Sailors are always respected and serious people for whom work comes first. But at the same time, they all have families who are faithfully waiting for them and loving them. The profession of a naval sailor is not only responsible and serious, but also interesting. Members of the Navy can see a lot during their career. Although there is also a risk to life.

What are the military ranks in the Navy?

Let's start with the fact that in the Russian Navy, military ranks are divided into two categories: military and naval. The first ones have categories:

1. The ladder begins with soldiers and foremen, who, in turn, are divided into soldier, corporal and foreman.
2. Next come the warrant officers. This rank is divided into warrant officer and senior warrant officer.
3. Officers. Here the subcategories are:

• junior officers: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain;
• senior: major, lieutenant colonel, colonel;
• highest: major general, lieutenant general, colonel general, army general and marshal of the Russian Federation.

Ship ranks have slightly different names:

1. Soldiers, sergeants, sailors. Here the ranks are in ascending order: sailor, senior sailor, foreman of the 2nd article, 1st article, chief, chief ship officer, foreman.
2. Midshipmen: midshipman, senior midshipman.
3. Junior officers: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, lieutenant commander.
4. Senior officers: captain 3rd rank, 2nd rank, 1st rank.
5. Higher officers: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, fleet admiral, marshal of Russia.

The uniform of military personnel in the Navy does not always include shoulder straps on which ranks are determined. Often, military sailors have stripes on their sleeves that identify their position and rank.

More information about the procedure for assigning titles

Like ground forces, in the Navy, the ranks of employees are assigned on the day of expiration of his military rank. The legislation establishes the following deadlines:

• to become a private or a sailor, you must serve for 5 months;
• a year is required to serve in order to become a junior sergeant or sergeant major of the 2nd article;
• You must serve three years to receive the ranks of senior sergeant and chief sergeant;
• the same number of years is allotted to become an ensign or midshipman;
• You must serve two years to become a junior lieutenant;
• three to lieutenant;
• three more to first lieutenant;
• 4 years to captain and lieutenant commander;
• 4 – up to major and captain of the 3rd rank;
• It takes 5 years to become a lieutenant colonel or captain of the 2nd rank.

To receive the rank of senior officer, you must serve in your previous position for at least 1 year. As a rule, naval soldiers receive their next military rank 2 years after receiving the previous rank. The deadline includes:

1. The break time (if any) due to the military being brought to criminal liability for unjustified reasons, as well as in the case of illegal dismissal with subsequent reinstatement.
2. Time to stop military activities.
3. Number of years spent in reserve.

Note that for special achievements, a naval soldier can receive another military rank ahead of schedule.

What are the responsibilities of the Navy?

Like any other troops, the Navy works for the good of the country. The main functions of the naval personnel are:

• usage military force in case of a threat to the country from the sea. The Navy is also obliged to contain and suppress possible threats to Russia;
• protect the sovereignty of your country by any means;
• creating conditions to ensure the security of the state;
• by order of the commander-in-chief, participate in various operations.

If we talk specifically about departments, then each of them has its own responsibilities. For example, naval aviation is engaged in missile and bomb strikes, and also provides cover. Coastal units defend the coast and lead ground fighting, protecting the sea border.

How to get into the Navy

Many young guys dream of working for the good of their Motherland, namely, protecting it. In order to become a member of the Navy, you must meet all categories. To be more precise, to become an employee you need:

1. Have a complete secondary education. But it is preferable, of course, to graduate from a maritime school.
2. Be at least 165 cm tall, and also have at least the second group of mental stability.
3. Have a fitness category of at least A-2 (although you cannot get into the military infantry with such indicators).

Conscripts who are tall and good-looking are often taken into the honor guard company. However, secondary specialized education will not hurt in this case either.

Perhaps in student years teacher of military training told you about the various ranks that are used in our army, but it is unlikely that you absorbed this information with the same eagerness with which you laughed furiously in class, smoked in the school yard or pulled the pigtails of the girls from your class.

However, knowledge about this subject should be in every man’s head, so that he, without hesitation, understands who is a “real major” and who is “Warrant Officer Shmatko.”, military ranks in the Russian army.

Rank categories in the Russian Army

There are two main groups of ranks in the Russian troops:

• shipborne (refers to those who serve at sea);
• military (go to representatives of ground troops).

Ship ranks

1. Navy (both under water and above water). Marine uniform has always suited men. No wonder girls like sailors so much!
2. military naval units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It sounds unusual, but there are also police officers at sea.
3. protection of the coastal (Border) service of the Russian FSB.

