P

After Balboa discovered the South Sea, the Spaniards became very suspicious of the appearance of Portuguese ships in Caribbean waters. Spanish authorities on the island. Hispaniola (Haiti) at the end of 1512 received an order from King Ferdinand to “monitor the non-existent strait” and seize any ship. The first casualty of this order was the Portuguese captain Isteván Frois in 1512, hunting for slaves off the northern coast of South America. His caravel required repairs, and he decided to approach the shores of Hispaniola. Here he was immediately captured and thrown into prison with his entire team. Another caravel accompanying Froish, under the command of Joao Lizboa, already familiar to us, managed to disappear and safely reach Madeira; then, apparently without fear, he entered the Spanish port of Cadiz, where he sold his cargo of brazil wood. In the port or in Madeira, as they now say, he was interviewed by a “correspondent” of a small newspaper published in Augsburg. Lizboa told the “journalist” that somewhere in South America there was a long strait through which one could pass to the “East Indies.” A note about this discovery, published no later than 1514, reported, without mentioning the names of the ships, about a voyage “to the Plate River.” Historians of discoveries today believe that I. Froisch and J. Lizboa reached approximately 35° south. sh., entered the La Plata Bay, but were not fully explored - its length is 320 km - and therefore mistaken for a strait. We can, therefore, say that they discovered the coast of South America from 26° 15" S to 35° S for more than 1.5 thousand km.

T

It is difficult to say whether the Spaniards knew about the voyage of Froish and Lizboa, but it is certain that King Ferdinand, who received news of the discovery of the South Sea in 1514, decided to send a flotilla of three ships to search for the strait. He appointed Juan Diaz Solis as its commander, who became the main pilot of Castile in 1512 (after Amerigo Vespucci). Solis sailed no earlier than October 8, 1515, but it is not known where he touched the South American continent, and, moving along the Brazilian coast deviating to the southwest, at 35 ° S. w. reached the new "Fresh Sea". He then rounded a minor protrusion (Montevideo) and traveled west for about 200 km, probably convinced that he had found a passage to the Eastern Ocean. But he opened the mouths of two big rivers- Parana and Uruguay. Solis landed on shore in mid-February 1516 and was killed there by Indians. Two ships of his flotilla returned to Spain in September of the same year. Later, Magellan named the common mouth of the two rivers Rio de Solis (from the mid-16th century - La Plata).

Magellan's project and the composition of his expedition

IN

a poor Portuguese nobleman took part in the conquest of India and Malacca from 1505 to 1511 Ferdinand Magellan- that’s what they call him; His real name is Magalhães. He was born around 1480 in Portugal, in 1509 and 1511. on Portuguese ships reached Malacca, and according to S. Morison, even the “Spice Islands” (Ambon Island). In 1512 - 1515 he fought in North Africa, where he was wounded. Returning to his homeland, he asked the king for a promotion, but was refused. Insulted, Magellan left for Spain and entered into company with a Portuguese astronomer. Rui Faleiro, who claimed that he had found a way to accurately determine geographical longitudes. In March 1518, both appeared in Seville at the Council of the Indies An institution in charge of the affairs of the newly discovered territories. and declared that the Moluccas, the most important source of Portuguese wealth, should belong to Spain, since they are located in the western, Spanish hemisphere (according to the treaty of 1494), but it is necessary to penetrate these “Spice Islands” by the western route, so as not to arouse the suspicions of the Portuguese, through The Southern Sea, opened and annexed by Balboa to the Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea there should be a strait south of Brazil. Magellan and Faleiro first demanded the same rights and benefits that were promised to Columbus.

After a long bargaining with the royal advisers, who negotiated for themselves a substantial share of the expected income, and after concessions from the Portuguese, an agreement was concluded with them: Charles I undertook to equip five ships and supply the expedition with supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleiro abandoned the enterprise, and Magellan, undoubtedly the soul of the whole affair, became the sole leader of the expedition. He raised the admiral's flag on the Trinidad (100 tons). The Spaniards were appointed captains of the remaining ships: “San Antonio” (120 tons) - Juan Cartagena, who also received the powers of the royal controller of the expedition; "Concepcion" (90 t) - Gaspar Quesada; "Victoria" (85 t) - Luis Mendoza and “Santiago” (75 t) - Juan Serrano. The staff of the entire flotilla numbered 293 people, there were another 26 freelance crew members on board, among them a young Italian Antonio Pigafetta, future historian of the expedition. Since he was neither a sailor nor a geographer, a very important primary source is the entries in the ship's logs that Francisco Albo, the assistant navigator, kept on the Trinidad. An international team set off on the first voyage around the world: in addition to the Portuguese and Spaniards, it included representatives of more than 10 nationalities.

On September 1519, the flotilla left the port of San Lucar at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. When crossing the ocean, Magellan developed a good signaling system; the different types of ships of his flotilla were never separated. Disagreements between him and the Spanish captains began very soon: beyond the Canary Islands, Cartagena demanded that the commander consult with him regarding any change of course. Magellan calmly and proudly replied: “Your duty is to follow my flag during the day and my lantern at night.” A few days later, Cartagena raised the issue again. Then Magellan, who, despite his small stature, was distinguished by great physical strength, grabbed him by the collar and ordered him to be kept in custody on the Victoria, and appointed his relative, a “supernumerary” sailor, as captain of the San Antonio Alvar Mishkit.

