Temporary form Perfect is the past spoken tense form. It is used in dialogues and to mean the completion of an action. For example:

- Hallo, Tanja, wo kommst du her?
—Ich bin bei auf dem Markt gewesen.
- Ach ja, deine Chefin ist ja zur Kur gefahren. Jetzt musst du sie vertreten. Wer hat dir denn geholfen?
— Klaus hat seine Hilfe angeboten und Anja ist ohnehin schon immer mitgekommen.
—Und habt ihr genug verkauft?
- Ja, doch, wir sind fast alle Kartoffeln losgeworden, viel Gemüse, besonders Gurken, Möhren und Salat. Und Eier haben wir heute ganz schnell ausverkauft. Außerdem haben wir ein paar neue Bestellungen für Abo-Kisten erhalten!
— Dann habt ihr heute richtig gutes Geschäft gemacht!
- Ja, meine Chefin wird zufrieden sein.

Mein Vater ist gestern nach Berlin auf Dienstreise gefahren(er ist weg).
Kannst du mir die Regel erklären, ich habe sie nicht verstanden.
Ich würde dir den Roman nicht empfehlen, mir hat er nicht gefallen.

Form education Perfect :

verb haben/sein V Präsens+ PartizipII

PartizipII is formed as follows:

1. Weak verbs: console ge-+ verb stem + suffix -(e)t
machen - ge-mach-t - gemacht
arbeiten - ge-arbeit-et - gearbeitet
bilden - ge-bild-et - gebildet
kochen - ge-koch-t - gekocht

2. Strong verbs: console ge-+ verb stem + suffix -(e)n(possibly changing the root):
fahren - ge-fahr-en - gefahren
trinken - ge-trunk-en - getrunken
gehen - ge-gang-en - gegangen
essen - ge-gess-en - gegessen

During education PartizipII from verbs with separable prefixes prefix ge- stands between the separable prefix and the stem of the verb:
vorstellen - vor-ge-stell-t
einladen - ein-ge-lad-en
umfallen - um-ge-fall-en

During education PartizipI I from verbs with inseparable prefixes and suffixes - iren console ge- absent:

bezahlen - bezahlt
empfehlen - empfohlen
studieren - studiert
diktieren - diktiert

Some mixed verbs form participle 2 not according to general rules; they have the characteristics of both strong and weak verbs:

bringen - gebracht
kennen - gekannt
wissen - gewusst

Modal verbs form the participle as weak, but at the same time lose the umlaut, if any (they are used quite rarely in Perfect):

dürfen - gedurft, sollen - gesollt
können - gekonnt, müssen - gemusst
wollen - gewollt, mögen - gemocht

Since in sentences with modal verbs a semantic verb is most often used, Perfekt is formed as follows:

Ich habe dir nur helfen wollen.
Ich habe ihr das leider erzählen mussen.
Er hat never mind Kommen können.

The participle of auxiliary verbs should be remembered:

sein - gewesen
haben - gehabt
werden - geworden

Use of auxiliary verbs:

Haben

1. With transitive verbs (requiring the accusative case without a preposition):
→Wir haben seinen Brief schon beantwortet.

Note: verbs with prefix be- always transitional.

2. With reflexive and modal verbs:
→Niemand hat sich verspätet. Er hat es selber gewollt.

3. With impersonal verbs ( es regnet, es schneit, es donnert, es blitzt etc. )
→Gestern hat es den ganzen Tag geregnet.

4. With intransitive verbs denoting a state of rest ( liegen, stehen, sitzen, schlafen, warten etc. ):
→Wir haben heute bis 10 Uhr geschlafen.
→Die Studenten haben auf die Prüfungsergebnisse lange gewartet.

Sein

1.With verbs of motion ( gehen, laufen, fahren, kommen etc. ):
→Die Familie ist in eine neue Vierzimmerwohnung umgezogen.

2. With intransitive verbs denoting a change of state ( aufstehen, erwachen, aufblühen, einschlafen etc. ):
→Ich bin gestern um 11 Uhr eingeschlafen und heute um 6 Uhr erwacht.

3. With verbs sein, werden, bleiben, begegnen, fallen, leicht fallen, schwer fallen, folgen, geschehen, passieren, gelingen, misslingen.
→Wie ist dieser Autounfall passiert?
→Der Verbrecher ist dem Opfer bis zur Haustür gefolgt.

Word order.

