First President Russian Federation

Soviet party and Russian political and statesman, 1st President of Russia. Elected President 2 times - June 12, 1991 and July 3, 1996, held this position from July 10, 1991 to December 31, 1999.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the Sverdlovsk region, the village of Butka, Talitsky district.

Yeltsin - biography

Father, Nikolai Ignatievich, worked as a carpenter. During the years of repression, he was imprisoned allegedly for anti-Soviet statements. Boris's mother, Klavdia Vasilievna - nee Starygina.

Boris was the eldest of her two children.

Boris Yeltsin studied well at school, according to him, but after the 7th grade was expelled from school for bad behavior, however, he achieved (by reaching the city party committee) that he was allowed to enter the 8th grade at another school.

In the army B.N. Yeltsin did not serve due to health reasons: as a child he was injured and lost 2 fingers on his hand.

In 1955, B. Yeltsin graduated from the Ural Polytechnic Institute. CM. Kirova - Faculty of Civil Engineering, majoring in civil engineering. At first he worked as an ordinary foreman, gradually advancing in his career to the position of head of the DSK.

In 1956, Boris Yeltsin started a family, choosing his classmate Naina Iosifovna Girina (baptized Anastasia) as his wife. She is a civil engineer by training, from 1955 to 1985. worked at the Sverdlovsk Institute “Vodokanalproekt” as an engineer, senior engineer, and chief project engineer.

A year later, in 1958, a daughter, Elena, was born into the Yeltsin family. In 1960 - 2nd daughter Tatyana.

The year 1961 is significant for Boris Nikolaevich in that he joined the ranks of the CPSU.

Boris Yeltsin - career in the party

In 1968, his party work began: Yeltsin took the position of head of the construction department in the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU.

1975 - further advancement up the party ladder: B.N. Yeltsin was elected secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU of Sverdlovsk, he became responsible for the development of industry in the region.

In 1981, at the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee, he headed the construction department, in this position B.N. Yeltsin worked until 1990.

In 1976 – 1985 He returned to the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU to the post of 1st Secretary.

In 1978 – 1989 B.N. Yeltsin was elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

In 1981, Boris Nikolaevich gave his first and last name to his grandson, since Boris Yeltsin had no sons, which threatened to interrupt the family line.

In 1984, Yeltsin became a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - until 1988.

He went to work in Moscow in June 1985 as Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee for construction issues.

From December 1985 to November 1987 he worked as 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

In October 1987, at the plenum of the Central Committee B Yeltsin comes out with harsh criticism of M. Gorbachev and the party leadership. The Plenum condemned Yeltsin's speech, and soon after that Boris Nikolayevich was transferred to the position of deputy head of Gosstroy, lower in rank than the 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

In March 1989, B.N. Yeltsin was elected people's deputy of the USSR.

In 1990, Boris Yeltsin became a people's deputy of the RSFSR, and in July of the same year he was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and he left the CPSU.

Yeltsin President of the Russian Federation

On June 12, 1991, B.N. Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian Federation. After his election, B. Yeltsin’s main slogans were the fight against the privileges of the nomenklatura and the independence of Russia from the USSR.

On July 10, 1991, Boris Yeltsin took the oath of allegiance to the people of Russia and the Russian Constitution, and took office as president of the RSFSR.

In August 1991, the confrontation between Yeltsin and the putschists began, which led to a proposal to ban the activities of the Communist Party, and on August 19, Boris Yeltsin made a famous speech from a tank, in which he read out a decree on the illegitimate activities of the State Emergency Committee. The putsch is defeated, the activities of the CPSU are completely prohibited.

On November 12, 1991, the Medal of Democracy, instituted International Association political consultants, awarded to B.N. Yeltsin for democratic transformations in Russia.

In December 1991, the USSR officially ceased to exist: in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Boris Yeltsin, Leonid Kravchuk (President of Ukraine) and Stanislav Shushkevich (President of Belarus) create and sign an agreement on the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Soon the majority of the union republics joined the Commonwealth, signing the Alma-Ata Declaration on December 21.