On September 26, the flotilla approached the Canary Islands, and on November 29 reached the coast of Brazil near 8° S. sh., December 13 - Guanabara Bay, and December 26 - La Plata. The expedition's navigators were the best at that time: while determining latitudes, they made adjustments to the map of the already known part of the continent. Thus, Cape Cabo Frio, by their definition, is not located at 25° south. sh., and at 23° S. w. - their error was less than 2 km from its true position. Not trusting the reports of Solis's satellites, Magellan explored both low-lying banks of La Plata for about a month; Continuing the discovery of the flat territory of Pampa, begun by Lizboa and Solis, he sent the Santiago up the Paraná, and, of course, did not find a passage to the South Sea. Further on stretched an unknown, sparsely populated land. And Magellan, fearing to miss the entrance to the elusive strait, on February 2, 1520, ordered to weigh anchor and move as close to the coast as possible only during the day, and stop in the evening. While anchored on February 13 in the large bay of Bahia Blanca he discovered, the flotilla withstood a terrifying thunderstorm, during which the lights of St. Elmo appeared on the masts of the ships. Electrical discharges in the atmosphere, shaped like luminous brushes. On February 24, Magellan discovered another large bay - San Magias, rounded the Valdez Peninsula he had identified and took refuge for the night in a small harbor, which he named Puerto San Matias (Golfo Nuevo Bay on our maps, at 43° S latitude) . To the south, near the mouth of the river. Chubut, on February 27, the flotilla came across a huge concentration of penguins and southern elephant seals. To replenish food supplies, Magellan sent a boat to the shore, but an unexpected squall threw the ships into the open sea. The sailors who remained on the shore, in order not to die from the cold, covered themselves with the bodies of killed animals. Having collected the “procurers,” Magellan moved south, pursued by storms, explored another bay, San Jorge, and spent six stormy days in a narrow bay (the estuary of the Rio Deseado River, near 48° S). On March 31, when the approach of winter became noticeable, he decided to spend the winter in San Julian Bay (at 49° S). Four ships entered the bay, and the Trinidad stood at anchor at the entrance to it. The Spanish officers wanted to force Magellan to “follow the royal instructions”: turn to the Cape of Good Hope and take the eastern route to the Moluccas. That same night a riot began. Cartagena was released, the rebels captured the Victoria, Concepción and San Antonio, arrested Mishkita, and Quezada mortally wounded an assistant loyal to Magellan. They pointed their guns at the Trinidad and demanded that Magellan come to them for negotiations. Opposite the admiral's two ships were three rebel ones, preparing for battle. But the rebels did not trust their sailors, and on one ship they even disarmed them.

Under dire circumstances, Magellan showed calm determination. He sent his faithful alguacil (police officer) Gonzalo Gomez Espinosa with several sailors on the Victoria - invite her captain for negotiations on the admiral's ship. He refused, then Alguacil thrust a dagger into his throat, and one sailor finished him off. Magellan's brother-in-law, the Portuguese Duarte Barbosa, immediately took possession of the Victoria and was appointed her captain. Now the rebels had only two ships, and to prevent them from deserting, the prudent admiral, as mentioned above, took up a convenient position in advance at the exit of the bay. The San Antonio tried to break into the ocean, but the sailors, after a salvo from the Trinidad, tied up the officers and surrendered. The same thing happened at Concepción. Magellan dealt harshly with the rebel captains: he ordered Quesada's head to be cut off, Mendoza's corpse to be quartered, Cartagena to be landed on the deserted shore along with the conspirator-priest, but he spared the rest of the rebels.

At the beginning of May, the admiral sent Serrano to the south on the Santiago for reconnaissance, but on May 3 the ship crashed on the rocks near the river. Santa Cruz (at 50° S) and its crew barely managed to escape (one sailor died).

Magellan transferred Serrano as captain to the Concepción. Very tall Indians approached the wintering site. They were called Patagonians (in Spanish “patagon” means big-footed), their country has since been called Patagonia. Pigafetta exaggeratedly described the Patagonians as real giants. The name of this tribe is Tehuelchi. Capes made of guanaco skins with high hoods and moccasins made them taller than they really were: the height of the Indians, according to measurements at the end of 1891, ranged from 183 to 193 cm. On August 24, the flotilla left San Julian Bay and reached the mouth of Santa Cruz, where it remained until mid-October, waiting for the onset of spring. On October 18, the flotilla moved south along the Patagonian coast, which forms in this area (between 50 and 52° S) the wide bay of Bahia Grande. Before going to sea, Magellan told the captains that he would look for a passage to the South Sea and turn east if he did not find a strait to 75 south. sh., i.e. he himself doubted the existence of the “Patagonian Strait”, but wanted to continue the enterprise until the last opportunity. A bay or strait leading to the west was found on October 21, 1520, beyond 52° S. latitude, after Magellan discovered the previously unknown Atlantic coast of South America for about 3.5 thousand km (between 34 and 52° S).

Having rounded Cape Dev (Cabo Virgenes), the admiral sent two ships forward to find out whether there was access to the open sea in the west. At night a storm arose that lasted two days. The sent ships were in danger of death, but at the most difficult moment they noticed a narrow strait, rushed forward and found themselves in a relatively wide bay; They continued along it and saw another strait, behind which a new, wider bay opened.

