Vishnyakov Vasily Nikolaevich 2094
Opinions about the time and place of the appearance of the first electric kettle vary, but historians are sure that it happened at the end of the 19th century.
According to one information, the “electric big-nosed first-born” was introduced in 1881 by the American company Carpenter Electric and boiled water in 12 minutes. The heating element in the device was located under the bottom of the kettle in a separate block.
Another source mentions a certain Colonel Crompton, who mounted a heating element into the base of an ordinary kettle and demonstrated his invention in 1893 at the International Exhibition in Chicago.
A huge disadvantage of electric kettles of that time was their low efficiency, due to the fact that the heating element was external (something like a small electric stove attached to the bottom of a large, heavy vessel with a long nose and a curved handle).
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In 1922, the Englishman Arthur Large and a company of the same designers from The Swan company finally decided to place a heating element inside the kettle, which made it possible to significantly speed up the boiling of water and reduce electricity consumption for heating. At the same time, the first automatic protection was developed, which was triggered when there was no water in the vessel. For the most part, those devices were made of metal with bakelite handles and lids.
Second World War and the shortage of metal made us think about producing teapots from other materials. As a result, ceramic vessels appeared.
1956 became one of the significant years in the history of the improvement of electric kettles. This was facilitated by the system invented by Russell Hobbs automatic shutdown electricity when water boils. In addition, instead of the traditional “swan” shape, they began to produce cylindrical, spherical teapots with a narrow short spout.
In the 70s of the 20th century, the teapot took the form of a jug, so popular today, and the development of other sciences and the invention of new materials made it possible to make kettle light and practical thanks to the use of heat-resistant food-grade plastic.
At the end of the last century, inventors again returned to where they started - they placed a heating element in the bottom of the kettle, albeit with new knowledge and technologies. And the pinnacle of development was a flat disk heater with contacts connected to it.
The development of technology, the idea of dividing the kettle into a body and a stand gave us a light, convenient and safe way treat yourself to hot drinks.
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Sermyazhko Maria
The presentation presents material about the history of the appearance of the first teapot, about various types modern teapots and safety rules for its operation.
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Teapot Made by class “B” student Masha Sermyazhko
A kettle is a vessel with a handle and spout for boiling water or brewing tea. I puff, puff, puff, I don’t want to get warm anymore. The lid rang loudly: Drink tea, the water has boiled!
How did the teapot come about? The first teapots appeared in the homeland of tea in China. They were made from the famous Ising clay of a dark red color, so named because of the city of Ising.
Some time later, after porcelain was invented in China, teapots also began to be made from this new material.
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What does the teapot look like? Spout Handle Cap
What is a kettle for? Boil and brew tea in a kettle. And then the liquid is poured from the kettle into cups.
What types of teapots are there? To brew tea use: porcelain teapots
Glass teapots
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Ceramic teapots
Kettles for boiling water are: Enameled
Metal
Plastic
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Glass
Ceramic
What do you need to know when handling a kettle? Do not leave the kettle unattended; if the water boils away, the kettle will deteriorate or melt, and may even cause a fire. Pour boiling water carefully so as not to get burned. If the kettle handle gets hot, grab the kettle with a potholder or oven mitt.
Over the course of its history, the kettle has changed its shape and material more than once, but has always remained an unchanged and faithful assistant in any kitchen.
Savostyanova E.
What do we imagine when we hear the phrase “traditional Russian tea drinking”? A brilliant samovar, bagels, beautiful cups with a floral pattern, jam and, most importantly, a smiling family gathered together. However, did you know that tea, which appeared in our country in the 17th century, did not take root for a very long time and was used exclusively as medicine for almost a century and a half?!
This and much more was discussed at the exhibition “DESPERATE STORIES”, which takes place as part of the 1st All-Russian project “History of Things” in the exhibition hall of the Folk Art Crafts Foundation. The project is dedicated to telling the story of the history of things that surround us every day, which have entered everyday culture so deeply that we simply stopped noticing their uniqueness and certainly never think about the history of their origin.
Exhibition “DESPERATE STORIES”
The exhibition's exposition is dedicated to the teapot - a household item without which not a single day of our lives can go - and the history of its appearance in different countries and changes in appearance over time. The exhibition features teapots made exclusively of metal. Many of the exhibits are unique.
