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United Nations in English. Russian-English short dictionary of general vocabulary

The History of UN

The term "United Nations" was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term "United Nations Fighting Forces" to refer to their alliance.

The idea for the United Nations was elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to elaborate the plans in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.

On April 25,1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the Governments, a number-of non-government organizations were invited to assist in the drafting of the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The UN came into existence on October 24,1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council - Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States - and by a majority of the other 46 signs.

The United Nations headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the principal headquarters of the UN are in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

History of the United Nations (UN)

The term "United Nations" (UN) was coined by Franklin Roosevelt in his addresses to his allies. The first formal use of the term was on January 1, 1942. The 1942 United Nations Declaration bound the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Treaty and committed them to achieving a separate peace with the Axis powers. The Allies then used the term "United Nations fighting force" to refer to their allies.

The idea of the United Nations was developed in declarations signed during the war at the Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, Great Britain, the USA and the USSR met in Washington, D.C.
Colombia, to develop plans. These, as well as subsequent negotiations and proposals, built the goals of the organization, its bodies and members of this organization, as well as agreements to maintain peace and security, international economic and social cooperation. These proposals have been discussed and contested by governments and individuals around the world.

On April 25, 1945, the UN conference began in San Francisco. In addition to governments, numerous non-governmental organizations were invited to draft the UN Charter. Fifty states present at the conference signed the UN Charter two months later, on June 26. Poland, which was not present at the conference but for which a place among the founding countries was reserved, added its name later, thus bringing the number of founding countries to 51 states. The UN came into being on October 24, 1945, after the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council - the Republic of China, the USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States - and most of the other founding countries.

The UN headquarters building was built in New York in 1949-50 near the East River on land purchased for $8.5 million donated by D. Rockefeller Jr. The building was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. The headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the main UN headquarters is in New York, there are also main agencies in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

Membership in the UN is open to any peace-loving country that accepts the requirements of the Charter of the United Nations and, in the judgment of that organization, is able and willing to fulfill those obligations.

Questions:

1. Who coined the term “United Nations”?
2. When was the first formal use of the term “United Nations”?
3. When and where was the United Nations headquarters building constructed?
4. Who donated this construction?
5. Who designed the United Nations headquarters building?
6. How many nations were at the conference in San Francisco in 1945?
7. Why are there 51 founders of the UN instead of 50?
8. What country was not represented at the conference?

Vocabulary:

term - term
to coin - to invent, invent, plot
to refer - to attribute (to something); to account for (smth.); to have an attitude; to relate; touch; refer, rely (on someone/something, someone’s words, etc. - to)
the Allies - allies
formal - relating to the external side (of a question, problem), formal; official
declaration - declaration, statement
to commit - to commit (usually an action that goes beyond some scope, etc.); entrust, entrust; submit a bill to a parliamentary committee
principle - principle
Atlantic Charter - building North Atlantic Treaty
to pledge - to make a solemn promise; assure, promise, swear
to seek (past tense - sought; parable past tense - sought) - to seek, to seek; find out; strive, strive
separate peace - separate peace
Axis powers - Axis countries (Germany with allies)
to elaborate - to develop in detail, to think about; to specify, to develop, to clarify
to sign - to sign, put a signature; approve
talks - negotiations
proposal - proposal; plan
to outline - draw an outline; outline; outline, outline in general outline
purpose - building target
arrangement - arrangement, agreement; resolution (of a dispute); settlement; plural measure, event, preparation
to maintain - support, protect, defend (law, theory, opinion, etc.); contain; support, reinforce, not let go
to debate - discuss, debate, polemicize; argue (about, on, upon - about something; with - with someone); think over; consider (sth.); think (about - about something), ponder (over something)
worldwide - worldwide, all over the world
to assist - help, assist, contribute, provide assistance
to draft - write a draft, make an estimate, sketch; select, choose (an item from a number of similar ones)
to reserve - store, put aside, save, save, save, preserve; book, order in advance
existence - being, life; existence
to ratify - to ratify; approve, sanction; approve; affix (signature, seal)
permanent - permanent, unchanging; long-term; permanent
majority - majority
headquarters - headquarters; headquarters
to construct - to build, construct; erect; construct (from/of/out of)
beside - next to; near, around
to purchase - acquire, buy; receive; deserve
donation - gift, gift, offering; monetary donation (to)
to design - to conceive, invent, develop; to plot; intend, intend (to do something)
to locate - determine place, location; to be located in a specific place; designate a place (for construction, etc.); place, place
to accept - accept, take; agree; admit, admit; accept, put up
obligation - guarantee, obligation; duty; duty
the UN Charter - UN Charter
judgment - sentence, decision, conclusion of the court; criticism, evaluation; condemnation, censure (of, on, upon);
to will - to show will; wish, want; bequeath, refuse, sign away
to fulfill - to fulfill; do, perform, carry out, accomplish; finish, finish, end

UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

Text translation: The History of UN - History of the United Nations (UN)

On April 25, 1945, the UN conference began in San Francisco. In addition to governments, numerous non-governmental organizations were invited to draft the UN Charter. Fifty states present at the conference signed the UN Charter two months later, on June 26. Poland, which was not present at the conference but for which a place among the founding countries was reserved, added its name later, thus bringing the number of founding countries to 51 states. The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, following the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council - the Republic of China, the USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States - and most of the other founding countries.

References:
1. 100 topics of English oral (Kaverina V., Boyko V., Zhidkikh N.) 2002
2. English language for schoolchildren and those entering universities. Oral exam. Topics. Texts for reading. Exam questions. (Tsvetkova I.V., Klepalchenko I.A., Myltseva N.A.)
3. English, 120 Topics. English language, 120 conversation topics. (Sergeev S.P.)

The United Nations (UN) is an international association that was created to improve ties between states and the security of the community of countries.

The UN is:

A universal platform for international meetings.
Guaranteeing the security of the commonwealth of countries.
The main link of existing diplomacy.

The idea of developing this organization was formulated during the Second World War, in connection with the strengthening of the positions of Nazi Germany. The first mention of this dates back to January 1, 1942 (Declaration of the United Nations). The UN Charter was soon agreed upon (mid-1945).

Initially, 50 states were included in the country's commonwealth. On October 24, 1945, the UN Charter came into force. This date is considered to be United Nations Day.

UN structure.

The United Nations includes the following divisions:

Security Council. This is the main government body of the UN, which bears full responsibility for everything that happens.
Secretariat. Includes the executive branch. The secretariat is headed by the Secretary General.

During the entire existence of the organization, only 8 general secretaries. At the moment, this is Ban Ki-moon (representative of the Republic of Korea).

International Court. Includes the judiciary. In this case, it is not the specific people, namely the state.
Economic and Social Council. Responsible for economic and social policy in the field of international cooperation.
Postal Administration. Engaged in production postage stamps, especially for the UN.
Specialized institutions. These are isolated international organizations which were created by the UN. This can include: UNESCO (education, science and culture), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and others.

Official languages of the UN.

To improve the organization of UN activities, some official languages were established in which communication within the organization is conducted.

In this regard, the following official languages of the United Nations have been defined:

English language.
Russian language.
French.
Spanish language.
Arabic language.
Chinese.

In these, and only in these languages, all negotiations are conducted, reports on meetings are written and published official documents. There are no exceptions.

Which states are members of the UN?

As already mentioned, the Organization initially included 50 countries (1945). And already in 1946, another 150 states were included in the UN, a number of which were divided into independent ones (for example, Czechoslovakia).

Currently, the United Nations includes 193 states.

But not all states can be included in the UN. You can become a member of the UN only if the country is given international recognition. All this is spelled out in the main document of the United Nations - the UN Charter.

It is important that a country joining the UN accept this Charter, and the UN countries are confident that all clauses of the Charter will be observed by this country. Such decisions are taken by the General Assembly with the permission of the Security Council.