Russian President Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin.

December 25, 1991 B.N. Yeltsin received the full presidential power in Russia in connection with the resignation of USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev and the actual collapse of the USSR.

1992 – 1993 – new stage in construction Russian state- privatization has begun, economic reform is being carried out, supported by President B.N. Yeltsin.

In September-October 1993, a confrontation between Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Council began, which led to the dissolution of parliament. There were riots in Moscow, the peak of which occurred on October 3-4, supporters of the Supreme Council seized the television center, the situation was brought under control only with the help of tanks.

In 1994, the 1st Chechen War, which led to a huge number of casualties among both civilians and the military, as well as among law enforcement officers.

In May 1996, Boris Yeltsin was forced to sign an order in Khasavyurt to withdraw troops from Chechnya, which theoretically meant the end of the first Chechen war.

Yeltsin - years of rule

In the same year, the first term of B.N.’s presidency ended. Yeltsin, and he began the election campaign for a second term. More than 1 million signatures were submitted in support of Yeltsin. The campaign slogan is “Vote or lose.” As a result of the 1st round of elections, B.N. Yeltsin gets 35.28% of the votes. Yeltsin's main competitor in the elections is the communist G.A. Zyuganov. But after the second round with a result of 53.82% of the votes, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian Federation for a second term.

On November 5, 1996, B. Yeltsin went to the clinic, where he underwent heart surgery - coronary artery bypass grafting.

In 1998 and 1999 in Russia due to unsuccessful economic policy a default occurs, then a government crisis. At Yeltsin's instigation, Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, Sergei Kiriyenko, Yevgeny Primakov, and Sergei Stepashin resigned, after which in August 1999, Secretary of the Security Council Vladimir Putin was appointed acting chairman of the government of the Russian Federation.

On December 31, 1999, in a New Year's address to the people of Russia, Boris Yeltsin announced his early resignation. Prime Minister V.V. has been entrusted with the temporary duties of head of state. Putin, who provides Yeltsin and his family with guarantees of complete security.


After his resignation, Boris Nikolaevich and his family settled in a resort village near Moscow - Barvikha.

On April 23, 2007, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin died in the Central Clinical Hospital of Moscow from cardiac arrest and was buried on Novodevichy Cemetery.
He was married once, had 2 daughters, 5 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren. Wife - Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina (Girina) (baptized Anastasia). Daughters - Elena Okulova (married to the acting general director of the joint stock company Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines) and Tatyana Dyachenko (has military rank- Colonel, in 1997 she was an adviser to the president).

Results of Yeltsin's reign

B.N. Yeltsin is historically noted as the first popularly elected President of Russia, a transformer of the country's political structure, a radical reformer of Russia's economic course. Known for the unique decision to ban the CPSU, the course of refusal to build socialism, the decisions to dissolve the Supreme Council, he is famous for the storming of the Government House in Moscow in 1993 with the use of armored vehicles and the military campaign in Chechnya.

Political scientists and the media characterized Yeltsin as an extraordinary person, unpredictable in behavior, eccentric, power-hungry; his tenacity and cunning were also noted. Opponents of Boris Nikolayevich argued that he was characterized by cruelty, cowardice, rancor, deceit, and a low intellectual and cultural level.

In assessments of critics of the Yeltsin regime, his period of rule is often referred to as Yeltsinism. Boris Yeltsin, as president, was criticized in connection with the general negative trends in the country's development in the 1990s: the economic downturn, the state's refusal of social obligations, sharp decline standard of living, exacerbation of social problems and population decline in connection with this. In the second half of the 90s, he was often accused of transferring the main levers of economic management into the hands of a group of influential entrepreneurs - oligarchs and the corrupt top of the state apparatus, and his entire economic policy boiled down to lobbying the interests of one or another group of people depending on their influence.

