Torricelli's experience.
It is impossible to calculate atmospheric pressure using the formula for calculating the pressure of a liquid column (§ 39). For such a calculation, you need to know the height of the atmosphere and air density. But the atmosphere does not have a definite boundary, and the density of air at different altitudes is different. However, atmospheric pressure can be measured using an experiment proposed in the 17th century. Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, a student of Galileo.

Torricelli's experiment consists of the following: a glass tube about 1 m long, sealed at one end, is filled with mercury. Then, tightly closing the other end of the tube, it is turned over, lowered into a cup of mercury and the end of the tube is opened under the mercury (Fig. 130). Part of the mercury is poured into the cup, and part of it remains in the tube. The height of the column of mercury remaining in the tube is approximately 760 mm. There is no air above the mercury in the tube; there is airless space.

Torricelli, who proposed the experiment described above, also gave its explanation. The atmosphere presses on the surface of the mercury in the cup. Mercury is in equilibrium. This means that the pressure in the tube at level aa 1 (see Fig. 130) is equal to atmospheric pressure. If it were more than atmospheric, then the mercury would pour out of the tube into the cup, and if it was less, it would rise up in the tube.

The pressure in the tube at level aa x is created by the weight of the mercury column in the tube, since there is no air above the mercury in the upper part of the tube. It follows that atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the mercury column in the tube, i.e.

p atm = p mercury

By measuring the height of the mercury column, the pressure that the mercury produces can be calculated. It will be equal to atmospheric pressure. If the atmospheric pressure decreases, the column of mercury in the Torricelli tube will decrease.

The higher the atmospheric pressure, the higher the mercury column in Torricelli's experiment. Therefore, in practice, atmospheric pressure can be measured by the height of the mercury column (in millimeters or centimeters). If, for example, the atmospheric pressure is 780 mm Hg. Art., this means that the air produces the same pressure as that produced by a vertical column of mercury 780 mm high.

Therefore, in this case, per unit atmospheric pressure take 1 millimeter of mercury (1 mmHg). Let's find the relationship between this unit and the unit of pressure known to us - pascal (Pa).

Mercury column pressure p mercury 1 mm high is equal to

p = gρh,

p = 9.8 N/kg ∙ 13,600 kg/m 3 ∙ 0.001 m ≈ 133.3 Pa.

So, 1 mmHg. Art. = 133.3 Pa.

Currently, it is customary to measure atmospheric pressure in hectopascals. For example, weather reports may announce that the pressure is 1013 hPa, which is the same as 760 mmHg. Art.

Observing the height of the mercury column in the tube every day, Torricelli discovered that this height changes, that is, atmospheric pressure is not constant, it can increase and decrease. Torricelli also noted that changes in atmospheric pressure are associated with changes in weather.

If you attach a vertical scale to the tube with mercury used in Torricelli’s experiment, you get the simplest device - a mercury barometer (from the Greek baros - heaviness, metreo - I measure). It is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Such an experiment was carried out, it showed that the air pressure at the top of the mountain where the experiments were carried out was almost 100 mm Hg. Art. less than at the foot of the mountain. But Pascal did not limit himself to this experience. To prove once again that the column of mercury in Torricelli’s experiment is held in place by atmospheric pressure, Pascal performed another experiment, which he figuratively called the proof of “emptiness in emptiness.”

Pascal's experiment can be carried out using the device shown in Figure 134, a, where A is a strong hollow glass vessel into which two tubes are passed and sealed: one from barometer B, the other (tube with open ends) from barometer B.

The device is installed on the air pump plate. At the beginning of the experiment, the pressure in vessel A is equal to atmospheric pressure, it is measured by the difference in height h of the mercury columns in barometer B. In barometer B, the mercury is at the same level. Air is then pumped out of vessel A by a pump. As air is removed, the mercury level in the left leg of barometer B decreases, and in the left leg of barometer B it increases. When the air is completely removed from vessel A, the level of mercury in the narrow tube of barometer B will fall and become equal to the level of mercury in its wide elbow. In the narrow tube of barometer B, mercury rises to a height h under the influence of atmospheric pressure (Fig. 134, b). With this experiment, Pascal once again proved the existence of atmospheric pressure.

Pascal's experiments finally refuted Aristotle's theory of the “fear of emptiness” and confirmed the existence of atmospheric pressure.

Barometer - aneroid

In practice, to measure atmospheric pressure, a metal barometer called an aneroid is used (translated from Greek as “liquidless.” The barometer is called this because it does not contain mercury). The appearance of the aneroid is shown in Figure 135. Its main part is a metal box 1 s wavy (corrugated) surface (Fig. 136). The air has been pumped out of this box, and to prevent atmospheric pressure from crushing the box, its lid is pulled upward with a spring 2. As atmospheric pressure increases, the lid bends down and tightens the spring. As the pressure decreases, the spring straightens the cap. An indicator arrow 4 is attached to the spring using a transmission mechanism 3, which moves to the right or left when the pressure changes. Under the arrow there is a scale, the divisions of which are marked according to the readings of the mercury barometer. Thus, the number 750, against which the aneroid arrow stands (see Fig. 135), shows that in this moment in a mercury barometer, the height of the mercury column is 750 mm.

Therefore, the atmospheric pressure is 750 mmHg. Art., or ~ 1000 hPa.

Knowing the atmospheric pressure is very important for predicting the weather for the coming days, since changes in atmospheric pressure are associated with changes in weather. A barometer is a necessary instrument for meteorological observations.

Atmospheric pressure at different altitudes.

In a liquid, pressure, as we know (§ 38), depends on the density of the liquid and the height of its column. Due to low compressibility, the density of the liquid at different depths is almost the same. Therefore, when calculating the pressure of a liquid, we consider its density constant and take into account only the change in height.

The situation with gases is more complicated. Gases are highly compressible. And the more the gas is compressed, the greater its density and the greater the pressure it produces on surrounding bodies. After all, gas pressure is created by the impacts of its molecules on the surface of the body.

The layers of air near the Earth's surface are compressed by all the layers of air above them. But the higher the layer of air is from the surface, the weaker it is compressed, the lower its density. Therefore, the less pressure it produces. If, for example, balloon rises above the Earth's surface, the air pressure on the ball becomes less. This happens not only because the height of the air column above it decreases, but also because the density of the air decreases. It is smaller at the top than at the bottom. Therefore, the dependence of pressure on height for air is more complex than the similar dependence for liquid.

Observations show that atmospheric pressure in areas at sea level is on average 760 mm Hg. Art.

Atmospheric pressure equal to the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm high at a temperature of 0°C is called normal atmospheric pressure.

Normal atmospheric pressure is 101,300 Pa = 1013 hPa.

The higher the altitude above sea level, the lower the air pressure in the atmosphere.

With small ascents, on average, for every 12 m of ascent, the pressure decreases by 1 mmHg. Art. (or by 1.33 hPa).

Knowing the dependence of pressure on altitude, you can determine the altitude above sea level by changing the barometer readings. Aneroids that have a scale on which the height can be directly measured are called altimeters (Fig. 137). They are used in aviation and mountain climbing.

Homework:
I. Learn §§ 44 – 46.
II. Answer the questions:
1. Why is it impossible to calculate air pressure in the same way as calculating the pressure of a liquid on the bottom or walls of a vessel?
2. Explain how a Torricelli tube can be used to measure atmospheric pressure.
3. What does the entry mean: “Atmospheric pressure is 780 mm Hg. Art.?
4. How many hectopascals is the pressure of a mercury column 1 mm high?

5. How does an aneroid barometer work?
6. How is the scale of an aneroid barometer calibrated?
7. Why is it necessary to measure atmospheric pressure systematically and in different places around the globe? What does this mean in meteorology?

8. How to explain that atmospheric pressure decreases as the altitude above the Earth increases?
9. What atmospheric pressure is called normal?
10. What is the name of the device for measuring altitude using atmospheric pressure? What is he? Is its design different from that of a barometer?
III. Solve Exercise 21:
1. Figure 131 shows a water barometer created by Pascal in 1646. How high was the column of water in this barometer at an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. Art.?
2. In 1654, Otto Guericke in Magdeburg, to prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, conducted such an experiment. He pumped the air out of the cavity between the two metal hemispheres folded together. The pressure of the atmosphere pressed the hemispheres so tightly against each other that eight pairs of horses could not tear them apart (Fig. 132). Calculate the force compressing the hemispheres, if we assume that it acts on an area equal to 2800 cm 2 and the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art.
3. Air was pumped out of a 1 m long tube, sealed at one end and with a tap at the other end. Having placed the end with the tap in the mercury, the tap was opened. Will the mercury fill the entire tube? If you use water instead of mercury, will it fill the entire tube?
4. Express in hectopascals the pressure equal to: 740 mm Hg. Art.; 780 mmHg Art.
5. Look at Figure 130. Answer the questions.
a) Why does it take a column of mercury about 760 mm high to balance the pressure of an atmosphere whose height reaches tens of thousands of kilometers?
b) The force of atmospheric pressure acts on the mercury in the cup from top to bottom. Why does atmospheric pressure keep the mercury column in the tube?
c) How would the presence of air in the tube above the mercury affect the reading of a mercury barometer?
d) Will the barometer reading change if the tube is tilted; lower it deeper into a cup of mercury?
IV. Solve Exercise 22:
Look at Figure 135 and answer the questions.
a) What is the name of the device shown in the figure?
b) In what units are its external and internal scales calibrated?
c) Calculate the division price of each scale.
d) Record the instrument readings on each scale.
V. Complete the task on page 131 (if possible):
1. Immerse the glass in water, turn it upside down under water and then slowly pull it out of the water. Why, while the edges of the glass are under water, does the water remain in the glass (does not pour out)?
2. Pour water into a glass, cover it with a sheet of paper and, supporting the sheet with your hand, turn the glass upside down. If you now take your hand away from the paper (Fig. 133), then the water will not pour out of the glass. The paper remains as if glued to the edge of the glass. Why? Justify your answer.
3. Place a long wooden ruler on the table so that its end extends beyond the edge of the table. Cover the table with newspaper on top, smooth the newspaper with your hands so that it lies tightly on the table and ruler. Hit the free end of the ruler sharply - the newspaper will not rise, but will break through. Explain the observed phenomena.
VI. Read the text on page 132: “This is interesting...”
History of the discovery of atmospheric pressure
The study of atmospheric pressure has a long and instructive history. Like many other scientific discoveries, it is closely related to the practical needs of people.