They do not chase unscrupulous fishermen who caught a couple of buckets of crucian carp without permission. Their direct responsibility is the capture of illegal immigrants and other criminals on the country’s waterways.

Military ranks

It is not so easy to see sea captains in snow-white uniforms on the streets of cities, especially if there is no sea nearby. But this is no reason to be upset!

Titles are also given in:

1. Armed forces.
2. Ministry of Internal Affairs (servicemen from the category of “policemen” or district police officers).
3. Ministry of Emergency Situations (dared souls saving people in trouble).

Vadim, an Emergency Situations Ministry worker from Khmelnitsky, says that many people imagine the Ministry of Emergency Situations workers as real rescue heroes who live all day long as if in a thriller. Unfortunately, this is not entirely true. The life of an EMERCOM nickname consists of daily visits to some priests in order to carry out explanatory work, otherwise they will inadvertently burn down the church and everyone who came there. Rescuers also remove cats from trees and teach old women how to light the stove so as not to die from carbon monoxide. But the Ministry of Emergency Situations employees still evaluate their work positively. This is facilitated by titles, uniforms and social benefits.

• foreign intelligence service (Yes, yes! Imagine - new Stirlitz!);
• and other military units of our country.

Ranks table

In order to make the description of ranks less boring, we decided to present information about them as a cheat sheet (military and ship ranks, located on the same line, are analogous):

Type	Military	Korabelnoe
Non-officer	private, corporal, Lance Sergeant, sergeant, staff Sergeant, foreman, ensign, Senior Warrant Officer	sailor, senior sailor, foreman of the second article, foreman of the first article, chief petty officer, chief ship's foreman, midshipman, senior midshipman
Junior officers	junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain	junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain-lieutenant
Senior officers	major, lieutenant colonel, Colonel	captain 1st rank, captain 2nd rank, captain 3rd rank
Senior officers	major general Lieutenant General, Colonel General, army General, Marshal of the Russian Federation	rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, fleet admiral

Shoulder straps

1. Soldiers and sailors. There are no insignia on the shoulder straps.
2. Sergeants and petty officers. Badges are used as insignia. Warriors have long called them “snot.”
3. Ensigns and midshipmen. Cross-stitched stars are used as insignia. The shoulder straps resemble those of an officer, but without stripes. Also, there may be edgings.
4. Junior officers. There is a vertical clearance and metal sprockets (13 mm).
5. Senior officers. Two stripes and large metal stars (20 mm).
6. Senior officers. Large embroidered stars (22 mm), located vertically; no stripes.
7. General of the Army, Admiral of the Fleet. A large star with a diameter of 40 mm, not metal, but embroidered.
8. Marshal Russian Federation. One very large star (40 mm) is embroidered on the shoulder strap. Silver rays diverge in a circle - the shape of a pentagon is obtained. The pattern of the Russian coat of arms is also noticeable.

Of course, when reading the text, many have difficulty trying to imagine appearance shoulder straps Therefore, especially for them, there is a picture in which all of the above is clearly depicted.

Shoulder straps of non-officers

Officer's shoulder straps

1. Marshal of the Russian Federation is the highest rank in the ground forces, but above him there is also a person who can give him orders (even command him to take a prone position). This person is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, who is also the President of the Russian Federation. What is noteworthy is that the title of Supreme Commander-in-Chief is classified as a position, not a military rank.
2. Vladimir Putin, who currently holds this position, left the Federal Security Service as a colonel. Now, in his position, he issues commands to military personnel with ranks that he has never achieved in his entire career.
3. Both naval and ground forces are subordinate to the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. Therefore, admiral is the highest rank in the Navy hierarchy.
4. Writing the names of ranks of the RF Armed Forces with a capital letter in order to show respect to experienced servants is a completely unnecessary matter. All ranks from private to admiral are written with a lowercase letter.
5. The prefix “guard” adds special prestige to the way this or that title sounds. Not everyone is destined to receive it, but only those. who serves in the guards regiments.
6. Servants who have retired from military affairs and calmly dig potatoes in their dachas do not lose their rank, but continue to wear it with the prefix “reserved” or “retired.”

Without holding back his laughter, a military pensioner from Kharkov, Alexander, says that the colonel, whether he is retired or in reserve, will instill fear in any traffic cop who stops him on the road for violating traffic rules. The guy will get off a hundred sweats while he pretends to reprimand the offender, and then he will completely let the colonel go without a fine. So, a title always helps in life.

