Almost everyone knows about the fact of deportation of Chechens and Ingush, but the real reason Few people know about this relocation.

Almost everyone knows about the fact of the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, but few know the true reason for this relocation.

The fact is that since January 1940 in Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic there was an underground organization Khasan Israilov, which set as its goal the separation of the North Caucasus from the USSR and the creation on its territory of a federation of a state of all the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, except for the Ossetians. The latter, as well as the Russians living in the region, according to Israilov and his associates, should have been completely destroyed. Khasan Israilov himself was a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and at one time graduated from the Communist University of the Working People of the East named after I.V. Stalin.

My political activity Israilov began in 1937 with a denunciation of the leadership of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Initially, Israilov and eight of his associates themselves went to prison for libel, but soon the local leadership of the NKVD changed, Israilov, Avtorkhanov, Mamakaev and his other like-minded people were released, and in their place were imprisoned those against whom they had written a denunciation.

However, Israilov did not rest on this. At a time when the British were preparing an attack on the USSR, he created an underground organization with the goal of raising an uprising against Soviet power at the moment when the British landed in Baku, Derbent, Poti and Sukhum. However, British agents demanded that Israilov begin independent actions even before the British attack on the USSR. On instructions from London, Israilov and his gang were to attack the Grozny oil fields and disable them in order to create a shortage of fuel in the Red Army units fighting in Finland. The operation was scheduled for January 28, 1940. Now in Chechen mythology this bandit raid has been elevated to the rank of a national uprising. In fact, there was only an attempt to set fire to the oil storage facility, which was repulsed by the facility’s security. Israilov, with the remnants of his gang, switched to an illegal situation - holed up in mountain villages, the bandits, for the purpose of self-supply, from time to time attacked food stores.

However, with the beginning of the war, Israilov’s foreign policy orientation changed dramatically - now he began to hope for help from the Germans. Israilov’s representatives crossed the front line and handed the German intelligence representative a letter from their leader. On the German side, Israilov began to be supervised by military intelligence. The curator was the colonel Osman Gube.

This man, an Avar by nationality, was born in the Buynaksky region of Dagestan, served in the Dagestan regiment of the Caucasian native division. In 1919 he joined the army of General Denikin, in 1921 he emigrated from Georgia to Trebizond, and then to Istanbul. In 1938, Gube joined the Abwehr, and with the outbreak of war he was promised the position of head of the “political police” of the North Caucasus.

German paratroopers were sent to Chechnya, including Gube himself, and a German radio transmitter began operating in the forests of the Shali region, communicating between the Germans and the rebels. The first action of the rebels was an attempt to disrupt mobilization in Checheno-Ingushetia. During the second half of 1941, the number of deserters amounted to 12 thousand 365 people, evading conscription - 1093. During the first mobilization of Chechens and Ingush into the Red Army in 1941, it was planned to form a cavalry division from their composition, but when it was recruited, only 50% (4247) were recruited people) from the existing conscript contingent, and 850 people from those already recruited upon arrival at the front immediately went over to the enemy. In total, during the three years of the war, 49,362 Chechens and Ingush deserted from the ranks of the Red Army, another 13,389 evaded conscription, for a total of 62,751 people. Only 2,300 people died at the fronts and went missing (and the latter include those who went over to the enemy). The Buryat people, who were half smaller in number and were not threatened by the German occupation, lost 13 thousand people at the front, and the Ossetians, who were one and a half times smaller than the Chechens and Ingush, lost almost 11 thousand. At the same time when the decree on resettlement was published, there were only 8,894 Chechens, Ingush and Balkars in the army. That is, ten times more deserted than fought.

Two years after his first raid, on January 28, 1942, Israilov organized the OPKB - “Special Party of Caucasian Brothers,” which aims to “create a free fraternal community in the Caucasus.” Federal Republic states of the fraternal peoples of the Caucasus under the mandate of the German Empire." He later renamed this party the “National Socialist Party of the Caucasian Brothers.” In February 1942, when the Nazis occupied Taganrog, an associate of Israilov, the former chairman of the Forestry Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Mairbek Sheripov, raised an uprising in the villages of Shatoi and Itum-Kale. The villages were soon liberated, but some of the rebels went to the mountains, from where they carried out partisan attacks. So, on June 6, 1942, at about 17:00 in the Shatoi region, a group of armed bandits on the way to the mountains fired at a truck with traveling Red Army soldiers in one gulp. Of the 14 people traveling in the car, three were killed and two were wounded. The bandits disappeared into the mountains. On August 17, Mairbek Sheripov’s gang actually destroyed the regional center of the Sharoevsky district.

In order to prevent the bandits from seizing oil production and oil refining facilities, one NKVD division had to be introduced into the republic, and also during the most difficult period The battle for the Caucasus remove the military units of the Red Army from the front.

However, it took a long time to catch and neutralize the gangs - the bandits, warned by someone, avoided ambushes and withdrew their units from the attacks. Conversely, targets that were attacked were often left unguarded. So, just before the attack on the regional center of the Sharoevsky district, an operational group and a military unit of the NKVD, which were intended to protect the regional center, were withdrawn from the regional center. Subsequently, it turned out that the bandits were protected by the head of the department for combating banditry of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Lieutenant Colonel GB Aliyev. And later, among the things of the murdered Israilov, a letter from the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of Checheno-Ingushetia, Sultan Albogachiev, was found. It was then that it became clear that all Chechens and Ingush (and Albogachiev was Ingush), regardless of their position, were dreaming of how to harm the Russians, and they were doing harm very actively.

However, on November 7, 1942, on the 504th day of the war, when Hitler’s troops in Stalingrad tried to break through our defenses in the Glubokaya Balka area between the Red October and Barrikady factories, in Checheno-Ingushetia, by the forces of the NKVD troops with the support of individual units of the 4th Kuban Cavalry Corps carried out a special operation to eliminate gangs. Mairbek Sheripov was killed in the battle, and Gube was captured on the night of January 12, 1943 near the village of Akki-Yurt.

However, bandit attacks continued. They continued thanks to the support of the bandits by the local population and local authorities. Despite the fact that from June 22, 1941 to February 23, 1944, 3,078 gang members were killed in Checheno-Ingushtia And 1,715 people were captured, it was clear that as long as someone gave the bandits food and shelter, it would be impossible to defeat banditry. That is why on January 31, 1944, Decree No. 5073 of the State Defense Committee of the USSR was adopted on the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the deportation of its population to Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

On February 23, 1944, Operation Lentil began, during which 180 trains of 65 wagons each were sent from Checheno-Ingushenia. total number 493,269 people resettled. 20,072 units were seized firearms. While resisting, 780 Chechens and Ingush were killed, and 2016 were arrested for possession of weapons and anti-Soviet literature.

6,544 people managed to hide in the mountains. But many of them soon descended from the mountains and surrendered. Israilov himself was mortally wounded in battle on December 15, 1944.