The design of the pump has been known since ancient times. However, both the ancient Greek scientist Aristotle and his followers explained the movement of water behind the piston in the pump pipe by the fact that “nature is afraid of emptiness.” The true cause of this phenomenon - atmospheric pressure - was unknown to them.

At the end of the first half of the 17th century. In Florence, a wealthy trading city in Italy, so-called suction pumps were built. It consists of a vertically located pipe, inside of which there is a piston. When the piston rises up, water rises behind it (see Fig. 124). With the help of these pumps they wanted to raise water to a great height, but the pumps “refused” to do this.

They turned to Galileo for advice. Galileo examined the pumps and found that they were working properly. Taking up this issue, he pointed out that the pumps could not raise the water higher than 18 Italian cubits (~10 m). But he did not have time to fully resolve the issue. After Galileo's death, this scientific research was continued by his student, Torricelli. Torricelli also began studying the phenomenon of water rising behind the piston in the pump pipe. For the experiment, he suggested using a long glass tube and using mercury instead of water. For the first time such an experiment (§ 44) was carried out by his student Viviani in 1643.

Reflecting on this experiment, Torricelli came to the conclusion that the real reason for the rise of mercury in the tube was air pressure, and not “fear of emptiness.” This pressure produces air with its weight. (And that air has weight was already proven by Galileo.)

The French scientist Pascal learned about Torricelli's experiments. He repeated Torricelli's experiment with mercury and water. However, Pascal believed that in order to definitively prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to perform Torricelli’s experiment once at the foot of a mountain, and another time at the top of it, and in both cases measure the height of the mercury column in the tube. If at the top of the mountain the column of mercury turned out to be lower than at its foot, then it would be necessary to conclude that the mercury in the tube is really supported by atmospheric pressure.

“It is easy to understand,” said Pascal, “that at the foot of a mountain the air exerts greater pressure than at its top, while there is no reason to assume that nature experiences a greater fear of emptiness below than above.”

In a healthy person, systolic and diastolic indicators of heart function should fall within the established framework.

There are upper (systolic) and lower (diastolic) limits of blood pressure. The normal level of blood pressure is high, from 110 to 140 mm Hg. Art., and the lower limit is not less than 70. But the indicators do not always correspond to the established norm, this is due to the individual characteristics of the body. On general health this should not be reflected; only a doctor can confirm the deviations characteristic of a person.

For each age, experts determined the boundaries of blood pressure. These indicators are shown in the table:

Monitoring indicators

Also, the doctor has the opportunity to identify the disease in people who, thanks to one-time measurements, believe that they have normal blood pressure.

To carry out monitoring, special modern devices are used that can store more than 100 measurements of pressure and heart rate in memory, indicating the date and time of the study.

After measurements are taken while standing, sitting or lying down, the data is transferred to a computer, where the results are processed using a special computer program.

Elena Malysheva’s guests will tell you how to correctly interpret the monometer readings in the video in this article.

Enter your pressure

Latest discussions.

When blood pressure rises, it always makes you think about the overall health of the whole body. Especially if this happens often, and the tonometer shows a significant deviation from the norm. In this case, an appropriate diagnosis is made - hypertension. But the worst situation is when the pressure suddenly rises. This development of events can lead to a hypertensive crisis, an extremely dangerous condition. Why does such instability of the cardiovascular system occur? What causes a sharp increase in blood pressure? The reasons can be very different, and they are divided into two groups: external factors and internal ones.

The mechanism for increasing blood pressure is very complex. This process depends on the volume and consistency of the blood, the condition of the blood vessels and heart muscle, as well as the functioning of the internal blood flow regulation system. Various factors can trigger this mechanism. The following external conditions can lead to a sharp increase in tonometer readings:

Gross violation of the rules healthy image life.

Prolonged sedentary work or spending time on the sofa provokes blood stagnation, poor circulation, and vascular weakness. Low mobility leads to excess weight, which aggravates the pathology of the vascular system.

Abuse of junk food (high in fast carbohydrates, cholesterol, salt, spicy seasonings) will lead to clogging of blood vessels, metabolic disorders, and increased tone of the vascular walls.

Chronic fatigue over several days and lack of proper rest can cause a sharp spasm of blood vessels.

Changing weather conditions can also increase the level of blood exposure to blood vessels.

A proven fact is the connection between blood pressure and atmospheric pressure. There is a directly proportional relationship between them. Most often, along with an increase in atmospheric pressure, a rise in the lower marks of a person’s tonometer is observed. When atmospheric front unstable, weather-dependent people on this day feel a sharp deterioration in their health, as the oxygen content in the blood changes.

The emotional factor is considered by many experts main reason elevated level. It is the central nervous system that plays the main role in the regulation of vascular activity and the speed of blood flow. If it is constantly under tension, the tone of the blood vessels increases, and adrenaline causes them to narrow. Vascular resistance to blood flow may increase dramatically.

Extra pounds significantly impair the functioning of blood vessels. This is enough for the pressure to rise unexpectedly. Fat deposits form not only in the form of a large belly or unsightly folds on the sides, but also inside organs and in the vessels themselves. Atherosclerosis develops, and this is one of the first reasons for increased tonometer readings.

As a rule, the development of essential (primary) hypertension is due to external causes. The overwhelming number of people encounter exactly this (95% of total number incidents). Hypertension of secondary origin is quite rare.

What to do

Usually, a person who suspects a surge in blood pressure immediately takes up a tonometer to find out its value. If the pressure has really increased or, conversely, dropped, the question immediately arises of what to do about it and how to treat it.

Many hypotensive people take tonic drugs that have already become habitual (ginseng, eleutherococcus), drink coffee and tea to improve their well-being. The situation is more complicated with hypertension, when it is no longer possible to reduce pressure with “improvised” means. Moreover, self-medication and adherence to traditional medicine are dangerous for such patients.
in view of the above possible complications hypertension.

If there are any fluctuations in pressure, you should visit a doctor, first of all, going to a therapist.
If necessary, he will recommend consultation with a cardiologist, urologist, endocrinologist, ophthalmologist or neurologist. To confirm pressure surges, you need to systematically measure it and record the readings. It is possible that later the presence of arterial hypertension will be established. When the reason for the surges will be clear, the doctor will be able to decide on effective therapy.

It is impossible to say for sure which is worse – hypotension or hypertension. Both conditions can be corrected subject to examination and appropriate treatment. It is only clear that increased pressure is much more dangerous than hypotension, which has become habitual for hypotensive patients. A hypertensive crisis can cause a stroke, myocardial infarction, acute heart failure and other serious conditions, so at the first sign of pressure surges you should go to the doctor.

Folk remedies for treating pressure surges

Oat decoction

Rinse a glass of oats, fill it with a liter of filtered, or preferably distilled, water room temperature and leave for 10 hours. Then simmer over low heat for half an hour. After removing from heat, wrap and leave for another 12 hours. Strain and add up to 1 liter of boiled water.

Take 100 ml daily three times a day for one and a half months. After finishing, take a month break and repeat the course. And this should be done throughout the year. In addition, this remedy is very effective for stomach and duodenal ulcers and chronic pancreatitis.

Garlic

This is an old proven remedy. Peel the head of garlic, wipe them, put them in a jar and pour a glass of unrefined sunflower or olive oil. Leave for 24 hours, shaking occasionally (every 4-6 hours). Pour in the juice of one lemon and stir. Leave in a cool place for a week, shaking every other day. Take 1 teaspoon 20 minutes before meals 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 2 months, then a break for a month and repeat the treatment again.

Mumiyo

Every day on an empty stomach (in the morning), take 1 tablet (0.2 g) of mumiyo for 10 days with 3 sips of milk. Take a break for a week and repeat the course. It is better to conduct at least 4 such courses.

Important!
You should be very careful when taking blood pressure-lowering drugs during a hypotensive state. The pressure can either drop sharply, or if you refuse to take medications that reduce pressure, it can increase sharply and a crisis will occur. That is, the solution to this issue must be solved using an individual search method and always with the participation of a doctor

That is, the solution to this issue must be solved using an individual search method and always with the participation of a doctor.

It should be borne in mind that preparations based on St. John's wort, motherwort, valerian, nettle (including valocordin) should not be taken during pressure surges (!) - they increase blood viscosity and its tendency to form blood clots, worsen blood flow through the arteries and, therefore , increase blood pressure.

Why does the blood pressure regulation mechanism become unbalanced?

There are three mechanisms for regulating pressure:

1. Fast
   • vascular reflexes;
   • Cushing's reaction under the influence of cerebral ischemia;
2. Slow
3. Long-term

The following factors can disrupt blood pressure regulation:

• pathology of the endocrine system;
• atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels;
• renal failure;
• osteocondritis of the spine;
• neurological disorders;
• ischemia;
• premenstrual syndrome;
• infections;
• climate change, air travel;
• caffeine overdose, smoking, drinking alcohol;
• different types of anemia;
• adverse reactions to taking medications.

Dysregulation leads to pressure fluctuations - sometimes high, sometimes low: we will consider the causes and treatment of this phenomenon below.

Mineralcorticoids - hormones of cells of the adrenal cortex, such as aldosterone, participate in water-electrolyte metabolism, increasing the absorption of water in the kidneys.

Any hormonal imbalance can cause blood pressure fluctuations: pressure fluctuates throughout the day - sometimes high, sometimes low. Therefore, it is worth doing a blood hormone test once a year.

If renal function is impaired, significant fluctuations in blood pressure may be observed, since they are involved in the release of renin, a substance that triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions in the renin-angiotensin system. This substance is synthesized by kidney cells when blood pressure decreases and is one of the effective regulatory mechanisms. In renal failure, the release of renin is disrupted and the regulatory mechanism is disrupted. As a result, the pressure jumps - sometimes low, sometimes high. Blood pressure is most often determined by the efficiency of the kidneys.

