What is a “topic”? The word “topic” came into Russian from the English word “topic”, which means “topic”. In Russian, the concept of “topic in English” can be interpreted as “an essay or story in English.” Therefore, topics in English on various topics will be useful for both schoolchildren and students.

In this section we have collected examples of school and university assignments in English about yourself, your family, your country, your pets, your favorite music and hobbies.

Such stories are good for developing thinking in English and English speech and prepare for .

We have provided each topic with a small dictionary - in English words with translation into Russian on a given topic. We hope that our English language topics with translation will help you in learning and improving the language.


Choosing a profession in our time is a very important direction. For some it is a calling, for others it is just a job. One of the popular topics for essays in English is “My profession is an engineer.” In this article we will look at an English topic about your future profession...



It is very important to be able to talk about yourself in English, especially if you are applying for a job or want your English-speaking colleagues or friends to know more about you. A story about yourself in English (about myself) is initially built on a certain “template”, around...



Although almost no one writes paper letters anymore, e-mail is a great way to communicate. Imagine that your friend is in a place where the Internet is only a few hours a day, and you won’t be able to communicate via instant messengers. Do you understand what is necessary...



Recently, the problem of environmental pollution has become acute. It is raised in schools and universities. In particular, they are asked to write an essay on the topic of environmental protection in English. Therefore, English topics on ecology are very popular...



English speaking club

A conversation club is fundamentally different from English language courses. Basic character traits English speaking club are as follows:

The goal of the English speaking club is to develop primarily Speaking skills and, to a lesser extent, Listening skills. Reading and Writing skills are completely ignored at English speaking club meetings, as is explanation of the phonetic, grammatical and lexical rules of the English language.

Meetings of the English speaking club are not related to each other thematically, so the participant can skip them without affecting the entire course program.

1. There is no need to explain why the venue for an English speaking club should be comfortable for all participants. Let us only note that dim lighting can help create an atmosphere in an English speaking club that is conducive to pleasant communication. It distracts the attention of the English conversation club participants from the interior details and appearance of the interlocutors, which helps them concentrate directly on the discussion.

2. Does the conversation club have to be led by a native English speaker? On the one hand, people prefer conversation clubs with English-speaking presenters. On the other hand, differences in mentality can make it very difficult to create an interesting and relevant discussion. In addition, even in a large Russian city it is very difficult to find a certified linguist of Anglo-Saxon origin who is willing to lead your conversation club. Usually these are students or expats of non-core specialties from around the world, whose language level and teaching skills leave much to be desired. In our expert opinion, the best option is to invite a native English speaker to a conversation club meeting as a guest. In this case, he answers the host’s questions along with other participants in the English speaking club. Of course, like other participants in the English language club, he can ask or answer questions himself, but the initiative to conduct the meeting remains with the Russian-speaking participant.

3. As for the number of participants in an English speaking club, the “golden rule” should be adhered to: when more than 9 people gather, the general discussion inevitably breaks up into several groups. Thus, excluding the host, no more than 8 people should be present at a conversation club meeting at a time, and excluding the English-speaking guest, no more than 7.

4. Most English speaking clubs practice informing participants in advance about the topic of the upcoming meeting, but we strongly do not recommend this! Firstly, a conversation club meeting should simulate as much as possible the real situation of a spontaneous discussion with an English-speaking interlocutor. Secondly, complete unpreparedness forces the brain to work faster, “bringing to the surface deep layers” of knowledge, including from the subconscious. Thirdly, as our experience shows, a regular participant in a conversational English club may miss a meeting just because he was not prepared, or come but feel insecure.

5. We recommend starting the first meeting of the English speaking club, regardless of the level of the group, with the topic “Names”. Firstly, it will help you and the participants of the English speaking club remember their names faster. Secondly, this is the easiest of the conversational topics we offer, and accordingly, a discussion on it will inspire confidence in the participants and positively set them up for further visits to the English language club.

6. Main mistake What the leaders of English speaking clubs do, in our opinion, is that they ask a question to the whole group and wait for whoever wants to answer it. As a result of this practice, the same extroverts usually speak at the meeting, and some introverts leave the English speaking club without saying a word! Of course, this is completely unacceptable! To avoid this monstrous mistake, the leader of an English speaking club should ask the same question personally to each participant and, until everyone has expressed their opinion, not move on to the next question.