Help in the formation of the exhibition was provided by samovar masters (V. Bashkin, Nizhny Novgorod), famous collectors (S.P. Kalinichev), historians of samovar tea drinking (I.A. Sokolov), cultural and artistic figures ( CEO Foundation "Exuberant Life" A.B. Oreshkin, People's Artist of Russia B.V. Shcherbakov).
The exhibition consists of several sections, one of them is dedicated to countries with ancient history tea business - China, Japan, India, Nepal, Burma, as well as European countries and Russia, which adopted tea drinking traditions from Eastern cultures. The exhibition covers the period from the 17th century. to the 21st century and talks about the variety of water heating vessels.
For example, one of the most amazing exhibits of the exhibition is a teapot in the shape of an elephant, made of copper in the 18th century in China, which ended up in the collection of B.V. Shcherbakov during his trip to the Shaolin Monastery. Such a teapot, according to the collector, is presented as a gift on special occasions.
In the Japanese collection, in addition to teapots, cauldrons and bowls, a ritual teapot with an engraving on the bottom of the vessel stands out. This teapot came to us from Russo-Japanese War 1905. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that when the water boiled, the engraving seemed to come to life, steam rose and intricate images appeared on the wall, which, like spirits, predicted the fate of the participant in the ritual.
The European tradition of tea drinking is represented by the steam locomotive bouillotte brought from Warsaw. late XIX century, made of brass and silver plated. This bouillotte, as well as part of a silver tea set, tells about the life of Polish aristocrats: it used to be present at tea parties held on the estate of the Radziwill princes.
A bouillotte is a small metal teapot with a lid mounted on an alcohol burner. It is designed to maintain the temperature of water or a ready-made drink, which made bouillottes indispensable when traveling. They were often used to boil water directly on the tea table. Boulotte can be called younger sister samovar - they are very similar in appearance, but the samovar larger in size and is structured differently.
The bouillotte does not have a brazier pipe. Since bouillottes were mainly used only in an aristocratic environment, almost all of them were made by the most skilled craftsmen and are of high value today.
The cultural representation at the Embassy of the Republic of Iran in the Russian Federation, being one of the participants in the exhibition, offered visitors amazingly beautiful painted items for tea drinking - a sugar bowl, a plate, a jug and cups made of copper and covered with enamel, as well as a copper and gold-plated samovar.
It is surprising that, brought from Russia to Iran, the samovar took root there without changing its name or purpose. However, the Iranians changed it somewhat according to their taste and traditions.
In general, a significant part of the exhibition is dedicated to Russia. Not only teapots and samovars are presented here, but also sbitenniki and mulled wine. Unique cupronickel silver-plated, bone-inlaid samovar “ram” second half of the 19th century century, made at the factory of cupronickel and bronze products of Alexander Kach.
Here is also a samovar made by the modern master Vladimir Bashkin, who today is the only master of samovar making in Russia. It was with his hands that the samovar was created, presented to the Patriarch of All Rus' Kirill.
At the exhibition you can see another of this master’s works of art – a mulled wine pot made of copper and bronze.
The second part of the exhibition introduces visitors to teapots associated with unusual stories and personalities. It was interesting to see a coffee pot from a Victorian service, given to Bernard Shaw by his relatives after receiving Nobel Prize. There was an opportunity to admire the tea set items of the early 20th century, which were used by the poet, composer and performer Alexander Vertinsky while staying in a room at the Grand Hotel.
The leaders of the proletariat also loved to drink tea. The exhibition presents V.I. Lenin’s teapot, which he used during his life in Razliv, as well as an amazing water heater made from cartridges, with which the most romantic story of the exhibition is connected.
The soldier who returned alive from Civil War, from the remaining cartridges he himself smelted a teapot and two cups, on which he engraved his name. He gave this tea set to his bride, who was waiting for him from the front, as a wedding gift. The descendants of this family brought the surviving set to the exhibition.
At the exhibition, visitors also got acquainted with tea packaging. In particular, with tin tea packaging from the early 20th century, a wooden tea box “A.K. Kuznetsov" of the 20th century, with old candy wrappers, pre-revolutionary signs and price lists of tea houses. The modern period is represented by the works of art university students who tried themselves as designers of original tea packaging.
