Currently, the innovative nature of education is becoming the most important tool in its competition with other social institutions for influence on the younger generation. The investment attractiveness of education depends on the innovative nature of the development of the educational sphere, the integration of scientific, educational and practical activities, and the inclusion of education in the national innovation system.
Increasing the quality, accessibility, effectiveness of education, its continuous and innovative nature, the growth of social mobility and activity of young people, their inclusion in various educational environments make the education system an important factor in ensuring the national security of Russia and the growth of the well-being of its citizens.
One of the tasks of a modern school is to reveal the intellectual potential and creative abilities of students. Solving these problems is impossible without implementing the variability of educational processes, and therefore various innovative types and types of educational institutions appear that require deep scientific and practical understanding.
In the domestic literature, the problem of innovation has long been considered in the system of economic research. However, over time, the problem arose of assessing the qualitative characteristics of innovative changes in all spheres of social life, but it is impossible to determine these changes only within the framework of economic theories.
At the theoretical and methodological level, the problem of innovation is most fundamentally reflected from the standpoint of the system-activity approach in the works of prominent domestic scientists M.M. Potashnik, A.V. Khutorskogo, N.B. Pugacheva, V.S. Lazareva, V.I. Zagvyazinsky, which makes it possible to analyze not only individual stages of the innovation process, but also move on to a comprehensive study of innovations.
Theoretical aspects of innovation processes. The concept of innovations in education, their classification. Innovations, or innovations, are characteristic of any professional human activity and therefore become the subject of study, analysis and implementation into practice. Innovations do not arise by themselves; they are the result of scientific research, advanced practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. This process cannot be spontaneous; it needs to be managed.
The concept of “innovation” translated from Latin means “renewal, innovation or change.” This concept first appeared in the research of scientists in the 19th century. and meant the introduction of some elements of one culture into another. At the beginning of the 20th century. A new field of knowledge arose, innovation - the science of innovation, within which the patterns of technical innovations in the field of material production began to be studied. Pedagogical innovation processes have become the subject of special study in the West since about the 50s and in the last twenty years in our country. Pedagogical innovations are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of upbringing and education: introducing new things into goals, content, and organizing joint activities between teacher and student.
In the scientific literature, the concepts of “novation” and “innovation” are distinguished. The criterion differences between the concepts of “novation” and “innovation” can be presented as follows:
| Criteria | Novation | Innovation |
| Scope of goals and objectives | Private | System |
| Methodological support | Within existing theories | Goes beyond existing theories |
| Scientific context | Fits relatively easily into existing “norms” of understanding and explanation | May cause a situation of misunderstanding, rupture and conflict, since it contradicts the accepted “norms” of science |
| Nature of actions (quality) | Experimental (testing private innovations) | Purposeful search and the fullest desire to obtain a new result |
| Nature of actions (quantity) | Limited in scope and time | Holistic, long lasting |
| Action type | Informing subjects of practice, transferring local innovations “from hand to hand” | Designing a new system of activities in this practice |
| Implementation | Approbation, implementation as a management move (from above or by agreement with the administration) | Germination, cultivation (from the inside), organization of conditions and space for appropriate activities |
| Result, product | Changing individual elements in an existing system | Complete renewal of the position of subjects of practice, transformation of connections in the system and the system itself |
| Novelty | Initiative in action, rationalization, updating of techniques, invention of a new technique | Opening new areas of activity, creating new technologies, achieving a new quality of performance results |
| Consequences | Improvement of the previous system, rationalization of its functional connections | Perhaps the birth of a new practice or a new paradigm of research and development |
Thus, innovation is precisely a means (a new method, technique, technology, program, etc.), and innovation is a purposeful change that introduces stable elements into the environment that cause a transition of the system from one state to another.
The content of innovation can be: scientific and theoretical knowledge of a certain novelty, new effective educational technologies, a project of effective innovative pedagogical experience, ready for implementation, made in the form of a technological description.
To develop programs for experimental innovation activities, it is necessary to understand the different types of innovations, depending on the criteria by which they are divided.
By type highlight pedagogical and managerial innovations.
By the nature of the changes made– radical (based on fundamentally new ideas and approaches), combinatorial (new combination of elements) and modifying (improves and complements the corresponding forms and patterns).
According to the scale of changes made– local (changes in components independent of each other), modular (interconnected groups of several local innovations) and systemic (complete reconstruction of the system as a whole).