7. Encourage conversation club participants to begin their judgments with introductory expressions like "I think", "In my opinion", "From my point of view", as is customary in the English-speaking world.

8. It is not at all necessary, by all means, to go through all 18 questions of the conversation topic you have chosen at one meeting of the English language club. The English speaking club topics we offer are in no way intended to be any kind of academic syllabus. Rather, they play the role of a kind of “pusher” from which a discussion in English starts. Moreover, if after the first few questions the debate goes in a different direction, then the meeting of the English speaking club was successful! Always remember that the most important criterion for a successful English speaking club meeting is that all its participants find it interesting. If they wanted to discuss some other topic in English than the one you suggested, that's just great!

9. Do not allow English speaking club participants to take any notes during the meeting. Firstly, we repeat that the atmosphere of a club meeting should imitate as much as possible the situation of a conversation with an English-speaking interlocutor. Secondly, taking notes greatly detracts from the discussion in English. Actually, this is how the conversation club differs from English language courses.

10. As for phonetic, grammatical and lexical errors made by participants in the English speaking club, they should not be corrected directly during the discussion. Only if the same error is encountered by the same participant more than 2 times, it is necessary to delicately point it out to him at the end of the English speaking club meeting. If necessary, you can advise him to listen to something, read something, or do exercises on this topic.

11. Also, at the end of each meeting of the speaking club, it is advisable to remind its participants that in the breaks between classes they read books and watch films in English, as well as perform various exercises. If necessary, we can recommend the most useful resources for learning English.

Here is a collection of topics and essays on the English language (short thematic stories). All topics are grouped according to relevant topics.

Topics, essays on topics:

  • My life (91)

    Essays of a personal nature, stories about yourself, your family, pastimes, vacations, hobbies, best friends. All the topics in this section in one way or another relate directly to the personality of the narrator.

  • Books (29)

    This section contains stories on the topics of books read, the general importance of literature and reading in human life. There are essays on such topics as “My favorite book”, “Books in my life”, etc.

  • Geography: cities and countries of the world (220)

    This section is entirely devoted to the description of geographical objects, cities, countries, continents. It contains information about the features of their political structure, history of development, economy and culture.

  • Education (28)

    Topics on topics of learning English, features of education in a particular country, education in schools and universities. All essays in this section are devoted to educational topics.

  • Environmental problems, climate pollution, the impact of human activity on the environment - topics on these and other similar topics are collected in this section.

  • Biographies (92)

    Here are collected stories in English about the biographies of great people, their scientific discoveries and inventions, and how their work influenced the future of humanity.

  • Art: painting, music, poetry (44)

    Essays and topics in English about culture, art, painting, music and cinema. It also contains stories about famous museums and exhibition galleries in our country and abroad.

  • Holidays and traditions (44)

    Stories about what holidays exist and how they are celebrated in different countries of the world. Features of national traditions and cultures.

  • Professions and career (18)

    Essays in English about choosing a profession and career. Topics on such topics as “My future profession”, “Employment”, etc. are collected here.

  • Media (32)

    This section contains texts about the media: television, newspapers, radio, Internet. Issues of censorship, professional ethics, advantages and disadvantages of the media are discussed.

TOPICS IN ENGLISH are short texts on a specific topic. Here you will find original English topics on a number of topics.

Why do you need English topics? Working with topics is a very useful activity, since, mainly, a topic is always tailored to a specific topic, i.e. is full of relevant vocabulary that you can write down and learn for your own further use. Educators love to get students to work with topics, often encouraging them to create their own topic texts.

On this page, the publication of topics on the English language is open, the collection of which will be regularly updated. Here you can find a ready-made topic, learn it by heart, or use it as a basis for composing your own statement.

Topic About Myself

Topic for those who need to learn how to talk about themselves, their character traits, interests and life in general.

Topic My Family

This topic will help you learn how to talk about your family members: describe their age, hobbies, personality traits.

Topic Home

Learn to talk about your home: characteristics of the house, description of the interior, actions around the house - this and much more in this topic.

Topic My Working Day

Topic about a personal working day. What time does the working day start, how does it go, what do you have to do during the working day - all the necessary aspects are covered in this topic.