Young Charles I, King of Spain (later Emperor Charles V), grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella

Artist: Bernard van Orley

Then the captains of both ships - Mishkita and Serrano - decided to return and report to Magellan that, apparently, they had found a passage leading to the South Sea. “...We saw these two ships approaching us in full sail with flags fluttering in the wind. Coming closer to us... they began to fire their guns and noisily greet us.” However, it was still far from entering the South Sea: Magellan walked south through narrow straits for several days until he saw two channels near the island. Dawson: one to the southeast, the other to the southwest. He sent the San Antonio and Concepcion to the southeast, and a boat to the southwest. The sailors returned “three days later with the news that they had seen the cape and the open sea.” The admiral shed tears of joy and named this cape Desired.

"Trinidad" and "Victoria" entered the southwest channel, stood at anchor there waiting for four days and returned back to join two other ships, but only "Concepcion" was there: in the southeast she reached a dead end - in Inutil Bay - and turned back. San Antonio hit another dead end; on the way back, not finding the flotilla in place, the officers wounded and shackled Mishkita and at the end of March 1521 returned to Spain. The deserters accused Magellan of treason to justify themselves, and they were believed: Mishkita was arrested, Magellan’s family was deprived of government benefits. His wife and two children soon died in poverty. But the admiral did not know under what circumstances the San Antonio disappeared. He believed that the ship was lost, since Mishkita was his trusted friend. Following along the northern shore of the greatly narrowed Patagonian Strait (as Magellan called it), he rounded the most southern point South American continent - Cape Froward (on the Brunswick Peninsula, 53 ° 54 "S) and for another five days (November 23–28) he led three ships to the northwest as if along the bottom of a mountain gorge. High mountains (southern the end of the Patagonian Cordillera) and the bare shores seemed to be deserted, but in the south hazes were visible during the day, and at night - the lights of fires. And Magellan called this southern land, the size of which he did not know, “Land of Fire” (Tierra del Fuego). According to another version, he called the southern country the “Land of Smoke” (hearths) - Tierra de los Humos (as shown on the Spanish map of 1529). But Charles I renamed it the “Land of Fires” on the grounds that “there is no smoke without fire." On our maps it is inaccurately called Tierra del Fuego. 38 days later, after Magellan had found the Atlantic entrance to the strait that actually connected the two oceans, he passed Cape Desired (now Pilar) at the Pacific outlet of the Strait of Magellan (about 550 km).

So, Magellan left the strait into the open ocean on November 28, 1520 and led the remaining three ships first to the north, trying to leave the cold as quickly as possible. high latitudes and staying about 100 km from the rocky coast. On December 1, it passed near the Taitao Peninsula (at 47° S), and then the ships moved away from the mainland - on December 5, the maximum distance was 300 km. On December 12 - 15, Magellan again came quite close to the coast at 40° and 38°30" S, that is, he saw high mountains at no less than three points - the Patagonian Cordillera and the southern part of the Main Cordillera. From Mocha Island (38 ° 30 "S) the ships turned to the northwest, and on December 21, being at 30 ° S. w. and 80° W. d., - to the west-northwest.

It cannot, of course, be said that during his 15-day voyage north from the Strait, Magellan discovered the coast of South America over 1,500 km, but he at least proved that in the latitude range from 53°15" to 38°30" S . w. the western coast of the continent has an almost meridional direction.

“...We... plunged into the vastness Pacific Sea. For three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We ate crackers, but they were no longer crackers, but cracker dust mixed with worms... It smelled strongly of rat urine. We drank yellow water that had been rotting for many days. We also ate cowhide covering the yards... We soaked them in sea ​​water for four to five days, after which they placed it on hot coals for a few minutes and ate it. We often ate sawdust. Rats were sold for half a ducat apiece, but even for that price it was impossible to get them” (Pigafetta). Almost everyone suffered from scurvy; 19 people died, including a Brazilian and a Patagonian "giant". Fortunately, the weather was good all the time: that is why Magellan called the ocean Pacific.

Probably it was during the transition through Pacific Ocean In the southern hemisphere, Magellan's satellites turned their attention to two star systems, later called the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. “The south pole is not as stellar as the north,” writes Pigafetta, “clusters are visible here large number small stars resembling clouds of dust. There is little distance between them and they are somewhat dim. Among them are two large, but not very bright stars, moving very slowly.” He meant the two stars of the circumpolar constellation Hydra. The Spaniards also discovered “five unusually brightly sparkling stars arranged in a cross...” - the constellation Cross, or Southern Cross.

Crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan's flotilla covered at least 17 thousand km, most of them in the waters of Southern Polynesia and Micronesia, where countless small islands are scattered. It is amazing that during this entire time the sailors encountered only “two deserted islands, on which they found only birds and trees.” According to Albo's records, the first (San Pablo), discovered on January 24, 1521, is located at 16° 15", and the second (Tivurones, i.e. "Sharks", February 4) - at 10° 40" S. w. Magellan and Albo determined latitude very accurately for that time, but since the correct calculation of longitude in the 16th century. Needless to say, it is impossible to confidently identify these islands with any islands on our maps. It is most likely that San Pablo is one of the northeastern islands of the Tuamotu archipelago, Tivurones is one of the southern Line Islands (Central Polynesia). On this segment Magellan made the first measurement depths of the sea, which can be classified as "scientific". He was unable to reach the bottom with the help of six connected lines of several hundred fathoms and came to the conclusion that he had discovered the deepest part of the ocean.

Historians are puzzled why Magellan crossed the equator and went beyond 10° N. w. - He knew that the Moluccas are located at the equator. But that’s where the South Sea lies, already known to the Spaniards. Perhaps Magellan wanted to make sure whether it was really part of the newly discovered ocean.