The auxiliary verb takes the place of the predicate, that is, in second place in a declarative sentence and in first place in a sentence without a question word. The sacrament always comes last.

Ich habe mir gestern ein großes Wörterbuch gekauft.
Was hast du heute Gegessen?
Bist du schon mal im Zirkus gewesen?

Exercises / ÜBUNGEN

1. Read and translate the dialogues and. Find offers worth in Perfect.

2. Form sentences in Perfect, choosing the correct case:

For example: Legen, Robert, die Zeitung, auf, der Tisch. Robert hat die Zeitung auf den Tisch gelegt.

1. Liegen, seine Wohnung, über, meine Wohnung.
2. Hängen, sie, der Mantel, an, der Haken.
3. Gehen, auf, die Bauern, das Feld.
4. Die Scheune, steht, der Trecker, vor.
5. Hängen, der Mantel, an, der Haken.
6. Bringen, wir, der Markt, das Gemüse, auf.
7. Kaufen, der Markt, das Obst, auf, wir.
8. Sein, die Teller und die Tassen, in, die Küche.
9. Bringen, aus, ich, die Küche, die Eier, der Hühnerstall, in.
10. Stecken, der Vater, der Schlüssel, in, seine Tasche.
11. Erwarten, ich, Sie, nicht, vor, dieser Freitag.
12. Sein, Weihnachten, in, der Winter; Ostern, in, der Frühling.
13. Die Kartoffeln, wer, in, der Keller, bringen?
14. Frühstücken, wir, auf, die, Terrasse.

3. Translate the sentences into German:

1. A few days ago I bought meat for soup at the market.
2. Bioproducts are very good for health.
3. On Saturday and Sunday, my mistress and I sold organic milk from our farm.
4. Our farm has completely abandoned the use of pesticides and can now sell its vegetables under the “Bio” brand.
5. Most of the customers bought potatoes and salad today.
6. For five kilograms of organic potatoes and 1 kg of carrots I paid 8 Euros.
7. I also saw organic vegetables in an ordinary supermarket.
8. Irina often worked at the market and soon significantly improved her knowledge of the German language.
9. Did you like our vegetables? (to taste).

4. Read the dialogue and tell on your own behalf what happened to Dieter. Start like this:

Dieter hat geträumt. Er...
Irma: Dieter, ich habe geträumt.
Dieter: Wast du denn geträumt?
Irma: Ich war in einem Aufzug. Aber der hat nicht funktioniert.
Dieter: Ja – und wast du dann gemacht?
Irma: Ich habe auf “Alarm” gedrückt. Aber auch das hat nicht funktioniert.
Dieter: Und wast du dann gemacht?
Irma: Ich habe laut geklopft.
Dieter: Du hast geklopft? Und dann?
Irma: Dann habe ich gewartet und gewartet.
Dieter: Und?!
Irma: Dann hast du mich geweckt.

The perfect is one of the most commonly used tenses in German. As a rule, it is used in colloquial speech along with the preterite. To use the perfect correctly, you need to remember the basic rules for its use.

Using this time

The perfect in German is used regardless of whether the action is completed or incomplete, unlike, for example, the Past Perfect in English. Usually, given time used in colloquial speech. This is another significant detail that schoolchildren and students should remember. The narrative does not use the perfect, but the preterite. The perfect in German is always formed using one of the auxiliary verbs: haben or sein. The Partizip II form of the main verb is also used. It must be remembered that during conjugation, only the auxiliary verb changes, while the main verb remains unchanged.

How Partizip II is formed

It is impossible to master the perfect in German without the ability to form Partizip II of the semantic verb. This form of weak verbs is formed by adding a characteristic prefix ge-, as well as endings -(e)t to the main part. For example: kaufen - gekauft, lieben - geliebt. As for strong verbs, Partizip II for this group must be memorized.

However, there are some features in the formation of the Partizip II form that should also be remembered. If the verb stem ends with the following letters: t, d, m or n, between the main part of the word and the ending you need to add a letter e. For example: antworten - geantwortet. If the Partizip II form of those verbs that do not belong to the group of strong verbs and that have separable prefixes is needed, then a certain order in word formation must be observed. The prefix is ​​written first, then the particle ge-, then the base of the verb and only after that the ending t. For example: mitspielen - mitgespielt.