1. Army doctors are also given special ranks. For example, “major of medical service.” The situation is similar for lawyers - “captain of justice”.

Of course, it’s a long way from George Clooney from ER, but it still sounds decent!

1. Having just taken this path and entered a university, young guys become cadets. For now, they can only dream of how they will receive their first title, and then one of the highest ones. There is another group of students. They are called listeners. These are those who have already received military rank.
2. While the year is going on emergency service, you can at most become a sergeant. Not higher.
3. Since 2012, the ranks of chief petty officer and chief sergeant have been abolished. Formally, they exist, but in reality, servicemen receive the following ranks, bypassing these ranks.
4. We all know that a major is higher than a lieutenant, but for some reason this logic was not taken into account when ranking general ranks. A lieutenant general is higher in rank than a major general. This is the system in the Russian Armed Forces.
5. To receive a new rank in Russian troops, you need to have a certain length of service and personal achievements. Before assigning the next rank to a candidate, commanders judge the soldier’s moral character and combat and political training skills. The table below describes the length of service requirements required to move from one rank to another:

Rank	Job title
Private	All those newly called up for service, all lower positions (gunner, driver, gun crew number, driver, sapper, reconnaissance officer, radio operator, etc.)
Corporal	There are no full-time corporal positions. The rank is given to soldiers in the lowest positions, with a high level of training.
Junior Sergeant, Sergeant	Squad, tank, gun commander
Staff Sergeant	Deputy Platoon Leader
Sergeant Major	Company Sergeant Major
Ensign, Art. ensign	Material support platoon commander, company sergeant major, warehouse chief, radio station chief and other non-commissioned positions that require high level preparation. Sometimes they work in lower officer positions when there is a shortage of officers
Ensign	Platoon commander. This title is usually awarded when there is an acute shortage officers after completing accelerated officer training courses
Lieutenant, Art. lieutenant	Platoon commander, deputy company commander.
Captain	Company commander, training platoon commander
Major	Deputy battalion commander. Training company commander
Lieutenant colonel	Battalion commander, deputy regiment commander
Colonel	Regiment commander, deputy brigade commander, brigade commander, deputy division commander
Major General	Division commander, deputy corps commander
Lieutenant General	Corps commander, deputy army commander
Colonel General	Army Commander, Deputy District (Front) Commander
Army General	District (front) commander, Deputy Minister of Defense, Minister of Defense, Chief of the General Staff, other senior positions
Marshal of the Russian Federation	Honorary title given for special merits

Since the time when the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, the one who steered the boat with a steering oar began to stand out among them, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set the sail. This man, who enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, since he was able to steer the ship, relying on own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain all rolled into one.

Subsequently, as the size of ships grew, so did the number of people required to set the ship in motion and control it. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and, all together, for the successful outcome of the voyage. This is how gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, and specialties appeared.

History has not preserved the first names of those whose destiny was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that defined people’s belonging to the maritime profession.

One of the seven estate castes in Ancient Egypt there was a caste of helmsmen. These were brave people, almost suicide bombers according to Egyptian standards. The fact is that, leaving the country, they were deprived of the protection of their native gods...

The first reliable information about the system of naval ranks dates back to the times Ancient Greece; it was later adopted by the Romans. Arab sailors developed their own system of maritime knowledge. Thus, the word “admiral”, derived from the Arabic “amir al bahr”, which means “lord of the seas,” has become firmly established in all European languages. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from oriental tales"A Thousand and One Nights", in particular from "The Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor". And the very name of Sinbad - a collective image of Arab merchants - is a distortion of the Indian word “Sindhaputi” - “ruler of the sea”: this is how the Indians called shipowners.

After the 13th century, a distinctive system of naval ranks arose among the southern Slavs: shipowner - "brodovlastnik" (from "brod" - ship), sailor - "brodar" or "ladyar", oarsman - "oarer", captain - "leader", crew - “posada”, head of the naval forces - “Pomeranian governor”.

In pre-Petrine Russia there were no naval ranks and there could not have been, since the country did not have access to the sea. However, river navigation was very developed, and in some historical documents of those times there are Russian names for ship positions: captain - “head”, pilot - “vodich”, senior over the crew - “ataman”, signalman - “makhonya” (from “waving” ). Our ancestors called sailors “sar” or “sara”, so in the menacing cry of the Volga robbers “Saryn to the kichka!” (on the bow of the ship!) "saryn" should be understood as "ship's crew."