The years of the Great Patriotic War were harsh times in which many strange things happened. There is devastation, chaos, starvation all around. The country will live in this rhythm of life for several more years. Various peoples took part in the war, from Armenians to Ingush. But why does Stalin decide to deport the Chechens? Let's figure it out.

First, let's talk about Stalin's personality cult

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) was born in mid-December 1878 into a Georgian family. Place of birth: the city of Gori, Tiflis province. From birth, Joseph's body had some defects: two fingers were fused on his left foot, and his face was covered in pockmarks. At the age of seven, the boy was hit by a car. After the accident, the arm was severely injured, resulting in the fact that it could not be fully straightened for the rest of its life.

Joseph's father, Vissarion, was an ordinary shoemaker who worked for pennies. All his life he was very dependent on alcohol, consuming large quantities of which he severely beat Catherine, who was Joseph’s mother. Of course, there were cases when the son interfered in family squabbles. This was not successful, since Joseph often got hit on the hands and head. There was an opinion that the boy would be mentally retarded. But everyone knows how it really happened.

Joseph's mother, Catherine, was born into the family of a serf peasant engaged in gardening. All her life she was engaged in hard backbreaking work, while simultaneously raising a child. If you believe some statements, Catherine was very upset when she learned that Joseph did not become a priest.

So why did Stalin deport the Chechens and Ingush

There are two opinions on this matter. If you believe the first, then there were no real reasons for the deportation. These two peoples, along with Soviet soldiers led bravely fighting at the front, defending our homeland. According to one historian, Joseph Stalin simply tried to evict small peoples in order to “take away” their independence, thereby strengthening his own power.

The second opinion was made public by Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov. He said that during the entire war, almost fifty thousand Chechens and Ingush deserted. In addition, almost fifteen thousand people of the same nationalities simply evaded conscription military service.

These two opinions are considered official. In addition to these, there are several other myths regarding why Stalin deported the Chechens in 1944. One of them says that banditry is to blame. During the first three years of the war in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, state security agencies were able to liquidate about two hundred organized criminal gangs. As a result of the liquidation, most of the bandits were destroyed, even more were captured, and some simply surrendered. And if we also take into account complicity, without which no banditry would exist, many “mountain residents” automatically become traitors, and this, as we know, is punishable by death.
This raises the question: what were the Chechens and Ingush dissatisfied with? Why did they betray the country? The answer is simple. By going over to the side of the Germans, the people were confident that they would leave at least part of their livestock and land. Of course, this was a big mistake, but still the Chechens believed in the fascists more than in the Soviet regime.

The next myth is the uprising that began in 1941. As soon as the war began, Khasan Israilov began to rapidly advertise the future uprising. And the methods were as follows: traveling to various villages and holding meetings, creating combat groups in some areas. The first act of the uprising was planned for the fall, in order to coincide with the approach of the fascists. But this did not happen and the deadline was moved to January. It was too late to postpone: poor discipline between the rebels was responsible for the cancellation of the uprising. But still, some groups began fighting.

In October of the same year, residents of a small village completely plundered it, putting up a strong resistance to the operatives. About forty people went to help. But at this rate the uprising could not be stopped. Only large forces were able to completely put an end to it.

In 1942 there was another uprising. The ChGNSPO group was created. Head – Mairbek Sheripov. In the fall of 1941, he went over to the side of the Germans, forcing several other leaders of similar groups and other fugitives to work with him. The first act of the uprising took place in the village of Dzumskoy. Here Sheripov, together with his associates, plundered and burned the village council and administration. Then the whole gang headed for Khimoi, the regional center. After a couple of days, the group managed to take control of this area, destroying Soviet institutions and looting the administration. Next action- hike to Itum-Kale. Fifteen thousand people followed Sheripov. But, fortunately, it was not possible to conquer, since a strong resistance was received there. In November 1942, the Soviet government was able to put an end to the uprisings - Sheripov was killed.

If you rely on the laws, then the eviction of the Ingush and Chechens simply should not have happened. But it happened. What could have happened then if the Soviet government in 1944, when it deported peoples, had backed up its actions with law?

As mentioned above, many Chechens and Ingush deserted from the front or simply evaded service. Punishment measures were, of course, applied to them, as well as to other participants in the hostilities. Also, banditry and uprisings were punished. Everything was punishable by the criminal code, from harboring criminals to storing weapons.

Most likely, the authorities believe that the laws are written only for Russian citizens and they simply do not apply to other nationalities. That is why the punishment for the crime was a little milder than it should be, if you follow the entire set of laws. But this was not done, since in this case almost the entire Republic of Ingushetia would have been empty. Plus, there would be additional costs associated with taking children and women outside of it.

Lentils

The operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush was codenamed “Lentil”. Head: Ivan Serov. The entire process was personally supervised by L. Beria himself. The pretext for sending troops was the statement that it was necessary to conduct urgent exercises in the mountains.

February 23, 2016 marked the 72nd anniversary of the greatest crime committed against our people. At the dawn of a cold winter morning on February 23, 1944, on the Day of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of the USSR, all our people, on the criminal order of the “Father of Nations” I.V. Stalin was exiled to Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

On March 1, 1944, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria reported to Stalin on the results of the eviction of Chechens and Ingush: “The eviction began on February 23 in most areas, with the exception of high-mountain settlements. By February 29, 478,479 people were evicted and loaded onto railway trains, including 91,250 Ingush. 180 trains have been loaded, of which 159 have already been sent to the site of the new settlement. Today, trains with former executives and religious authorities of Checheno-Ingushetia, who were used in carrying out the operation, have been sent. From some points of the Galanchozhsky district, 6 thousand Chechens remained unevicted due to heavy snowfall and impassable roads, the removal and loading of which will be completed in 2 days. The operation took place in an orderly manner and without serious cases of resistance or other incidents... The leaders of the party and Soviet bodies of North Ossetia, Dagestan and Georgia have already begun work on the development of new areas ceded to these republics... To ensure the preparation and successful conduct of the operation to evict the Balkars, all necessary measures have been taken. Preparatory work will be completed by March 10 and the eviction of Balkars will be carried out from March 15. Today we finish our work here and leave for Kabardino-Balkaria and from there to Moscow.” (State Archives Russian Federation. F.R-9401. Op. 2. d. 64. l. 61).