On March 6, 1521, two inhabited islands finally appeared in the west (Guam and Rota, the southernmost of the Mariana group). Dozens of boats with balance beams came out to meet the strangers. They sailed using triangular “Latin” sails made from palm leaves. Guam (13°30" N) has inhabitants who are dark-skinned, well-built people, naked, Women wore loincloths, "a narrow strip of paper-thin bark." but wearing small hats made of palm leaves, they climbed onto the ship and grabbed everything that caught their eye, as a result of which this group was called the “Robber Islands” (Ladrones).

When the islanders stole a boat tied behind the stern, an irritated Magellan went ashore with a detachment, burned dozens of huts and boats, killed seven people and returned the boat. “When one of the natives was wounded by arrows from our crossbows, which pierced him through, he swung the end of the arrow in all directions, pulled it out, looked at it with great amazement, and so died...”

On March 15, 1521, having traveled about another 2 thousand km to the west, the sailors saw mountains rising from the sea - it was about. Samar is an East Asian group of islands later called the Philippines. Magellan looked in vain for a place to anchor - the rocky coast of the island did not offer a single chance. The ships moved a little south, to the island of Siargao near the southern tip of the island. Samar (at 10 ° 45 "N) and spent the night there. The length of the path traveled by Magellan from South America to the Philippines turned out to be many times greater than the distance that was shown on the maps of that time between the New World and Japan. In fact, Magellan proved that between America and tropical Asia lies a gigantic expanse of water, much wider than the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea and Magellan's voyage through this sea made a real revolution in geography. It turned out that most of the surface of the globe is not occupied by land, but the ocean, and the existence of a single World Ocean was proven.

Out of caution, Magellan moved from Siargao to the uninhabited island of Homonkhon on March 17, The water area to the west of it has become famous in our time: on October 24–26, 1944, American naval forces defeated the Japanese fleet; As a result, the Americans occupied all the Philippine islands except Fr. Luzon. lying south of the big island. Samar to stock up on water and give people a rest. Residents of the neighboring island delivered fruits, coconuts and palm wine to the Spaniards. They reported that “there are many islands in this region.” Magellan named the archipelago San Lazaro. The Spaniards saw gold earrings and bracelets, cotton fabrics embroidered with silk, and edged weapons decorated with gold from the local elder. A week later, the flotilla moved southwest and stopped at about. Limasawa (10°N, 125°E, south of Leyte Island). A boat approached the Trinidad. And when the Malayan Enrique, Magellan's slave, called out to the rowers in his native language, they immediately understood him. A couple of hours later two arrived big boats, full of people, with the local ruler, and Enrique freely explained to them. It became clear to Magellan that he was in that part of the Old World where the Malay language was widespread, that is, not far from the “Spice Islands” or among them. And Magellan, who visited about. Ambon (128° E) as part of the expedition of A. Abreu, thus completed the first circumnavigation in history.

The ruler of the island gave Magellan pilots who accompanied the ships to the major trading port of Cebu. In Albo's journal and in Pigafetta, new island names appear for Europeans - Leyte, Bohol, Cebu, etc. Western European historians call this the discovery of the Philippines, although they had long been visited by Asian sailors, and Magellan and his companions saw Chinese goods there, such as porcelain dishes In Cebu they met the order of the real “civilized” world. The Raja (ruler) began by demanding that they pay a fee. Magellan refused to pay, but offered him friendship and military assistance if he recognized himself as a vassal of the Spanish king. The ruler of Cebu accepted the offer and a week later he was even baptized along with his family and several hundred subjects. Soon, according to Pigafetta, “all the inhabitants of this island and some from other islands” were baptized. On about. Cebu, he talked with several Arab merchants who gave him information about other islands of the archipelago. As a result, for the first time, names such as Luzon, Mindanao and Sulu entered into geographical use with minor distortions.

As the patron of new Christians, Magellan intervened in the internecine war of the rulers of the island of Mactan, located opposite the city of Cebu. On the night of April 27, 1521, he went there with 60 people in boats, but because of the reefs they could not get close to the shore. Magellan, leaving crossbowmen and musketeers in the boats, waded to the island with 50 people. There, near the village, three detachments were waiting for them and attacked. The boats began firing at them, but arrows and even musket bullets at such a distance could not penetrate the wooden shields of the attackers. Magellan ordered the village to be set on fire. This enraged the Mactanians, and they began to shower the strangers with arrows and stones and throw spears at them. “... Our people, with the exception of six or eight people who remained with the captain, immediately fled... Having recognized the captain, many people attacked him... but still he continued to hold firm. Trying to pull out his sword, he only drew it halfway, as he was wounded in the arm... One [of the attackers] wounded him in the left leg... The captain fell face down, and then they pelted him... with spears and began to strike him with cutlasses, until they destroyed... our light, our joy... He kept turning back to see if we had all managed to get into the boats” (Pigafetta). In addition to Magellan, eight Spaniards and four allied islanders died. There were many wounded among the sailors. The old saying was confirmed: “God gave the Portuguese a very small country to live in, but the whole world to die.” On the deserted shore of. Mactan, where Magellan died, a monument was erected to him in the form of two cubes topped with a ball.