From the history of the teapot
The history of the teapot is directly related to the history of tea and it comes from China and Japan, where tea was not only a drink, but also part of the philosophy of life. The ancestors of the modern teapot are considered to be Chinese ho-go and Japanese boilers. Ho-go is a Chinese samovar; it looks like a cauldron, tapering downward. In the center of the boiler there is a pipe into which burning charcoal is placed. This pipe allows you to maintain the temperature of water or broth, preheated using a burner installed under the boiler. Ho-go, unlike the Russian samovar, is not used for making tea - meat and fish dishes are cooked in it. The first ho-gos are still found today; these ancient products were made of ceramics and date back to the Three Kingdoms period (220 - 280).
In general, the first teapots appeared only in the 14th century, when a new method of brewing tea leaves arose in China - they were poured with boiling water and allowed to brew, and this required vessels with lids that kept the drink warm. During this period, teapots were made from a special type of porous clay - zishi, which is still mined in Chinese city Isin, famous for its pottery since the 10th century. It was these first zishi teapots that served as the ancestors of modern teapots.
The cult of tea in Japan in the 16th century led to an increase in demand for teapots. In this regard, not only a whole industry for the production of teapots appeared, but also a real revolution in decoration methods took place. Teapots decorated with paintings of nature and Buddhist sutras began to be valued as real objects of art. During this period, the Japanese sought to master pottery, for which they willingly invited Chinese masters as mentors. Over time, new and original ways of making teapots were developed in Japan.
Teapots appeared in Europe in the 17th century; they were brought by the Dutch, who had trade relations with China. However, the Dutch themselves were able to create a teapot resistant to hot temperatures only at the end of the century, and only after that did the industrial production teapots in Europe.
The first European teapots were made in a crude manner, they were heavy and inconvenient. Therefore, China was still the leader in porcelain production. Only at the beginning of the 18th century did English and German masters learn to create porcelain of equal quality, and a little later metal teaware appeared in Europe.
The metal made it possible to create very sophisticated objects, and silver became especially popular. A fashion arose for silver tea sets; the possession of such an item indicated the high status of the owner. However, silver teapots got very hot and were inconvenient to use, and, in addition, unnecessary heat ruined the taste of the tea. At the same time, tin teapots appeared, which all those who could not purchase more expensive sets could afford.
The shape of teapots changed from round to square and oval, and only towards the end of the 18th century the teapot acquired all the main features that it has today.
In Rus', the teapot appeared even before tea. Only it was modified and had a different name - sbitennik, and a traditional Russian honey-based drink - sbiten - was brewed in it. The sbitennik looks like a teapot, but inside it has a pipe for storing coal. Therefore, when tea came to Rus' in the 17th century, the dishes were adapted for its preparation.
The first tea was brought as a gift to the Tsar of Moscow Mikhail Fedorovich from the Mongol Khan. At first, the king and the nobility did not like it - it was too bitter and tart. However, later they noticed that this drink helped to stay alert for a long time, and they began to take it as a medicine. At the end of the century, trade contracts were concluded with China for the supply of dry tea leaves to Russia. At first, the common people were wary of tea, as they were of everything foreign, and besides, it was very expensive. The markets sold tea of the lowest quality, so for a long time people continued to drink herbal teas from strawberries, mint, and oregano.
Tea truly entered Russian life in the middle of the 18th century, but adherents of the Old Believer tradition did not welcome tea drinking. A community emerged that called for drinking only native Russian drinks: sbiten, mead, herbal teas. Members of this community wore signet rings that depicted devils, tea drinkers, as a sign of condemnation of the tradition of tea drinking. But, despite everything, tea has become a truly national drink in Russia.
At this time, teapots, samovars and samovar-teapots appeared. The first Russian teapots were made of copper, brass and silver. Metal teapots, like samovars, were real works of art; they were made individually and were expensive. Samovars-kettles can be called the ancestors of modern thermoses: they consisted of two compartments: charcoal was burned in one of them, and hot boiled water was poured into the other. Thus, it was constantly supported warm temperature water, but, unlike the samovar, the water was not brought to a boil.