By issue– innovations aimed at:
– change of the whole school as a whole;
– creation of system-forming activities in it based on conceptual ideas;
– development of new forms, technologies and methods of the educational process;
– development of new educational content and new ways of structuring it;
– development of new forms and management systems.
By origin: external (outside the educational system); internal (developed within the educational system).
In terms of scale and socio-pedagogical significance: federal, regional, subregional (intended for educational institutions of a certain type and for specific professional and typological groups of teachers).
On reflection before introducing innovation:
– random – innovations are far-fetched and introduced from the outside, not following the logic of the development of the educational system. Most often, they are implemented on the orders of higher management and are doomed to failure;
– useful – innovations that correspond to the mission of the educational institution, but are unprepared, with vague goals and criteria that do not form a single whole with the school system;
– systemic – innovations derived from the problem field with clearly defined goals and objectives. They are built on the basis of taking into account the interests of students and teachers and are of a continuity with traditions. They are carefully prepared, examined and provided with the necessary resources (personnel, material, scientific and methodological).
Summarizing the above, we can formulate the basic pattern of innovation design: the higher the rank of innovation, the greater the requirements for scientifically based management of the innovation process.
At the stage of an educational institution entering the mode of innovative development, the issue of developing a technology for assessing the changes being introduced becomes relevant. Innovation assessment parameters:
Relevance of the innovation being assessed– determined by social order, the possibility of eliminating significant shortcomings in work, as problems identified as a result of the analysis of the school’s work are resolved.
Compliance of the new idea with the general idea of school development– when assessing an innovation, it is necessary to determine how much the proposed innovation fits into the school development concept. This concept is an important part of the development program of a general education institution.
Novelty of the idea– compliance with the level of the latest achievements of pedagogical science and practice.
Innovation effectiveness– is assessed either by analogy with the development of this idea elsewhere, or by expert means (based on intuition, studying the potential of the idea, etc.).
Creative novelty (innovative potential) of an idea– it is not necessary to solve the current problems of the school only with the help of radical innovations (the highest degree of creative novelty), which have neither analogues nor prototypes. If there is a technology or program that is effective, although not new, then it should not be rejected just because it is not new.
Opportunities for potential participants to master innovations– are determined by the complexity and accessibility of the technology, the nature and strength of motivation of the participants, the degree of interest of teachers and managers in introducing innovation, the extent of the need for additional training and retraining of members of the teaching staff.
Possible resistance to innovation– may arise from those teachers whose proposals did not pass; recent bearers of excellence; those teachers who are unable to cope with the innovation.
Bashkarev Albert Yakovlevich
St. Petersburg
State
Politechnical University,
Saint Petersburg
Quality of the innovative project
as the basis for innovation efficiency
Currently, even in official documents, there are discrepancies in the understanding of the term “innovation”. Within the framework of the question posed, we will assume that innovation is a product of a multiphase creative process, possessing new qualities and properties that make it attractive in the vast ocean of the market.
The multiphase nature of the process is that it includes the stages of scientific research, applied research, design and technological development, technical and economic analysis, and marketing research. Completing all these stages requires serious, and often very large, financial support. Thus, in order for the state’s economy to have innovative development, the action and interaction of several clusters of its active participants is necessary.
First innovators. These may include both individual individuals and entire organizations, i.e. legal entities. Innovators, based on new results of scientific research or already known engineering solutions, put forward a constructive proposal for the creation of an innovation - a product (good) with new consumer properties. As a rule, innovators act on the relay race principle. Some put forward innovative ideas, others offer constructive solutions for their implementation and test these solutions, others organize production, etc. This whole process as a whole can be called an innovation project.
The second cluster is investors. Like previous participants in the innovation process, they can be individuals and legal entities. Their main goal is to make a profit, which can only appear on the market. The objective need for investors is to ensure the operation of the innovation relay race, i.e. in financing the process of birth of an innovative product from an innovative idea. The most interested and powerful investor is the state. It can receive direct profits from the market and income in the form of taxes from the profits of other investors. To a certain extent, this also applies to the local budget. Investment financing always involves risk. And the sooner an investor joins the innovation relay, the higher his degree of risk. That is why the early phases of innovative projects experience the greatest shortage of investment support.
The following are typical reasons that lead to unfulfilled innovative hopes:
A) Scientific error in an innovative idea.
B) Insufficiently competent way in the constructive implementation of the idea.
C) The size of the investment is not compensated by the size of the profit received.
D) Related fields of science or industries are not ready to provide a specific innovation relay. For example, there is no material that has the necessary strength properties.
D) Late, or, conversely, premature appearance of an innovative product on the market.