By the end of 1992, the division of the country's inhabitants into rich and poor sharply increased. Almost half of Russia's population found itself below the poverty line.
By 1996, industrial production had decreased by 50%, and Agriculture- by a third. The loss of gross domestic product amounted to approximately 40%.
By 1999, unemployment in Russia had grown greatly and affected 9 million people.

The presidents of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement on December 8, 1991. This was done in spite of the referendum on the preservation of the USSR, which took place the day before - March 17, 1991. This agreement, according to Yeltsin’s opponents, destroyed the USSR and caused bloody conflicts in Chechnya, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh and Tajikistan.

The deployment of troops into Chechnya began on December 11, 1994, after Yeltsin’s decree “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict.” As a result of the ill-considered actions of Russia's political elite, large casualties occurred among both military and civilians: tens of thousands of people died and hundreds of thousands were injured. Subsequent actions of Chechen militants, aimed at even wider expansion in the North Caucasus, forced Yeltsin to resume fighting in Chechnya in September 1999, which resulted in a full-scale war.

The protests of citizens on the streets that followed the storming of the Moscow City Hall and the Ostankino television center by Rutsky's supporters on October 3 were brutally suppressed. Troops were brought into Moscow in the early morning of October 4, and 123 people died on both sides (more than 1.5 thousand people - according to the opposition). These events became a black spot in modern history Russia.

To introduce the principles of a market economy, economic reforms began in January 1992 with price liberalization. In the country, in just a few days, prices for food and essential goods increased many times over, a huge number of enterprises went bankrupt, and citizens’ deposits in state banks became worthless. A confrontation began between the president and the Congress of People's Deputies, which sought to amend the constitution to limit the rights of the president.

In August 1998, default broke out, a financial crisis caused by the government's inability to meet its debt obligations. The three-fold fall in the ruble exchange rate led to the collapse of numerous small and medium-sized enterprises and the destruction of the emerging middle class. The banking sector was almost completely destroyed. However, the following year the economic situation was stabilized. This was facilitated by an increase in oil prices on world markets, which made it possible to gradually begin payments on external debt. One of the consequences of the crisis was the revival of the activities of domestic industrial enterprises, which replaced on the domestic market products that were previously purchased abroad.

Sharp deterioration demographic situation in Russia began in 1992. One of the reasons for the population decline was the government's reduction in social support for the population. The incidence of AIDS has increased 60 times, and infant mortality has doubled.

But still, despite such negative assessments of the rule of this leader, Yeltsin’s memory is immortalized.

On April 23, 2008, a solemn opening ceremony of the monument to Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin took place at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow, and at the same time the Ural State Technical University was named after Boris Yeltsin.

B.N. Yeltsin wrote 3 books:
1990 - “Confession on a given topic”
1994 - “Notes of the President”
2000 - “Presidential Marathon”, became a laureate of the International Literary Award “Capri-90”.

At one time, it was fashionable among Russian officials to engage in one of Yeltsin’s favorite pastimes—playing tennis.

Yeltsin was an Honorary Citizen. Kazan, Yerevan (Armenia), Samara region, Turkmenistan, awarded in 1981 the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor, and two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.

On November 12, 1991, B.N. Yeltsin was awarded the Medal of Democracy, established in 1982, by the International Association of Political Consultants, had the highest state award of Italy - the Order of the Knight Grand Cross, and was a Knight of the Order of Malta.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (1931-2007) - Russian politician and statesman, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, first President of the Russian Federation, leader of the democratic movement in the USSR in the late 1980s, leader of the resistance during the August 1991 putsch, one of the initiators of the documents on the liquidation of the USSR, the creation of the CIS and the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Boris Nikolaevich is known primarily for his activities in the 1990s. 20th century, when he stood at the head of the resistance during the famous August Putsch, when members of the State Emergency Committee tried to overthrow Gorbachev and seize power. Yeltsin was able to take control of the situation and end the putsch. Subsequently, Yeltsin took an active part in the process of the collapse of the USSR and the creation of a new state. Known as the first president of the Russian Federation, who later voluntarily resigned from his post.