Osteochondrosis, curvature of the spine, intervertebral hernias greatly affect blood supply: displacement of the vertebrae and their degenerative changes can affect blood flow. This is especially pronounced in cervical osteochondrosis - the arterial networks passing through the neurovascular bundle are compressed. Oxygen starvation of the brain occurs, the result is a reflex increase in blood pressure to improve blood supply to the brain, which causes the pressure to fluctuate - sometimes low, sometimes high.

Congenital or acquired heart disease

This is reflected in the level of pressure, especially systolic blood pressure - hypertension occurs due to deterioration of blood supply to the organs of the systemic circulation. At the same time, blood pressure fluctuates: high at the top and low at the bottom.

Acute respiratory infections can cause both high and low blood pressure. Intestinal infections accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea usually lead to a drop in blood pressure due to an imbalance in water balance and a decrease in blood volume. This is a rather dangerous syndrome: under the supervision of a doctor, it is necessary to gradually replenish the amount of lost fluid to normalize blood pressure and overcome dehydration.

It’s not for nothing that the system for regulating body functions is called neurohumoral - hormones are directly dependent on nervous system and vice versa. Nervous experiences and overwork lead to increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol. It is secreted in the adrenal medulla along with adrenaline. These hormones in combination can cause persistent or periodic hypertension with periods of normalization of blood pressure. This is expressed in the fact that the pressure fluctuates - sometimes high, sometimes low at different times of the day.

For example, taking hormonal contraceptives can cause blood pressure to fluctuate - sometimes high, sometimes low.

Changes in weather are accompanied by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, which leads to spasm of cerebral vessels in weather-sensitive people. In addition to pressure surges, this is accompanied by drowsiness, headaches, weakness, decreased concentration, and chest pain.

Why the pressure fluctuates - sometimes high, sometimes low - we discussed above. There are several variants of this pathology.

The most common causes of floating blood pressure

Changes in blood pressure may in some cases be due to sensitivity to certain foods. This is especially true for lovers of very salty dishes.

Caffeine. Coffee causes a temporary increase in blood pressure. Three to four cups can increase it from 4 to 13 mmHg. Those who do not regularly drink coffee may notice more significant fluctuations; regular coffee drinkers will not notice it at all. Experts don't know why caffeine raises blood pressure, but they think it's due to narrowing of blood vessels.

2.Stress and medications

During stress, the arteries narrow, making it harder for the heart to work. This increases blood pressure, blood sugar and heart rate. If you live in a situation of chronic stress, then constant stress on the heart can damage the arteries and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Medications. Some medications, such as decongestants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs may temporarily increase blood pressure.

3.Diabetes and dehydration

Diabetes
Damages nerves and causes frequent urination. When the body becomes dehydrated due to frequent urination and the nervous system is damaged due to excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, blood pressure regulation may not be optimal.

Dehydration
may also lead to pressure fluctuations with a sharp drop. To raise blood pressure by increasing blood volume, water retention must be restored. When dehydrated, the body loses its electrolyte chemical balance. This can lead to weakness and blood pressure fluctuations.

4. Deposition of calcium or cholesterol in the arteries

Calcium and cholesterol deposits in the arteries make them narrower, stiffer, less elastic, and unable to relax, causing hypertension. This phenomenon is most common among middle-aged and older people.

5.Heart problems and nervous system diseases

Heart problems:
such as low heart rate, heart failure and myocardial infarction can lead to fluctuations in blood pressure.

This can cause many disorders, including the body's inability to regulate blood pressure.

In addition, pressure surges can lead to:

• fever (accelerates heart rate);
• adrenal fatigue;
• menopause;
• human predisposition to fluctuating blood pressure;
• pregnancy;
• exposure to heat;
• age.

In some cases, experts have linked fluctuations in blood pressure to a higher risk of stroke.

Elderly people are predisposed to morning high blood pressure

Of course, another reason, the most undesirable one, may be hypertension. It is those suffering from this disease who most painfully endure increased blood pressure in the morning. In this case, you need to fight, to the best of your ability, the factors that cause hypertension.

These include:

Overweight

Physical inactivity

Alcohol

Fatty food

Excessive salt intake

Physical and emotional overload

Changes in atmospheric pressure

Sick kidneys

Diabetes

Atherosclerosis

Hormonal imbalance

Folk remedies can help. These plants reduce blood pressure:

1. Cranberry. You should drink an infusion of berries and cranberry leaves or cranberry juice mixed in equal proportions with beetroot juice.

2. Kalina. An infusion of viburnum helps. To prepare it, you need to grind the fruits and pour boiling water (a glass of boiling water per two tablespoons of berries). Juice is also useful.

3. Nettle. You can consume both its juice and an infusion of roots and leaves.

4. Garlic and onions.

Monitor your blood pressure. Measure it with a tonometer often. Measurements should be taken on both hands. If the difference between night and morning pressures is no more than 20%, then there is no reason to worry. Consider the rise in blood pressure in the morning as a natural physiological process. If the numbers are higher, measures must be taken.

A person may not always feel high blood pressure, so many people are unaware of the existing health problem for a long time.

If left untreated, hypertension often causes serious illnesses that are detected when the first symptoms begin to appear.

The presence of hypertension can be detected early if blood pressure is regularly monitored.

The measurement is best carried out throughout the day at home, in a quiet environment, standing, sitting or lying on the bed. This will allow you to obtain more accurate data and find out whether there is a threat of developing serious diseases.

How does a person's blood pressure change over a 24-hour period?

A person does not always feel that the blood pressure value is too high, without realizing that a deviation has formed. Hypertension, if not properly treated, causes concomitant chronic diseases when the symptoms become more active. Hypertension is diagnosed in the early stages if pressure values ​​are periodically monitored. Blood pressure readings during the day depend on many factors: body position during measurement, the person’s condition and time of day. In order for measurements to be as accurate as possible, they are made at the same time of day, at familiar surroundings. If the conditions are similar every day, the body’s biorhythms adapt to them.

Blood pressure changes due to a number of factors:

• the value increases in the morning when the patient is in a horizontal position;
• during the day the pressure drops;
• in the evening the values ​​increase;
• At night, when a person rests quietly, blood pressure drops.

This explains why measurements must be taken at the same time, and it is pointless to compare morning and evening figures. Sometimes there is an increase in pressure when measured in a hospital or clinic. This is explained by nervousness, fear or stress in front of the “white coats”, and as a result, the pressure rises slightly.

Reasons for changes in blood pressure in humans during the day:

• excessive consumption of coffee, tea, alcohol;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• overwork, stress;
• endocrine disorders;
• change in climate or weather;
• pathologies of the cervical vertebrae.

Stress, fatigue, lack of sleep, worries and excessive workload are common causes of blood pressure changes and hypertensive crises. This is typical for women - they are more emotional and unstable compared to men. Chronic stress and constant pressure surges over time provoke the development of the primary form of hypertension, which requires drug treatment.

Changes in the endocrine system also cause changes in blood pressure. Women before menopause or menstruation are especially susceptible to this. In the second part of the cycle, fluid in the body is retained, and excessive emotionality, characteristic during this period, also contributes to an increase in pressure. Unstable pressure occurs due to pathological changes in the adrenal glands.

The indicators can be affected by excitement, impatience, constipation or freezing in a standing position. The readings increase if the person needs to urinate or when the room is cold. Often the value is distorted under the influence of electromagnetic fields, so it is not recommended to keep the phone near the tonometer. The pressure should stabilize if the person takes several deep breaths before taking the measurement.

In the evening the readings rise, and at night the pressure drops. This should be taken into account both when measuring and when taking antihypertensive medications.

To obtain accurate blood pressure values, you must adhere to certain rules measurements Blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day, and in hypertensive patients these fluctuations are much higher. If necessary, blood pressure is monitored at rest, during movement, and after physical or emotional stress. Measuring blood pressure at rest allows you to assess the effect of medications on blood pressure. It is better to monitor blood pressure on both arms, as the values ​​​​differ. It is better to measure on the hand where the indicators are higher.

Conditions necessary to obtain the most accurate results:

• Half an hour before the measurement, do not eat, do not smoke, do not be exposed to hypothermia and do not exercise.
• Take measurements while sitting or lying down, after relaxing for 5 minutes.
• While sitting, lean on the back of a chair, since holding your back on your own leads to a slight increase in blood pressure.
• If a person is lying down, the arm is located along the body, then a cushion is placed under the elbow so that the arm is at the level of the thoracic region.
• You cannot speak or move while taking measurements.
• When taking a series of measurements, pause between measurements for 15 seconds or longer, optimally 1 minute.
• Between measurements, the cuff is slightly loosened.

How to measure blood pressure correctly

To avoid possible pathologies And serious illnesses, even a healthy person needs to measure his blood pressure once a month. However, you need to measure it correctly and be better prepared before doing so.

How to prepare for diagnosis:

1. It is not recommended to drink strong tea and coffee. You should refrain from doing this at least an hour before the test.
2. It is also recommended to avoid sports and cigarettes.
3. If you need to take any medications, read the instructions. Many drugs affect the cardiovascular system. It is better to give them up during the study.
4. Before starting the measurement, the patient must rest for at least 7-10 minutes.

How to measure blood pressure using a tonometer:

• Sit comfortably, relax the muscles of your arm and place it on the table. Place a cuff on the shoulder in proportion to the position of the heart.
• Make sure the cuff size matches your hand size as closely as possible. You need to be especially careful if the patient is overweight.

When is the best time to take measurements:

1. First in the morning - although an hour after sleep and on an empty stomach.
2. In the evening - either before dinner or after dinner, two hours later.

It is advisable to take measurements twice, leaving an interval of at least a minute between measurements.

The performance is the best. If the difference is small, then there is no need to worry - this is normal. If the values ​​​​are very different, then you should definitely consult a doctor.

ABPM method - daily monitoring

Daily blood pressure monitoring allows you to identify hidden pathologies and diseases. This is a measurement of pressure using automatic special equipment. Such a study lasts at least a day.

The device independently saves readings at a certain time. This method is used to find out which values ​​are optimal for a patient depending on the time of day. You can diagnose hypertension and (if it exists) select the appropriate medications.