Undoubtedly, the main attribute of traditional Russian tea drinking is the samovar. The production of samovars was established in the middle of the 18th century in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl and Tula. It was in Tula, which is considered the capital of samovars, that in 1778, in the city's first samovar establishment, the brothers Ivan and Nazar Lisitsyn made the country's first samovar. The founder of this establishment was their father, gunsmith Fyodor Lisitsyn, who, although he worked at a weapons factory, built his own workshop and began working on copper. So, with the growing popularity of the tradition of drinking tea, artisans quickly turned into manufacturers, workshops into factories.
Samovars were made different forms and sizes, they were made of brass, cupronickel and copper, many of them are real masterpieces of samovar making. In addition to their spaciousness and beauty, samovars were valued for their “melody”: before boiling, they made sounds that created a special atmosphere of warmth and comfort at the table. Initially, the water was heated by an internal firebox, which was a tall tube filled charcoal. Later, other types of samovars appeared, for example, kerosene or electric. However, experts are sure that the most delicious tea is obtained only by brewing it with water from a samovar over charcoal.
Today, a real samovar can only be seen in a remote village or in a museum; unfortunately, in our country they are almost never produced.
Vladimir Bashkin makes samovars himself, in his workshop in Sormovskaya Sloboda not far from Nizhny Novgorod. First, the master prepares wax, wooden or metal models of parts of future samovars; some elements are made of plasticine. They are then cast in brass and "fitted", after which they are soldered with silver and the finished product is polished or plated with another metal such as nickel. It takes several months to complete a samovar.
The tradition of Russian tea drinking has long been not just a way to quench thirst, but a special time spent with loved ones. Family issues were traditionally resolved over tea, marriage alliances and even trade deals were concluded. This is precisely why the Russian tradition differs from the original tea drinking culture of Japan, in which the philosophy of contemplation predominates.
Japanese tea ceremony
As part of the exhibition “DESPERATE STORIES”, representatives of the Urasenke tea school held a master class on the art of the Japanese tea ceremony. As you know, the custom of drinking tea came to Japan from China, but the culture of tea drinking was not just adopted, but rethought and elevated to the rank of art, and knowledge of the rules of tea drinking in the country began to be passed on from teacher to student.
Already in the 16th century, European travelers returning from Japan spoke about the unusual bright green, bitter drink “matcha,” which they tasted at exquisite tea ceremonies. The name was given of Sen no Rikyu, a famous tea master of that time. It was he who, throughout his life studying the art of the tea ceremony, developed a style of “simplicity”, in which simple Japanese utensils were used instead of rich Chinese utensils, and transformed tea practice into a philosophy of life. This knowledge lies at the basis of the modern art “Chado” - the Way of Tea.
The tea ceremony begins with the arrival of guests. The signal that everything is ready is the slightly open gate of the tea complex and the path of stones sprinkled with water leading to it. Upon arrival, guests find themselves in a hallway where they can leave their belongings and change their shoes, then proceed into the garden.
The quiet tea garden is designed like a mountain path among plants and flowers. Guests, walking through the garden, tune in to serenity and peace, freeing their minds from problems and worries. Having greeted the owner in front of the tea house, guests perform the ritual of washing their hands and mouth in a special small well, symbolizing the cleansing of spirit and body. To get inside the premises, guests are forced to literally squeeze through the small entrance - this is also a kind of ritual of transition to a world of tranquility: no one entering, due to the size of the passage, will be able to bring a weapon inside. Before the guests arrive, the owner hangs a scroll with a saying of the Zen master in a special niche in the wall - “tokonoma”, which reflects the theme and mood of today’s tea meeting. A fire is lit in a bronze hearth and a cauldron of water is placed.
While the water in the cauldron is heating up, guests are served a treat - “kaiseki”. The dishes are very simple and, at the same time, exquisite - the purpose of the treat is to get rid of the feeling of hunger and, accordingly, from discomfort. At the end, omogashi sweets are served, which, like kaiseki, are prepared in small portions for ease of eating. After this, guests leave the tea house for a while to prepare for the main part of the ceremony - serving thick tea. At this time, the owner exchanges the scroll with the saying in “tokonoma” for flowers and makes all the necessary preparations for tea.