It was an unprecedented crime that had no analogues in world history. An entire people, who made an outstanding contribution to the conquest, establishment and defense of Soviet power, as well as to the fight against Nazi Germany, on false charges of “treason” were forcibly deported from their historical homeland, in fact, to complete extinction in Central Asia and Siberia. As a result, almost half of the population died from hunger, cold and disease. What kind of treason and cooperation with the enemy could we talk about if our republic was not occupied by the Germans? In his book, the former secretary of the Chechen-Ingush regional committee for personnel during the war, and later a university teacher N.F. Filkin reports: “At the beginning of the war, there were at least 9 thousand Chechens and Ingush in its personnel units” (N.F. Filkin. Chechen-Ingush party organization during the war years. - Grozny, 1960, p. 43). In total, about 50 thousand Chechens and Ingush took part in the Great Patriotic War. Even if we take one episode from the war years - defense Brest Fortress- According to the latest data, 600 Chechens and Ingush took part in its defense, and 164 of them were nominated for the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

From other military units that fought on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War, 156 Chechens and Ingush were nominated for the title of Hero of the USSR. Why they didn't get these stars hardly needs explaining. The historical truth, however, is that the Vainakhs have always been famous for their warriors. In support of these words, I would like to quote the statement of Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny from A. Avtorkhanov’s book “The Murder of the Chechen-Ingush People”: “...This was after the evacuation of Kerch by the Reds. The commander of the Southern Front, Marshal Budyonny, who was inspecting the disorderly retreating units from Kerch and Crimea, having placed two divisions against each other in Krasnodar, one that had just arrived at the Chechen-Ingush front, the other that had just fled here from Kerch, said, addressing the Russian division: “Look at them, the mountaineers, their fathers and grandfathers, under the leadership of the great Shamil, bravely fought for 25 years and defended their independence against the whole of Tsarist Russia. Take them as an example of how to defend the Motherland.” Apparently, fearing this mass heroism on the part of our soldiers who took part in the Great Patriotic War, I.V. In March 1942, Stalin issued secret order No. 6362 banning the awarding of Chechens and Ingush with high military awards for their heroic deeds (see S. Khamchiev, Return to Origins - Saratov, 2000).

Myths about Chechen-Ingush bandits were promoted by NKVD agents and the employees of these bodies themselves. If, for example, there were 20-30 people dissatisfied with the Stalinist regime and the provocations of the NKVD, then their number was inflated tens and even hundreds of times, which was reported to Moscow in order to curry favor and earn titles for allegedly discovering large gang groups and their destruction. Today it is impossible to calculate how many innocent Chechens and Ingush were killed. But there are always “historians and writers” like the Pykhalovs who are happy to label us with the Stalinist label “enemies of the people.” I would like to cite some documents on this matter: “There are 33 bandit groups (175 people), 18 lone bandits, registered in the Chechen-Ingush Republic, 10 more bandits (104 people) were active. Revealed during a trip to the regions: 11 bandit groups (80 people), thus, on August 15, 1943, there were 54 bandit groups operating in the republic - 359 participants.

The growth of banditry must be attributed to such reasons as insufficient party mass and explanatory work among the population, especially in high mountainous regions, where there are many auls and villages located far from regional centers, lack of agents, lack of work with legalized gang groups..., permissible excesses. in conducting security and military operations, expressed in mass arrests and murders of persons who were not previously on the operational register and do not have incriminating material. Thus, from January to June 1943, 213 people were killed, of which only 22 people were operationally registered...” (from the report of the deputy head of the department for combating banditry of the NKVD of the USSR, Comrade Rudenko. State Archives Russian Federation. F.R.-9478 Op. 1. d. 41. l. 244). And one more document (from the report of the head of the NKVD department of Checheno-Ingushetia for the fight against banditry, Lieutenant Colonel G.B. Aliev, addressed to L. Beria, August 27, 1943) on the same occasion: “...Today in Chechnya The Ingush Republic has 54 registered gang groups with a total number of participants of 359 people, of which there are 23 gangs that existed before 1942, 27 that arose in 1942, and 4 gangs in 1943. Of the indicated gangs that are actively operating - 24 consisting of 168 people and those that have not manifested themselves since 1942, 30 gangs with general composition 191 people. In 1943, 19 gang groups with 119 participants were liquidated, and during this time, 71 bandits were killed in total...” (Document package No. 2 “spy”, 1993 No. 2, pp. 64-65).

However, even these figures cannot be completely trusted, since the above archival document shows how “gangster” groups were created and destroyed. The murder of innocent Chechens reached such proportions that one of the high-ranking officials apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR. This is what the great scientist, historian and political scientist Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov writes about the number of expelled Chechens and Ingush: “...According to the 1936 USSR Constitution, the North Caucasus region consisted of the autonomous regions of Circassia, Adygea, Karachay and the autonomous Soviet socialist republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia , Checheno-Ingushetia and Dagestan. The Chechen-Ingush Soviet Republic itself occupied an area of ​​15,700 square kilometers (half the area of ​​Belgium) with a population of about 700 thousand people, and the number of all Chechens and Ingush living in the Caucasus, counting normal population growth, amounted to about one million people at the time of the eviction (a population of almost equal to the population of Albania)". (Murder in the USSR. Murder of the Chechen-Ingush people. - Moscow, 1991, p. 7).

The largest figure mentioned in officially declassified documents is 496,460 Chechens and Ingush, which executioner L.P. writes about in his report. Beria in July 1944 addressed to I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov and G.M. Malenkova. But where did almost half of our people not listed in Beria’s documents disappear? What is their fate? There can only be one answer to all these questions: they were destroyed during the deportation. Apparently, I. Stalin could not even imagine that the time would come when top secret and not subject to publication archival documents telling about terrible crimes and the extermination of millions of Soviet citizens would become public knowledge. And that his actions will be condemned by the entire civilized world community. I will refer to one more fact from A. Avtorkhanov’s book “Murder in the USSR. Murder of the Chechen-Ingush people: “...The Soviet press, even in the era of glasnost, was not allowed to write about the number of North Caucasians who died during their deportation. Now for the first time in " Literary newspaper"Dated 08/17/89, Doctor of Historical Sciences Hadji-Murat Ibragimbeyli provides preliminary data on this matter: out of 600 thousand Chechens and Ingush, 200 thousand people died, Karachais 40 thousand (more than one third), Balkars - more than 20 thousand (almost half). If we add about 200 thousand dead Crimean Tatars and 120 thousand dead Kalmyks, then the famous “Leninist-Stalinist national policy” cost these small nations about 600 thousand dead, mainly old people, women and children.” And also from the book “Lenin in the destinies of Russia. Reflections of a historian”: “All these calculations, of course, are approximate. The country will learn the whole truth about the victims of both Leninist and Stalinist terror when the secret funds of the archives of the KGB, the army and the apparatus of the CPSU Central Committee itself are opened. Probably, the contents of these archives are so monstrous and making them public will be so deadly for the existing totalitarian system that even the “new thinkers” of the Kremlin do not dare to do this. However, they are intelligent enough to understand that without a radical break with the past they will not get out of their current trouble...”