Every potential investor needs the most complete comprehensive assessment and analysis of all the listed factors. As a rule, for this he has a business plan of one quality or another. But business plans are usually developed by innovators themselves, and even the most detailed of them always turn out to be too optimistic. Therefore, they must be subject to serious examination. Thus, the inevitable participants in the innovation process are experts, who must determine the quality of the innovation project and, thus, indirectly positively influence it and its result - innovation.
Experts represent the third cluster of participants in innovative development.
The previous analysis of innovation errors leads to the conclusion that the following types of expertise should exist: scientific and technical (including patent), economic and marketing. An indispensable condition for the examination should be maximum confidence in its performers on the part of investors. Such trust can be based on their authority, the availability of appropriate licenses, and legislative documents defining the responsibility of experts for the quality of their work. Unfortunately, at present there is a large deficit in licensed expertise and a complete vacuum in the legislative framework regarding the expertise of innovative projects. In these conditions, as world experience has shown, small knowledge-intensive businesses, where an innovative product is created by the innovators themselves, take on all the investment risk, acting simultaneously as both investors and experts. In this case, one of the most difficult tasks is solved, and with a sufficient degree of reliability - market examination (of actual finished products).
The last participant in the innovation process is the cluster buyers (consumers). It would seem that his role is passive and small, but this is not entirely true. Everything depends on his activity, capabilities and condition. Unfortunately, in the domestic economy at present this particular participant remains the most passive.
To promote and implement an innovative project, information integration of all four listed clusters, presented in the attached diagram, is necessary.
Zones A, B, C, D, E reflect quantitatively the areas of interaction between participants. Zone A the user receives a ready-made innovative product. Essentially, it is a market where the user searches and the innovator offers. Zone B an innovator is looking for an investor to create an innovation relay race. Zone C interested investors turn to experts on selected proposals. Zone D experts analyze the prospects of innovative projects. Zone E with a positive decision from experts and investors, innovators complete the innovation project by obtaining a product that goes into zone A.
The more information overlap the clusters, the larger the zones A, B, C, D and E , the higher the degree of innovative development of the economy. Thus, the most pressing issue is the creation of a system for information convergence of all four clusters.
Its solution can be successful if it creates a single format for the entire information system, into which all participants in the innovation process would fit. In this case, they can quite simply find each other based on mutual interests.
In St. Petersburg, on the initiative of the Scientific and Technical Council under the City Government under the leadership of Academician V. A. Glukhikh, a similar system began to be created. The format of information interaction “innovator investor” has already been formed, which provides the opportunity for a cluster of experts to fit into it. For this purpose, it is envisaged to use existing classifiers, for example, the nomenclature of scientific specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission.
The system was initially conceived in the interests of the industry of St. Petersburg, but as we worked on it, it became clear that it could become quite effective if it took on a federal or even larger scale.
Innovation is an introduced innovation that provides a qualitative increase in the efficiency of processes or products that is in demand by the market. Quality is the degree to which the inherent characteristics of a product meet the requirements. An organization can achieve competitiveness at the current stage of economic evolution only by producing high-quality products. Therefore, the constant goal of the organization should be to improve the quality of goods and services produced. Quality cannot be worked on sporadically; it is necessary to give preference to long-term strategic planning of this process over short-term gains and invest resources in innovation, research and education.
In modern conditions, the introduction of effective innovative technologies allows, on the one hand, an organization to gain competitive advantages: improve the competitive situation in the market for its product and financial condition, qualitatively increase production potential and production personnel. Innovative technologies require significant time and material resources for their implementation. To ensure high efficiency of innovative activities, today the relevance of a systematic, timely and comprehensive assessment of the innovative functioning of an enterprise is increasing.
A significant part of innovations is of an improving nature: aimed at improving technical means in order to reduce the labor intensity of operations, aimed at saving materials (due to the use of cheap substitutes or optimizing processing modes of the starting material), energy, etc. The introduction of innovative measures helps to reduce production costs, which is important for enterprises implementing a cost minimization strategy or having limited financial capabilities. As a rule, such innovations are local in nature and are developed by the enterprise’s employees.