The main action begins with the symbolic cleansing of the utensils by the owner, which allows guests to fully feel his mood and begin to breathe in the rhythm of his movements. After this, the ceramic bowl warms up hot water to ensure that the tea is at the desired temperature. The whisk is washed in the same water. Then the owner wipes the cup, and at the same time slowly looks into it - in it he sees his heart.
Matcha tea is added to the bowl, poured with hot water and whisked until a thick mass is obtained. Bowing, the host passes the cup of ready-made tea to his guests, starting with the eldest or the most honorable. Guest accepts the cup right hand, nods to the next guest, puts the bowl on left palm, covered with a silk scarf, and, turning the cup clockwise twice, drinks from it. The bowl is turned so that the design decorating it is turned away from the guest and does not get wet when drinking - this is how the guest shows respect to the house, trying to preserve the service passed down from generation to generation. Then the guest puts aside the silk scarf, wipes the edge of the bowl with a paper napkin and passes it to his neighbor. This procedure is repeated by each guest, after which the bowl is returned to the owner.
All guests drink tea from a common cup, thus creating an atmosphere of complete unity. After the owner has the bowl, he again hands it over to the guests so that each of them can admire the design decorating it and appreciate the craftsmanship.
Then the owner cooks light tea for each guest, thereby starting new stage Ceremonies are a stage of relaxation and leisurely conversation. During the conversation, they do not talk about worries and matters, but discuss the beauty of tea utensils, the comfort in the house, the saying on the scroll, the taste of tea and the beauty of flowers. Immediately before serving tea, guests are offered sweets, and after tea is finished, guests again inspect the bowls that were served specifically for light tea. When the conversation is completed, the host bows and leaves the guests, making it clear that the ceremony is over. Before leaving, guests once again inspect the tea room, the hearth, and the flower arrangement - according to the rules, the flowers in the tokonoma should bloom by the end of the ceremony, reminding everyone of the time spent together. The owner sees off the guests silently, bowing to them at the entrance to the house, and after they leave he returns to the tea room, where he spends some time reminiscing about the meeting. Then he removes the flowers, wipes the hearth, takes away all the utensils and leaves. Cleaning is a symbol of summing up the final result; it is important that the ceremony is preserved only in the memory of the participants, without leaving any external traces in the house.
It is impossible to imagine the culture of Japan without the wonderful tradition of the tea ceremony, but also the understanding of Russian culture is inextricably linked with drinking tea at the samovar. At first glance, there are huge differences between these two traditions - while the Japanese ceremony involves serene calm and aesthetic pleasure, and Russian tea drinking is usually noisy, accompanied by jokes and conversations. But, nevertheless, tea in all cultures performs a single function - it unites people. Perhaps today, in the age of high speeds and communication at a distance, when people began to use electric kettles and brew tea from disposable paper bags, it is worth returning to the roots - get together with the whole family, invite guests for a leisurely tea party to feel the amazing warmth and comfort hearth.
Literature:
1. Varebrus L. Radio film “The Samovar Passions of Volodya Bashkin.” URL: http://www.radiorus.ru/news.html?rid=4342&date=28-04-2013&id=646570 Chinese Internet Information Center. URL: http://russian.china.org.cn/russian/169755.htm (access date: 05/04/2013).
2. Museum "House of Tea". URL: http://www.bloxa.ru/exbr/exbrseptember/traders/muzei_chainika/
3. NP “Tyanoyu” Moscow representative office of the Urasenke tea school URL: http://www.chanoyu.ru/action/action.html
4. NP “Tyanoyu” Moscow representative office of the Urasenke tea school URL: http://www.chanoyu.ru/culture/culture.html
5. Regional Public organization development of cultural ties with Iran. URL: http://persia.ru/main/?page=559 (date of access: 05/03/2013).
6. Folk Arts Fund Russian Federation. URL: http://www.fond-narprom.ru/7
7. Encyclopedia “What is what.” URL: http://what-is-what.ru/veshi/42-bulotka.html
The modern electric kettle is perhaps the fastest and most efficient device invented for boiling water. It is an integral part not only in the kitchen, but also in the office, enterprise and even at a construction site.
A certain Colonel Crompton, showing ingenuity, installed an electric heating element into an ordinary kettle, or rather into its stand. This was around 1893. At the international exhibition in Chicago, where it was presented the same year, it did not cause much enthusiasm, since it boiled water very slowly, while consuming quite a lot of electricity. By the way, the same thing happened with the history of the electric stove.