Doctor of Economic Sciences, famous Russian scientist Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov writes: “...Beria reported on March 3, 1944 to Stalin that 488 thousand Chechens and Ingush were deported (loaded into wagons). But the fact is that according to the statistical census of 1939, there were 697 thousand Chechens and Ingush people. Over five years, if the previous population growth rates were maintained, there should have been more than 800 thousand people, minus 50 thousand people who fought on the fronts of the active army and other units of the armed forces, that is, the population subject to deportation, there were at least 750-770 thousand people . The difference in numbers is explained by the physical extermination of a significant part of the population and the colossal mortality rate in this short period of time, which, in fact, is quite rightfully equated to murder. During the period of eviction, about 5 thousand people were in inpatient hospitals in Checheno-Ingushetia - none of them “recovered” or were reunited with their families. We also note that not all mountain villages had stationary roads - in winter, neither cars nor even carts could move along these roads. This applies to at least 33 high-mountain villages (Vedeno, Shatoy, Naman-Yurt, etc.), in which 20-22 thousand people lived. What their fate turned out to be is shown by the facts that became known in 1990, related to the tragic events, the death of the inhabitants of the village of Khaibakh. All its inhabitants, more than 700 people, were driven into a barn and burned.

The monstrous action was led by NKVD Colonel Gvishiani. This episode was carefully hidden by the party authorities and was made public only in 1990. In many cases, the elderly, the sick, the weak and small children were left in high-mountain villages - they were destroyed, and the rest were driven on foot along icy roads to lowland villages - to collection points (“septic tanks”). Thus, from the period of February 23 - early March 1944, there were at least 360 thousand dead Chechens and Ingush people. Researchers believe that more than 60 percent of the deported population died from cold, hunger, disease, melancholy and suffering...” (R.Kh. Khasbulatov. The Kremlin and the Russian-Chechen war. Aliens. - Moscow, 2003, pp. 428-429 ).

The Khaibakh tragedy became known thanks to the outstanding son and patriot of the Chechen people Dziyaudin Malsagov, former deputy. People's Commissar of Justice and a direct eyewitness to this terrible tragedy, who, being in exile, risking his life, conveyed a written appeal to the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev personally in his hands, in it he reported this greatest crime. And the world learned about this tragedy thanks to the outstanding statesman, President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev and the glasnost he proclaimed, freedom of speech and perestroika. These examples of mass destruction of our people and other peoples of our former common homeland indicate that I.V. Stalin disposed of the lives and destinies of millions of citizens of the Soviet Union as his personal property. And confirmation of what was said is his very long bloody political life- from 1922 to 1953 - during which he destroyed, according to Professor Kurganov’s calculations, 66 million citizens of the Soviet Union. Let me give you another example: this topic: “From some settlements in the high-mountainous Galanchozh region, 6,000 Chechens remained unevacuated due to heavy snowfall and impassable roads, the removal and loading of which will be completed in 2 days. The operation is carried out in an organized manner and without serious cases of resistance...” (from the report of the People's Commissar of the NKVD of the USSR L.P. Beria addressed to I.V. Stalin, March 1, 1944). Residents of some villages, as well as patients in hospitals, were exterminated... An NKVD regiment was brought to the Galanchozhsky district. His quick transfer was ensured by the then Minister of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Drozdov. And on the very eve of the denouement of the drama, Gvishiani arrived in the Galanchozhsky district. Residents from approximately 10-11 villages in the high mountain region were driven onto the ice of lakes and narrow coastal strips along gorges and paths. Beria accurately counted them - 6,000 people. Around them, the NKVD regiment gradually tightened the ring. At the right moment, machine guns and machine guns started working. The ice battle lasted three days. Then, for another three days, work continued to eliminate traces of the crime. Over a thousand corpses were driven under the ice, the remaining five thousand were thrown with stones and turf. Having won this “brilliant victory,” the regiment retreated in an organized manner, but the approaches to the lake were still blocked in order to prevent “extra” witnesses from getting to it. What happened next? The lake was poisoned in order to keep exotic residents away from it for a long time - for more than ten years they did not allow access to Galanchozh, the approaches to it were blown up. But you can’t hide your sewing in a bag. After the Chechens returned home, construction of a road to the lake began in this area, and that’s when the “ sinister secret"(O. Dzhurgaev "News of the Republic", No. 169, 02.09.10). There are still many unsolved and undeclassified crimes related to the deportation of our people. How many eyewitnesses left this world without having time or daring to talk about all the mass executions and murders of the Chechen people. I would like to cite documents concerning the destruction of the village of Khaibakh: “Top secret to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Comrade. L.P. Beria.

For your eyes only, due to non-transportability and in order to strictly implement Operation Mountains on time, I was forced to eliminate more than 700 people in the town of Khaibakh. Colonel Gvishiani."

Chief executioner I.V. Stalin L.P. Beria responds with gratitude for the crime committed: “For decisive actions during the eviction of Chechens in the Khaibakh region, you have been nominated for a government award with a promotion in rank. People's Commissar of the NKVD of the USSR L. Beria.”

For the burning alive of more than 700 innocent residents of the village of Khaibakh, the state security commissioner of the 3rd rank was awarded one of the highest orders of the country - the Order of Suvorov, II degree, with the military rank of major general. And the country's chief inquisitor I.V. Stalin, in turn, thanks the dogs loyal to him:

“On behalf of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the USSR Defense Committee, I express gratitude to all units and units of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and the NKVD troops for the successful completion of the government assignment in the North Caucasus.”

The oldest of the “traitors to the motherland” burned in Khaibakh was 110 years old, the youngest “enemies of the people” were born the day before this terrible tragedy (Yu.A. Aidaev. Chechens. History. Modernity. - Moscow, 1996, p. 275) .

And to prove the genocide of our people in their places of “residence” in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, I will cite the following documents:

“People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria addressed to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR A. Mikoyan. Secret. November 27, 1944

The overwhelming majority of collective farms in the Kirghiz SSR and a significant part of the collective farms in the Kazakh SSR do not have the opportunity to pay specially displaced collective farmers for their workdays either in grain or other types of food. In this regard, 215 thousand special settlers from the North Caucasus settled on collective farms of the Kirghiz and Kazakh SSR remain without food. Taking this into account, I would consider it necessary to allocate at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz and Kazakh SSR in order to provide special settlers from the North Caucasus who are especially in need of food intended purpose food funds at least in minimum sizes, based on the distribution per person per day: flour - 100 grams, cereals - 50 grams, salt - 15 grams. and sugar for children - 5 grams, - for the period from December 1, 1944 to July 1, 1945. This requires: flour 3870 tons, cereals - 1935 tons, salt - 582 tons, sugar - 78 tons. Draft resolution of the Council of People's Commissars I enclose. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria A.I. Mikoyan, secret. November 29, 1944 (TsGOR. F. 5446. Op. 48. D. 3214. L. 6. Deportation of peoples: nostalgia for totalitarianism. P. 146, 137, 138, 172, 173).

“Due to the state of resources, the People's Commissariat of Procurement does not consider it possible to allocate flour and cereals to supply special settlers and asks for a petition from Comrade. Reject Beria."

Deputy People's Commissar of Procurement USSR D. Fomin (GORF F.R.-5446.op.48.d.3214 L.2).