If the verb does not belong to the group of strong ones and has an inseparable prefix, then Partizip II is formed without ge-. For example: entdecken - entdeckt. Besides this, without ge- Partizip II is also built for those verbs that have the ending -ieren: studieren - studiert.

Perfect in German: rules for choosing an auxiliary verb

Choosing one or the other auxiliary verb always depends on the lexical meaning of the main one, which is indicated in the Partizip II form. In most cases haben is used.

Firstly, this verb is used with all transitive forms. They are known to require an addition without a preposition in the accusative, even if this addition is absent in the statement. For example:

Sie hat mich fotografiert.- She took a photograph of me.

The exceptions are the following verbs:

  • loswerden (meaning “to be freed”, “to get rid of”, and in colloquial speech - “to lose”);
  • eingehen (to undertake any obligation, to bind oneself with a promise);
  • durchgehen (meaning “to go through material, look through”).

For example:

Er hat sein Brief losgeworden.- He lost his letter.

Secondly, haben is used with intransitive verbs that denote some action, state or process. At the same time, this process does not have a clear end point; there is no limit to its progress. Verbs of this type are called non-finite or durative:

  • arbeite hängen;
  • lachen;
  • leben;
  • liegen;
  • schlafen;
  • sitzen;
  • Stephen;
  • wachen;
  • Wohnen.

For example:

Er hat gestern gearbeitet.- Yesterday he worked.

Exceptions are verbs bleiben And sein. For example:

Sie ist den ganzen Tag hier geblieben.- She stayed here all day.

Haben is also used with transitive verbs. For example:

Sie hat sich nicht ausgeruht.- She didn't rest.

With impersonal verbs you must use haben.

Es hat gedämmert.- It was getting light.

When to use sein

This auxiliary verb when forming the perfect in German is used in the following cases:

  • If intransitive verbs are used to denote movement in any direction ( gehen, fahren, kommen and others). For example: Er hat gegangen.- He came.
  • If in a sentence the semantic verb is intransitive and denotes a change in state ( aufwachen, einschlafen, sterben). Eg: Er ist eingeschlagen - He fell asleep.
  • With exception verbs bleiben, sein, werden, geschehen. Eg: Was it hier geschehen?- What happened here?

    • Word order

    Also, when forming a sentence, you need to remember the word order. In the declarative, the auxiliary verb haben or sein is used in second place, and the semantic verb is at the very end. Let's look at a few sentences with examples of the perfect in German:

    Ich habe ihn nicht gefragt. - I didn't ask him.

    Sie hat das gemacht. - She did it.

    Die Studentin ist geblieben. - The student stayed.

    As for interrogative sentences, the question word comes first. In this case, we can give the following examples of the perfect in German.

    And, as a complex tense, it consists of a semantic verb in the form of the second participle (Partizip II) and an auxiliary verb haben or sein in the appropriate form. Perfect can be in the passive (Passiv) and active voices (Aktiv) in the indicative (Indikativ) or subjunctive mood (Konjunktiv).

    Encyclopedic YouTube

      1 / 3

      ✪ 1. Past tense Perfect in German. Where to begin? Materials for A1.

      ✪ Past tense perfect. Strong verbs. Verb haben. German language - Lesson 9/31. Elena Shipilova.

      ✪ German Language: Past tense - Perfect. / Irina SHI

      Subtitles

    Using Perfect

    The role of the Perfect form is reduced to expressing the past tense, and the completion or incompleteness of the process or action expressed by this tense does not play any significant role for its choice, unlike, for example, the English past tenses. Perfekt is used predominantly in German colloquial speech, which distinguishes it from Präteritum, which is used in storytelling. Unlike Plusquamperfekt, the temporary form Perfekt is used to denote an action that took place somewhat later than the action expressed through Plusquamperfekt.

    Education Perfect

    In Indikativ

    In the active voice of the indicative mood (Indikativ Aktiv) Perfect is formed from auxiliary verbs haben or sein in the form of the simple present tense Präsens and the semantic verb in the form of the second participle. For example:

    • Ich habe schon abgemacht - I have already agreed
    • Dieses Auto ist so spät gefahren - This car left too late

    In the passive voice of the indicative mood (Indikativ Passiv) Perfect has a similar construction with an intertwined verb werden in the form of the second communion, and instead of the traditional form geworden the option without a grammatical prefix is ​​used worden. It is used in the same way in the passive design Plusquamperfekt. In this case, the time looks like:

    • Die Häuser sind endlich gebaut worden - The houses were finally built

    In Konjunktiv

    Perfect tense form in active voice subjunctive mood formed using auxiliary verbs haben or sein in the form Präsens Konjunktiv with the second participle of the semantic verb. For example: Du hast geraucht, Ihr seiet gelaufen.