The cuff is placed on the patient's shoulder and the monitor is placed (either on a belt or on a belt). In this case, a person leads a normal lifestyle, carrying a special device with him.

How is blood pressure measured?

The diagnosis of “hypertension” is made by a doctor, and he chooses the necessary treatment, but regular monitoring of blood pressure is not only a task medical workers, but every person.

Today, the most common method of measuring blood pressure is based on the method proposed back in 1905 by the domestic doctor N. S. Korotkov (see “Science and Life” No. 8, 1990). It is associated with listening to sound tones. In addition, the palpation method (feeling the pulse) and the 24-hour monitoring method (continuous blood pressure monitoring) are used. The latter is very indicative and gives the most accurate picture of how blood pressure changes during the day and how it depends on different loads.

To measure blood pressure using the Korotkoff method, mercury and aneroid manometers are used. The latter, as well as modern automatic and semi-automatic devices with displays, are calibrated on a mercury scale before use and periodically checked. By the way, on some of them the upper (systolic) blood pressure is indicated by the letter “S”, and the lower (diastolic) by “D”. There are also automatic devices designed to measure blood pressure at certain, set intervals (for example, this is how you can monitor patients in a clinic). Portable devices have been created for daily monitoring (tracking) of blood pressure in a clinic.

Blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day: it is usually lowest during sleep and rises in the morning, reaching a maximum during daytime activity.

It is important to know that in patients with arterial hypertension, nighttime blood pressure readings are often higher than daytime ones. Therefore, for the examination of such patients, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring is of great importance, the results of which make it possible to clarify the time of the most rational use of medications and ensure full control of the effectiveness of treatment

The difference between the highest and lowest blood pressure values ​​during the day in healthy people, as a rule, does not exceed: for systolic - 30 mm Hg. Art., and for diastolic - 10 mm Hg. Art. In arterial hypertension, these fluctuations are more pronounced.

High blood pressure in the morning and low in the evening

A common phenomenon occurs when blood pressure is higher than normal after waking up, and in the evening it decreases, returning to normal. When blood pressure is high in the morning and low in the evening, the reasons for this condition may be:

• emotional stress;
• a large meal before bedtime;
• drinking large amounts of alcohol the night before;
• smoking;
• hormonal changes in mature women;
• thrombophlebitis - inflammation of venous capillaries;
• atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

In old age, people often note that their blood pressure is low in the morning and high in the evening. What to do in this case? The mechanism for this surge is usually an imbalance in the regulatory system. The above factors influence hormonal regulation metabolism and water-electrolyte metabolism, thus causing an increase in blood pressure.

If blood pressure fluctuates during the day, any specialist will advise you to adhere to a sleep schedule, eat right, and do moderate exercise. physical exercise as far as possible.

In more serious cases, the doctor may prescribe drug therapy aimed at treating pathologies of the cardiovascular, urinary, endocrine, and nervous systems. Any appointment should be made after an examination: appropriate biochemical tests and diagnostic studies must be done. You cannot self-medicate!

• exclusion from the diet fatty varieties meat;
• foods rich in dietary fiber and vitamins should prevail;
• meals in fractional, small portions;
• reducing the consumption of salt and spices;
• the consumption of tonic drinks and alcohol-containing products should be minimized;
• make freshly squeezed juices;
• steam food.

For useful information on how to normalize blood pressure, watch the following video:

Do you still think that it is difficult to cure hypertension?

Judging by the fact that you are reading these lines now, victory in the fight against pressure is not yet on your side...

Consequences high pressure known to everyone: these are irreversible damage to various organs (heart, brain, kidneys, blood vessels, fundus). In later stages, coordination is impaired, weakness appears in the arms and legs, vision deteriorates, memory and intelligence are significantly reduced, and a stroke can be triggered.

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VseDavlenie.ru » Diagnostics and treatment of pressure » All about pressure surges

Other physiological pressure changes

Physiologically determined deviations from the norm in blood pressure remain unnoticed by many. But there are cases when unstable pressure is monitored, and the change in indicators does not correspond to the norm. Then we can assume a relationship between deviations and the following states of the body:

We can talk about the development of pathology if a person also has endocrine disorders.

• A stressful situation, anxiety, emotional stress, lack of sleep are common reasons that can change blood pressure.
• Development of the pathological condition:
  • disruption of the endocrine glands;
  • pathologies of the autonomic nervous system;
  • cardiovascular diseases.
• Age characteristics and pregnancy.

To prevent and prevent the development serious pathologies You need to measure your blood pressure once or twice a year. A study may show certain deviations: increased pressure, decreased or constant surges. Such conditions are dangerous, so as not to trigger more complex pathological processes, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Arterial hypertension

An increase in blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg and above) is observed with hypertension, or, as it is commonly called abroad, essential hypertension (95% of all cases), when the cause of the disease cannot be established, and with so-called symptomatic hypertension (only 5%), developing as a result of pathological changes in a number of organs and tissues: kidney diseases, endocrine diseases, congenital narrowing or atherosclerosis of the aorta and other large vessels. Arterial hypertension is not without reason called the silent and mysterious killer. In half of the cases, the disease is asymptomatic for a long time, that is, the person feels completely healthy and does not suspect that the insidious disease is already undermining his body. And suddenly, like a bolt from the blue, severe complications develop: for example, stroke, myocardial infarction, retinal detachment. Many of those who survived a vascular accident remain disabled, for whom life is immediately divided into two parts: “before” and “after”.

Recently I heard a striking phrase from a patient: “Hypertension is not a disease; blood pressure is elevated in 90% of people.” The figure is, of course, greatly exaggerated and based on rumors. As for the opinion that hypertension is not a disease, this is a harmful and dangerous misconception. It is these patients who, what is especially depressing, the vast majority, do not take antihypertensive drugs or are not treated systematically and do not control their blood pressure, frivolously risking their health and even their lives.

In Russia, 42.5 million people currently have high blood pressure, that is, 40% of the population. Moreover, at the same time, according to a representative national sample of the Russian population aged 15 years and older, 37.1% of men and 58.9% of women knew about the presence of arterial hypertension, and only 5.7% of patients received adequate antihypertensive therapy men and 17.5% women.

So in our country there is a lot of work ahead to prevent cardiovascular accidents - to achieve control over arterial hypertension. The target program “Prevention and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in the Russian Federation”, which is currently being implemented, is aimed at solving this problem.

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Introduction

Main part

Theoretical part

Practical part

Study of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure using the method of social survey (Internet survey)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction:

The effects of atmospheric pressure and atmospheric phenomena (thunderstorm, hot and dry winds, fog, snowfall, etc.), according to various scientists, affect the well-being of approximately 75% of people. According to various sources, this figure fluctuates somewhat, but all authors agree with the very fact of the influence of atmospheric phenomena on human well-being. This is confirmed by the life experience of any of us. The concept of “weather sensitivity” includes the influence of several factors on human health in general. The very value of atmospheric pressure (or its change) is only one of the factors influencing well-being in general. And we want to focus on the specific influence of atmospheric pressure (its changes) on the value of blood pressure. At the same time, we tried to specify the problem and dwell on the effect of changes in atmospheric pressure on the blood pressure of adolescents.

In adolescence, health problems often arise that are temporary, that is, they go away with age. This is due to the fact that during the period of rapid growth and development of the body, many human organs and functions develop at different rates. Among other things, it is also influenced by the fact that it is during adolescence that serious hormonal changes occur in the body.

In most cases, it is impossible to avoid changes in blood pressure in such a situation. But it seems to us that if teenagers know what exactly these changes can be associated with, then it will be easier for them to perceive and survive it. Many of our friends and classmates often go to the doctor with complaints of high or low blood pressure. But they do not have any associated chronic diseases.

Based on the above, we believe that studying this problem is important, necessary and interesting.

Purpose of the study

Research objectives:

assess respondents' opinions on this issue

find out the opinion of medical workers who are directly involved in working with adolescents on this issue

experimentally identify the dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure in adolescents

Research hypothesis:

Research methods:

study of literary sources and Internet resources on the research topic

method of direct measurement of atmospheric and blood pressure

For 10 days in a row, we measured blood pressure in a group of subjects aged 13 and 14 years old (we used the help of classmates). At the same time, we measured atmospheric pressure with a barometer.

method of analyzing and comparing the obtained measurement results

Based on the results of direct measurements, we constructed a series of graphical relationships that clearly demonstrate the presence or absence of a relationship between pressures

social survey method (Internet survey)

Taking advantage of the capabilities of the Internet, we invited teenagers completely unknown to us to answer several questions on the topic of our research. We believe that it is the Internet that allows short term interview a large number of people and thereby make the statistics more accurate.

interviewing method

The topic of our research directly concerns human health, therefore the opinion of medical workers on the topic of our research seems to us the most authoritative.

Separately, I would like to note that we ourselves began to understand more and more the relevance of this problem in the process of working on the research. Here are the main points of relevance of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure of adolescents (and its changes) on the value of atmospheric pressure:

it affects human health

the term "meteosensitivity" implies dependence on a number of atmospheric changes, without specifically highlighting atmospheric pressure

we are people ourselves adolescence and this problem concerns us personally and our friends

it was interesting for us to study this problem, we learned a lot of new and interesting things

II. Main part

II.I Theoretical part

Pressure: basic concepts

Pressure (P) is a physical quantity that characterizes the state of a continuous medium and is numerically equal to the force acting per unit surface area perpendicular to this surface.

Pressure in the SI system is measured in pascals: [p]=Pa

In medicine, meteorology and many other areas of human activity, pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

The following pressure units are also used:

Bar , T technical atmosphere, physical atmosphere , meter of water column , inch of mercury , lbf per square inch .

The pressure of gases and liquids is measured using manometers, differential pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, atmospheric pressure - with barometers, blood pressure - with tonometers.

Atmosphere pressure:

Atmosphere - air envelope Earth. Air is a mixture of gases, the main ones being nitrogen and oxygen. The Earth's atmosphere extends over several thousand kilometers and its density decreases with distance from the Earth's surface.