In Rus', the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called “shipman”, or guest. The original meaning of the word “guest” (from the Latin hostis) is “stranger.” In Romance languages ​​it went through the following path of semantic changes: stranger - foreigner - enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word “guest” took the opposite path: stranger - foreigner - merchant - guest. (A. Pushkin in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” uses the words “guests-gentlemen” and “shipmen” as synonyms.)

Although under Peter I the word “shipbuilder” was supplanted by new, foreign-language ones, it existed as a legal term in the Code of Laws Russian Empire"before 1917

The first document in which, along with the old Russian words “shipman” and “feeder”, found foreign ones, was the “Article Articles” of David Butler, who led the team of the first warship"Eagle". This document was a prototype of the Maritime Charter. On its translation from Dutch by the hand of Peter I it is written: “The articles are correct, against which all ship captains or initial ship men deserve to be used.”

During the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. “For this reason,” he considered it necessary to “create” the Naval Regulations, so that on every large and small ship “everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself by ignorance.”

Let's try to take at least a quick look at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or boat.

BATTALER- the one who manages clothing and food supplies. The word has nothing to do with “battle”, since it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means “to pour into bottles,” hence bottelier - cupbearer.

BOATSWAIN- the one who monitors order on deck, the serviceability of the spar and rigging, manages general ship work, and trains sailors in maritime affairs. Derived from the Dutch boot or English boat - “boat” and man - “man”. In English, along with boatsman, or “boat (ship) man”, there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the “senior boatswain”, who has several “junior boatswains” under his command (boatswain’mate, where our old “boatswain’s mate” comes from).

In Russian, the word “boatswain” is first found in D. Butler’s “Article Articles” in the forms “botsman” and “butman”. There, for the first time, the scope of his responsibilities was defined. In the merchant navy, this rank was officially introduced only in 1768.

WATCH MAN- this initially “land” word came into the Russian language from German (via Poland), in which Wacht means “guard, guard.” If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Naval Charter of Peter I includes the word “watchman” borrowed from Dutch.

DRIVER- helmsman on a boat. IN given value This Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English driver. However, in the domestic maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, words of the same root - “vodich”, “ship leader” - were used to call pilots.

“Navigator” is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as well as “amateur navigator” - in the meaning of “captain”, “skipper” of a small pleasure-tourist fleet.

DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, it has the same root as the word “liar”. They come from the Old Russian verb “to lie” with a primary meaning of “talk nonsense, idle talk, speak” and a secondary meaning of “conspiracy”, “heal”.

CAPTAIN- sole commander on the ship. This word came to us the hard way, entering the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is derived from caput - “head”. It appears for the first time in written records in 1419.

The military rank of “captain” first appeared in France - this was the name given to the commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. In the navy, the title "captain" probably came from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the “saprokomit” in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led in boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. This practice was later adopted by sailing military and even merchant ships, which hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of first person on a ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. Thus, the title “captain” became mandatory on warships of almost all nations from the 17th century. Later, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.

In Russian, the title "captain" has been known since 1615. The first "ship captains" were David Butler, who led the crew of the ship "Eagle" in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the "Eagle". Then the title of “captain” received official status in the Amusement Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was replaced by "ship commander". On ships of the ROPiT since 1859 and the Voluntary Fleet since 1878, skippers from military fleet officers began to be unofficially called “captains,” and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 to replace “skipper.”

COOK- a cook on a ship, so called since 1698. The word came into the Russian language from Dutch. Derived from Lat. cocus - "cook".

COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, leader of a joint trip of several yachts. Originally it was one of the highest degrees in knightly orders, then, during the Crusades, the title of commander of an army of knights. The word is derived from the Latin: the preposition cum - “with” and the verb mandare - “to order”.

In the Russian Navy at the beginning of the 18th century, it was introduced officer rank“commander” (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore admiral's uniforms, but epaulettes without an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of “captain-commander” was awarded, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was held by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.

CILEM(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - “cooper”, “cooper”, from kuip - “tub”, “tub”) - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. The foreign word “cork” quickly entered everyday Russian speech, forming the derivatives “cork” and “uncork.”

PILOT- a person who knows the local navigation conditions and takes upon himself the safe navigation and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot vessel, say: “White hair - red nose.” Initially, pilots were crew members, but in the XIII-XV centuries there appeared those who worked only in their own specific area. The Dutch called such a “pilot” a “pilot” (loodsman, from lood - “lead”, “sinker”, “lot”). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilotage service was organized in England in 1514.