    Often the Perfect Konjunktiv in the active voice is used to convey the precedence of an action in one sentence in relation to another. That is, the action in any tense, for example, the main sentence, occurs later than the action in the secondary one. By this, the subjunctive mood of the present tense form can replace the construction using Plusquamperfekt (in relative use). Example:

    • Du sagst mir, dass du Moskau be sucht hast - You say that you have been to Moscow(Präsens Indikativ and Perfekt Konjunktiv)
    • Du sagtest mir, dass du Moskau be sucht hast - You said that you were in Moscow(Präteritum Indikativ and Perfekt Konjunktiv)
    • Du hast mir gesagt, dass du Moskau besucht hast - You said that you were in Moscow(Perfekt Indikativ and Perfekt Konjunktiv)

    In the passive voice of the subjunctive mood (Konjunktiv Passiv), the formation of Perfect occurs using the verb werden in Perfekt Konjunktiv and Partizip II of the semantic verb.

    Choosing an auxiliary verb

    The choice of the auxiliary verb is directly dependent on the lexical meaning of the verb in Partizip II, that is, the semantic verb. Verb haben used in most cases:

    • with all modal verbs: Mein Vater hat so lang das gewollt - My father wanted this for so long
    • with reflexive verbs: Ich habe mich heute besser verhalten - Today I behaved better
    • with transitive verbs: Er hat mich angenommen - He accepted me
    • with impersonal verbs: Es hat geregnet - It was raining

    Verb usage sein narrower than haben. It is found mainly in sentences with verbs conveying some kind of movement, for example: gehen, laufen, kommen, rinnen and others. There is also a whole group of verbs that do not convey movement, but are used with sein as an exception. Among them: passieren, bleiben, werden, begegnen, as well as the verb itself sein.

    Using the same criteria, the auxiliary verb for Plusquamperfekt is selected, which, unlike the tense form in question, uses it in the form Präteritum.

    see also

    Literature

    • Mikhalenko A. O. Deutsche Sprache // Morphology. - Zheleznogorsk, 2010.
    • Myshkovaya I. B. German verb tenses. - St. Petersburg. , 2007. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-91281-007-7.
    • Helbig G., Buscha J. Deutsche Grammatik. - Berlin, 2007. -

    Verb

    Perfect is predominant time for description of the past And second in importance time in German, which can also be used to express actions in the future.

    This article presents the conjugation of weak and strong verbs and the corresponding rules, the use of this tense andsignal words by which one can determine that a sentence is in the perfect.

    1. Verb conjugation

    Weak verbs:

    (without) machen
    (do)     		leben
    (live)     		reisen
    (travel-
    howl)         		arbeiten
    (work)     		sammeln
    (gather)
    ich habe
    ge macht     		habe
    ge lebt     		bin
    ge reist     		habe
    ge arbeitet     		habe
    ge sammelt
    du hast
    ge macht     		hast
    ge lebt     		bist
    ge reist     		hast
    ge arbeitet     		hast
    ge sammelt
    er,sie,es,
    man         		hat
    ge macht     		hat
    ge lebt     		ist
    ge reist     		hat
    ge arbeitet     		hat
    ge sammelt
    wir haben
    ge macht     		haben
    ge lebt     		sind
    ge reist     		haben
    ge arbeitet     		haben
    ge sammelt
    ihr habt
    ge macht     		habt
    ge lebt     		seid
    ge reist     		habt
    ge arbeitet     		habt
    ge sammelt
    sie, sie haben
    ge macht     		haben
    ge lebt     		sind
    ge reist     		haben
    ge arbeitet     		haben
    ge sammelt

    Strong verbs:

    2. Conjugation rules

    a) General rules:

    The basis of this tense is the conjugation of auxiliary verbs And in (=simple present tense), which correspond to the person. After the auxiliary verb there is participle II, which comes from the main verb and does not change. Most verbs are formed with the verb , and some - with a verb .
    → lieben: Ich habe geliebt.
    → wachsen: Ich bin gewachsen.