Thanks to this “national” policy, the Chechen population, which numbered 392.6 thousand people according to the 1926 census, and 408 thousand in 1939, reached 418.8 thousand in 1959, that is, it increased in 33 years by only 162 thousand people. Even if we believe these official statistical data, counting the annual natural population growth minus the deaths, then by 1959 there should have been one million Chechens. From 1959 to 1969, Chechens, according to the USSR State Statistics Service, numbered 614,400 people, and in the ten years after returning from this hellish exile, their number increased by 195,600 people!

The outstanding Kazakh poet, writer and public figure Olzhas Suleimenov writes: “Vainakhs! Brothers and sisters! I confess that today it is more difficult for me to write than ever. And not because there are no words. Because this book was not written on paper, it was burned in the scorched souls of old people, men and women, written in the blood of children who could and should themselves become fathers and mothers of children who were not born not by the will of providence, but by the will of the cruel fate that brought a tragedy for the entire multinational people of the Soviet empire, which trampled upon the most important values ​​of national and civil dignity. Everyone died and suffered. But the death and suffering of repressed peoples, their grief and destruction many times surpassed all the tragedies that have ever occurred in history with entire nations, because there is no greater misfortune for a nation than losing its homeland... I know that your memory is bleeding. I also know that it is impossible to keep silent and forget the tragedy that happened, because this would be a crime against memory, comparable to the misfortune that befell the Vainakh people. So let the Truth ring out! Let the groans and tears of the innocent victims, bursting into your hearts and finding their echo in your souls and consciousness, cleanse them. They will be cleansed in the name of the future, in which there should not be, there will be no repetition of the recent past!.. Every time I visit the graves of the Kazakhs who found eternal peace in their homeland, I also find the graves of the Vainakhs who were tortured on my land.

There are more than 300 thousand of them here - the whole country, in which there is no distinction between nationalities for the dead. I stand silently over these graves, and before my eyes there appear images of people who came to my homeland slandered and humiliated. But not broken! With a high and invincible sense of honor and true human dignity... then there were years of growing up and comprehension of a simple truth, but carefully hidden from us: the Vainakhs were not enemies, but victims. The same victims as many men and women of my people, who were not afraid to speak the truth and live according to their conscience and their own mind in a country where evil and lies ruled. At that time, this was enough to deprive them of their freedom and life, to slander them in front of their family and friends; erase the memory of them, as it seemed to the executioners forever. The Vainakhs are a people deprived of freedom and homeland, also, it seemed to some, forever. But not the sons and daughters of this people, who could not imagine themselves without their homeland. And they returned to their historical homeland, having found another land, which became, albeit by force, through blood and tears, but native to entire generations of Vainakhs" ( White paper. From the history of the eviction of Chechens and Ingush. Grozny - Alma-Ata, 1991. pp. 3-4).

Years and decades pass, one after another, all those who saw these terrible atrocities, who were direct eyewitnesses and experienced all these Stalinist crimes, leave this world. But the real one true story all the crimes of Stalinism have not yet been written about, which, of course, is a very big omission of our scientists and historians. This issue cannot be put off for a long time. We are probably at the present stage the only people in Russia, and indeed in the former Soviet Union, who have lost all of their former written history and objects of national culture. In our republic, over the past two wars from 1994 to 1999. All archival sources were burned. We lost all our national wealth - the best local history museum in the North Caucasus, which had in its storage more than 230 thousand exhibits related to the history and culture of our people. What happened on our land is a national catastrophe, the consequences of which cannot be restored by any amount of billions. And our youth and the younger generation practically do not know the history of their people.

What happened to him over the course of not even hundreds or thousands of years, but last decades our tragic and at the same time heroic story. Let justice and truth prevail. The memory of all the crimes and atrocities against our people that took place along its historical path of development, no matter how tragic and bleeding it may be, must always be preserved in the hearts of our people. And I would like to conclude this article with the words of Ilya Grigorievich Chavchavadze, the great Georgian poet, writer and public figure, pronounced as if for us: “The fall of a nation begins from the moment when the memory of the past ends.” It is hardly possible to say anything better and more convincingly.

(c), Salambek Gunashev.

At 2 a.m. on February 23, 1944, the most famous ethnic deportation operation began - the resettlement of residents of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, formed ten years earlier by uniting the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions.

There were deportations of “punished peoples” before this - Germans and Finns, Kalmyks and Karachais, and after - Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians living in Crimea, as well as Meskhetian Turks from Georgia. But Operation Lentil to evict almost half a million Vainakhs - Chechens and Ingush - became the largest.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR motivated the decision to deport Chechens and Ingush by the fact that “during the Great Patriotic War, especially during the actions of the Nazi troops in the Caucasus, many Chechens and Ingush betrayed their Motherland, went over to the side of the fascist occupiers, and joined the ranks of saboteurs and intelligence officers , thrown by the Germans into the rear of the Red Army, created armed gangs at the behest of the Germans to fight against Soviet power, and also taking into account that many Chechens and Ingush for a number of years participated in armed uprisings against Soviet power and for a long time, being not engaged in honest labor, carry out bandit raids on collective farms in neighboring regions, rob and kill Soviet people.”

These two peoples had difficult relations with the authorities even before the war. Until 1938, there was not even a systematic conscription of Chechens and Ingush into the Red Army - no more than 300-400 people were conscripted annually.

Then the conscription was significantly increased, and in 1940-1941 it was carried out in full accordance with the law on universal conscription.

“The attitude of the Chechens and Ingush towards Soviet power was clearly expressed in desertion and evasion of conscription into the Red Army. During the first mobilization in August 1941, out of 8,000 people subject to conscription, 719 people deserted. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded conscription. In January 1942, during the formation of the national division, only 50 percent of the personnel were recruited. In March 1942, out of 14,576 people, 13,560 deserted and evaded service, went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs. In 1943, out of 3,000 volunteers, the number of deserters was 1,870,” wrote L.P. in a memo. Beria's deputy people's commissar, state security commissioner of the 2nd rank B.Z. Kobulov.

According to him, there were 38 sects in the republic, numbering over 20 thousand people. These were mainly hierarchical organized Muslim religious brotherhoods of murids.

“They are conducting active anti-Soviet work, sheltering bandits and German paratroopers. When the front line approached in August-September 1942, 80 members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) quit their jobs and fled, including 16 leaders of district committees of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 8 senior officials of district executive committees and 14 chairmen of collective farms,” wrote Bogdan Kobulov.

After the start of the war, the mobilization of the Chechens and Ingush was actually disrupted - “believing and hoping that the USSR would lose the war, many mullahs and teip authorities agitated for evasion of military service or desertion,” says the prepared international fund“Democracy” in the collection of documents “Stalin’s deportations. 1928-1953".

Due to mass desertion and evasion from service, in the spring of 1942, by order of the USSR NGO, the conscription of Chechens and Ingush into the army was canceled.

In 1943, the conscription of approximately 3 thousand volunteers was authorized, but two-thirds of them deserted.