Plus, countries that are permanent members of the UN (Russia, USA, UK, France and China) have the opportunity to veto the decision.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and develop cooperation between states.

The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading participants in the Anti-Hitler Coalition. The name "United Nations", proposed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used on January 1, 1942 in the Declaration of the United Nations, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 nations pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the common struggle against the Axis powers.

It is noteworthy that earlier the first international organizations were created for cooperation in certain areas: the International Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), etc. Both organizations are today specialized agencies of the UN.

The First International Peace Conference was convened in The Hague in 1899 to develop agreements on the peaceful resolution of crises, the prevention of war, and the rules of warfare. The conference adopted the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began its work in 1902.

World Food Program (WFP);

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD);

United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP);

United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat; UNHSP);

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP);

United Nations Volunteers (UNV);

United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF);

International Trade Center (ITC);

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

Educational and research institutions:

United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR);

United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI);

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD);

United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

Other UN divisions:

United Nations System Staff College (UNSC);

International Computing Center (ICC);

Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS);

United Nations University (UNU);

United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), UN Women.

Commission on Narcotic Drugs;

Commission on Population and Development;

Commission on Science and Technology for Development;

Commission on the Status of Women;

Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice4

Commission on Sustainable Development;

Commission for Social Development;

Statistical Commission;

United Nations Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions of ECOSOC:

Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);

Economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA);

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).

ECOSOC Standing Committees: Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Institutions, Committee on Program and Coordination.

ECOSOC Special Bodies: Special Working Group open-ended in computer science.

Expert bodies consisting of government experts:

United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names;

United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management;

Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;

Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards.

Expert bodies consisting of members serving in their personal capacity: Committee on Development Policy, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee of Experts on Public Administration, Committee of Experts on international cooperation in the field of taxation, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

Bodies associated with the Council: Executive Board of the International Institute for the Advancement of Women, United Nations Population Prize Committee, Coordinating Council of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, International Narcotics Control Board.

While creating international system Trusteeship The UN Charter established the Trusteeship Council as one of the main organs of the United Nations, which was entrusted with the task of overseeing the administration of trust territories falling under the trusteeship system.

The main objectives of the system were to promote the improvement of the conditions of the population of the Trust Territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council - the Russian Federation, the United States, Great Britain, France and the People's Republic of China. The objectives of the trusteeship system were achieved when all trust territories achieved self-government or independence, either as independent states or through unification with neighboring independent countries.

In accordance with the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is empowered to examine and discuss reports of the administering authority relating to political, economic and social progress peoples of the Trust Territories and progress in education, and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to consider petitions coming from the Trust Territories and to make periodic and other special visits to the Trust Territories.

The Trusteeship Council suspended its work on November 1, 1994, after the last remaining United Nations Trust Territory, Palau, gained independence on October 1, 1994. By resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to abolish the obligation to hold annual meetings and agreed to meet as often as necessary by its decision or that of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly, or the Security Council.

International Court.

It is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. It was established by the UN Charter to achieve one of the main purposes of the UN: “to be carried out by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or resolution of international disputes or situations which may lead to a breach of the peace.” The Court operates in accordance with the Statute, which is part of the Charter, and its Rules of Procedure. It began operating in 1946, replacing the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 under the auspices of the League of Nations. The seat of the Court is the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).

Secretariat.

The Secretariat is an international staff located in agencies around the world and carrying out the varied day-to-day work of the Organization. It serves other main UN bodies and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.

The responsibilities performed by the Secretariat are as varied as the issues the UN deals with, from leading peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from compiling surveys of economic and social trends and issues to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. In addition, Secretariat staff guide and inform the world's media about the work of the UN; organizes international conferences on issues of global importance; monitors the implementation of decisions of UN bodies and translates speeches and documents into the official languages of the Organization.

UN specialized agencies and related bodies. UN specialized agencies are independent international organizations linked to the United Nations by a special cooperation agreement. Specialized institutions are created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements.