The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth the mass of the Earth. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease, and the temperature changes unevenly and complexly, including due to the influence of solar activity on the atmosphere And magnetic storms. The change in temperature within the atmosphere at different altitudes is explained by the unequal absorption of solar energy by gases. The most intense thermal processes occur in the troposphere, and the atmosphere is heated from below, from the surface of the ocean and land.

It should be noted that the atmosphere is of very great environmental importance. It protects all living organisms of the Earth from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and meteorite impacts, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and equalizes the daily cycle. If the atmosphere did not exist, the daily temperature fluctuation on Earth would reach ±200 °C.

We are accustomed to perceiving the presence of an atmosphere as a fact, but atmospheric air only seems weightless to us. In fact, it has weight, which can be shown by simple calculations:

Let's calculate the weight of air in a volume of 1 m3 near the Earth's surface:

Р=m.g - formula for calculating the weight of a body of known mass

m=ρ.V, where ρ=1.29 kg/m3 - air density near the Earth’s surface

Weight of 1 m3 of air:

Р=1.29kg/m3.1m3.9.8N/kg ≈ 13 N

So, the weight of one cubic meter of air is approximately 13 N. The air, with its weight, presses on the Earth, therefore, exerts pressure. This pressure is called atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the Earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is created by the gravitational attraction of air towards the Earth.

Normal atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 760 mmHg at sea level at a temperature of 15 0 C (or 101,325 Pa.) In superficial calculations, normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be 100 kPa.

When reporting on the weather on the radio, the announcers usually end by saying: atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg (or 749, or 754...). But how many people understand what this means and where weather forecasters get this data from?

Atmospheric pressure is measured in order to more likely predict possible weather changes. There is a direct connection between pressure changes and weather changes. An increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure with some probability can serve as a sign of weather changes. A decrease in pressure is followed by cloudy, rainy weather, and an increase is followed by dry weather, with severe cooling in winter.

Arterial pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels, or, in other words, the excess of fluid pressure in the circulatory system over atmospheric pressure. The most common measurement is blood pressure; In addition to it, the following types of blood pressure are distinguished: intracardiac, capillary, venous.

Blood pressure is one of the most important parameters characterizing the functioning of the circulatory system. Blood pressure is determined by the volume of blood pumped per unit time by the heart and the resistance of the vascular bed.

The top number is systolic blood pressure, which shows the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the arteries. The bottom number is diastolic pressure, which shows the pressure in the arteries at the moment the heart muscle relaxes. Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure in the arteries. As blood moves through the vascular bed, the amplitude of blood pressure fluctuations decreases; venous and capillary pressure depend little on the phase of the cardiac cycle.

A typical healthy person's arterial blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) = 120/80 mmHg. Art., pressure in large veins by several mm. rt. Art. below zero (below atmospheric). The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic (pulse pressure) is normally 30-60 mmHg. Art.

Blood pressure is the easiest to measure. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer (tonometer). This is what is usually meant by blood pressure.

Modern digital semi-automatic tonometers allow you to limit yourself only to a set of pressure (up to sound signal), further pressure relief, registration of systolic and diastolic pressure is carried out by the device itself.

The influence of various factors on blood pressure indicators

Blood pressure depends on many factors:

time of day,

psychological state of a person (under stress, blood pressure increases),

taking various stimulants (coffee, tea, amphetamines) or medications that increase blood pressure.

on the frequency of contractions of the heart, which drives blood through the vessels,

on the quality of the walls of blood vessels (their elasticity), which provide resistance to blood,

on the volume of circulating blood and its viscosity,

person's age

The influence of atmospheric pressure on the value of human blood pressure:

The effects of atmospheric pressure and atmospheric phenomena (thunderstorm, hot and dry winds, fog, snowfall, etc.), according to various scientists, affect the well-being of approximately 75% of the population. But the very value of atmospheric pressure (or its change) is only one of the factors influencing well-being in general. The concept of “weather sensitivity” includes the influence of several factors on human health in general. And we want to focus on the specific influence of atmospheric pressure (its changes) on the value of blood pressure.

Meteosensitivity

Weather sensitivity is the body's reaction to the effects of meteorological (weather) factors. Meteosensitivity is quite widespread and occurs with any, but more often unusual for this person climatic conditions. About a third of the inhabitants of temperate latitudes “feel” the weather. The peculiarity of these reactions is that they occur in a significant number of people synchronously with changes in meteorological conditions or somewhat ahead of them.

Meteorological sensitivity has long caused surprise and even fear of people before an incomprehensible natural phenomenon. People who sense the weather were called “living barometers”, “petrels”, “weather prophets”. Already in ancient times, doctors guessed about the influence of weather on the body. For a healthy person, meteorological fluctuations are usually not dangerous. Nevertheless, people who do not feel the weather still exhibit reactions to it, although sometimes they are not consciously aware of it. They must be taken into account, for example, among transport drivers. When weather conditions change sharply, it becomes more difficult for them to concentrate. This may increase the number of accidents. As a result of illnesses (flu, sore throat, pneumonia, joint diseases, etc.) or fatigue, the body's resistance and reserves are reduced. That is why meteosensitivity is observed in 35-70% of patients with various diseases. Thus, every second patient with diseases of the cardiovascular system feels the weather. Significant atmospheric changes can cause overstrain and disruption of adaptation mechanisms. Then the oscillatory processes in the body - biological rhythms - become distorted and become chaotic. The physiological (asymptomatic) weather reaction can be compared to a calm lake along which waves flow from a light breeze. A pathological (painful) weather reaction represents a kind of vegetative “storm” in the body. Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system contributes to its development. The number of autonomic disorders has been increasing recently, which is associated with the effect of unfavorable factors of modern civilization: stress, haste, physical inactivity, overeating and undereating, etc. In addition, different people The functional state of the nervous system is far from the same. This determines the fact that often diametrically opposed weather reactions are observed for the same diseases: favorable and unfavorable. More often, meteosensitivity is observed in persons with a weak (melancholic) and strong unbalanced (choleric) type of nervous system. In people of a strong, balanced type (sanguine people), meteosensitivity manifests itself only when the body is weakened. The body is affected by both the weather as a whole and its individual components.

Fluctuations in barometric (atmospheric) pressure act in two ways:

reduce blood oxygen saturation (the effect of barometric “holes”)

mechanically irritate the nerve endings (receptors) of the pleura (the mucous membrane lining the pleural cavity), the peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity), the synovial membrane of the joints, as well as vascular receptors.

Under normal conditions on the surface of the earth, annual fluctuations in atmospheric air do not exceed 20-30 mm, and daily fluctuations are 4-5 mm. Healthy people tolerate them easily and unnoticed. Some patients are very sensitive to even such minor changes in pressure. Thus, with a decrease in blood pressure, people suffering from rheumatism experience pain in the affected joints; in patients with hypertension, their health worsens and attacks of angina are observed. In people with increased nervous excitability, sudden changes in pressure cause feelings of fear, worsening mood and sleep. Changes in atmospheric pressure, especially abrupt ones, negatively affect the circulatory system, vascular tone, and blood pressure.

The well-being of a person who has lived in a certain area for quite a long time is normal, i.e. the characteristic pressure should not cause any particular deterioration in well-being.

Staying in conditions of high atmospheric pressure is almost no different from normal conditions. Only at very high blood pressure is there a slight reduction in heart rate and a decrease in minimum blood pressure. Breathing becomes rarer but deeper. Hearing and smell are slightly reduced, the voice becomes muffled, a feeling of slightly numb skin appears, dry mucous membranes, etc. However, all these phenomena are relatively easily tolerated.

More unfavorable phenomena are observed during the period of changes in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its decrease (decompression) to normal. The slower the change in pressure occurs, the better and without adverse consequences the human body adapts to it.

With reduced atmospheric pressure, there is increased and deepening of breathing, increased heart rate (their strength is weaker), a slight drop in blood pressure, and changes in the blood are also observed in the form of an increase in the number of red blood cells. The adverse effect of low atmospheric pressure on the body is based on oxygen starvation. It is due to the fact that as atmospheric pressure decreases, the partial pressure of oxygen also decreases.

The mechanism of the relationship between atmospheric and blood pressure:

Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases, the pressure of each of which contributes to the total atmospheric pressure. This contribution of individual oxygen is the partial pressure of this gas. Consequently, as atmospheric pressure decreases, the partial pressure of oxygen also decreases, which leads to oxygen starvation and, with the normal functioning of the respiratory and circulatory organs, less oxygen enters the body.

According to medical statistics, a healthy person feels most comfortable at an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm. rt. Art.

II.II Practical part

II.II.I Study of the problem of dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure using the method social survey (online survey)

using a social survey (Internet survey) to find out the opinion of the target audience about the possibility of a person’s blood (arterial) pressure depending on atmospheric pressure.

Target audience of the social survey: respondents from 10 to 20 years old.

Questions asked:

		Answer options
	Your age?		From 10 to 15 years	From 15 to 20 years		Over 20 years old

Methodology for analyzing the results:

Questionnaires from respondents who chose the following answer options were excluded and were not subject to analysis:

		Answer options
	Are you ready to help us with our research?
	Your age?					Over 20 years old
	Have you ever experienced low or high blood pressure?
	Are you interested in the atmospheric pressure value indicated in the weather forecast? (or measure yourself)
	Do you think changes in your blood pressure are related to changes in barometric pressure?

As a result, we accepted for processing questionnaires from respondents who were ready to help us, who were teenagers (we slightly expanded the age range), who had problems with blood pressure and who had an understanding of atmospheric pressure. To simplify the data processing process, we stopped the online survey at the hundredth questionnaire that met the above requirements.

Yes - 65% No - 15% Don't know - 20%

Conclusion: Most adolescents who have problems with blood pressure tend to associate this with changes in atmospheric pressure.

Comments: teenagers do not have special medical education, do not measure blood pressure every day, and may have other health problems that affect blood pressure values. Therefore, the results of a social survey express only the audience’s opinion on this issue, and not the direct relationship of the phenomena under consideration.

Study of the problem of dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure using interviewing method

The task of this stage of the study: find out the opinion of medical workers who are directly involved in working with adolescents on this issue.

Interview with school paramedic Kostyakova Svetlana Valerievna:

Question: please tell me how often do teenagers come to you with the problem of high or low blood pressure?