Such two components as: generators of innovation and an effective mechanism related to innovation, which allows economic entities to acquire the latest developments and apply them in their processes, are powerful intellectual centers that are the minimum for innovative development of the economy. At the present stage of this development, domestic manufacturers are required to increase their ability to surpass competitors and develop stable competitive advantages. At the same time, the importance of activities related to innovation is increasing, the formation of the innovative potential of organizations, which makes it possible to improve the quality of existing ones and master new competitive technologies. Increasing the competitiveness of enterprises allows them to take their rightful place in the global division of labor, provides a wide sales market, and an increase in cash flows. The state will also benefit from this: the level of GDP is growing, social programs are being implemented, and the well-being of the population is improving. Consequently, the results of activities related to innovation have a positive impact on the state and functioning of both an individual market entity and the state as a whole, which indicates the effectiveness of innovation.
The main criteria for assessing the results of innovation are relevance, significance, versatility and effectiveness. Relevance – presupposes the compliance of an innovative project with various goals of the organization’s development. Significance is determined from the standpoint of state, regional and industry levels of management and from the standpoint of a business entity. Multidimensionality – takes into account the impact of innovation on various aspects of the organization’s activities and its environment, obtaining various types of effect. There are types of effects: scientific and technical, economic, resource, social, environmental.
It must be remembered that the organization bases its activities on achieving its goals (mission), first of all, the ability to successfully operate in markets in the production of new products that appear as a result of the use of new technologies. The production of products that can surpass competitors and strengthen market positions is the result of the innovative activities of each organization. Thus, by choosing the best version of an innovative project, the organization will achieve significant results at the lowest cost.
Understanding the importance of an innovative path of development is characteristic of modern society. The application of innovation is a necessary condition for the future prosperity of the organization. It is necessary to apply innovation not only in the use and operation of various resources, in technological production processes, but also in organizational management systems, in the creation of information systems, in the transfer of knowledge and skills, i.e. in any production activity.
The pace of application of innovations in modern production is rapidly growing. Depending on how quickly an organization applies new requirements to its functioning and in the production of new products, the success of the enterprise and the state as a whole depends. Thus, innovation should be given special attention in order to achieve the release of quality products and successfully operate in the market.
Literature:
1. Yokhna M.A. Economics and organization of innovation: Textbook \ M.A. Yokhna, V.V. Stadnik. M.: Academy. 2005. 400 p.
2. Larichev O.N. Theory and methods of decision making, as well as Chronicle of events in Magical Lands: Textbook / O.N. Larichev. – M.: Logos, 2000. – 396 p.
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R. R. Khalitov
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCHING THE CATEGORY “QUALITY OF INNOVATIONS”
Key words: quality of innovation, innovative development, quality of innovative development, quality management
innovative projects.
The article examines various points of view and theoretical views of foreign and domestic researchers on the problem of studying the quality of innovative development. The article explores the theoretical foundations of quality management of innovative development, shows the need to manage the quality of innovative projects in the activities of enterprises, and establishes the essential importance of methods for assessing the level of quality assurance of innovative projects in the management system of an enterprise.
Keywords: quality in innovation, innovation development, quality of innovation development, quality management of innovation
The article deals with various points of view and theoretical opinions of foreign and domestic researches on the issue of research of quality in innovation development. Theoretical bases of quality management innovation in development are investigated, the necessity of quality management of innovation projects for the enterprises is shown and essential value of estimating methods of maintenance level of quality of innovation projects in work management system is established in the article.
Innovative development of economic sectors in a dynamically changing environment increasingly creates the need to form a new set of modern tools and indicators that allow us to adequately perceive and evaluate economic processes, as well as create effective programs for effective regulation and forecasting of the development of economic systems. Meanwhile, the development of various sectors of the regional economy is largely characterized by the presence of largely contradictory processes. All these processes acquired special significance in the development of socio-economic systems only at the end of the 20th century, and therefore do not always lend themselves to a clear and complete explanation within the framework of classical theories.
The main component of the development of economic sectors should be considered their dynamism, which is manifested in the intensive development of both the external relations of the system, determined by external factors, and in the mobility of its internal structure, including internal factors. This makes it particularly important to study the specifics of the transformation processes themselves in sectors of the economy, namely, determining what is the object of influence, namely the composition of internal and external factors, transformation processes, in what form they should take place and to what changes in the economic system they actually lead .
The study of transformation processes in economic sectors should be focused on creating effective and adequate tools that allow for macroeconomic regulation of the development of economic sectors in order to form a prosperous competitive society and harmoniously integrate the economic system into the global socio-economic space. Mechanisms for regulating innovative development
sectors of the economy should also include effective mechanisms for forecasting the development of the economic system and its structure-forming elements, which would make it possible to foresee all the threats and benefits obtained during the implementation of certain development programs, and, therefore, would create a certain set of opportunities for building the most optimal from the point of view social costs of the development trajectory of the economic system.