Brief biography of Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village. Butka of the Sverdlovsk region in an ordinary peasant family. He studied well at school and entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute, which he successfully graduated in 1955. Immediately after graduation, he worked in various construction organizations, in 1963 he received the position of chief engineer, and then the head of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant.

Party and political activity Yeltsin began in 1968, when he joined the party and was engaged in various party work. In 1976, Yeltsin became the first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee, and since 1981 - a member of the CPSU Central Committee. What began not only did not stall Yeltsin’s political career, but, on the contrary, accelerated it.

In 1985, he became the head of the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee and the first secretary of the CPSU Moscow City Committee, and already in 1986 - a candidate member of the Politburo. During his activities as the head of the capital's party, Yeltsin became famous as a democrat who quite harshly defended his political ideals and often criticized the existing system.

Thus, in 1987, at the October Plenum of the CPSU, Yeltsin spoke sharply about the work of the Politburo and Mikhail Gorbachev personally. For his criticism, Yeltsin was removed from his post and dismissed from the Politburo, but did not abandon political activities. Until the end of the 80s, Yeltsin was in disgrace for his harsh criticism of the system.

However, it was precisely thanks to his desire for democracy that Yeltsin eventually found himself at the head of the democratic movement in the late 1980s. In 1989, he was elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and later he became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In March 1990, Yeltsin became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

The collapse of the USSR and Yeltsin's political activities

In the early 1990s, Yeltsin tried to carry out a series of economic and political reforms that were long overdue to bring the country out of the crisis, but faced serious obstacles from the leadership of the USSR. Not only relations between the USSR and the RSFSR deteriorated, but also relations between Yeltsin and Gorbachev.

In 1990, Yeltsin left the party, and on June 12 he was elected president of the Russian Federation. The subsequent August putsch and the collapse of the USSR only strengthened the position of Yeltsin, who became the head of the new state - the Russian Federation.

Since 1992, Yeltsin again began to carry out political and economic reforms, this time without hindrance. However, a number of reforms did not bring the desired result; an internal conflict between the legislative and executive powers was brewing in the government. The crisis in the country was getting worse, the authorities could not come to an agreement, the new Constitution was still under development and caused a lot of controversy. As a result, this led to the holding of a Council in 1993 on issues of confidence in the President and the Supreme Council, which ended in tragic events.

As a result of the Council, Yeltsin remained in power, the country continued to move along the course he had planned, but all the Soviets were liquidated. The events to disperse the Council were named. In December 1993, a new Constitution was adopted, the RSFSR turned into a presidential-type republic. Yeltsin still enjoyed confidence, but separatist sentiments were growing within the country.

The Chechen war, along with growing discontent within the state, hit Yeltsin's ratings hard, but this did not stop him from wanting to run for a second presidential term in 1996. Despite the growing split within the highest authorities and his own team, Yeltsin nevertheless became president. During his second term in office, Yeltsin's influence on the political and economic situation in the country weakened, and he lost ground. Another crisis and default occurred in the country; Yeltsin’s rule no longer showed the stability that it had before. The president's rating was falling lower and lower, and along with it, Boris Nikolayevich's health was deteriorating.

In 1999, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin as acting prime minister and resigned during his New Year's address at the end of the year.

Results of Yeltsin's reign

One of Yeltsin's main achievements in his political career became the separation of the RSFSR (Russia) from Soviet Union and turning it into a democratic state with a president at its head. As president, Yeltsin carried out a number of reforms to bring the country out of the crisis, but they were not successful. Yeltsin's personality and activities today are assessed ambiguously.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin. Born on February 1, 1931 in Butka (Butkinsky district, Ural region) - died on April 23, 2007 in Moscow. Soviet party and Russian political and statesman, first president of the Russian Federation (from July 10, 1991 to December 31, 1999). From November 6, 1991 to June 15, 1992, he headed the Government of the RSFSR.