In Rus', the pilot was called the “ship’s leader,” and his assistant, who measured the depth at the bow with a lot, was often called the “noser.” In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term “pilot” was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century the term “pilot” could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was created in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instructions for pilots of the St. Petersburg port, published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.

SAILOR- perhaps the “darkest” word in origin. All that is known for certain is that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch sea tongue in the form of “matros”. And although in the Naval Charter of 1724 the form “sailor” is already found, before mid-19th centuries, “matroz” was still more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - “bed mate”: matta - “matting”, “mat”, and genoot - “comrade”.

In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot, in the truncated form matten, came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - sailor. And after some time, this same “matlo” returned to Holland again and, unrecognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into the more easily pronounced matroos.

There is another interpretation. Some etymologists see the Dutch matt - “comrade” in the first part of the word, others - mats - “mast”. Some scholars see Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - “comrade” and rosta - “battle”, “fight”. And together “matirosta” means “combat friend”, “comrade in arms”.

DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared at a time when sails in the navy began to be replaced steam engine, and borrowed from it. Mashinist (from the Old Greek machina), but first noted in Russian in 1721! Naturally, at that time this maritime specialty did not yet exist.

MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word “machinist”, but in the Russian language in the form “mechanicus” it was noted even earlier - in 1715.

SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his destiny. This profession is believed to be about 9,000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives “morenin”, “sailor” or “sailor”. The root "hod" is very ancient. The expression “walking on the sea” is found already in the chronicle when describing the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople in 907. One can also recall “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin.

In modern language, the root “move” has become entrenched in the terms “seaworthiness”, “navigability”, “propellance”, etc. Peter I tried to instill the foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - “mariner” (from the Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms “mari-nir”, “marinal”, but by the end of the 18th century it fell out of use, leaving only a trace in the word “midshipman”. Another Dutch term, “zeeman” or “zeiman,” suffered the same fate. It existed only until the end of the first quarter of the 19th century.

PILOT- driver (less often - navigator) of a racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation “as a sign of respect” for high speeds. During the early Middle Ages, this was the personal rank of a pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the entire passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - “helmsman”, derived from pedon - “oar”.

STEERING- the one who directly controls the progress of the ship, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Regulations of 1720 ("Inspect the Ruhr before going on a voyage"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" finally replaced the ancient Russian "helm", however, the title of "steerman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until last decade the same century.

SALAGA- inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original “interpretations”, for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about the mythical island of Alag (“Where are you from?” “From Alag”), the prosaic version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with “herring” - small fish. "Salagoy" in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, for a long time called small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word “herring” as a nickname has been recorded, that is, in the meaning of “new fish”.

SIGNALMAN- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of manual semaphore or raising signal flags. The word “signal” came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - “sign”).

STARPO- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic roots. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning of "chief", because it should be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And “helper” originates from the now lost noun “moga” - “strength, might” (its traces have been preserved in the words “help”, “nobleman”, “infirmity”).

SKIPPER- captain of a civil ship. The word represents the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "schipor", and then goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scand. Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the closeness of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff(s)herr - “lord, captain of the ship”).

In Russian, the word first appears at the beginning of the 18th century as a junior officer rank. According to the Naval Regulations, the skipper had to “see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the interior”; “in throwing and taking out the anchor, you are responsible for beating [beatings] and watching over the tying of the anchor rope.”

In the merchant fleet, the navigator's rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768 with mandatory passing of exams at the Admiralty. In 1867, the title was divided into long-distance and coastal skippers, and in 1902 it was abolished, although the position of “podskipper” - the keeper of the ship’s deck supplies - on large ships still exists, as does the word “skipper’s storeroom”.

Shkotovy- a sailor working on sheets (from the Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (gear for controlling the clew angle of a sail) first appears in the Naval Regulations of 1720 in the form "sheet".

NAVIGATOR- navigation specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form “sturman” in the “Article Articles” of D. Butler, then in “Painting of supplies for the barcolon...” by K. Kruys (1698) in the forms “sturman” and “sturman” and finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720 it is found modern form words. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - “steering wheel”, “to rule”. In the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company were already plying the waters Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word "navigator" became international. So in the Russian language it replaced the ancient “helmsman” or “kormshchiy” (from “stern”, where since ancient times there was a ship control post). According to the “Article Articles”, the navigator had to inform the captain “the acquired height of the pole (pole) and show his notebook about the ship’s navigation and the book of the sea navigation in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people...”.