Answer: Very often, during a medical examination, we identify a number of problems directly related to deviations from the norm in blood pressure.

Question: What do you think this might be connected with?

Answer: It seems to me that there are several main reasons. This is, firstly, our changeable northern weather. The fragile body of a teenager simply does not have time to react mobilely and adapt correctly and quickly to such changes. According to statistics, teenagers in regions with a more stable climate suffer much less from such deviations

And secondly, the children are very busy: school, clubs, sections, tutors B big cities this problem is even more acute...

Question: Do you believe that many healthy people are weather dependent?

Answer: you know, now some St. Petersburg medical centers specialize in correcting weather dependence. Entire techniques have been developed, including herbal medicine, therapeutic exercises, breathing exercises and much more. But these clinics mainly specialize in treating middle-aged and elderly people, or people with chronic pathologies in this area. And among teenagers, weather dependence can be a temporary, age-related problem. But if a teenager is sure that weather changes affect his condition, no one is stopping him from taking an interest in the weather forecast in advance and, based on this, making his plans for the coming days. Nature still has many secrets and questions to which there are no concrete answers yet.

Study of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure using an experimental method.

The task of this stage of the study: experimentally, through direct measurements, to identify the dependence of blood pressure on atmospheric pressure in adolescents.

Progress of the experiment: Blood pressure was measured for 10 days in eight subjects aged 13 and 14 years. At the same time, we measured atmospheric pressure with a barometer, checking the readings with the meteorological forecast for these days. The difference between the experimental values ​​of atmospheric pressure and the meteorological forecast data turned out to be insignificant. Therefore, for comparison and analysis, we used data obtained independently during the experiment.

Data processing technique: we entered the direct measurement data into a table (see below). During the comparative analysis, we came to the conclusion that there is a need to make additional calculations based on the results of direct measurements. The data was also entered into a table (see below). The following graphs turned out to be more clear, which allowed us to draw a conclusion that practically confirmed our hypothesis.

Table No. 1, data from direct pressure measurements (mm Hg)

	Atmospheric pressure value	Blood pressure value
		Tanina Alina	Maleeva Tatyana	Agafonov Igor	Grebeneva Irina	Sazonov Kirill	Yarulin Maxim	Rooster Alena	Gukkina Nadezhda

Graph No. 1: atmospheric pressure value

Graph No. 2: blood pressure value of two subjects

The experimental data did not reveal a direct relationship between the pressure values.

Based on the fact that when comparing direct measurement data the conclusion is not entirely obvious, we hypothesized that the relationship may exist not so much between absolute pressure values, but between changes these values.

Table No. 2

Modulus of the difference between the current pressure value and the next one

in mmHg (∆ p)

	atmospheric

Graph No. 3: change in atmospheric pressure

Chart No. 4

Comparison of changes in atmospheric and blood pressure

Diagram No. 1: comparison of changes in atmospheric and blood pressure

Conclusions from this part of the study:

Based on the analysis of experimental data, we can claim that CHANGES in atmospheric pressure (in one direction or another) lead to CHANGES in blood pressure, which is clearly demonstrated by graph No. 2. That is, we can claim that blood pressure depends from the atmospheric, more preciselychanges atmospheric pressure lead tochange blood pressure in adolescents.

Conclusion

The study of the connection between human health and atmospheric phenomena has a long history, in which facts are mixed with legends. Already the father of medicine, Hippocrates, in his famous treatise “On Airs, Waters and Terrains” outlined the essence of the influence of weather on humans. Nowadays, this problem is studied mainly by medical centers specializing in the treatment of hypotension and hypertension. For our study, we chose one of the aspects of meteosensitivity - the influence of atmospheric pressure on the well-being of adolescents.

The purpose of our study was: to study the dependence of changes in blood pressure in adolescents on changes in atmospheric pressure.

We assumed that such a dependence exists, therefore we put forward a hypothesis about the existence of this dependence.

Research hypothesis: Based on the information we received from literary and Internet sources, we assume that blood pressure in adolescents depends on atmospheric pressure.

We approached the study of this problem from several points of view. We were interested in the question of whether this problem worries our peers. To solve this issue, we conducted an online survey among a large group of teenagers, the result was very clear - 65% of respondents tended to consider the hypothesis we put forward to be correct. Then we were interested in the question of what medical workers directly related to working with adolescents think about the influence of atmospheric pressure on the health of schoolchildren. From interviews with a teenage doctor and a school paramedic, we received a lot of useful and revealing information, which also practically confirms our hypothesis. Next, it seems appropriate to us to quote the famous philosopher, inventor and painter Leonardo da Vinci. He claimed that:

“The interpreter of nature’s tricks is experience; he never deceives.

Those who, when studying science, turn not to nature, but to authors, cannot be considered sons of nature; I would say that they are only her grandchildren."

To paraphrase the great genius, we want to say that only experimental data can directly confirm or refute the hypothesis put forward. Therefore, the practical part of our work is an experiment comparing the values ​​of blood and atmospheric pressure of adolescents for 10 days and further analysis of the data obtained.

We believe that we have completed the assigned tasks and present to your attention specific conclusions for each of the assigned tasks, as well as a general conclusion corresponding to the stated goal of the work:

General conclusion:

There is a relationship between the value of atmospheric pressure and the value of blood pressure in adolescents. The essence of this relationship is that changes in atmospheric pressure in most cases lead to changes in blood (systolic) pressure in adolescents.

We have considered only a small aspect of the general problem of the influence of atmospheric phenomena on human health. In the process of research work we received a lot useful information, and realized that the problem itself is much broader than the specific topic of our research. If we have such an opportunity, we will definitely continue to study this issue and in the future we will consider other aspects of the influence of atmospheric phenomena on human health in general and adolescents in particular.

List of used literature and online resources:

Kuznetsov B.G. Paths of physical thought. - M.: Nauka, 1968, 350 pp.

Peryshkin A.V. Physics 7. - M.: Bustard, 2008, 193 pp.

Peryshkin A. V, Physics 7. - M: Bustard, 2014, 224 pp.

Ryzhenkov A. P. Physics, man, environment. - M.: Education, 2001, 35 pp.

Simanov Yu. G. Live barometers. - M.: Znamya, 1986, 128 pp.

Schoolchild's encyclopedia: 4000 fascinating facts. - M.: Makhaon, 2003, 350 pp.

http//ru.wikipedia.org

http/www.d-med.org

Atmospheric pressure is considered normal within the range of 750-760 mm Hg. (millimeters of mercury). During the year it fluctuates within 30 mmHg. Art., and during the day - within 1-3 mm Hg. Art. A sharp change in atmospheric pressure often causes a deterioration in health in weather-sensitive people, and sometimes in healthy people.

If the weather changes, patients with hypertension also feel unwell. Let's consider how atmospheric pressure affects hypertensive and weather-sensitive people.

Weather dependent and healthy people

Healthy people do not feel any changes in the weather. People who are weather dependent experience the following symptoms:

• Dizziness;
• Drowsiness;
• Apathy, lethargy;
• Joint pain;
• Anxiety, fear;
• Gastrointestinal dysfunction;
• Fluctuations in blood pressure.

Often, health worsens in the fall, when there is an exacerbation of colds and chronic diseases. In the absence of any pathologies, meteosensitivity manifests itself as malaise.

Unlike healthy people, weather-dependent people react not only to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, but also to increased humidity, sudden cold or warming. The reasons for this are often:

• Low physical activity;
• Presence of diseases;
• Decline of immunity;
• Deterioration of the central nervous system;
• Weak blood vessels;
• Age;
• Ecological situation;
• Climate.

As a result, the body's ability to quickly adapt to changes in weather conditions deteriorates.

If the atmospheric pressure is high (above 760 mm Hg), there is no wind and precipitation, they speak of the onset of an anticyclone. There are no sudden temperature changes during this period. The amount of harmful impurities in the air increases.

Anticyclone has a negative effect on hypertensive patients. An increase in atmospheric pressure leads to an increase in blood pressure. Performance decreases, pulsation and pain in the head, and heart pain appear. Other symptoms of the negative influence of the anticyclone:

• Increased heart rate;
• Weakness;
• Noise in ears;
• Facial redness;
• Flashing "flies" before the eyes.

Elderly people with chronic cardiovascular diseases are especially susceptible to the effects of the anticyclone. With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the likelihood of a complication of hypertension - a crisis - increases, especially if the blood pressure rises to 220/120 mm Hg. Art. Other dangerous complications may develop (embolism, thrombosis, coma).

Low atmospheric pressure also has a bad effect on patients with hypertension - a cyclone. It is characterized by cloudy weather, precipitation, and high humidity. Air pressure drops below 750 mm Hg. Art. The cyclone has the following effect on the body: breathing becomes more frequent, the pulse quickens, however, the force of the heart beat is reduced. Some people experience shortness of breath.

When air pressure is low, blood pressure also drops. Considering that hypertensive patients take medications to lower blood pressure, the cyclone has a bad effect on their well-being. The following symptoms appear:

• Dizziness;
• Drowsiness;
• Headache;
• Prostration.

When atmospheric pressure increases, patients with hypertension and weather-sensitive people should avoid active physical activity. We need to rest more. A low-calorie diet containing increased amounts of fruit is recommended.

If the anticyclone is accompanied by heat, it is also necessary to avoid physical activity. If possible, you should be in an air-conditioned room. A low-calorie diet will be relevant. Increase the amount of potassium-rich foods in your diet.

To normalize blood pressure at low atmospheric pressure, doctors recommend increasing the volume of fluid consumed. Drink water, infusions medicinal herbs. It is necessary to reduce physical activity and rest more.

Sound sleep helps a lot. In the morning, you can have a cup of caffeinated drink. During the day you need to measure your blood pressure several times.

Effect of pressure and temperature changes

Changes in air temperature can also cause many health problems for hypertensive patients. During the period of an anticyclone, combined with heat, the risk of cerebral hemorrhages and heart damage increases significantly.

Because of high temperature and high humidity reduces the oxygen content in the air. This weather has a particularly bad effect on older people.

However, in some cases, such weather conditions cause blood thickening. This increases the risk of blood clots and the development of heart attacks and strokes.

