is not limited to this. Everything is much more interesting.
Mammoth is an animal that has almost there are no enemies in nature. The climate of the middle zone and taiga zone is very suitable for him. The food supply is clearly redundant. There are a lot of open spaces undeveloped by humans. Why shouldn't he enjoy life? Why not fully occupy the existing ecological niche? But he didn’t take it. Encounters between humans and this animal are too rare today.
A disaster in which millions of mammoths died, clearly it was. They died almost simultaneously. This is evidenced by bone cemeteries covered with loess (reclaimed soil). Quantity calculations tusks, exported from Russia over the past 200 years, show more than a million couples. Millions of mammoth heads populated an ecological niche in Eurasia at a time. Why isn't it like this now?
If the disaster occurred 13 thousand years ago, and some of the northern elephants survived, then they would have had plenty of time to restore the population. That did not happen. And there are only two options: either they didn’t survive at all ( version of the scientific world), or the catastrophe that devastated the mammoth population was relatively recent (see. Since mammoths still exist, then more likely the second. They simply did not have time to recover. In addition, in recent centuries, a person armed firearms and greed, could really pose a threat to them, preventing population growth.
I think that challenging the timing of the catastrophe is the most painful and unacceptable moment for “supreme science”. They are ready to do anything - to silence facts, concealment evidence, massive zombification etc., just to avoid even raising the question on this topic, since the accumulated avalanche of suppressed information leaves them no chance in an open discussion. And this will be followed by many, many more questions that no one really wants to answer.
Izhevsk
Alexey Artemiev
The materials from the article formed the basis of the film “When did the mammoths become extinct?”
]]> ]]>