Born in the village of Butka, Ural region (now in the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region) in a family of dispossessed peasants. This is what Yeltsin himself writes in his memoirs. But this is disputed by the village of Basmanovskoye, which may be Yeltsin's birthplace. As the biographer of the first president, Boris Minaev, writes, the Yeltsins actually lived in the village of Basmanovo, which is located not far from the village of Butka, “but the “maternity hospital,” that is, the village hospital, was located in Butka,” where Boris Yeltsin was born.

Boris Yeltsin's father, Nikolai Yeltsin, a builder, was repressed. He served his sentence on the construction of the Volga-Don Canal, after his release in 1937 he worked as a foreman at the construction site of a chemical plant in Berezniki, and a few years later he became the head of the construction department at the plant.

B. Yeltsin's mother is Claudia Starygina, a peasant, a dressmaker.

Yeltsin spent his childhood in the city of Berezniki, Perm Region, where he graduated from school (modern school No. 1 named after A.S. Pushkin). According to Yeltsin’s biography and media reports, he did well in his studies, was the head of the class, but had complaints about his behavior and was pugnacious. After graduating from the seventh grade, Yeltsin spoke out against the class teacher who beat the children and forced them to work in her home. For this he was expelled from school with a “wolf ticket”, but by contacting the city party committee, he managed to obtain the opportunity to continue his studies at another school.

Yeltsin was missing two fingers and a phalanx of the third on his left hand. According to Yeltsin, he lost them during the explosion of a grenade that he was trying to open.

In 1950 he entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after. S. M. Kirov to the Faculty of Construction, in 1955 he graduated with the qualification “civil engineer” with a specialty in “Industrial and civil construction”. Subject thesis: "TV tower". IN student years He was seriously involved in volleyball, played for the city’s national team, and became a master of sports.

In 1955, he was assigned to the Uraltyazhtrubstroy trust, where in a year he mastered several construction specialties, then worked on the construction of various objects as a foreman and site manager. In 1957 he became a foreman in the construction department of the trust. In 1961 he joined the CPSU. In 1963, he was appointed chief engineer of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant. Since 1966 - director of the Sverdlovsk DSK.

In 1963, at the XXIV conference of the party organization of the Kirov district of the city of Sverdlovsk, he was unanimously elected as a delegate to the city conference of the CPSU. At the XXV regional conference he was elected a member of the Kirov district committee of the CPSU and a delegate to the Sverdlovsk regional conference of the CPSU.

In 1968, he was transferred to party work in the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU, where he headed the construction department. In 1975, he was elected secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU, responsible for the industrial development of the region.

By order of Yeltsin, a twenty-three-story building of the regional committee of the CPSU was built in Sverdlovsk, the tallest building in the city, which received the nicknames “White House”, “Wisdom Tooth” and “Party Member” in the city.

He organized the construction of a highway connecting Sverdlovsk with the north of the region, as well as the relocation of residents from barracks to new homes. Organized the execution of the Politburo decision on the demolition of the Ipatiev house (the site of the execution of the royal family in 1918), which was not carried out by his predecessor Ya. P. Ryabov, and achieved the adoption of the Politburo decision on the construction of the metro in Sverdlovsk. He significantly improved the food supply of the Sverdlovsk region and intensified the construction of poultry farms and farms. During Yeltsin's leadership, milk coupons were abolished in the region.

In 1980, he actively supported the initiative to create MZhK, and the construction of experimental villages in the villages of Baltym and Patrushi. The Baltym cultural and sports complex, the building of which was recognized as “unparalleled in construction practice,” became a source of pride. While at party work in Sverdlovsk, Boris Yeltsin received the military rank of colonel.

In 1978-1989 - deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (member of the Council of the Union). From 1984 to 1988 - member of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition, in 1981, at the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, he was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee and served on it until leaving the party in 1990.