Because of this, it was not possible to form the 114th Chechen-Ingush Cavalry Division - it had to be reorganized into a regiment, however, even after this, desertion was widespread.

According to data as of November 20, 1942, in the Northern group of the Transcaucasian Front there were all 90 Chechens and Ingush - 0.04%.

Heroes of War

At the same time, many Vainakhs who went to the front showed themselves with the best side and contributed to the victory Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945.

The names of three Chechens and one Ingush are immortalized in the Memorial Complex of the Defenders of the Brest Fortress. But in heroic defense The Brest Fortress, which became a symbol of perseverance and courage, was attended, according to various sources, from 250 to 400 people from Checheno-Ingushetia. Together with other units of the Red Army, the 255th Chechen-Ingush Regiment and a separate cavalry division fought in Brest.

One of the last and staunch defenders of the Brest Fortress was Magomed Uzuev, but only in 1996, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, was he posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. Magomed’s brother Visa Uzuev also fought in Brest.

Two defenders of the Brest Fortress are still alive in Chechnya - Akhmed Khasiev and Adam Malaev

Sniper Abukhaji Idrisov destroyed 349 fascists - an entire battalion. Sergeant Idrisov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Red Star, and was given the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Chechen sniper Akhmat Magomadov became famous in the battles near Leningrad, where he was called the “fighter German occupiers" There are more than 90 Germans on his side.

Khanpasha Nuradilov destroyed 920 fascists at the fronts, captured 7 enemy machine guns and personally captured 12 fascists. For his military exploits, Nuradilov was awarded the Order of the Red Star and Red Banner. In April 1943, he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

During the war years, 10 Vainakhs became Heroes of the Soviet Union. 2,300 Chechens and Ingush died in the war.

Anti-Soviet protests

With the beginning of the war, gangs in the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became more active. In October 1941, two separate uprisings took place, covering the Shatoevsky, Itum-Kalinsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky and Galanchozhsky districts of the republic. At the beginning of 1942, the leaders of the uprisings, Khasan Israilov and Mairbek Sheripov, united, creating the “Provisional People's Revolutionary Government of Checheno-Ingushetia.” In its statements, this rebel "government" viewed Hitler as an ally in the fight against Stalin.

As the front line approached the border of the republic in 1942, anti-Soviet forces began to act more actively. In August-September 1942, collective farms were dissolved in almost all mountainous regions of Chechnya, and several thousand people, including dozens of Soviet functionaries, joined the uprising of Israilov and Sheripov.

After the appearance of German landing forces in Chechnya in the fall of 1942, the NKVD accused Israilov and Sheripov of creating pro-fascist parties, the National Socialist Party of the Caucasian Brothers and the Chechen-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization.

In the eight teams of fascist paratroopers with a total number of 77 people dropped onto the territory of the republic, the majority were recruited Chechens and Ingush. But there was no widespread participation of Chechens and Ingush in anti-Soviet gangs. The NKVD registered 150-200 gangs of 2-3 thousand bandits on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. This is approximately 0.5% of the population of Chechnya. From the beginning of the war until January 1944, 55 gangs and 973 bandits were liquidated in the republic, 1901 bandits, fascists and their accomplices were arrested.

"Lentils"

Operation Lentil began preparations in October-November 1943. Initially, resettlement was planned in the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, in the Altai and Krasnoyarsk region. But then it was decided to resettle the Chechens and Ingush to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

On January 29, 1944, the head of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria approved the “Instructions on the procedure for the eviction of Chechens and Ingush.” On February 1, the issue was discussed by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Disagreements arose only over the timing of the start of the operation.

Beria personally led the operation. On February 17, 1944, he reported from Grozny that preparations were being completed and 459,486 people were to be evicted. The operation was designed to last eight days, and 19 thousand operatives of the NKVD, NKGB and SMERSH and about 100 thousand officers and soldiers of the NKVD troops were involved in it.

On February 22, Beria met with the republic’s top leadership and senior clergy and told them about the government’s decision and “the motives that formed the basis for this decision. After this message, Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars Mollaev “teared up, but promised to pull himself together and promised to fulfill all the tasks that would be given to him in connection with the eviction,” Beria reported to Stalin.

Beria suggested that the highest clergy of Checheno-Ingushetia “carry out the necessary work among the population through the mullahs and other local “authorities” associated with them.”

The influence of the mullahs was enormous. Their preaching, wrote the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs N.P. Dundorov in the mid-1950s, could improve labor discipline and even double labor productivity.

“Both the party-Soviet and clergy we employ have been promised some resettlement benefits (the norm of things allowed for export will be slightly increased),” Beria said.

The operation, according to his assessment, began successfully - 333,739 people were removed from populated areas within 24 hours, of which 176,950 were loaded onto trains. A faster eviction was prevented by heavy snow that fell on the afternoon of February 23.

Nevertheless, by February 29 (1944 was a leap year), 478,479 people were evicted and loaded into wagons, including 91,250 Ingush and 387,229 Chechens.

“177 trains have been loaded, of which 159 trains have already been sent to the place of the new settlement,” Beria reported the results of the operation.

During the operation, 2,016 “people of anti-Soviet element” were arrested, and more than 20 thousand firearms were confiscated.

“The population bordering Checheno-Ingushetia reacted favorably to the eviction of Chechens and Ingush,” said the head of the NKVD.

Residents of the republic were allowed to take with them 500 kilograms of cargo per family. The special settlers had to hand over livestock and grain - in exchange they received livestock and grain from local authorities at their new place of residence.

There were 45 people in each carriage (for comparison, the Germans were allowed to take a ton of property during deportation, and there were 40 people in each carriage without personal belongings). The party nomenklatura and the Muslim elite traveled in the last echelon, which consisted of normal carriages.

And just months later, in the summer of 1944, several spiritual leaders of the Chechens were summoned to the republic to help persuade the gangs and Chechens who had evaded deportation to stop resisting.

Incidents

The deportation did not take place without incidents - according to various sources, from 27 to 780 people were killed, and 6,544 residents of the republic managed to evade deportation. The People's Commissariat of State Security reported "a number of ugly facts of violation of revolutionary legality, arbitrary executions of old Chechen women who remained after the resettlement, the sick, the crippled, who could not follow."

According to a document published by the Democracy Foundation, in one of the villages three people were killed, including an eight-year-old boy, in another - “five old women”, in the third - “according to unspecified data” “arbitrary execution of the sick and crippled up to 60 people "

IN last years There were reports of the burning of from 200 to 600-700 people in the Galanchozhsky district. Two commissions were created to investigate the operation in this area - in 1956 and 1990, but the criminal case was never brought to an end. The official report of the 3rd rank State Security Commissioner M. Gvishiani, who led the operation in this area, spoke only of several dozen killed or died along the way.