After the death of Magellan, D. Barbosa and X. Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. The newly baptized ruler of Cebu, having learned that the ships were about to leave, invited his allies to a farewell feast. 24 sailors, including Barbosa and Serrano, accepted the invitation and went ashore, but two - G. Espinosa and the Concepción pilot, Portuguese Joao Lopes Carvalho - returned, suspecting evil. Hearing screams and cries on the shore, they ordered the ships to come closer to the shore and fire their guns at the city. At this time, the Spaniards saw Serrano wounded, wearing only his shirt; he shouted to stop shooting, otherwise he would be killed and that all his comrades were killed, except for the Malay translator Enrique. He begged to be ransomed, but Corvalho forbade the boat to approach the shore. “...And he did this with the goal,” writes Pigafetta, “so that they alone would remain masters of the ships. And despite the fact that Juan Serrano, crying, begged him not to raise the sails so quickly, as they would kill him... we immediately left.” Immediately, Carvalho was declared the head of the expedition, and Espinosa was elected captain of the Victoria. There were 115 people left on the ships, many of them sick. It was difficult to manage three ships with such a crew, so the dilapidated Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol.

"Victoria" and "Trinidad", leaving the strait, passed an island "where the people are black, like in Ethiopia" (the first reference to the Philippine Negritos); The Spaniards named this island Negros. In Mindanao, they first heard about the large island located to the northwest. Luzon. Random pilots guided ships through the Sulu Sea to Palawan, the westernmost island of the Philippine group.

Pigafetta, an accurate and thorough chronicler, was not a professional cartographer. But as an impartial artist, he made rough sketches of a number of islands in the Philippine archipelago touched by Magellan's expedition. They bear no resemblance to the originals and can only be identified by their names: Samar, the first island visited, Homonhon, where the first landing was made, Mactan, the place of the death of Magellan, as well as Panaon, Leyte, Cebu and Palawan. From Fr. Palawan Spaniards arrived - the first of the Europeans - to the giant island. Kalimantan and on July 9 anchored off the city of Brunei, after which they, and then other Europeans, began to call the entire island Borneo. The Spaniards made alliances with local rajahs, bought food and local goods, sometimes robbed oncoming ships, but still could not find the way to the “Spice Islands.”

Pigafetta made productive use of the Victoria's month-long stay - he spent almost the entire month of July as a guest of the Sultan of Brunei and collected the first reliable information about Fr. Kalimantan: “This island is so large that it would take three months to circumnavigate it in a prau” (Malayan ship).

On September 7, the Spaniards set sail along the northwestern coast of Kalimantan During this detour, Pigafetta saw a rocky peak and dubbed it “Mount St. Peter” - this is Kinabalu (4101 m), highest point Malay Archipelago. and, having reached its northern tip, they stood for almost a month and a half near a small island, stocking up on food and firewood. They managed to capture a junk with a Malay sailor who knew the way to the Moluccas. Carvalho was soon removed “for failure to comply with royal decrees” and Espinosa was elected admiral. The former assistant navigator on the Concepción, a Basque, became the captain of the Victoria. Juan Sevastian Elcano, otherwise - del Cano. On October 26, in the Sulawesi Sea, the ships weathered the first storm after leaving the Strait of Magellan. On November 8, a Malay sailor led the ships to the spice market on the island. Tidore, off the western coast of Halmahera, the largest of the Moluccas Islands. Here the Spaniards bought spices cheaply - cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves. The Trinidad needed repairs, and it was decided that upon completion, Espinosa would go east to the Gulf of Panama, and Elcano would take the Victoria to her homeland by the western route, around the Cape of Good Hope.

December "Victoria" with a crew of 60 people, including 13 Malays captured on the islands of Indonesia, moved from Tidore to the south. At the end of January 1522, a Malay pilot led the ship to about. Timor. On February 13, the Spaniards lost sight of him and headed for the Cape of Good Hope, spending three times more time wandering among the Malay Islands than crossing the Pacific Ocean.

Elcano deliberately stayed away from the usual path of Portuguese ships, meeting with which threatened the Spaniards with prison and, perhaps, execution. In the southern part of the Indian Ocean, sailors saw only one island (at 37 ° 50 "S, Amsterdam). This happened on March 18. On May 20, Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

Having passed first in this part Indian Ocean, Elcano proved that the “Southern” continent does not reach 40° S. w. During the passage through the unknown sea expanses of the Indian Ocean, the ship's crew was reduced to 35 people, including four Malays. On the Cape Verde Islands, belonging to Portugal, where a stop was made to replenish supplies of fresh water and food, it turned out that the sailors “lost” one day, going around the land from the west; For this “loss”, all surviving members of the Victoria crew were subjected to humiliating punishment - public repentance: from a church point of view, such “negligence” led to incorrect observance of fasts. This fact is a vivid illustration of the ignorance of the clergy, who refused to even suggest the possibility of a natural explanation interesting fact“loss” of the day, which first appeared during the circumnavigation of Magellan and his companions. here, near Santiago, 12 more Spaniards and one Malay fell behind, arrested on suspicion of having reached the Moluccas by the eastern route. On September 6, 1522, the Victoria, having lost another sailor on the way, reached the mouth of the Guadalquivir, completing the first circumnavigation in history in 1081 days.

Of Magellan's five ships, only one circumnavigated the globe, and of his crew of 265 people, only 18 returned home (there were three Malays on board). 13 sailors arrested on Santngu arrived home later, released by the Portuguese at the request of Charles I. But Victoria brought so many spices that their sale more than covered the costs of the expedition, and Spain received the “right of first discovery” to the Mariana and Philippine Islands and laid claim to the Moluccas.

Magellan, with his circumnavigation of the world, proved that the greatest expanse of water stretches between America and Asia, and established the existence of a single World Ocean. Magellan put an end to the debate about the shape of our planet forever by providing practical evidence of its spherical shape. Thanks to him, scientists finally had the opportunity to establish the true size of the Earth not speculatively, but on the basis of irrefutable data.

