The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, current topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics). Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.

Target journalistic style speeches- informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and corresponding language means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, analyzed and evaluated possible ways its solution, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, and strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, for journalistic speech characterized by passion and appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is accessibility: it is intended for a wide audience and must be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic articles of literary critics V.G. are widely known. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. Writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And from them oratory, the ability to master words often determines a person’s fate.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In the journalistic style the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, time- (s-); with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, words with a strong emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative means of expression artistic style speeches with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not only …, How many). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

The emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history and addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of a common function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not just one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:

Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:

Of course, the use of standard and expressive language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

sports article journalistic style

The journalistic style, one of the varieties of which is newspaper speech (newspaper substyle), turns out to be a very complex phenomenon due to the heterogeneity of its tasks and communication conditions. [Rosenthal, 1997:154] We will talk first of all about the features of newspaper speech, since it is more explored in modern style. The term “journalistic style” is used deliberately for the sake of preserving the unity of terminology (common names of functional styles).

One of the important functions of journalism (in particular its newspaper and magazine variety) is informational. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible could not but be reflected in the nature of communicative tasks and in their speech embodiment. However, this historically original function of the newspaper was gradually pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda - or otherwise - influencing. “Pure” information content remained only in some genres, and even there, thanks to the selection of the facts themselves and the nature of their presentation, it turned out to be subordinate to the main, namely agitation and propaganda, function. Because of this, journalism, especially newspaper journalism, was characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence, or expressiveness. These two main functions, as well as the linguostylistic features that implement them, are not dissected in newspaper speech today.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.

Journalism is also rich in expressive resources. Like fiction, it has significant power of influence, uses a wide variety of tropes, rhetorical figures, and a variety of lexical and grammatical means.

Another main stylistic feature of journalistic speech is the presence of a standard.

It should be taken into account that a newspaper (and partly other types of journalism) is distinguished by a significant uniqueness of the conditions of linguistic creativity: it is created in as soon as possible, which sometimes do not provide the opportunity to perfect the processing of language material. At the same time, it is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who often prepare their materials in isolation from one another.

The main stylistic principle of V.G.’s journalism Kostomarov defines it as unity, the combination of expression and standard, which constitutes the specificity of newspaper speech. Of course, in a certain sense, the combination of expression and standard (in certain “doses”) is characteristic of all speech in general. However, it is important that it is in newspaper journalism, unlike other speech varieties, that this unity becomes a stylistic principle for organizing a statement. This is the main meaning and, undoubtedly, the value of V.G.’s concept. Kostomarova. Meanwhile, the first component still has priority in this unity.

The dominant feature of the journalistic style is, as defined by M. Kozhina, “social assessment.”

In this regard, the journalistic style is also characterized by the search for biting and accurate assessments, requiring unusual lexical combinations, especially during polemics: a giant trust of deception; suspected of loving freedom.

Expression of assessment is expressed by superlative forms in the elitative meaning: the most decisive (measures), the most severe (crisis), the most acute (contradictions); most excellent, strictest, most advantageous.

These are, in general terms, the main features of newspaper style and the linguistic means of their implementation.

The material for creating evaluative newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is the entire dictionary of the literary language, although some of its categories are especially productive in journalism.

The influencing function of the newspaper-journalistic style is especially clearly manifested in syntax. From a diverse syntactic repertoire, journalism selects constructions that have significant potential for impact. It is expressiveness that attracts journalism to the constructions of colloquial speech. They are, as a rule, compressed, capacious, and laconic. Another important quality is their mass character, democracy, and accessibility. Against the background of the generally bookish syntax of journalism, colloquial constructions stand out for their stylistic novelty.

The function of influence (expressive function), the most important for the newspaper-journalistic style, determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. And journalism takes from literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness. It's interesting that some explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, primarily a dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov, give some words the stylistic labels “newspaper” and “journalistic”. This means that these words are characteristic of the newspaper, journalism, and are assigned to them. It turned out that almost all of these words have a bright evaluative connotation: agency, charity acrobats, activation, action, sore, bomber, sandwich hack, top, milestone, etc.