    Transitive and reflexive verbs require an auxiliary verb .
    → machen: Ich habe die Hausaufgaben gemacht.
    (to do: I did my homework.)
    → sich freuen: Er hat sich sehr gefreut.
    (rejoice: He was very happy.)

    Intransitive verbs that express movement from one place to another, and other intransitive verbs that express a change of state, require an auxiliary verb .
    → fahren: Wir sind nach House gefahren.
    (drive: We went/went home.)
    → wachsen: Sie ist so schnell gewachsen!
    (grow: She grew up so fast!)

    b) Weak verbs:

    When formed, a prefix is ​​added , and the ending<-en>or<-n>disappears and is replaced by a suffix<-t>.
    → ge+ kauf en + t = ge kauf t
    → ge+ sammel n + t = ge sammel t

    <-ge-> is not installed at all.
    → ab arbeiten: ab gearbeitet (work off)
    → be arbeiten: be arbeitet (process)

    One own group of weak verbs is created by verbs ending in<-ieren>. They build participle II without a prefix<-ge>, but the ending<-en>as usual replaced by a suffix<-t>.
    → studier en + t= studier t (study)
    → probier en + t= probier t (sample)

    c) Strong verbs:

    When forming participle II ending<-en>most verbs remain.
    → singen: gesung en
    → wachsen: gewachs en

    If a verb has a separable prefix, it is placed before<-ge->, and if the verb has an inseparable prefix, then is not installed at all.
    → vor sprechen: vorgesprochen (contact with questions)
    → ver sprechen: versprochen (promise)

    3. Use of time

    For completed actions or events in oral and informal speech:
    → Peter hat mich letzte Woche angerufen. Wir haben uns lange unterhalten.
    (Peter called me last week. We talked for a long time.)
    →Ich bin heute um 7 Uhr aufgestanden.
    (I got up at 7 o'clock today.)
    → Was ist passiert?
    (What's happened?)

    For actions that began in the past tense and continue to the present:
    →Ich habe ihn seit Silvester nicht gesehen.
    (I haven’t seen him since New Year’s.)
    → Die ersten zwei Ferienwochen sind schon vergangen.
    (The first two weeks of the holidays have already passed.)
    → Sie ist in ihrem Leben noch nie irgendwohin verreist.
    (She never left anywhere in her life.)

    When completed actions with consequences for the present:
    → Es hat geregnet. (= Die Straßen sind nass.)
    (It was raining. = The streets were wet.)
    → Sie ist mit dem falschen Fuß aufgestanden. (= Sie hat schlechte Laune.)
    (She got up on the wrong foot. = She is in a bad mood.)
    →Ich habe dieses Buch schon gelesen. (= Ich kenne es.)
    (I have already read this book. = I know it.)

    For actions or events that will be completed in the future tense:
    →Wir haben es bald geschafft!
    (We'll do/finish this soon!)
    → Die Blumen sind bis morgen verwelkt.
    (The flowers will wither by tomorrow.)
    → Sobald ich Gegessen habe, gehe ich schlafen.
    (As soon as I eat, I go to bed.)

    4. Signal words

    gerade eben- just now
    gerade- now (a few minutes ago)
    vorhin- now (a couple of hours ago)
    vor Kurzem, neulich- recently
    damals- then, at that time
    fruher- earlier

    (noch)nie- (yet) never

    gestern- yesterday
    vorgestern- day before yesterday
    letzte Woche- last week
    letzten Monat- last month
    letztes Jahr- last year

    am Montag- on Monday
    am Dienstag- on Tuesday
    ...

    im January- in January
    im February- in February
    ...

    im Frühling- in spring
    im Sommer- in summer
    ...

    1990 - in 1990
    Im Jahr(e) 2000- in 2000
    ...

    um 1 Uhr- at one o'clock
    um Mitternacht- at midnight
    ...

    vor...- ...back

    Notes:
    The Germans themselves sometimes debate whether a certain verb is used with or . Most often this is due to regional differences. In northern Germany, for example, they say, “Ich habe gesessen" (I sat), while in the south you can also hear "Ich bin gesessen." I personally recommend the first option and consider it correct, although according to the dictionary and set of rules of grammar and spelling of the German language “Duden”, both options are correct.
    The signal words for determining the preterite and perfect are the same, because both tenses express the past and can most often be replaced.
    As in English, there are special tables with strong verbs that must be memorized.
    Word - an impersonal pronoun, information about which you will find in the section.