The repair of the Trinidad took more than three months, and she sailed from Tidore under the command of Espinosa (navigator Leone Pancaldo) with a crew of 53 people and an almost 50-ton cargo of spices only on April 6, 1522. Having rounded the northern end of the island. Halmahera, Espinosa immediately headed east, towards Panama. However, contrary winds soon forced him to turn north. In early May, he discovered the Sonsorol Islands (at 5° N, in the extreme west of the Caroline chain), and between 12 and 20° N. w. - 14 other islands from the Mariana group. From one of them, most likely from Fr. Agrikhan (at 19° N), a native was taken on board. Fighting easterly winds, stormy weather and cold, Espinosa reached 43° N on June 11. w. Now we can only guess how far to the east the ship moved - probably the Spaniards were between 150 and 160° east. d. A 12-day storm, bad food and weakness forced the sailors to turn back. By this time, more than half of the team had died from hunger and scurvy. On the return trip on August 22, Espinosa discovered several more northern Mariana Islands, including Maug at 20° N. sh., and returned to the Moluccas around October 20, 1522. The sailor who deserted from Maug Gonzalo Vigo later went by boat to Fr. Guam with the help of the indigenous people. Having become acquainted in this way with almost all the significant islands between Maug and Guam, he completed the discovery of the Mariana chain, which stretches more than 800 km.

Meanwhile, in mid-May 1522, a Portuguese military flotilla approached the Moluccas Antonio Brito. Carrying out the task of taking possession of the archipelago and preventing the violation of the Portuguese monopoly, he built a fort on the island. Ternate. Having received news at the end of October that a European ship was near the Moluccas, Brito sent three ships with orders to capture it, and they brought the Trinidad to Ternate, which had 22 people. Britu seized the cargo and took away the nautical instruments, charts and, no doubt, the ship's log. This explains the Portuguese’s awareness of the path of Magellan’s expedition, his death and subsequent events, and Brito received additional information by interrogating “with passion” the sailors he captured. After a four-year imprisonment, only four of the Trinidad crew survived and in 1526 returned to Spain, including Gonzalo Espinosa, also completing a circumnavigation.

Web design © Andrey Ansimov, 2008 - 2014

Magellan Fernand Magellan Fernand

Magalhães (Portuguese: Magalhães, Spanish: Magallanes) (1470-1531), navigator whose expedition made the first circumnavigation of the world. Born in Portugal. In 1519-1521 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas. He discovered the entire coast of South America, south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent from the south, discovered the strait named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera; was the first to cross the Pacific Ocean (1520), discovering Fr. Guam, and reached the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in a battle with local residents. Magellan proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth. The voyage was completed by J. S. Elcano, who circumnavigated Africa from the south.

MAGELLAN Fernand

MAGELLAN (Magalhaes) (Portuguese: Magalhaes, Spanish: Magallanes) Fernand (spring 1480, Sabrosa area, Vila Real province, Portugal - April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Philippines), Portuguese navigator, whose expedition made the first circumnavigation of the world; discoverer of part of the Atlantic coast of South America, the passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which he first crossed. Magellan proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth.
Carier start
The poor but noble nobleman Magellan served as a page in the retinue of the Portuguese queen in 1492-1504. He studied astronomy, navigation and cosmography. In 1505-1513 he took part in naval battles with the Arabs, Indians and Moors, and showed himself to be a brave warrior, for which he received the rank of sea captain. Due to a false accusation, he was denied further promotion - in 1517, after resigning, Magellan moved to Spain. Having entered the service of King Charles I, he proposed a project for a circumnavigation of the world, which was accepted after much bargaining.
Opening of the strait between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
On September 20, 1519, five small ships - “Trinidad”, “San Antonio”, “Santiago”, “Concepcion” and “Victoria” with a crew of 265 people went to sea. When crossing the Atlantic, Magellan used his signaling system, and the different types of ships of his flotilla were never separated. At the end of December he reached La Plata, explored the bay for about a month, but did not find a passage to the South Sea. On February 2, 1520, Magellan went south along the Atlantic coast of South America, moving only during the day so as not to miss the entrance to the strait. He settled for the winter on March 31 in a convenient bay at 49° south latitude. That same night, a mutiny began on three ships, which was soon brutally suppressed by Magellan. The ship Santiago, sent on reconnaissance in the spring, crashed on the rocks, but the crew was saved. On October 21, they entered a narrow, winding strait, later named after Magellan. On the southern shore of the strait, sailors saw the lights of fires. Magellan called this land Tierra del Fuego. A little over a month later, the strait (550 km) was crossed by three ships, the 4th ship “San Antonio” deserted and returned to Spain, where the captain slandered Magellan, accusing him of treason against the king.
First crossing of the Pacific Ocean
On November 28, Magellan with the remaining three ships entered the unknown ocean, rounding America from the south along the strait they had discovered. The weather, fortunately, remained good, and Magellan called the ocean Pacific. A very difficult voyage continued for almost 4 months, when people ate dry dust mixed with worms, drank rotten water, ate cowhide, sawdust and ship rats. Hunger and scurvy began, many died. Magellan, although he was short, was distinguished by great physical strength and self-confidence. Crossing the ocean, he traveled at least 17 thousand km, but met only two islands - one in the Tuamotu archipelago (cm. TUAMOTU), another in the Line group (cm. LINE). He also discovered two inhabited islands - Guam (cm. GUAM) and Rota from the Marian group (cm. MARIANA ISLANDS). On March 15, the expedition approached the large Philippine archipelago. With the help of weapons, the decisive and brave Magellan forced the ruler of the island of Cebu to submit to the Spanish king.
The death of Magellan and the end of the expedition around the world
As the patron of the natives he baptized, Magellan intervened in the internecine war and was killed in a skirmish off the island of Mactan. The ruler of Cebu invited part of the crew to a farewell feast, treacherously attacked the guests and killed 24 people. There were only 115 people left on the three ships - there were not enough people, and the Concepcion ship had to be burned. For 4 months the ships wandered in search of the spice islands. From the island of Tidore, the Spaniards bought cheaply a lot of cloves, nutmeg, etc. and split up: “Victoria” with captain Juan Elcano moved west around Africa, and “Trinidad”, which needed repairs, remained behind. Captain Elcano, fearing a meeting with the Portuguese, stayed much further south normal paths. He was the first to navigate the central part of the Indian Ocean and, having discovered only the island of Amsterdam (near 38° south latitude), proved that the “southern” continent does not reach this latitude. On September 6, 1522, “Victoria” with 18 people on board completed the “Around the World”, which lasted 1081 days. Later, 12 more Victoria crew members returned, and in 1526 five from Trinidad returned. The sale of the brought spices more than covered all the expenses of the expedition.
Magellan as an explorer and a man
Thus ended the first circumnavigation of the world, which proved the sphericity of the earth. For the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans - the Pacific, opening a passage from the Atlantic. The expedition found that much of the earth's surface is not occupied by land, as Columbus thought (cm. COLUMBUS Christopher) and his contemporaries, and the oceans. Warlike and vain, Magellan received many wounds, one of which left him lame. His son died in 1521. His wife, who gave birth to a stillborn child, died in March 1522. The strait and two star clusters (the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds), which were described by the historiographer and expedition member Antonio Pifacetta, are named after Magellan. S. Zweig's novel is dedicated to the fate of Magellan and his daring feat (cm. ZWEIG Stefan)"Magellan" (1938).