Topic My Day Off

My Day Off is a topic that talks about ways to spend your free time (staying at home, meeting friends, visiting theaters, etc.). If you need to learn how to talk about how you spend your weekends, then this topic will be of great help to you.

Topic My Household Chores

This topic is dedicated to doing household chores. You will learn to describe your daily household activities: sweeping the floor, washing and ironing clothes, tidying up the room and much more in this topic in English.

Topic My School

Topic for those who need to make a message about their school in English. You will learn phrases to describe the appearance of a building and its interior decoration. You will learn to talk about academic subjects and schedule, as well as frequently performed activities at school.

Topic My Favorite Subjects at School

Do you need to talk about your favorite subjects and explain why you like them? No problem! In this topic you will find detailed description school subjects and arguments in their favor.

Topic Professions and Careers

Choosing a profession and future career is a difficult choice. If you want to learn how to talk about this topic in English, then use this topic. This topic is filled with both general phrases and vocabulary that you can use to describe specific professions.

Topic Friends and Friendship

Learn to describe people, in particular your boyfriend or girlfriend. Appearance, character traits, habits and hobbies - all this is in this topic.

Topic Trips an Journeys

The topic is dedicated to trips and travel. Learn to talk about the delights of travel, ways of traveling, benefits various types transport and other things.

Topic Shops and Shopping

Being able to communicate on a shopping topic seems very important, since every day we are faced with the need to buy something. In our topic you will find useful vocabulary on the topic of visiting stores and purchasing goods.

Topic Seasons of the Year and the Weather

We learn to talk about the weather: we describe weather phenomena, characterize the climate, express our personal attitude to the weather. The topic is full of weather-related vocabulary and is useful for everyone learning English.

Top Hollidays

Our life would be much boring and uninteresting if it were not for the holidays. You are invited to get acquainted with the topic, which describes the most popular holidays that are celebrated by people all over the world.

Topic Sport

Learn to talk about sports: the benefits of playing sports, the advantages of various sports, sports competitions and much more are covered in this topic.

Topic My Favorite Writers

The topic is dedicated to your favorite English-speaking (English and American) and Russian writers - Charles Dickens, Ernest Hemingway, Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Great Britain topic

This topic contains brief general geographical and sociocultural information about the UK.

Thematic texts (topics) for those who study English at school (grades 5-6). These texts in English are intended to review covered topics and develop written and spoken language. Questions to texts can be used as a basis for dialogues. Words and expressions in the texts correspond to the vocabulary covered in these classes. A dictionary is connected to the site. To find out the translation of an unfamiliar word, you need to click on it 2 times. The texts are accompanied by lists of words for repetition on the topics listed below, as well as tasks on the topic “Personal Letter”.


Texts (topics):

Texts (topics) in English (grades 5-6)

Text 1. About Myself

My name is…. I am... years old.

I am in the…th form. We learn different subjects but my favorite subject is …

I live in…. I have a mother, a father, a sister and a brother. My family is friendly and loving.

I am tall (short). My hair is straight and long. I have big brown eyes.

I have got many friends. My best friend is…. We often spend time together. We like to….

Text 2. My Family and Me

My family is large. There are 6 of us: father, mother, my sister, two brothers and me. My family is friendly and loving.

My father’s name is…. He is clever and kind. He is a doctor by profession.

My mother’s name is…. She is busy and loving. She doesn't work. She is a housewife.

My elder sister’s name is… She is a very beautiful girl. Her hobby is singing.
My younger brother’s name is… He is very active. He likes sport.

My hobby is drawing. I like to draw in my free time. Also I like reading books. My favorite writer is…

At the weekends all the members of our family spend time together. We go for a walk, visit museums, go to the cinema or to the theatre.

I love my family very much.

Text 3. My Friends

I have got a close friend. His name is... My friend is in the same form as me. He studies well. He is a good pupil and a good friend. He often helps me to do homework.

I like to spend time with my friend. We go for a walk, talk about music and go to the cinema together.

I have got another friend…. (his/her name). She is a nice girl. Her favorite subject is English. She spends a lot of time on it and knows it very well. Also she is fond of music. She can play the piano very well.

I like my friend very much and think that we are true friends.