As for the mortality of displaced persons, as the leadership of the NKVD convoy troops reported, 56 people were born on the way to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, “1,272 people died, which is 2.6 people per 1,000 transported. According to a certificate from the Statistical Directorate of the RSFSR, the mortality rate in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1943 was 13.2 people per 1,000 inhabitants.” The causes of death were "elderly and early age resettled", the presence of chronic diseases among those resettled", the presence of physically weak people.

Toponymic repressions

On March 7, 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself was liquidated. In place of the areas inhabited by Chechens, the Grozny Okrug was created as part of the Stavropol Territory.

Part of the territory of the republic was divided between Georgia and North Ossetia. All Ingush place names were repressed - they were replaced with Russian and Ossetian names.

Opinion of historians

Despite a number of incidents, in general the eviction of the whole passed calmly and did not push the Chechens and Ingush into a terrorist war, although, according to historians, there were all the possibilities for this.

Some historians explain this by saying that the harsh punishment was at the same time gentle towards the people. According to the laws of war, desertion and evasion from military service deserved severe punishment. But the authorities did not shoot the men, “cut off the roots of the people,” but evicted everyone. At the same time, party and Komsomol organizations were not disbanded, and recruitment into the army was not stopped.

However, most historians consider it unacceptable to punish an entire people for the crime of some of its representatives. Deportations of peoples as repressions were extrajudicial in nature and were not aimed at specific person, but for a whole group of people, and a very large one at that. Masses of people were torn out of their usual habitat, deprived of their homeland, and placed in a new environment, thousands of kilometers from the previous one. Representatives of these peoples were evicted not only from their historical homeland, but also from all other cities and regions, and demobilized from the army.

Rehabilitation and return

The ban on returning to their homeland for Chechens and Ingush was lifted on January 9, 1957 by decree of the Presidiums of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the RSFSR. These decrees restored Chechen-Ingush autonomy, and an Organizing Committee was created to organize repatriation.

Immediately after the decree, tens of thousands of Chechens and Ingush in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan quit their jobs, sold off their property and began to seek emigration to their previous place of residence. The authorities were forced in the summer of 1957 to temporarily suspend the return of Chechens and Ingush to their homeland.

One of the reasons was the tense situation developing in the North Caucasus - local authorities were not prepared for the massive return and conflicts between the Vainakhs and settlers from Central Russia and land-poor regions of the North Caucasus who occupied their homes and lands in 1944.

The restoration of autonomy provided for a new, complex redrawing of the administrative-territorial division of the region. Outside the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the Prigorodny district, which remained part of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and at the end of the 1980s turned into a hotbed of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict.

The authorities planned to return 17 thousand families to the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957, but twice as many returned, and many sought to be placed in exactly the same villages and houses in which they lived before deportation. This led to ethnic confrontation. In particular, in August 1958, after a domestic murder, riots broke out, about a thousand people seized the regional party committee in Grozny and staged a pogrom there. 32 people were injured, including four employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, two civilians died and 10 were hospitalized, almost 60 people were arrested.

Most Chechens and Ingush returned to their homeland only in the spring of 1959.

The Chechens and Ingush were completely rehabilitated according to the RSFSR law of April 26, 1991 “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples.” The law provided for "the recognition and implementation of their right to restoration territorial integrity, which existed before the unconstitutional policy of forcibly redrawing borders, for the restoration of national-state entities that existed before their abolition, as well as for compensation for damage caused by the state."

At the same time, the law provided that the rehabilitation process should not infringe on the rights and legitimate interests of citizens currently living in these territories.

Chechnya in the USSR

(1944)

Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR Portal "Chechnya"

Deportation of Chechens and Ingush(Operation Lentil) - the forced deportation of Chechens and Ingush from the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to Central Asia and Kazakhstan from February 23 to March 9, 1944

Reasons for deportation

On January 31, 1944, USSR State Defense Committee Resolution No. 5073 was adopted on the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the deportation of its population to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. "for aiding the fascist occupiers".

It was reported that in Checheno-Ingushetia, in addition to Grozny, Gudermes and Malgobek, 5 rebel districts were organized - 24,970 people.

GARF. F.R-9478. Op.1. D.55. L.13

Most likely, this statement was caused by the uprising of Khasan Israilov, which began back in 1940.

A powerful underground organization exposed by state security agencies during the Great Patriotic War was the National Socialist Party of the Caucasian Brothers (NSPKB). The nationalist forces on the basis of which this structure was created were headed by Khasan Israilov, a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), who graduated from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) in Moscow, and before going illegal, worked as a lawyer in the Shatoi region.

The origins of the NSPKB date back to mid-1941, when Israilov went underground and began to gather rebel elements for an armed struggle against Soviet power. He developed the program and charter of the organization, basing them on the goal of overthrowing Soviet power and establishing a fascist regime in the Caucasus. As it was established, from Germany through Turkey and from the Volga region from the territory of German autonomous republic in the Chi ASSR was abandoned by the German Abwehr in the period March-June 1941. about 10 agent-instructors, with the help of which the NSPKB prepared a major armed uprising in the fall of 1941.

The NSPKB was built on the principle of armed detachments, and essentially political gangs, whose actions extended to a certain area or several settlements. The main link of the organization were the “aulkoms” or “troikas”, which carried out anti-state and rebel work on the ground. November 1941 marks the emergence of the Chechen-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization (ChGNSPO), which is associated with the betrayal and transition to an illegal position of Mairbek Sheripov, a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), who worked as the chairman of the Lesprom Council of the Chi ASSR, and was a member of the intelligence apparatus of the state security agencies. He went underground in the summer of 1941, explaining these actions to his followers as follows: “...my brother Aslambek foresaw the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917, so he began to fight on the side of the Bolsheviks, I also know that the Soviet power had come to an end, so I want to go towards Germany." Sheripov wrote a program that reflected the ideology, goals and objectives of the organization he led.
......
The activities of hostile forces, including the ChGNSPO and NSPKB, aimed at disrupting mobilization, were very effective.
During the first mobilization of Chechens and Ingush into the Red Army in 1941, it was planned to form a cavalry division from their composition, but when it was recruited, only 50% (4247 people) of the available conscript contingent were recruited. The rest avoided conscription.
From March 17 to March 25, 1942, the second mobilization took place. During its implementation, 14,577 people were subject to conscription. Only 4,395 people were recruited. The total number of deserters and conscription evaders by this time was already 13,500 people.
In this regard, in April 1942, by order of the USSR NGO, the conscription of Chechens and Ingush into the army was canceled (conscription of representatives of these nationalities for military service in the pre-war period began only in 1939).

In 1943, at the request of party and public organizations The People's Commissariat of Defense of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic allowed the drafting of 3,000 volunteers from among the party, Soviet and Komsomol activists into the active army. However, a significant part of the volunteers deserted. The number of deserters from this draft soon reached 1,870 people.