encyclopedic Dictionary . 2009 .

See what "Magellan Fernand" is in other dictionaries:

- (about 1480-1521) navigator. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the world. Born in Portugal. The Portuguese king rejected Magellan's project to search for a strait in the south of the continent of South America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.... ... Historical Dictionary

The request for "Magellan" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Ferdinand Magellan port. Fernão de Magalhães Spanish Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes ... Wikipedia

MAGELLAN (Magalhaes) (Portuguese Magalhaes Spanish Magallanes) Fernand (spring 1480, locality of Sabrosa, Vila Real province, Portugal April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Philippines), Portuguese navigator who proved the sphericity of the Earth and the unity... ...

MAGELLAN (Magallanes) (Spanish Magallanes) Fernand (1480 1521) navigator, whose expedition completed the 1st circumnavigation of the world. Born in Portugal. In 1519 21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas. Opened... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Magellan, Magalhães (Portuguese: Magalhaes, Spanish: Magallanes) Fernand (about 1480, Traz Al Montes region, Portugal - 27.4.1521, Mactan Island, Philippines), navigator. In 1505–12 he took part in Portuguese expeditions, reaching Malacca twice... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The request for "Magellan" is redirected here. See also other meanings. Ferdinand Magellan port. Fernão de Magalhães Spanish Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes ... Wikipedia

Magellan, Fernand- MAGELLA/N Fernand (c. 1480 1521) Spanish navigator who practically proved the sphericity of the Earth and the existence of a single World Ocean. Portuguese by origin. He served in the Portuguese navy as an officer, participated in Portuguese expeditions... ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

- (Magallanes, Ferno de) PORTRAIT OF FERNAND MAGELLAN (c. 1480 1521), leader of the first round-the-world sea expedition. Born in Ponti da Barca in Portugal. Coming from a poor provincial noble family, he served as a page at the royal court... Collier's Encyclopedia

Magellan Fernand- () navigator. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the world. Born in Portugal. The Portuguese king rejected Magellan's project to search for a strait in the south of the continent of South America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Having moved to Spain,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History

The famous Portuguese navigator and discoverer Ferdinand Magellan forever left his mark on the history of mankind, becoming one of the most famous explorers. He set out on a brave journey, the results of which replenished our knowledge and told a lot of new things to Magellan’s contemporaries. It is impossible to overestimate his merits, and you can be sure that the name of Ferdinand Magellan will never be forgotten.