One way or another, it is known for certain that the first kettle with an electric heating element appeared in Germany. If you believe official sources, the creator of the first mass-produced electric kettle can be considered the German company for the production of household electrical appliances AEG. By the way, they are still doing the same thing, but as part of the Electrolux corporation.
By the mid-90s of the century before last, AEG produced about 80 household appliances operating using electrical energy. It is known for certain that among them there was an electric kettle. The first water heaters were radically different in design from modern kettles. They had a heating element attached under the kettle. It looked something like this if a small electric hotplate was glued to a regular metal kettle. Naturally, the effectiveness of such a device was extremely low.
It was only in 1922 that designers of household appliances thought of placing an electric heating element directly inside the vessel. One of these craftsmen was the Englishman Arthur Large. It is not surprising that the water in such a kettle began to boil much faster, and the electrical energy spent on this began to boil much less. Although few people thought about saving electricity in those years.
In 1956, inventor Russell Hobbs created a system to automatically turn off electricity when water boils. And in the 1970s, heavy metal electric kettles were replaced by lightweight and practical plastic ones.
The idea of a disk heating element built into the bottom of a kettle was put forward at the end of the 20th century. At the same time, the water became even faster, and the notes of scale and burnt spiral no longer mixed into its taste.
Slide 2
The birthplace of the tea party
The art of tea drinking arose and developed in ancient China. Although today the Japanese tea ceremony is more famous in the world. The first Chinese ceramic teapots were made from special red Yixing clay, which was considered the best for brewing tea.
Slide 3
Issinskaya clay
Issinskaya is the name given to clay that has been mined for centuries in the town of Issin. This city is located in Jiangsu, a province of China. Teapots made from Issin clay are especially prized. They manage to prepare unusually tasty tea, thanks to unique properties Issin clay. Issinsky clay has a finely porous structure that allows air to penetrate through the walls without allowing water to pass through. Thus, the tea “breathes” during brewing - it is saturated with oxygen, which has an unusually positive effect on its taste.
Slide 4
Amazing vessels
Over time, aromatic oils and other tea components accumulate in the pores of Isshin clay, which over time begin to “enhance” the taste of the tea being brewed. According to legend, after many years of use, you can simply pour hot water and pour out the tea.
Slide 5
The first European teapots
At the beginning of the 16th century. tea came to Europe for the first time, and not alone, but with its own true friend teapot. It was a small pot, designed for only one serving of tea.
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Appearance
The European teapot owes its appearance to the Turkish coffee pot and Spanish wine vessels.
Slide 7
German teapots
European craftsmen, competing with each other in their imagination, produced teapots of various shapes and types.
Slide 8
Unusual teapots
Rectangular and square, in the shape of houses and animals, with dragon heads instead of spouts... Sometimes, in fact, it was no longer possible to brew tea in such a vessel!
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Tea ritual in Japan
Slide 10
In an Uzbek teahouse
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Traditional English tea party
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England. Victorian era
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The appearance of teapots in Russia
Teapots appeared in Russia in the 17th century. These were large teapots, small teapots, and of course, samovars - a purely Russian invention.
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Skolly People's Tea Party
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Perov V.G. Tea drinking in Mytishchi
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Traditions of Russian tea drinking
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When visiting - only tea!
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Family tea party
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Anna Boganis Tea Party
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In the Russian teahouse
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Symbol of Russia
A samovar is a device for boiling water and making tea. Initially, the water was heated by an internal firebox, which was a tall tube filled with charcoal. Later, other types of samovars appeared - kerosene, electric, etc.
Slide 22
Folk tradition
The birthplace of the samovar in Russia is the Urals. It is known that the first samovar was made in Tula in 1778. brothers Ivan and Nazar Lisitsyn. In 1850, in Tula alone there were 28 samovar factories, which produced about 120 thousand samovars per year!
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Tsar's samovars
Russian tsars also loved to drink tea.
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Changing the shape of the teapot
For many years, water in a kettle was heated by placing it on fire. Then teapots with a whistle and heat-resistant glass teapots appeared.
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Modern teapots
Modern teapots and samovars have a wide variety of shapes.