    Do you have any comments, feedback or suggestions regarding this article? Write!

    The German perfect (Perfekt), otherwise called the completed present (vollendete Gegenwart), is very widespread, mainly in colloquial speech. The perfect in German describes a completed action in the past that is tied to the present time, or some achieved state. The German perfect is widely used in everyday oral dialogical speech and in private letters, when the narration is about something already experienced.

    The perfect in German consists of two parts: the (auxiliary) verbs “haben” or “sein” and the participle “Partizip II”, formed from the semantic verb:

    Auxiliary verbs are conjugated and acquire personal endings, and participle II remains unchanged and completes the frame construction. The arrangement of sentence members in German perfect constructions is as follows:

    German perfect with direct word order

    1st place (subject)

    2- e place (will help. verb.)

    Middle part (minor members)
    Unsere Tochter hat gestern einen leckeren Kuchen gemacht.
    Our daughter baked a delicious cake yesterday.
    Die Schadinsekten haben alle Blatter auf dem Apfelbaum aufgefressen.
    Garden pests have eaten all the leaves on the apple tree.
    Der Saugling ist letztendlich eingeschlafen.
    The baby eventually fell asleep.
    Unsere hohen Gäste sind gegen Mittag wohlbehalten in das Hotel zurückgekehrt.
    Our important guests returned safely to the hotel around noon.

    German perfect with reversed word order

    1st place (addition or circumstance)

    2- e place (will help. verb.)

    Middle part (subject + other minor members)

    last place (notional verb)
    Gestern hat unsere Tochter einen leckeren Kuchen gemacht.
    Yesterday our daughter baked a delicious cake.
    Alle Blatter auf dem Apfelbaum haben die Schadinsekten aufgefressen.
    All the leaves on the apple tree were eaten by garden pests.
    Letztendlich ist der Saugling eingeschlafen.
    Eventually the baby fell asleep.
    Gegen Mittag sind unsere hohen Gäste wohlbehalten in das Hotel zurü ckgekehrt.
    Around noon, our important guests returned safely to the hotel.

    The conjugation of auxiliary verbs completely coincides with the change in grammatical forms of semantic verbs similar to them. Different verbs form the German perfect using different auxiliary verbs.

    The following verbs always form the perfect in German using the verb “HABEN”:

    HABEN»

    Verb type

    Example
    All verbs with direct objects (transitive) Fur den Gemüsesalat hat sie Äpfel, Zwiebeln und Rüben geschnitten. – For the salad, she chopped apples, onions and beets (transitive verb “schneiden”).
    All verbs with a modal meaning, used as semantic ones (their perfect is rarely used) Das haben unsere Nachbarn überhaupt nicht gewollt. – Our neighbors didn’t want this at all (modal verb “wollen”).
    All reflexive verbs (with the particle “sich”) Heute hat sie sich nothing geduscht. – She didn’t take a shower today (reflexive verb “sich duschen”).
    All verbs with an impersonal meaning (primarily related to weather phenomena) Vorgestern hat es geregnet und gestern hat es schon geschneit. - The day before yesterday it rained, and yesterday it already snowed (impersonal verbs

    "regnen" and "schneien").

    The following verbs always form the perfect in German using the verb “SEIN”:

    Perfect in German with the verb "SEIN»

    Verb type

    Example
    All verbs whose meaning involves movement and change of location
    • Das Kind ist unter den Zaun gekrochen. – The child crawled under the fence (Perfekt from “kriechen”).
    • Heute bist du nicht so schnell gelaufen. – Today you did not run so fast (Perfekt from “laufen”).
    All verbs whose semantics include a change of state
    • Unser Grossvater ist in Norddeutschland geboren. – Our grandfather was born in the northern part of Germany (Perfekt from “geberen”).
    • Ihre Gäste sind gestern zu spat eingeschlafen. – Her guests slept too late yesterday (Perfekt from “schlafen”).
    This also includes the verbs “to be - sein”, “to succeed - gelingen”, “to happen - passieren”, “to become - werden”, “to happen - geschehen”, “to remain - bleiben”
    • Was Europa anbetrifft, so ist er dort praktisch in Allen Landern gewesen. – As for Europe, he was there in almost all countries (Perfekt from “sein”).
    • Ich glaube, meine Handschuhe sind im Taxi geblieben. – I think my gloves were left in the taxi (Perfekt from “bleiben”).