CABIN BOY- a boy on a ship studying seamanship. This word appeared in Russian vocabulary under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - boy). At that time, there were “cabin cabin boys” recruited as servants, and “deck cabin boys” for deck work. Many famous admirals began their naval service as cabin boys, including the “admiral of admirals” - Horatio Nelson.

Admiral(vf) - higher
in the naval service a rank corresponding to the rank of general in the land forces
troops. Commands the fleet. Admiral ranks 4: admiral general,
admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral.

Commodore(vf) - in England and Holland, naval officer, squadron commander

Captain - ship commander. It may even hold the position of lieutenant (more on this in the next paragraph)

Lieutenant -
naval officer, is the captain's mate. However, Lieutenant
is the commander of a rank 4 ship with 14-16 guns. For such
ships captain is not appointed. On a rank 3 ship with 50 guns
the lieutenant is the senior mate of the captain (since according to the regulations there
no lieutenant captain). Speaking modern language the lieutenant is
watch officer, watch commander, i.e. part of the crew carrying
ship service in a given period of time.

Ship's secretary -
There is only one secretary on any ship. We can say that this officer
is the captain's assistant for personnel records, staff work,
accounting, monitoring the work of all supply services, correspondence. He must
control the receipt of all supplies on the ship, keep a logbook,
familiarize the crew with the Charter, written orders and instructions
senior naval commanders, keep court records, draw up
contracts for the supply of supplies, control the distribution of food and other
property for personnel, take into account booty taken from the enemy,
record the consumption of gunpowder and cannonballs during the battle, make requests to the port
to replenish supplies, copy the belongings of the dead and
pass them on to relatives. He has no right to leave the ship
(except for the performance of duties requiring his presence on
shore) until it is parked for a long time and will not
disarmed.

Priest (chaplain) -
the priest was equated rather with officers in his position, but also
It was impossible to definitely classify him as an officer. Rather, he just stood there
apart. The navy had one chief priest in charge of
activities of ship chaplains. Each ship had
the priest who officiated all religious activities. Moreover he
was obliged to visit the wounded and sick and ease their mental
suffering. The priest was responsible for the priestly supplies and kept records of them and
use (camping church, throne with vestments, Gospels,
crosses, etc.)

Doctor -
There was one doctor on all ships. Depending on the ship's rank
he had a different number of assistants. The doctor was in charge of accounting,
supplying medicines, medical instruments, keeping records of patients,
was responsible for the treatment of patients, the quality and quantity of food given to them.
During the battle he was forbidden to go on deck, but had to
be in the interior where the collection point for the wounded has been determined. If
it was established that the sick or wounded person died from the negligence of the doctor, then
the latter was considered a murderer and subject to execution.

Skipper
- one of the senior officers. According to the regulations, only the navigator was higher than him.
All ships had one skipper. The skipper was responsible for accounting, availability,
storage, use, repair, replenishment, replacement of skipper
property. He kept a journal of this property. To the skipper's property
included the entire removable spar (masts, yards), all rigging (ropes,
ropes, blocks), anchors, lanterns, washing and cleaning equipment, candles,
carpentry equipment and tools, boat sails, all metal
caulker's products, equipment, materials and tools, lubricants
materials, fastening materials (nails, staples, bolts). Skipper accepts
to the ship all this property and monitors the completeness of receipt and quality.
He is also responsible for the distribution of all property and supplies to locations
storage, securing property from rocking. When placing the ship on
anchor and removal from the anchor monitors the movement or reception of the anchor
rope, operation of locking devices. He is also responsible for the organization
cleaning the ship, putting things in order. The skipper supervises the work
sailors, punishes the careless, trains the incompetent. Sub-skipper replaces
skipper in his absence.

Navigator
- was responsible for the navigator’s property, its receipt, storage,
use, expenditure. Flags were considered navigator's property.
signal flags, pennants, ship and boat jacks, compasses,
hourglasses, logs, lots, lamps. The navigator kept a logbook
navigator's equipment, monitored the replenishment and serviceability of his
property. He was also responsible for sea charts, sailing directions, and the serviceability of the helmsman.
ship control. He checked the compass and hourglass. During
sailing, he had to check the maps with the real coastline,
islands, rocks, reefs and map all their changes.
The navigator is obliged to inform the officers and captain about the dangers of the ship's course
(shoals, reefs, rocks) and insist on changing it, and even if the captain
or another officer will not listen to him, and the ship will be lost, then the navigator
will be executed or sent to hard labor. When anchoring, the navigator
is obliged to ensure that there is no shallow water in this place and that the ship’s hull is not
would have broken through with its anchor. The navigator helps the navigator, and in his
absence is entirely the responsibility of the navigator's service.