Sectoral economic systems are complex management objects, the economic development of which is determined, among other things, by innovation. The innovation process itself is complex and affects various aspects of the economy.
There are a large number of scientific directions in the study of innovative development: the evolutionary direction (N.
Kondratiev, J. Schumpeter, K. Freeman, D. Mayevsky, S. Glazyev, Y. Yakovets, S. Wienter, R. Nelson, etc., quantitative approach (A. Lewis, W. Rostow, R. Solow, J. Hicks, P. Romer, etc.) and the approach related to the existence of the problem of market failure (V. Leontiev, L. Kantorovich, etc.).
In science, both the domestic school of evolutionary scientists and foreign research are known, which are generally based on the work of the Russian scientist N. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter. With the advent of the works of V. Mayevsky, S. Glazyev, Yu. Yakovets, a new approach in domestic science emerges in the study of the theory and methodology of technological development of the economy. The provisions of these theories of innovative development are relevant when considering economic systems both from the standpoint of sectoral and territorial characteristics.
Conceptually patterns
technological development are based on the works of J. Galbraith, P. Drucker, T. Kuhn, B. Satno, D.
Sakhala, E. Tofler. From the position of institutionalization of innovative development, it is relevant to consider the sectoral model of development as an object (subject of management, hence the presence of the paradigm theory of G. Mensch, A. Kleinknecht, K. Perez, R. Foster, K. Freeman, and sectoral trajectories of scientific and technological development is especially valuable K. Pavitt.
There are also various classifications of innovations related to the degree of their novelty. Radical, improving and private innovations are poured out.
In the works of the Russian researcher Yu. V. Yakovets, there is a division of innovations into basic, improving, micro-innovations and pseudo-innovations.
Also interesting is the research of G. Mensch in the field of studying innovative development. In his works, he tried to find a relationship between the rate of economic growth and the cyclical occurrence of basic innovations. According to G. Mensch, from the moment when the production of new goods begins to exceed demand, the manufacturer seeks access to foreign markets, which is why the rate of profit falls, and ultimately less and less funds are allocated to investment. After which capital rushes to financial markets, as a result speculative financial transactions reach critical proportions, and the rate of profit in the monetary sector falls below the rate of profit in industry. Which ultimately leads, according to Mensch, to the fact that the financial sector is moving to investments in the real sector.
Another representative of the evolutionary movement, a follower of G. Mensch, K. Freeman, pays special attention to socio-institutional factors of development, considering them more important than market factors of innovation.
Researcher Carlotta Perez-Perez considers cost structure as a key factor in the techno-economic paradigm, believing that it is changes in the cost structure that mean a change in the techno-economic paradigm.
Until now, domestic scientists have not been able to fully separate novelty for industrial enterprises and novelty for mesosystems, since innovations new to enterprises may not be such in interregional and interindustry comparisons. In science, this is solved by gradation for innovation:
World novelty;
Domestic novelty;
Industry novelty;
New to the company;
Expansion of the range, portfolio of goods and services;
Updated products and services;
Products and services with changed positioning;
With reduced costs (production innovation).
Various classifications of innovation are considered by a number of authors from the perspective of innovation as a result and a process. However, this does not allow us to form a single
methodological approach when comparing the effectiveness of individual sectors of the economy. Therefore, we believe that it is methodologically correct to introduce a universal category for comparing the quality of innovations. This category is broader than considering the signs of innovative activity.
Since often innovative activities in Russian industry do not lead to increased business efficiency, because before this, enterprises could be in a situation of reduced competitiveness of markets, that is, they could receive excess profits. For this reason, the quality of such innovations for economic development in general is questionable.
At the same time, the quality of innovation and the quality of innovative development deserve special attention.
The history of research into the contents of such categories as “quality” and “innovation” already goes back decades and has hundreds of definitions, at the same time, scientists have not yet been able to come to a consensus on the content of such concepts as “quality”
innovation" and "quality of innovative development". In our study, we will try to analyze these two concepts using the means of analysis, the most reliable, in our opinion, and giving the most accurate assessment, definitions of the categories “quality” and “innovation”.
One of the first to define the concept of quality was Walter Shewhart, in his book “Economic Quality Management.”
industrial products" he defined
quality as excellence, impeccability
goods, that is, quality according to Shewhart represents strict compliance with standards.