1. Magellan is the first man to circumnavigate the world.
2. Not only the famous strait is named after Magellan, but also two galaxies - the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, as well as a crater on the Moon.
3. It was Magellan who discovered the Philippine Islands to Europeans, where the republic of the same name is now located (see).
4. In the naval battle of Diu, which took place on February 3, 1509, Magellan's caravel broke through the ranks of enemy ships, and Magellan boarded the enemy's flagship.
5. One day, several ships of the flotilla in which Magellan was sailing at that time were wrecked, and the sailors on boats reached an uninhabited island. It was decided that some of the sailors would go on boats for help, and the rest would wait on the island before returning. Ordinary sailors were outraged that all the officers were leaving on boats, leaving only the sailors on the shore, fearing that no one would return for them. A riot almost broke out, but Magellan calmed the crew by remaining on the island with the sailors. Soon they were all saved.
6. Once Magellan lent one merchant a substantial amount of money, which he did not want to return. The debt was returned to Magellan only six years after the trial.
7. Before his famous journey, Magellan fought a lot - in Malaysia, India, and Africa. Subsequently, leaving military service, he decided to devote his life to exploring the world.
8. Magellan traveled around the world under the Spanish flag, since the king of Portugal did not want to finance his expedition. But the Spanish crown appreciated the famous navigator.
9. IN trip around the world A squadron of five ships set off, taking with them food for two years, and Magellan hid the sailing route from the sailors and other captains, which repeatedly caused discontent.
10. For many years, Magellan remained the only captain who led the flotilla through the strait that received his name, without losing a single ship.
11. The Pacific Ocean got its name thanks to Magellan, who crossed it after traveling 17 thousand kilometers without encountering a single storm. As practice has shown, this name turned out to be reckless - the Pacific Ocean is famous for its violent character. Magellan was simply lucky in his voyage.
12. Magellan did not intend to circumnavigate the world - he was looking for a passage to the Moluccas.
13. Magellan himself never circumnavigated the world, dying in the Philippines. During the voyage, most of the expedition died - out of five ships with 250-300 people on board, only one ship with 18 people on board returned to Spain. Thus, Magellan's expedition became the first circumnavigation of the world.
14. The Tierra del Fuego archipelago also received its name thanks to Magellan, who mistook the fires of Indian fires for volcanoes. In fact, there is not a single volcano on the archipelago (see).
15. There is a monument to Magellan on the island of Mactan, Philippines. Moreover, next to it stands another monument - to the native leader, at whose hands Magellan died.

Ferdinand Magellan.

Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese and Spanish navigator who made the first trip around the world, as well as the first European to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Youth

Ferdinand Magellan born November 20, 1480 year, but the exact place of birth is not known. Little is known about the family, it is only known that Magellan came from a noble family. IN 1505 year made his first voyage with the first admiral and king of Portugal, Francisco Almeida. And under the command of Almayda, Magellan began his expeditions to India, Malki.

Expeditions

IN 1511 year Magellan set off with an expedition to conquer Malak (now Malaysia), the expedition was successful. Afterwards, Magellan asks the Portuguese king to finance an expedition to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and find the Western route to India, but the king refuses to help him. And then Magellan asks for help from the Spanish king Charles I, and he agrees to support the expedition.
Ferdinand Magellan sets off on five ships along the coast of South America, then goes around it from the South and reaches Melaka through the West.
The expedition went with September 20, 1519 to September 6, 1522- later this journey was called the first around the world. 18 people and one ship returned from the expedition, but five ships departed with a crew of 280 people on board. Most of the crew died from disease, food shortages and military clashes with the natives.

Achievements

Made the first trip around the world;
He gave the name to the Pacific Ocean because while he walked through it for 30 days, the ocean was calm, he met not a single storm (in fact, the Pacific Ocean is the most violent of all);
He opened a strait, which was called the Strait of Magellan;
He became the first European to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan was killed by the natives who did not want to submit to the Spanish crown on the island of Mactan Lapu-Lapu April 27, 1521.

In the village of Sabrosa in Portugal.
Magellan came from a poor provincial noble family and served as a page at the royal court. In 1505 he went to East Africa and served in the navy for eight years. He took part in ongoing clashes in India, was wounded and recalled to Portugal in 1513.

Returning to Lisbon, Ferdinand Magellan developed a project to sail the western route to the Moluccas, where valuable herbs and spices grew. The project was rejected by the Portuguese king.

In 1517, Magellan went to Spain and proposed this project to the Spanish king, who appointed him commander-in-chief of a flotilla heading in search of the western sea ​​route to India.

Magellan's flotilla consisted of five ships - the flagship Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion and Victoria.

On September 20, 1519, the navigator set off from the port of Sanlúcar (at the mouth of the Guadalquivir). Magellan did without nautical charts, and although he knew how to determine latitude from the sun, he did not have reliable instruments even to approximately determine longitude.

At the end of November, the flotilla reached the coast of Brazil, and about a month later - the mouth of La Plata, without finding a passage to the west of it, in February 1520

Magellan moved south and traced the coast of an unknown land (which he called Patagonia) for more than two thousand kilometers, discovering the large bays of San Matnas and San Jorge.

In March 1520, the flotilla entered the Bay of San Julian, where a mutiny broke out on three ships, suppressed by Magellan. In August 1520, after wintering in San Julian Bay, Magellan with four ships moved further south and on October 21, 1520, opened the entrance to the strait (later named Magellan), explored it, discovering the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south.

In November 1520, Magellan entered the ocean, which his companions called the Pacific Ocean and, having traveled more than 17 thousand kilometers without stopping, in March 1521 he discovered three islands from the Mariana Islands group at 13° north latitude, including the island of Guam, and then the Philippine Islands. islands (Samar, Mindanao, Cebu). Magellan entered into an alliance with the ruler of the island of Cebu, undertook a campaign for him against the neighboring island of Mactan and on April 27, 1521 he was killed in a skirmish with local residents.

The team continued their journey west. The "Victoria" and "Trinidad", which remained underway by this time, were the first of the Europeans to reach the island of Kalimantan and anchored near the city of Brunei, after which they began to call the entire island Borneo. In early November, the ships reached the Moluccas, where spices were purchased - cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves. Soon the Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, and only the Victoria, having completed the world's first circumnavigation of the world, returned to Seville in September 1522 with 18 people on board. The sale of the brought spices covered all the expenses of the expedition. Spain received the "right of first discovery" to the Mariana and Philippine Islands and laid claim to the Moluccas.