Specialized institutions:

Universal Postal Union (UPU);

World Bank Group;

International Development Association (IDA);

International Finance Corporation (IFC);

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);

International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID);

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA);

World Meteorological Organization (WMO);

World Health Organization (WHO);

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO);

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO);

International Maritime Organization (IMO);

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);

International Labor Organization (ILO);

International currency board(IMF);

International Telecommunication Union (ITU);

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD);

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO);

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

UN related organizations:

Worldwide trade Organization(WTO);

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);

Comprehensive Ban Treaty Organization nuclear tests(CTBTO);

Prohibition Organization chemical weapons(OPCW).

Convention secretariats:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Severe Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (UNCCD);

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

UN Trust Funds:

United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF);

United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP).

The leadership of the UN is represented by the Chairman of the General Assembly and the Secretary General.

President of the General Assembly. Opens and closes each plenary meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations, completely directs the work of the General Assembly and maintains order at its meetings.

Secretary General. The chief administrative officer is a symbol of the United Nations and a spokesman for the interests of the peoples of the world.

According to the Charter, the Secretary-General performs the functions assigned to him by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies of the United Nations.

The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.

Currently, there is a gentlemen's agreement in force, according to which a citizen of a state that is a permanent member of the UN Security Council (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China) cannot be Secretary General UN.

UN Secretaries General:

UN member states.

The original members of the UN included the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. Since 1946, about 150 states have been admitted to the UN (but a number of states, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, have split into independent states). July 14, 2011, with admission to UN membership South Sudan, the number of UN member states was 193.

Only internationally recognized states that are subjects of international law can be members of the UN. According to the UN Charter, membership of the UN is open to all “peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.” “The admission of any such state to Membership of the Organization shall be effected by resolution of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.”

To admit a new member, the support of at least 9 of the 15 member states of the Security Council is required (while 5 permanent members - Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China - can veto the decision). Once the recommendation is approved by the Security Council, the matter is referred to the General Assembly, where a two-thirds majority is required to pass an accession resolution. The new state becomes a member of the UN from the date of the General Assembly resolution.

Among the original members of the UN were countries that were not full-fledged internationally recognized states: along with the USSR, its two union republics - the Belarusian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR; British colony - British India (divided into now independent members - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar); US-Philippines protectorate; as well as the virtually independent dominions of Great Britain - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa.

In September 2011, the Palestinian Authority (the partially recognized State of Palestine) submitted an application for membership in the UN, but the satisfaction of this application was postponed until the Palestinian-Israeli settlement and general international recognition of Palestine.

In addition to member status, there is UN observer status, which may precede accession to full membership. Observer status is assigned by voting in the General Assembly, the decision is made by a simple majority. UN observers, as well as members specialized institutions The UN (for example, UNESCO) can be either recognized or partially recognized states and state entities. Thus, observers in this moment are the Holy See and the State of Palestine, and for some time there were, for example, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Finland, and other countries that had the right to join, but temporarily did not use it for various reasons.

To organize the work of bodies in the UN system, official and working languages have been established. The list of these languages is defined in the rules of procedure of each body. All major UN documents, including resolutions, are published in official languages. Verbatim reports of meetings are published in working languages and speeches delivered in any official language are translated into them.

The official languages of the United Nations are: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic. If a delegation wishes to speak in a language that is not an official one, it must provide oral or written translation into one of the official languages.

Calculating the UN budget is a process in which all members of the organization are involved. The budget is put forward by the UN Secretary-General after agreement with the divisions of the organization and based on their requirements. The proposed budget is subsequently reviewed by the 16-member Administrative and Budgetary Advisory Committee and the 34-member Program and Coordination Committee. The committees' recommendations are forwarded to the General Assembly's Committee on Management and Budget, which includes all member states, which again carefully reviews the budget. Finally, it is submitted to the General Assembly for final consideration and approval.

The main criterion used by member states in the General Assembly is the country's solvency. Solvency is determined based on the gross national product (GNP) and a number of adjustments, including adjustments for external debt and per capita income.

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