Another specialist in the field of quality, K. Ishikawa, in his works defines quality as the activity of designing, creating and operating products that are the most profitable and applicable and comply
consumer requirements. If we consider
quality of a new product according to K. Ishikawa, it turns out that it can be in terms of its production and the costs of its use
economical and at the same time have no or negative benefit. Quality of innovative development of the enterprise
is determined by improving customer value, a constant focus on gradual continuous improvement, the overall involvement of staff in the process of continuous improvement and comprehensive controllability of activities.
D. Juran takes as a basis the concept of quality - compliance with the purpose or use of manufactured products. The main idea is that the quality properties of a product are manifested when used in accordance with its purpose or the purpose of its development, that is, quality is formed when the product is used in accordance with its purpose, but quality is not limited to purpose. The fact that a product is used in accordance with its intended purpose and the result of its use is improved does not necessarily lead to an increase in quality. Here there may be a quantitative increase, expressed in an increase in the result of using products without an increase in quality. The quality of innovative development according to D. Juran can be defined as a step-by-step improvement for large projects, accompanied by constant assessment by control (inspection) departments, frequent investments in the social sphere, applicable to the production and service sectors, the scale of use is suitable for the entire product life cycle.
G. Taguchi believes that quality is greatly influenced by losses, ineffective use of products and untimely
supplies. Production losses
untimely deliveries and inappropriate
the use of products reduces the efficiency of the production process as a whole. G. Taguchi
believes that the result of the consumption of new products in a qualitative dimension is largely related not only to the process of its consumption, but rather to the process of its production. The quality of innovative development is determined
focus on continuous improvement in
acceptable levels of variation and is expressed by improving the knowledge and skills of employees, the widespread use of statistical
methods, and is focused on the supplier. Taguchi's concept is more applicable to production processes than to managing the quality of innovative projects.
The definition of the concept of quality as presented by the American scientist Edward Deming is associated with meeting consumer requirements not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes. In his works, he develops 14 principles for building a globally competitive business, including through a focus on continuous improvements (innovations). The next aspect, also of great importance, is the commitment to quality. It is through constant improvement of quality and focus on innovation that unlimited opportunities open up for
according to E. Deming, as a result of which both the company and the buyer benefit. The quality of innovative development according to Deming can be formulated as a philosophy of continuous improvement, based
on 14 principles of building a competitive business.
One of the world-recognized American authorities in the field of quality, Philip Crosby, in his books formulates the concept of quality more briefly as compliance with requirements. The most widely known are his 14 principles (absolutes) that define
sequence of actions to ensure quality at enterprises. The quality of enterprise development according to Crosby is determined by the comprehension and analysis of quality costs; promoting the “zero defects” principle. Crosby proposed a universal way to assess the degree of competence of an enterprise in solving quality problems. For this purpose, he used six parameters (indicators):
The attitude of the enterprise management to the problem;
Status of the quality department at the enterprise;
Ways to address quality issues;
Level of spending on quality in
percentage of the total turnover of the enterprise;
Measures to improve quality;
Real situation with quality
enterprise.
Armand W. Feigenbaum
Feigenbaum), a world-famous American specialist, the author of the theory of integrated quality management, defines quality as the total compliance of the characteristics of a product or service, including marketing, development, production and service, resulting in the use of the product. According to Feigenbaum, increasing the consumer properties of products is not based on strict compliance with the characteristics
products to the conditions of use, and on constantly increasing the ability of the product to perform its intended functions.
Recently, a large number of aspects of the concept of “quality” have appeared: managerial, economic, social, etc. Each of them gives their own interpretations of the content of this category depending on the object of study. We will consider the concept of “quality” from the point of view of its ability to assess the quality of the innovative component. We will consider the quality of innovation as meeting consumer requirements not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes.
In economics and management, the term “quality” is primarily associated with the creation and use of products and services, therefore the object of research and management here is primarily the quality of products and services, and its perception by each person largely depends on the role he plays in the process of their production and consumption.
Systemic changes presuppose the need to justify a new measure of innovative development in conditions of disequilibrium, instability and uncertainty, and give rise to the need for a new synthesis of fundamental theoretical and methodological constructs that reveal the topic of the limits of growth when replacing labor with knowledge. The quality of innovative development, viewed through the prism of the relationship between changes in the technological basis of social production and the social structure
intellectual economy, is interpreted, firstly, as a radical reform of the system of social relations and, secondly, as an essential criterion for ongoing changes that determine the results of the functioning of national and world economies.