However, journalism does not only use ready-made material. Under the influence of the influencing function, journalism transforms, transforms words from different areas language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative meaning: crime incubator, militarism conveyor belt, routes of technical progress; sports vocabulary: round, round (of negotiations), pre-election marathon, announce a check to the government; names of literary genres, theater vocabulary: folk drama, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy, etc.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary with a strong emotional connotation, for example: positive changes, an energetic start, an irresponsible statement, a firm position, behind-the-scenes fighting, a breakthrough in negotiations, dirty electoral technologies, a villainous murder, vile fabrications, a severe crisis, an unprecedented flood, crazy adventure, brazen raid, political performance, biased press, galloping inflation, barracks communism, ideological bulldozer, moral cholera.

The newspaper gives birth and cultivates its own phraseology. Stable combinations are a ready-made arsenal of newspaper standards and often become stamps. Examples: relay of generations, keeping up with the times, flipping a duck, etc. These can be general linguistic phraseological units, but filled with new content and again high-frequency in the newspaper:

• a) with a negative assessment: to rake in the heat with someone else’s hands, to sing from someone else’s voice, to warm one’s hands;
• b) with positive assessment: work tirelessly, golden hands, etc.

The journalistic style is called the official style of the media (mass media), including reports, notes, interviews, etc. This style is more often used in written speech, less often in oral forms of the same reports or public speeches of political and public figures .

Examples of journalistic style:.

The general features of this style include:

• emotionality and imagery of speech - to create the necessary atmosphere;
• evaluativeness and confidence - for interest;
• logic of presentation based on irrefutable facts - to give the speech credibility and information content;
• call of readers (listeners) to action and public accessibility;
• easy and clear presentation.

We will talk about which language means you should not use when working on a book in the corresponding article.

Stay tuned!

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I. Introduction.

II. Journalistic style.

3. Genres of journalism.

III. Conclusion

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Journalistic style

Plan

I. Introduction.

II. Journalistic style.

1. Characteristics of journalistic style.

2. Features of journalistic style.

3. Genres of journalism.

1) Essay as a genre of journalism.

2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.

3) Report as a genre of journalism.

4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.

III. Conclusion

I. Introduction

The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.

Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.

Speech styles

Spoken Book

(scientific, official business,

Journalistic style

Fiction)

The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:

1. the goal being pursued speech utterance(scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly speaking; official business – for information);
2. area of ​​use, environment;
3. genres;
4. linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
5. other style features.

II. Journalistic style

1. Characteristics of journalistic style.

Journalistic styleaddressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus, lat. – public).

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.

The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

2. Features of journalistic style.

Sphere of use of journalistic style: speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).

The main function of works of journalistic style:agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.

Objectives of speech in journalistic style: transmission of information about current issues of modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.

Characteristics of the utterance: appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.

Features of journalistic style: relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.

Genres of journalistic style: essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.

Style Features: logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.

Language means: socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.

Form and type of speech:written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

3. Genres of journalism.

Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. In literature Ancient Rus' genres of journalism were present. A striking example of a work of journalism in ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.

1) Essay as a genre of journalism.

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay. Feature article – small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.

A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events about which we're talking about. In the essay, as in work of art, visual means are used, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.

2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.

Oral presentationalso belongs to the journalistic genre.

Important distinctive feature oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.

It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.

3) Report as a genre of journalism.

Most complex shape oral presentations is report . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of ​​knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).

4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.

The report can be a starting point discussions , that is, discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.

III. Conclusion

The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech. Among the main linguistic features journalistic style should be called the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment social life, ways of presenting material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of the word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.
Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. That's why this style provides significant influence on the development of language norms.

References

1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M. Verboom-M, 2005

4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.