Boatswain
- specialist of the junior command staff of the ship's crew (in the Navy -
senior officers); immediate supervisor of the deck crew. IN
The boatswain's responsibilities include maintaining the hull in good condition,
rigging and deck equipment of the vessel, management of general ship work
and training of ordinary members of the deck crew (sailors) in maritime affairs,
monitoring order and cleanliness on the ship. On large warships
there is one chief boatswain and several boatswains.

Midshipman -
direct assistant to officers. The main responsibility is to monitor
complete and accurate execution by all crew members of the officers' orders.
Other responsibilities include organizing stacking and placement in
premises of the ship's property and keep a log of this property.

Gunners
- These are naval gunners. One might say - gun commanders. By
the number of cannons and gunners can be said that for every three guns there were two
gunner. Consequently, the gunners were engaged in loading, aiming and
firing a shot, and rolling the guns into place, cooling, cleaning
after the shot was assigned to the soldiers. Sailors have no relationship with guns
had.

Quartermaster
- commands the sailors located in this cockpit. He must follow
for the presence of its sailors on the ship, for the health of its sailors,
the cleanliness and serviceability of their clothing, the provision of food to the sailors and
returning leftover food and utensils to the kitchen so that the products
weapons, things, and gear were not taken from the ship. Quartermaster also
is the commander of the boat, monitors its serviceability, equipment,
manages it on the water and commands the sailors assigned to the crew
lifeboats

A carpenter
- is obliged to monitor all wooden parts of the hull and spar and
repair them; exercise quality control over the materials received on board the ship
wooden spar parts (masts, yards); together with a caulker
eliminate leaks in the housing. I am also obliged to monitor whether there are receipts anywhere
water into the housing. Keep a log of receipts and consumption of wood
parts, materials. Must know the dimensions and design of all
wooden parts so that they can correctly order on shore
production of parts for this ship.

Caulker -
obliged to keep an eye on it. so that there are no leaks in the hull, so that hatches and
the gun ports were tightly closed. When leaks appear along with
ship's carpenter to remove them.

Sailing master
- on a ship of any rank there is one sailing master. Under his leadership
one or two sailing students. Responsible for ensuring that the sails are in good condition and
fix them.

Soldiers (Marines)- were involved in servicing guns to help the gunners, and boarding and landing teams were made up of them.

Sailors -
junior rank. Engaged to work on a ship, such as: work with
sails, pumping water from the hold, keeping the ship clean. On
on the robber ships they formed the boarding crew.

Ship ranks in the navy are used in the Russian Navy and are assigned to sailors to the extent they are able to take responsibility for the command of a particular military personnel. They are also assigned to the military coast guard of the border troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, underwater and surface units of the Navy and naval units of the troops.

Almost all naval ranks differ from the missile and ground forces, airborne forces and airborne forces. From 1884 to 1991 they changed due to a number of events:

• the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917;
• creation Soviet Union and its subsequent collapse 1922-1991;
• creation of the Russian Federation in 1991

Modern ranks in the navy are divided into 4 categories:

1. Conscripts of conscript and contract service. These include: sailor, senior sailor, foreman of the second class, petty officer of the first class and the chief petty officer. The senior ranks also include a midshipman and a senior midshipman.

2. Junior officers of the fleet. These are: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant and lieutenant commander.

3. Senior officers of the Navy. Ranks are divided into: captains of the third, second and first rank.

4. Senior officers. Consists of: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and fleet admiral.

Detailed description of ship ranks in ascending order

Sailor- a junior rank in the navy that corresponds to a land private. These are conscripts for military service.

Senior sailor- a parallel to the army rank of corporal, which is assigned to a sailor for maintaining discipline and exemplary performance of duties. Can be an assistant sergeant major and replace a sergeant major of the second class.

Petty Officers

Foreman of the second article- junior rank in the senior ranks, which was introduced on November 2, 1940. Situated in rank above the senior sailor and below the first class petty officer. May be a squad leader.

Petty Officer of the first article- a sailor of the fleet who is ranked higher in rank than the petty officer of the second article, but below the chief petty officer. Second in order of growth in the list of senior officers, introduced on November 2, 1940. This is a squad commander who has shown excellent results in performing military and organizational duties.