    The perfect in German contains, in addition to the auxiliary verb, the participle II - Partizip II. Regular and irregular verbs form participle II in different ways.

    Partizip II regular verbs

    Regular verbs form it most often according to the following scheme:

    G.E.+ verbal root +T

    For example: “drizzle – nieseln – genius", "make - basteln - gebastelt", "glue - kleben - geklebt", "dry - trocknen - getrocknet". However, there are a considerable number of verbs, at the end of the stem (root) of which there are consonants such as “n” - “d” - “m” or “t”. To avoid pronunciation problems, the vowel "e" is added between these consonants and the ending participle "t":

    G.E.+ verb root + E +T

    For example: “swim – baden – gebadet", "dry - trocknen - getrocknet", "lead - leiten - geleitet", "dedicate - widmen - gewidmet».

    Participle II of regular verbs that have separable prefixes is formed as follows:

    detachable attachment +G.E. + verbal root + (E) T

    For example: “settle, implement – ​​abwickeln – abgewickelt", "pay - auszahlen - ausgezahlt", "supply additionally - nachliefern - nachgeliefert", "to collect, compose - zusammenstellen - zusammengestellt».

    Participle II of regular verbs with inseparable prefixes is always formed without the prefix “ge-”:

    verbal root with inseparable prefix +T

    For example: “protect – bewachen – bewacht", "calculate, count, count - verrechnen - verrechnet", "reduce, reduce, dismantle - abbauen - abgebaut", "undead, to please, to pamper - verwöhnen - verwöhnt».

    Borrowed verbs ending in –ieren also form participle II without the prefix “ge-”:

    verb root + T

    For example: “calibrate, regulate – kalibrieren – kalibriert", "vary, diversify, change - variieren - variiert", "to march, to move in formation - marschieren - marschiert", "contact, contact - kontaktieren - contact».

    Partizip IIirregular verbs

    U irregular verbs The ending of participle II is “-en”. In addition to this, in many cases there is a change in the root vowels, and often also in the root consonants, which makes it necessary to simply memorize the basic forms of irregular verbs. For example: “to ask, intercede – bitten – gebeten", "to leave, to leave - lassen - gelassen", "cut, shear - schneiden - geschnitten", "to suffer, to grieve, to endure - leiden - gelitten».

    Irregular verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes form this form according to exactly the same principle as regular verbs. The only difference is that they exhibit corresponding changes in the root that regular verbs do not exhibit. For example: “release, release, unblock, disconnect – loslassen – losgelassen", "teach, instill knowledge, explain - beibringen - beigebracht", "to endure, withstand - vertragen - vertragen", "to give reasons, to prove, to argue - beweisen - bewiesen».

    Perfect of verbs with modal meaning

    This option is used extremely rarely in German speech and is formed according to the following scheme:

    haben + participleII modal verb

    German perfect modal verbs

    Verb

    Example
    Das kleine Kind hat es nicht gedurft. – To a small child this was impossible.
    Alle Studenten haben die Testarbeiten gekonnt. – All students were able to cope with the test tasks.
    Er hat die Frau seines Schulfreundes nie gemocht. “He never could stand his school friend’s wife.”
    Wegen aufgegessenen Salzgurken hat er jede fünf Minuten zum Glas Wasser gemusst. - Because of the pickles he had eaten, he had to (grab) a glass of water every five minutes.
    This verb does not have this form at all.
    Autofahrer hat es nicht gewollt. “The driver of the car didn’t want this.”

    If a German modal verb is used with another semantic verb, then the perfect is formed as follows:

    haben + Infinitivesemantic verb +Infinitive modal verb

    German perfect of modal verbs used in pairs with a semantic verb

    Verb

    Example
    Das kleine Kind hat es nicht machen durfen. “A small child shouldn’t have done this.”
    Alle Studenten haben die Testarbeiten erfüllen können. – All students were able to complete the test tasks.
    Er hat die Frau seines Schulfreundes nicht hören mögen. He could never hear his school friend's wife.
    Wegen der aufgegessenen Salzgurken hat er jede fünf Minuten trinken mussen. “Because of the pickles he ate, he had to drink every five minutes.”
    Er hat das Auto seiner Freundin reparieren sollen. – He had to repair his girlfriend’s car.
    Autofahrer hat es nicht machen wollen. “The driver of the car didn’t want to do this.”