The well-being of hypertensive patients will worsen if the atmospheric pressure rises simultaneously with a sharp drop in temperature environment. With high humidity and strong wind, hypothermia (hypothermia) develops. Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system causes a decrease in heat transfer and an increase in heat production.

The reduction in heat transfer is caused by a decrease in body temperature due to vasospasm. The process helps to increase the body's thermal resistance. To protect the extremities and facial skin from hypothermia, the blood vessels located in these parts of the body narrow.

If the cooling of the body is very sharp, persistent vascular spasm develops. This may cause an increase in blood pressure. In addition, a sharp cold snap changes the composition of the blood, in particular, the number of protective proteins is reduced.

Above sea level

As you know, the higher you are from sea level, the lower the air density and the lower the atmospheric pressure. At an altitude of 5 km it decreases by about 2 r. The influence of air pressure on the blood pressure of a person located high above sea level (for example, in the mountains) is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Increased breathing;
• Heart rate acceleration;
• Headache;
• Attack of suffocation;
• Nosebleeds.

At the heart of the negative impact low blood pressure air there is oxygen starvation, when the body receives less oxygen. Subsequently, adaptation occurs, and health becomes normal.

A person who permanently lives in such an area does not feel the effects of low atmospheric pressure. You should know that in hypertensive patients, when rising to altitude (for example, during flights), blood pressure may change sharply, which threatens loss of consciousness.

Underground

Underground and water air pressure is increased. Its effect on blood pressure is directly proportional to the distance to which it must be descended.

The following symptoms appear: breathing becomes deep and rare, heart rate decreases, but only slightly. The skin becomes slightly numb, the mucous membranes become dry.

Much more severe symptoms develop due to a sharp change: increase (compression) and decrease (decompression). Miners and divers work in conditions of high atmospheric pressure.

They descend and rise underground (underwater) through sluices, where the pressure increases/decreases gradually. At increased atmospheric pressure, gases contained in the air dissolve in the blood. This process is called "saturation". During decompression, they leave the blood (desaturation).

If a person descends to a great depth underground or under water in violation of the venting regime, the body will become oversaturated with nitrogen. Caisson disease will develop, in which gas bubbles penetrate into the vessels, causing multiple embolisms.

The first symptoms of the pathology of the disease are muscle and joint pain. IN severe cases The eardrums burst, the head becomes dizzy, and labyrinthine nystagmus develops. Caisson disease is sometimes fatal.

Meteopathy

Meteopathy is the body's negative reaction to weather changes. Symptoms range from mild malaise to severe myocardial dysfunction, which can cause irreversible tissue damage.

The intensity and duration of manifestations of meteoropathy depend on age, body composition, and the presence of chronic diseases. For some, the ailments continue for up to 7 days. According to medical statistics, 70% of people with chronic illnesses and 20% of healthy people have meteopathy.

The second degree is called meteodependence, it is accompanied by changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Meteopathy is the most severe third degree.

With hypertension combined with weather dependence, the cause of deterioration in well-being can be not only fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, but also other environmental changes. Such patients need to pay attention to weather conditions and weather forecasts. This will allow you to take the measures recommended by your doctor in a timely manner.

The most effective folk methods in the treatment of angina pectoris, characteristics of the disease

Every year more and more cases of angina are recorded. This disease previously affected only older people, but now even young people are not protected from this serious condition. How does the disease manifest? Is it possible to treat angina at home? What emergency care should be provided to the patient?

General information about the disease

If it seems that heart disease is conspiring against you, you need to urgently begin treatment. Angina pectoris without adequate therapy will gradually lead to myocardial infarction.

An attack of angina is associated with coronary heart disease, and coronary circulation worsens. When atherosclerotic changes are minor, angina attacks occur rarely or not at all. As ischemia progresses, angina pectoris also becomes more frequent. The attacks last longer and are more pronounced.

Angina pectoris can be caused by both physical fatigue and emotional shock. With severe ischemia, the symptoms of the disease can disturb a person even at rest.

Important! Treatment of angina pectoris with folk remedies is possible only in the initial stages of the disease. In severe forms of the disease, traditional methods of treatment play only a supporting role.

What triggers an attack

Acute symptoms of angina occur in certain situations:

• jogging;
• sudden change in temperature or atmospheric pressure;
• stress;
• lifting weights;
• binge eating;
• walking up the stairs.

Some people experience angina attacks after surgery. Angina pectoris is another name for angina pectoris. Depending on the circumstances and condition of the patient, attacks may occur rarely, up to once a week or less. When the disease is advanced, symptoms of angina pectoris appear up to several times a day, even at night, during sleep.

The manifestation of acute symptoms in the form of pain informs a person about insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardial muscle. This means you need to break this conspiracy and support your heart.

Symptoms of the condition

Before treating an angina condition, it is important to be able to identify it. Most often, acute symptoms can be relieved using traditional methods.

Important! An attack of angina begins with severe squeezing pain, concentrated in the sternum or behind it. The pain presses, creates a feeling of lack of air and fear. The sensation may spread to the left arm, collarbone, neck and abdomen.

The duration of an angina attack may vary. It all depends on what first aid is provided and what stage of the disease the person is at. Some noted that angina pain persisted for several minutes. In other cases, the symptoms lasted up to half an hour or more.

In addition to pain, the following symptoms of angina appear:

• profuse sweat appears;
• the skin on the face turns pale;
• There is a feeling of burning and squeezing behind the sternum.

Pain during an angina attack radiates to different areas. Unpleasant sensations appear in the teeth, jaws and hands. But first of all, the pathology affects the heart muscle.

Types of angina

Doctors divide angina into several types. Highlight:

• stable;
• unstable;
• variant angina.

With stable angina, the intensity of symptoms increases depending on the severity coronary disease hearts. Attacks occur with a certain frequency.

With unstable angina, a sudden aggravation of the condition is possible, akin to a pre-infarction state. In such cases, emergency medical care and inpatient treatment are always required.

Variant angina is the most difficult to treat and often has a poor prognosis. The attacks last longer, occur abruptly and without apparent reason. In this regard, the risk of myocardial infarction increases.

First aid for angina

Folk remedies are effective for angina, but not during an acute attack. Here it is important to quickly provide a person with quality assistance, because it could cost him his life.

First of all, you need to put the patient in bed and help him take a semi-sitting position. Any physical activity should be stopped immediately. Place a nitroglycerin and validol tablet under your tongue. After five minutes, the nitroglycerin intake should be repeated.

The patient should be in a cool and ventilated area. If there are clothes that are tight around the neck or chest, they should be loosened or removed.

If simple ways does not relieve pain; hospitalization is required. All cases of angina should be monitored by doctors.

It is not advisable to treat angina pectoris at home, because you may not respond in time to a worsening condition. The risk of a heart attack is very high, and this cannot be allowed. Angina and ethnoscience compatible only in the absence of acute conditions. By combining treatment methods, you can break the conspiracy of the disease and maintain health!

Treatment with traditional methods

Folk remedies for the effective treatment of angina are used only in the initial stages of the disease. If the disease is advanced, it is necessary to use methods of both traditional and traditional medicine.

To treat angina pectoris folk ways passed successfully, you need to take into account some rules:

• before using a new product, it is better to consult with your doctor;
• it is important to make sure that folk recipe does not contain anything that can cause an allergic reaction;
• always strictly adhere to the dosage, otherwise the disease will not be cured, but problems will increase;
• It is worth carefully examining the drug that you plan to use, because many of them increase blood pressure.

No matter how enthusiastic the reviews of those healed may be, it is worth maintaining prudence and adequately assessing the body’s abilities. There is no need to agree to the use of questionable drugs for heart health if there is no logical explanation for how they work.

Do not hope that the treatment of angina pectoris traditional methods, even the most effective ones, will bring lightning-fast results. It is important to tune in to the fact that it will take a long time until the conspiracy of heart disease becomes a thing of the past.

Classification of folk remedies

In order not to harm your body, it is important to clearly understand when and what medicinal formulations to use. All of them are conditionally divided into several categories.

One of the groups of plant components affects the production of cholesterol in the liver. These include the following:

• chamomile;
• garlic;
• burdock;
• raspberries;
• alder;
• Aralia;
• sea ​​​​buckthorn;
• dandelion.

Other plants, once ingested, prevent harmful cholesterol from entering the bloodstream and building up on the walls of blood vessels. The following herbs are used:

• lemongrass;
• plantain;
• cowberry;
• lure;
• ginseng;
• Eleutherococcus;
• hawthorn;
• burdock.

It is noteworthy that among the herbs there are those that have a thinning effect on the blood. Natural anticoagulants are indispensable for many diseases of the cardiovascular system. Among them are the following:

• calendula;
• raspberries;
• sweet clover;
• meadow clover;
• strawberries;
• horse chestnut;
• hawthorn;
• whine.
• Melissa;
• hop;
• horsetail;
• licorice;
• motherwort.

Herbal medicine for angina pectoris gently relieves symptoms, helps slow the progression of the disease, and improves the health of the body as a whole. It is important to strictly adhere to the dosage and use medications regularly.

Using folk recipes

There are many medicinal plants for angina pectoris. The benefits of properly prepared and regularly taken medications are undeniably high.

You can take the following composition for angina pectoris:

• 3.5 tbsp. l. hawthorn;
• 3.5 tbsp. l. rosehip;
• 2 liters of boiling water.

The composition is infused for 24 hours. Then the berries are removed, and the infusion is drunk a glass several times a day instead of black tea.

Most people know the effect of motherwort tincture on the human heart muscle. You can get no less effect by squeezing the juice from fresh grass. About 40 drops of the product should be diluted in a spoon of clean water and taken before meals.

Some people combine pharmaceutical products to prepare their own effective drug. A mixture of the following tinctures has an excellent effect on angina:

• hawthorn;
• mistletoe;
• valerian.

The drugs are mixed in equal volumes and taken 15-30 drops, depending on the stage of the disease, three times a day.

Some people use a product that can replace a nitroglycerin tablet in an emergency. They recommend swallowing the peeled garlic clove whole. This method shows how to treat angina even in a critical situation without the use of chemical medications.