From June 22, 1941 to February 23, 1944 (the beginning of the deportation of the Vainakhs to Kazakhstan), 3,078 members of gangs were killed, 1,715 people were arrested, and more than 18,000 firearms were confiscated. According to other sources, from the beginning of the war until January 1944, 55 gangs were liquidated in the republic, 973 of their members were killed, and 1,901 people were arrested. The NKVD registered on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia 150-200 gangs of 2-3 thousand people (approximately 0.5% of the population).

At the same time, many Chechens and Ingush fought valiantly as part of the Red Army, 2,300 Chechens and Ingush died at the front. According to various sources, from 250 to 400 people from Checheno-Ingushetia, in particular the 255th Checheno-Ingush Regiment and a separate cavalry division, took part in the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress. One of the last defenders of the Brest Fortress was Magomed Uzuev, but only in 1996 was he posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. Magomed’s brother Visa Uzuev also fought in Brest.

Sniper Sergeant Abukhaji Idrisov destroyed 349 German soldiers and officers, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. In April 1943, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was posthumously awarded to Khanpasha Nuradilov, who destroyed 920 enemy soldiers and officers, captured 7 enemy machine guns and personally captured 12 German soldiers. In total, during the war years, 10 Chechens and Ingush became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

Operation Lentil

On January 31, 1944, the State Defense Committee of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 5073 on the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the deportation of its population to Central Asia and Kazakhstan “for aiding the fascist occupiers.” The Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished, from its composition 4 districts were transferred to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, one district was transferred to the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Grozny region was formed on the remaining territory

According to official data, 780 people were killed during the operation, 2,016 “anti-Soviet elements” were arrested, and more than 20 thousand firearms were confiscated, including 4,868 rifles, 479 machine guns and machine guns. 6,544 people managed to hide in the mountains.

Consequences

The immediate consequence of the resettlement of Chechens and Ingush was a significant reduction in the numbers of both deported peoples in the first years of exile. In addition to the fact that adaptation in places of settlement was in any case a difficult process, losses among the Chechens and Ingush additionally increased due to two circumstances: firstly, the difficulties of wartime, and secondly, the fact that the bulk of the Chechens and Ingush in their homeland was studying agriculture, the proportion of qualified specialists who could be in demand in places of exile was small (according to data for March 1949, 63.5% of adult Chechens and Ingush special settlers were illiterate, versus 11.1% for the Germans). If the settlers did not find work in the agricultural sector, their chances of surviving in exile were slim.

There are no data on fertility and mortality among the Chechen-Ingush contingent, but indicators in general are known for the deported peoples of the North Caucasus (Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, Balkars). In total, from the moment of settlement until October 1, 1948, 28,120 were born in exile, and 146,892 died. According to individual years The birth and death rates were as follows:

Year	born	Died	Gain (decrease)
1945	2230	44 652	−42 422
1946	4971	15 634	−10 663
1947	7204	10 849	−3645
1948	10 348	15 182	−4834
1949	13 831	10 252	+3579
1950	14 973	8334	+6639

Considering that at the time of their arrival in exile, Chechens and Ingush made up 81.6% of the deported North Caucasian contingent, the total mortality rate among these peoples can be estimated at approximately 120 thousand people. Taking into account “ordinary” mortality, losses from deportation (excess mortality) can apparently be estimated at approximately 90-100 thousand people. This amounted to about 20% of the original number of deportees.

From 1939 to 1959, the number of Chechens in the USSR increased by only 2.6% (from 407,968 to 418,756 people), the number of Ingush - by 15.0% (from 92,120 to 105,980 people). The main factor for such a low increase was heavy losses during the period of exile. However, in the second half of the 20th century, thanks to the traditionally high birth rate, the Chechens and Ingush were able to overcome the consequences of this demographic catastrophe. From 1959 to 1989, the number of Chechens increased 2.3 times, Ingush - 2.2 times.

Region	Chechens	Ingush	Total
Kazakh SSR	244 674	80 844	325 518
Karaganda region	38 699	5226	43 925
Akmola region	16 511	21 550	38 061
Kostanay region	15 273	17 048	32 321
Pavlodar region	11 631	12 281	23 912
East Kazakhstan region	23 060	3	23 063
Alma-Ata region	21138	1822	22 960
Taldy-Kurgan region	21 043	465	21 508
Dzhambul region	20 035	847	20 882
Kokchetav region	5779	14902	20 681
Semipalatinsk region	19495	58	19 553
North-Kazakhstan region	12 030	5221	17251
South Kazakhstan region	14 782	1187	15969
Kyzyl-Orda region	13 557	74	13631
Aktobe region	10 394	-	10394
Guryev region	1244	159	1403
West-Kazakhstan region	3	1	4
Kirghiz SSR	71 238	2334	73572
Frunzensk region	31 713	1974	33687
Osh region	21 919	294	22 213
Jalal-Abad region	13 730	39	13 769
Talas region	3874	13	3887
Tien Shan region	1	1	2
Uzbek SSR and Tajik SSR	249	182	431
RSFSR	535	142	677
ITL and special buildings of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs	19	15	34

see also

• Chechen-Mountain National Socialist underground organization
• National Socialist Party of the North Caucasus Brothers

Notes

1. Veremeev Yu.. Chechnya 1941-44. (Russian) .
2. Timofey Borisov Money for the leader of nations. Chechnya demands increased compensation for Stalin's deportation Rossiyskaya Gazeta Federal Issue No. 4289 dated February 8, 2007
3. Punished people. How Chechens and Ingush were deported (Russian), RIA News (22/02/2008).
4. Nikolay Bugai. Deportation of peoples (Russian) Scientific and educational magazine "Skepticism".
5. Pavel Polyan. Forced migrations during the Second World War and after its end (1939–1953) (Russian) , memo.ru.
6. Documents from the archive of Joseph Stalin (Russian), Independent newspaper(February 29, 2000).
7. Operation Lentil: 65 years of deportation of the Vainakhs
8. From a memo by the head of the convoy troops of the NKVD of the USSR, Major General Bochkov, comrade. Beria L.P.
9. Declassified archives of I. Stalin
10. Bugai N.F. The truth about the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples // Questions of history. 1990. No. 7. P. 32-44.)
11. Zemskov V. N. Special settlers in the USSR. 1930-1960 M.: Nauka, 2005, p. 178.
12. Zemskov V. N. Special settlers in the USSR. 1930-1960 M.: Nauka, 2005, p. 193-195.
13. Zemskov V. N. Special settlers in the USSR. 1930-1960 M.: Nauka, 2005, p. 119, 164.
14. Zemskov V. N. Special settlers in the USSR. 1930-1960 M.: Nauka, 2005, p. 210-224.

Literature

• I. E. Dunyushkin. The ideological and military aspect of the fight against Vainakh national-clerical separatism in the North Caucasus in 1941. Report at a scientific conference on December 9, 2001.
• Collection of reports "Peace and War: 1941". Humanitarian University Publishing House. Ekaterinburg. 2001
• S. G. Volkonsky. Notes. Irkutsk East Siberian book publishing house. 1991.