Text 4. My Place

  • neither...nor - neither...nor...
  • It's a pity! - It's a pity!

I live in a flat. It is neither big nor small. It is on the fifth floor. Our flat has two rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a hall.

Our living room is big. It is light because it has a large window. To the left of the window there is a piano. To the right of the window there is an old wardrobe. In the middle of the room there is a big round table. We often gather together at this table and play table games. On the walls there are beautiful paintings of modern artists.

I have my own room. It is small. It hasn’t got much furniture but it is very cozy. It is a pity that there is no balcony in my room.

Our kitchen is big and comfortable. We have a big refrigerator and a microwave oven. We usually have breakfast and supper in the kitchen.

Text 5. My School

I live in Russia. In my country the school year starts in September. It has four or three terms.

I go to school No. 2009. This year I am in the 5th form. I have 5 or 6 lessons a day. The lessons start at half past 8. My favorite lesson is Art. I like drawing and our teacher is very kind. She always gives us good marks. I have many other subjects in my timetable too.

I have lunch at half past 10. I have dinner at school, too. I don't go home after dinner. I stay at school and have fun with my friends. I sometimes do my homework at school, too.

I like school, but I don’t like lessons. The school year finishes in May. We have summer holidays in June, July and August. I love summer!

Text 6. My Birthday

I have my birthday on the … of … (month). I like my birthday because I get a lot of presents.

Last year I got a … This year I hope my parents will give me … as a birthday present.

I usually have a birthday party at home and we have a big meal. All my family gather around a big table. There is a birthday cake with candles on it. All my relatives say “Happy birthday” to me.

Next day I invite my friends and organize games and quizes, sing songs and play jokes. We usually have fun.

I enjoy my birthday party very much.

Text 7. My Day

I usually get up at 7 o’clock on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. At the weekends I get up late because I don’t have to go to school (work).
After that I go to the bathroom and wash my face. Next I make my bed and dress.
I have breakfast at half past 7. I usually have a glass of juice and a sandwich.
I leave home at 8 o'clock. My school is near my house and it takes me 5 minutes to get there. I usually have 6 lessons at school. For example, today I have English, Russian, Science, Maths, History and Art.
I come home at 2 o’clock and have dinner. Then I have a little rest and start doing my homework.
In the evening I have supper and then watch TV or play computer games.
I go to bed at 10 o’clock.

Text 8. How I help about the house

  • take turns- take turns
  • don't mind- raise no objection

I live with my parents and I have to help about the house. Every Sunday I do my room. I dust the furniture and vacuum the carpet. I water the flowers once a week.
I help my mother to lay the table. I wash the dishes after dinner. We take turns with my brother.
Sometimes I help my mother make cakes and pies. I rarely go shopping only when my mother asks me. I buy bread and fruit.
I understand that I must help my parents because they work hard. And I don't mind doing it.

Text 9. My Hobby

Hobby is what people like to do in their free time. We choose a hobby to our tastes. Hobby makes our life interesting. Sometimes it helps us to choose our future profession.
I have got a hobby too. My hobby is …… When I have free time, I always … (describe your hobby)
Also I like to make toys in my free time. I like reading books, too. My favorite writer is…
If your hobby is cooking, you can say how you make cakes and pies.

Text 10. My Pet

Remember the expression: I have a hamster as a pet. - I have a pet, a hamster.

I keep a hamster as a pet. - I keep a hamster at home.

Hello there! I would like to tell you about my pet. It is a hamster and her name is Sue.

Sue is about one year old. She is very funny. She has soft skin and bright black eyes. Sue is very lively and likes to run around a wheel in her cage.

I keep her cage in the hall because she makes noise at night. But in the daytime I let her run about the flat and play with her.

Sue eats vegetables and I feed her every day. I clean her cage every week. I like to take care of my pet.

I hope that one day my parents will buy me one more pet. I would like to get a rabbit on my birthday.

These texts need to be supplemented and be able to tell. There is no need to memorize texts. Below you will find list of questions for texts, which you need to be able to answer.

Assignments and questions for texts in English (grades 5-6)

Text 1. About Myself

1. Complete the text.

My name is _______. I am ________years old. I live in _______.

I have a ______ family. There are 6 of ______: my parents, my grandparents, my sister and me.