The following remedy will help not only relieve an attack of angina, but also break the conspiracy of coronary heart disease. To prepare the drug you will need 200 ml of olive oil and wheat vodka. The components are mixed. The medicinal composition is taken 50 ml three times a day. To achieve maximum effect, a long course is required. Usually it is 1.5 months.

For pain in the heart area, fir oil is effective. It can be added to an aroma lamp and rubbed into the sternum area several times a day.

Nuances of treatment according to Neumyvakin

If the test confirms angina, it is important to begin treatment. Therapy according to Neumyvakin involves the use of soda and hydrogen peroxide. This technique helps thin the blood, reduces the risk of developing blood clots and protects against heart attack.

You can drink soda and peroxide only strictly in accordance with the scheme, on an empty stomach. If you exceed the dosage, you can seriously harm the human body! Soda is dissolved in very warm water, but not hot, so as not to burn the esophagus. Peroxide is initially taken drop by drop, then the dosage is gradually increased.

The duration of treatment according to Bolotov and Neumyvakin is determined by the person himself, based on his own well-being. Before starting such treatment, you should consult with your doctor.

You can learn more about this disease by watching the video:

How does atmospheric pressure affect blood pressure?

The gas shell surrounding the Earth presses on its surface and everything on it with a certain force called atmospheric pressure. The optimal value at which a person feels most comfortable is 760 mmHg. pillar Deviations of 10 mm in one direction or another can affect your well-being. And if healthy people do not react in any way to changes in atmospheric pressure, then people with diseases are characterized by increased meteorological sensitivity. Weather changes have a particularly negative effect on blood vessels and the circulatory system.

How does air pressure change?

Atmospheric pressure varies quite widely. It depends on the altitude of the area above sea level, so each area will have its own average value. The higher you go, the thinner the air, which means the lower the pressure. With an increase of 10 m, it decreases by 1 mmHg. pillar

Air pressure depends on temperatures. This means that it is zonal in nature. As you know, the Earth's surface heats up unevenly. The planet is divided into belts with a predominance of high and low pressure. Where the surface becomes very hot, such as near the equator, air rises and an area of ​​low pressure called a cyclone forms. In cold latitudes, the air is heavier and sinks. Areas of high pressure, or anticyclones, form here.

It is not the same at different times of the day. It rises in the morning and evening, and decreases in the afternoon and after midnight.

In summer, when the air is warmest, it reaches its minimum values ​​over the continents. During the cold season, when the air is cold and heavy, it reaches its maximum.

The human body is designed in such a way that it gets used to different conditions. If the weather is stable, whatever it may be, he usually feels fine. Problems arise when a cyclone and an anticyclone alternate, and especially if this happens frequently. At this time, the body needs to adapt to new conditions.

Impact of the cyclone

Typically, at low pressure there is cloudiness, high humidity, precipitation, and elevated temperatures. The oxygen content in the air decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. This weather has Negative influence mainly for people with low blood pressure. Due to oxygen starvation, hypotensive patients experience the following signs of malaise:

• the speed of blood flow slows down;
• blood flow to organs and tissues deteriorates;
• blood pressure decreases;
• pulse weakens;
• it becomes difficult to breathe;
• dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of strength appear;
• due to increased intracranial pressure, spasmodic headaches occur;
• The heart rate increases and breathing becomes faster.

When atmospheric pressure decreases, a hypotensive patient may experience a hypotensive crisis and coma.

What to do for hypotensive patients with low atmospheric pressure

• get a good night's sleep;
• take a contrast shower;
• drink more fluids;
• to harden;
• Drink a cup of coffee or strong tea in the morning;
• take ginseng tincture.

Anticyclone influence

When an anticyclone dominates, dry and windless weather sets in; harmful impurities accumulate in the air, especially in large cities, and air pollution increases. At this time, the health of hypertensive patients worsens. When air pressure increases, a person with high blood pressure experiences the following symptoms:

• blood pressure rises;
• heart rate increases;
• the patient complains of general weakness;
• the face turns red;
• headaches and tinnitus appear;
• floaters appear before the eyes;
• There is a pulsation in the head.

The risk of hypertensive crisis is high, especially if blood pressure reaches 220/120 mmHg. pillar In addition, other disorders in the functioning of the heart and blood vessels (coma, thrombosis, embolism) are possible.

With an anticyclone and hot weather, the risk of heart attacks and strokes is high. At this time, you need to avoid heavy physical activity, rest more, take a contrast shower, switch to a low-calorie diet with a predominant consumption of fruits, drink more water, stay in cool rooms.

It is important to remember that in a person with hypertension, when rising to altitude (flights, mountain climbs), blood pressure may change sharply, and he will lose consciousness.

Conclusion

Meteorological dependence is typical for people with pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, as well as for the elderly, who suffer from many chronic diseases, including hypertension. They are very sensitive to weather changes, and fluctuations in atmospheric pressure especially negatively affect them. It is believed that hypertensive and hypotensive patients are the first to feel these changes.

What happens if you introduce air into a vein?

• answer

Atmospheric pressure is one of the most important climatic characteristics that influence humans. It contributes to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones, and provokes the development of cardiovascular diseases in people. Evidence that air has weight was obtained back in the 17th century; since then, the process of studying its fluctuations has been one of the central ones for weather forecasters.

What is atmosphere

The word “atmosphere” is of Greek origin, literally translated as “steam” and “ball”. This is a gas shell around the planet, which rotates with it and forms a single cosmic body. It extends from the earth's crust, penetrating the hydrosphere, and ends with the exosphere, gradually flowing into interplanetary space.

The atmosphere of a planet is its most important element, ensuring the possibility of life on Earth. It contains necessary for a person oxygen, weather indicators depend on it. The boundaries of the atmosphere are very arbitrary. It is generally accepted that they begin at a distance of about 1000 kilometers from the surface of the earth and then, at a distance of another 300 kilometers, smoothly move into interplanetary space. According to theories followed by NASA, this gas shell ends at an altitude of about 100 kilometers.

It arose as a result of volcanic eruptions and evaporation of substances in cosmic bodies falling on the planet. Today it consists of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and other gases.

History of the discovery of atmospheric pressure

Until the 17th century, humanity did not think about whether air had mass. There was no idea what atmospheric pressure was. However, when the Duke of Tuscany decided to equip the famous Florentine gardens with fountains, his project failed miserably. The height of the water column did not exceed 10 meters, which contradicted all ideas about the laws of nature at that time. This is where the story of the discovery of atmospheric pressure begins.



Galileo’s student, the Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli, began studying this phenomenon. Using experiments on a heavier element, mercury, a few years later he was able to prove that air has weight. He created the first vacuum in the laboratory and developed the first barometer. Torricelli imagined a glass tube filled with mercury, in which, under the influence of pressure, such an amount of substance remained that would equalize the pressure of the atmosphere. For mercury, the column height was 760 mm. For water - 10.3 meters, this is exactly the height to which the fountains rose in the gardens of Florence. It was he who discovered for humanity what atmospheric pressure is and how it affects human life. in the tube was named the "Torricelli void" in his honor.

Why and as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created

One of the key tools of meteorology is the study of the movement and movement of air masses. Thanks to this, you can get an idea of ​​what causes atmospheric pressure. After it was proven that air has weight, it became clear that it, like any other body on the planet, is subject to the force of gravity. This is what causes the appearance of pressure when the atmosphere is under the influence of gravity. Atmospheric pressure can fluctuate due to differences in air mass in different areas.



Where there is more air, it is higher. In a rarefied space, a decrease in atmospheric pressure is observed. The reason for the change lies in its temperature. It is heated not by the rays of the Sun, but by the surface of the Earth. As the air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises, while the cooled air masses sink down, creating a constant, continuous movement. Each of these flows has different atmospheric pressure, which provokes the appearance of winds on the surface of our planet.

Influence on weather

Atmospheric pressure is one of the key terms in meteorology. The weather on Earth is formed due to the influence of cyclones and anticyclones, which are formed under the influence of pressure changes in the gaseous envelope of the planet. Anticyclones are characterized by high rates (up to 800 mm Hg and above) and low speed movements, while cyclones are areas of lower rates and high speed. Tornadoes, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also formed due to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure - inside the tornado it rapidly drops, reaching 560 mm Hg.



Air movement causes changes in weather conditions. Winds occurring between areas with at different levels pressure, overtake cyclones and anticyclones, as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created, forming certain weather conditions. These movements are rarely systematic and are very difficult to predict. In areas where high and low atmospheric pressure collide, climate conditions change.

Standard indicators

The average level under ideal conditions is considered to be 760 mmHg. The level of pressure changes with altitude: in lowlands or areas located below sea level, the pressure will be higher; at altitudes where the air is thin, on the contrary, its indicators decrease by 1 mm of mercury with every kilometer.

Low atmospheric pressure

It decreases with increasing altitude due to distance from the Earth's surface. In the first case, this process is explained by a decrease in the influence of gravitational forces.



Heated by the Earth, the gases that make up the air expand, their mass becomes lighter, and they rise to higher levels. The movement occurs until the neighboring air masses are less dense, then the air spreads to the sides and the pressure equalizes.

The tropics are considered traditional areas with lower atmospheric pressure. In equatorial areas there is always low pressure. However, zones with high and low levels are unevenly distributed over the Earth: in the same geographic latitude there may be areas with different levels.

Increased atmospheric pressure

The highest levels on Earth are observed at the South and North Poles. This is explained by the fact that the air above a cold surface becomes cold and dense, its mass increases, therefore, it is more strongly attracted to the surface by gravity. It descends, and the space above it is filled with warmer air masses, as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created at an increased level.

Impact on humans

Normal indicators characteristic of a person’s area of ​​residence should not have any impact on his well-being. At the same time, atmospheric pressure and life on Earth are inextricably linked. Its change - increase or decrease - can trigger the development of cardiovascular diseases in people with high blood pressure. A person may experience pain in the heart area, attacks of causeless headaches, and decreased performance.



For people suffering from respiratory diseases, anticyclones that bring high blood pressure can become dangerous. The air descends and becomes denser, and the concentration of harmful substances increases.

During fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, people's immunity and the level of leukocytes in the blood decrease, so it is not recommended to strain the body physically or intellectually on such days.