In many ways, the quality of innovation
determined by the innovation model. There are a large number of approaches to considering the innovation process; they change depending on market requirements and the economic environment. In total, there are five generations of models of the innovation process. If in the first models the innovation process was considered as “a process of discovery in which new knowledge is transformed into new products, passing through certain stages.” Thus, in order to obtain results in the form of new products or services, it was necessary to concentrate efforts on the first stages of the innovation process, namely R&D.
Subsequently, increased competition and a shorter product life cycle led to the need for a closer relationship between R&D and other stages of the innovation process. This consideration of innovation processes occurred after the publication of Nelson and Winter's Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change and Rosenburg and Klein's Interactive Model, and ultimately led to the emergence of a new model of the innovation process. In it, the innovation process begins to be viewed as a combination of the two previous models. In this type of models, called “interactive models,” new knowledge was combined with old knowledge.
In the 1990s, economists' attention shifted from integration to networking. It was believed that in order for an enterprise to be innovative and maintain the competitiveness of innovative projects, it is necessary not only to unite various divisions of the enterprise around the innovation process, but also to create and strengthen their network interactions with consumers, suppliers and others
institutions. This formed the so-called “innovation system”. This decade saw the emergence of so-called “systems of innovation theories.” The main idea of these theories was that interaction and exchange of knowledge must be carried out not only between different departments of the enterprise, but also with other
“sources of knowledge” (enterprises, universities, research centers, consumers,
suppliers). Freeman defines an innovation network as “a limited number of explicit connections with preferred partners... with the goal of reducing static and dynamic uncertainty.” Despite the fact that informal network relationships exist, they are practically not described or studied in the works of that period, since they are “difficult to classify and measure.”
Rothwell described this model of innovation as follows: certain transformations in
managerial, organizational and
technological fields allow an enterprise to change the rate of change and the effectiveness of innovation. Rothwell identified the primary enabling features of the fifth innovation model.
In the fifth generation of models
innovation process, special attention
is given to the use of electronic
tools - informational and
communication technologies (ICT - Information and Communication Technologies) to strengthen internal and external relations of the enterprise; connections between different departments of the enterprise, intercompany connections and connections with other
institutions, as well as quality and other non-price factors.
This change in priorities and
tools for innovative development determines the need for transformations in the management system, starting from the material and technical base of production and ending with changes in the perception of socio-economic processes, manifested in the consumer behavior of business entities. A special role here is played by focusing on quality and other non-price factors, which include such concepts, models and methods of quality management: total quality management, models of international ISO standards, business process reengineering (BPR), benchmarking, balanced scorecard (BSC), statistical process control (SPC), customer relationship management (CRM), HACCP, Five S, Six Sigma methodologies.
The problem of the quality of modern economic growth is of particular importance for Russia. The movement of the domestic economy along the growth trajectory in the conditions of the recent extremely favorable global situation and the appearance of socio-economic well-being was not accompanied by large-scale investments in human capital and massive renewal of fixed capital. Relative comfort of rent-seeking results
economic behavior did not contribute to the implementation of the macroeconomic program
sustainable growth and the formation of appropriate institutions.
Despite the ongoing research by foreign and Russian scientists in this area of economic knowledge, one can state a clear lack of scientific substantiation of the concept of the quality of modern economic growth. In conditions of instability of research approaches, it is problematic
Many provisions of the theory of the quality of modern economic growth create conditions for scientific discussion, but do not contribute to clarifying the directions of economic policy. Finding ways out of the crisis and choosing a trajectory for sustainable economic growth creates a demand for
deepening theoretical and methodological
research in this area.
In our opinion, the essence
innovative development lies not only in the main innovation process, but also in the development of a system of factors and conditions necessary for its implementation. Innovative development can also be considered as a strategy based on the widespread introduction of innovations, the use of opportunities, the implementation of which requires the use of modern standards and technologies. In our research we are under quality
innovative development, we will understand the innovation process aimed at anticipating and maximizing the needs of both end consumers and organizations through the active implementation of elements of innovation throughout the entire cycle of product/technology creation and the selection of optimal factors contributing to innovation
development, accompanied by the development and production of genuine innovations. In accordance with this, we will divide the factors influencing the quality and competitiveness of innovative development and innovative projects into four groups:
Organizational and management - system
quality management, flexibility of organizational structure, democratic management style, predominance of horizontal information flows,
self-planning, allowing for adjustments, decentralization, autonomy, formation of target working groups;
Economic, technological - availability
reserve of financial, material and technical resources, advanced technologies, necessary economic and scientific-technical
infrastructure;
Political, legal - legislative
measures (especially benefits) encouraging
innovation activity, government support for innovation;
Socio-psychological, cultural - moral encouragement of participants in the innovation process, public recognition, provision of opportunities for self-realization, liberation
creative work, normal psychological climate in the work team.