As for my appearance, you can see yourself. I am _______. I have ______hair and ______ eyes.

I like _______and always go to the ______ in my free time.

  1. Introduce yourself.
  2. What are you?
  3. How old are you?
  4. Is your hair long or short?
  5. What are eyes like?
  6. Can you describe yourself?
  7. Where do you live?
  8. Have you any friends?
Text 2. My Family and Me.

1. Complete text 1.

There are………….of us in my family. We are a close family. We are sociable and…

My mother is a ………………… My mother is loving and ……….

My father is a ……………………… My father is strong and …………..

As for me, I think I am ……………………… I would like to be more ……..

I have (not) got……. My elder brother is active and …….
My little sister is pretty but……….

I love my family……

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  • main characteristic - main character trait
  1. How would you describe your family?
  2. What do your parents do?
  3. What are your parents’ main characteristics?
  4. What are your main characteristics?
  5. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
  6. How old are they?
  7. What are they like?
  8. What do you like doing together?

2. Complete text 2 with the words: close, sociable, get on, hobby, card, typical, intelligent, naughty, humour.

SAMPLE LETTER on the topic “My Family”

Dear Ann,
Thank you for your letter. You asked me to write about my family.

Well, our family is a _____ Russian family: a father, a mother, two children (my little sister and me) and a cat. We are a _____ family and _____ well with each other.

My mum is a teacher at school. She is _____. Her ______ is painting. My dad is a computer _________. He is _________. He has a good sense of __________. My little sister Ann is funny and sometimes ____________.

Hope to hear from you soon.

Best wishes,
Polina

Text 3. My Friends.

1. Complete the text.

I have a _____ friend. Her name is….. . She is a ______ girl . She has got ______ brown hair and ______ blue eyes. She is slim and ______. She is crazy about collecting dolls. She is very proud of her big _________.

We meet every day because we are in the same form. We talk during the ______and often _____ time together after school.

She is a good student and sometimes help me with my _______.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. Have you got many friends?
  2. Who is your best friend?
  3. When did you make friends?
  4. What does your friend look like?
  5. Why do you like him (her)?
  6. What do you have in common?
  7. Do you share ideas?
  8. How often do you phone each other?
  9. How do you like to spend your time together?
  10. What does your friend like doing?
Text 4. My Place.

1. Complete the text.

My family lives on the _______ floor in a big house. Our flat is ______. We have two bedrooms, a _______, a _________, a ________ and a toilet.

The biggest room in our flat is the _______. It is a _____ room with a big table in the center. In the _____ there is a cozy sofa. Just on the opposite wall there is a large flat screen.

When we are at home, we often _____ in the room and spend time playing games or watching TV.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. Do you live in a flat or in a house?
  2. Is it big or small?
  3. How many rooms has it?
  4. What is there in the living-room?
  5. What is there in the kitchen?
  6. Do you have your own room?
Text 5. My School.

1. Complete the text.

My name is ____ I am ____. I am in the______ at school number _____.

I _____ a lot of subjects this year. I study Maths, History, Russian, English, Science, _______. I like _______. I don't like _________.

I like school because I like to ________my friends during the breaks.

But I don’t like to get _____marks.

3. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. What school do you study at?
  2. What form are you in?
  3. What lessons / subjects do you like?
  4. What lessons / subjects don’t you like?
  5. How many subjects do you have? What are they?
  6. What subjects do you have in your timetable (on Monday)?
  7. What do you do at your English lessons?
  8. What subject would you like to study?
  9. Do you like breaks?
  10. Some schoolchildren don’t like school. Do you think why?
Text 6. My Birthday.

1. Complete the text.

My Last Birthday Party

Last year my sisters arranged a birthday party for me.

When I was out, they got _________for the party. They _________the house and _______ pizza. They decorate my room with the balloons. They _______on their best clothes and looked ________.

When I rang the doorbell, the music started playing. I came into the room and saw a big _________ on the table. _______ 13 candles on it.

My sisters sang to me, “Happy birthday to you.” Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday, ……Happy birthday to you. »

I was very……

How to Arrange a School Party

I am _____________to have a school party next week.

First of all, I will arrange date and time and write ____________ (invitations).