Chief petty officer– military rank in the Navy of the Russian Federation and Coast Guard. Occupies a place between the first class petty officer and the midshipman of the fleet. Naval rank The chief petty officer corresponds to the army senior sergeant. Can replace a platoon commander.

Midshipman– a word of English origin, which is assigned to a sailor after completing appropriate training programs and courses. In land terms, this is an ensign. Performs organizational and combat duties within the framework of a platoon commander or company sergeant major.

Senior midshipman- a military rank in the Russian Navy, which is higher in rank than midshipman, but lower than junior lieutenant. Similarly - senior warrant officer in other branches of the military.

Junior officers

Rank junior lieutenant comes from French and translates as "substitute". Occupies the first rank in the junior officer ranks, both in the ground and naval forces. May be a post or platoon commander.

Lieutenant- second among ranks in the navy, in rank above junior lieutenant and below senior lieutenant. Awarded upon completion of service with the rank of junior lieutenant.

Senior Lieutenant- a naval rank of junior officers in Russia, which is higher in rank than lieutenant and lower than lieutenant commander. With excellent performance in the service, he can be an assistant to the captain of a ship.

Lieutenant Commander- the highest rank of junior officers, which in the Russian Federation and Germany corresponds to captain of the army of the ground forces. A sailor with this rank is considered the deputy captain of the ship and the commander of a company of hundreds of subordinates.

Senior officers

Captain 3rd rank- corresponds to an army major. The abbreviated name for the shoulder strap is “captri”. Responsibilities include commanding a ship of the appropriate rank. These are small military vessels: landing craft, anti-submarine ships, torpedo ships and minesweepers.

Captain of the second rank, or “kapdva” - the rank of sailor in the Navy, which according to land ranks corresponds to a lieutenant colonel. This is the commander of a ship of the same rank: large landing ships, missile and destroyers.

Captain of the first rank, or “kapraz”, “kapturang” is a military rank in the Russian Navy, which is higher in rank than captain of the second rank and lower than rear admiral. May 7, 1940 exists among ranks in the navy, decided the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. "Kapturang" commands ships with complex controls and huge military power: aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines and cruisers.

Senior officers

Rear Admiral can command a squadron of ships and replace the commander of a flotilla. Adopted since 1940 and since that time corresponds to major general of the ground forces and aviation.

Vice Admiral- a rank of sailors in Russia, which allows you to replace an admiral. Corresponds to a lieutenant general of the ground forces. Manages the actions of flotillas.

Admiral translated from Dutch as “lord of the sea”, therefore he is a member of the senior officer corps. Army employees are assigned the rank of Colonel General. Manages the active fleet.

Fleet Admiral- the highest active rank, as well as in other types of troops, army general. Manages the fleet and is assigned to active admirals with excellent combat, organizational and strategic performance.

What types of troops are assigned naval ranks?

The Navy of the Russian Federation (RF Navy) also includes the following units:

• Marine Corps;
• coast guard;
• naval aviation.

The Marine Corps is a unit that carries out the defense of military installations, coastal areas and other sea lines. The Marines include sabotage and reconnaissance groups. Motto Marine Corps: “Where we are, there is victory.”

The Coast Guard is a branch of the military that defends Russian naval bases and special facilities in the coastal zone. They have at their disposal anti-aircraft, torpedo, mine weapon, and missile systems and other artillery.

Naval aviation is troops whose responsibilities include detecting and destroying the enemy, defending ships and other elements from enemy forces, and destroying enemy aircraft, helicopters and other air structures. Russian aviation also carries out air transportation and rescue operations on the high seas.

How and for what is the next rank assigned to sailors?

The assignment of the next title is specified in the current laws of the Russian Federation:

• For a senior sailor, you must serve 5 months;
• obtaining a sergeant major 2nd article can be expected after a year of service;
• three years for senior sergeant and chief petty officer;
• three years to become a midshipman;
• 2 years for junior lieutenant;
• 3 for promotion to lieutenant and first lieutenant;
• 4 years to become a captain-lieutenant and captain of the 3rd rank.
• 5 years to captain 2nd and 1st rank;
• for senior officers, at least a year at the previous rank.

It is also worth knowing that military ranks in the navy may be assigned if the due date has not yet passed, but the military man has demonstrated his organizational, tactical and strategic abilities. A bad sailor is one who does not want to become an admiral, especially since it is possible. There are many examples of motivated, big-thinking sailors who became admirals.