The quality of innovation can also be considered by the nature of the response to environmental factors. Objective factors include those environmental factors that are determined by long-term trends and are not associated with the volitional decisions of a particular subject. These include economic laws that actively influence the quality of innovation:
The law of receiving and appropriating profit, which can also be called the law of movement of a market economy, since profit is the driving force of production, and therefore is of great importance for the quality of innovation;
The law of value governing
economic development and determining the need for mutually beneficial exchange in all types of transactions can also be considered as one of the most characteristic external factors affecting the quality of innovation;
Laws of supply and demand,
defining the economic mechanism of the relationship between production and consumption, allows the manufacturer to satisfy as much as possible
the needs of both end consumers and organizations through the active implementation of marketing elements in their activities;
The law of competition, which characterizes the economic mechanism with the help of which objective economic laws are implemented and interact in a specific type of market, contributing to an increase in the production of a high-quality innovative product;
The pattern of cyclical development of the economy, which determines the relationship between business, including innovative activity, and the corresponding phase of the “cycle”.
Those factors whose action is a direct consequence of consciously made decisions are of a subjective nature, among which we should highlight:
State innovation policy as the most important component of state economic policy.
Monetary policy
organizations acting as investors. Implementation of innovative projects, and
accordingly, quality is often associated with the use of borrowed funds, which requires taking into account the high degree of risk of such investments.
Strategies of competing firms. The significance of this factor is determined by the ability of other economic entities to influence the structure of the market, the intensity of competition, and adjust the receipt of the necessary material resources.
Consumer behavior, which largely determines the demand for innovative relations emerging as a result of the development of
innovations. Taking this factor into account for an enterprise carrying out innovative activities requires additional efforts to formulate a policy aimed at quality and anticipate future consumer demand for a new product, service, technology, etc.
The quality of the innovation process is influenced by many economic factors, both objective and subjective, external and internal. External factors influencing the quality of innovation and the quality of innovative projects include factors that determine the interaction of an enterprise with the economic and social environment:
Using external sources to support all phases of the innovation process: from discovery and development to commercialization;
Communications with customers, business
partners, investors, competitors,
research organizations and universities;
Lobbying interests in
state institutional structures.
Internal factors are the essential features of an enterprise that distinguish it from competitors and determine its innovative viability:
Quality management, infrastructure, organizational development;
Motivated leadership;
Integration of technological and
organizational and managerial innovations;
High performance;
Effective relationships with staff, wide involvement in the innovation process;
Continuous organizational learning;
Effective marketing system,
carrying out communications with end consumers.
Based on the above, we
We come to the conclusion that the main task of enterprises aimed at continuous improvement and innovative development is to focus on the production of high-quality competitive products that help ensure their innovative potential and increase the level of competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, as well as the use of modern methodologies and management tools adapted to Russian conditions quality that contributes to continuous improvement of activities.
The level of quality of innovation is understood as the relative characteristics of quality (or its generalized characteristic) in comparison with a set of basic indicators, which are used as indicators of analogues and standards.
When considering quality management as one of the factors of innovative development, it is necessary to remember that we are talking about managing a dynamic object. Therefore, the quality management system
must be flexible enough to allow frequent modifications without wholesale changes to the work program, and must occur at all stages of innovative development.
But we believe that it is impossible to create competitive products, even
occupying a monopoly position, without control over the quality of its production. Indeed, a special place in the conceptual model of enterprise management is occupied by the mechanism
improving quality management. This is explained by the fact that it is with its help that control is exercised over the connection between the theoretical developments of the authors and the actual practice of producing innovative products. In accordance with the above, we believe that this goal can be achieved through
application of quality management methods. Since, in our opinion, they help prevent a situation where losses are possible when receiving innovative and any other products that are unsuitable for use.
Based on this, by the quality of an innovative product we understand the totality of new product properties,
determining its suitability to satisfy
a completely new need of the consumer of a given market, or to satisfy an existing need at a higher quality level when producing on the latest modern
equipment and the introduction of an innovative approach into the process of producing an innovative product of enterprises in economic sectors and establishing control over its implementation. In accordance with this, by the mechanism for managing the quality of innovative products we understand a set of interrelated objects and subjects of management, the principles, methods and functions of management used at various stages of the life cycle of innovative products and levels of quality management in enterprises.
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© R. R. Khalitov - asp. department logistics and management KNRTU, [email protected].