Then I will think who can help me to organize the party. I think I will ask my friend Ilya to bring CDs. He will be responsible for ___________. I am _______ to ask my friend Slava to ________a guitar. He can play the guitar very __________. I will ask Anya to ________food.

And I will ask Sveta to make a____________. So, the girls will be ______________ for the meal.

Also I am ______ to buy small presents for my friends because we will have quizes and contests at the party.

I hope the party will be _____________.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. How old are you now?
  2. When is your birthday?
  3. Do you like birthday parties?
  4. How do you celebrate your birthday?
  5. Whom do you invite to your birthday party?
  6. You like to get presents, don’t you?
  7. What kind of presents do you like to get best of all?
Text 7. My Day (My Working Day / My Day Out)

1. Complete the text.

My school day begins early.

I get up at 7 o’clock, _______my face and dress. Then I ______ my bed and go to the _______to have my breakfast.

I leave home for school at 8 o’clock. On the way to school I often _____ my friends and we go the school ______.

I ______home at 3 o’clock.

I have dinner and after that______ because I am often _____. When I have little homework, I can go to _______ or_______.

In the evening I usually ______ or______.

I ________to bed at 10 p.m.

2.1. Answer the questions to the text “My working Day”.

  1. When do you get up on your working days?
  2. It is difficult for you to get up early, isn’t it?
  3. Do you usually make your bed?
  4. What do you usually have for breakfast?
  5. When do you leave home for school?
  6. Where is your school?
  7. How long does it take you to get to your school on foot?
  8. When do you come home?
  9. What do you do after that?
  10. What do you like to do in the evenings?
  11. When do you go to bed?

2.2. Answer the questions to the text “My Day Out”

  1. Do you like weekends? Why?
  2. What time do you get up?
  3. What do you do in the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening?
  4. Do you like to watch TV?
  5. Do you go to the park?
  6. Do you go swimming?
  7. Do you meet your friends?
  8. Who does shopping in your family?
  9. Do you like shopping?

2.3 Write your story according to the outline below. Be sure to use words conveying a sequence of actions (SOON). They are highlighted in bold in the text.

My Usual Day

I usually get up at about ...

Then I...

Next I

When I come home from school, I...

We usually eat dinner at about…

I help my mother with dinner. I….

After I do my homework, I like…

I always do…. before I go to bed.

Text 8. How I help about the house.

1. Complete the text.

My name is ____________. I live with parents.

I love my family and help my parents ________the house.

I always vacuum the ________. Sometimes I help my mother to _______the table. And I usually ________ up after meals. I often ______my room and __________the flowers.

But I never do the___________. I don't like it.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. Do your friends help their parents?
  2. Do you help your parents about the house?
  3. Can you clean your room?
  4. Do you water the flowers?
  5. Do you wash the dishes?
  6. Do you help to lay the table?
  7. Do you vacuum the carpet?
  8. Do you go to the shops and buy food?
  9. What don’t you like to do?
Text 9. My Hobby.

1. Complete the text.

Our Hobbies

Different people like ____________ things. That's why we have ____________ hobbies.

I am fond of___________________________ (3 sentences about myself).

My friend Nastya likes __________. She is crazy about ____________ (3 sentences about your friend)

I think hobbies make our life ______________.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. What hobbies do you know?
  2. Do you play any musical instrument?
  3. What is your hobby?
  4. Do you think your hobby may help you in the future?
  5. What do you want to be?
Text 10. My Pet.

1. Complete the text.

The animals we keep at home are our_____. They can be dogs, _______, ________,
________ or _______.

People are fond of pets. They like to watch them and treat them as real members of the family. Dogs and cats are our _________pets.

I have got _____pets. In my house _________three cats, a dog, two hamsters and a parrot. I love them all and I am very _________ when I play with them. I _______care of them, too. My mum helps me to ________ them. When I grow up, I want to _______a vet and take ________of animals.

2. Answer the questions to the text.

  1. Have you got a pet?
  2. What pet is it?
  3. What is your pet like?
  4. How do you take care of your pet?
  5. Would you like to have one more pet?

To write the article, we used developments for various textbooks, as well as a manual by T.Yu. Zhurin “English language. 55 oral topics in English for schoolchildren grades 5-11" (partially revised and expanded)