After the Eighth Congress of People's Deputies, at which the decree on stabilizing the constitutional system was canceled and decisions were made that undermined the independence of the government and the Central Bank, on March 20, 1993, Yeltsin, speaking on television with an appeal to the people, announced that he had signed a decree on the introduction of " special management regime." The next day, the Supreme Council appealed to the Constitutional Court, calling Yeltsin’s appeal “an attack on the constitutional foundations Russian statehood" The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, without yet having a signed decree, recognized Yeltsin’s actions related to the televised address as unconstitutional and found grounds for his removal from office. The Supreme Council convened the IX (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies. However, as it turned out a few days later, in fact, another decree was signed, which did not contain gross violations of the Constitution. On March 28, the Congress attempted to remove Yeltsin from the post of president. Speaking at a rally on Vasilievsky Spusk in Moscow, Yeltsin vowed not to implement the decision of the Congress if it were nevertheless adopted. However, only 617 deputies out of 1033 voted for impeachment, with 689 votes required.

The day after the failure of the impeachment attempt, the Congress of People's Deputies scheduled for April 25 an all-Russian referendum on four issues - on confidence in President Yeltsin, on approval of his socio-economic policy, on early presidential elections and on early elections of people's deputies. Boris Yeltsin called on his supporters to vote “all four yes,” while the supporters themselves were inclined to vote “yes-yes-no-yes.” According to the results of the confidence referendum, he received 58.7% of the votes, with 53.0% voting for economic reforms. On the issues of early elections of the president and people’s deputies, 49.5% and 67.2% of those who took part in the voting voted “for”, respectively, however, no legally significant decisions were made on these issues (since, according to the current laws, for this “ more than half of all eligible voters had to speak in favor). The contradictory results of the referendum were interpreted by Yeltsin and his circle in their favor.

After the referendum, Yeltsin focused his efforts on developing and adopting a new Constitution. On April 30, the presidential draft of the Constitution was published in the Izvestia newspaper, on May 18, the start of the work of the Constitutional Conference was announced, and on June 5, the Constitutional Conference met for the first time in Moscow. After the referendum, Yeltsin practically stopped all business contacts with the leadership of the Supreme Council, although for some time he continued to sign some of the laws he adopted, and also lost confidence in Vice President Alexander Rutsky and relieved him of all assignments, and on September 1, he temporarily suspended him from office on suspicion of corruption, which was subsequently not confirmed.

On the evening of September 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin announced in a televised address to the people that he had signed Decree No. 1400 “On phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation”, ordering the termination of the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council, and the appointment of elections to the newly created representative body of power, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, for December 11-12. The Constitutional Court, which met on the night of September 21-22, found in the decree a violation of a number of articles of the Constitution in force at that time, and established the existence of grounds for removing the president from office. The Supreme Council, on the basis of Articles 121.6 and 121.11 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia (RSFSR), adopted resolutions on the termination of the powers of President Yeltsin from 20:00 on September 21, 1993 after the signing of Decree No. 1400, and on their transfer to Vice President Alexander Rutsky. However, Boris Yeltsin de facto continued to exercise the powers of the President of Russia.

Since September 22, by order of Yeltsin, the building of the Supreme Council was blocked by the police and cut off from water and electricity. Thus, the deputies found themselves in a state of siege.

The Supreme Council announced the convening of the X (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies on September 22. According to the speaker of the Supreme Council Ruslan Khasbulatov, those executive authorities that submitted to Yeltsin detained deputies from the regions and prevented their arrival in other ways. In reality, the Congress was able to open only on the evening of September 23. Yeltsin's supporters claim that the quorum required for 689 deputies was not achieved at the Congress. According to the leadership of the Supreme Council, 639 deputies were present, the presidential side spoke only about 493. Then it was decided to deprive the deputy status of those who did not appear at the meeting. The White house, after which they announced that a quorum had been reached. According to other sources, 689 people arrived at the congress. The congress approved a parliamentary resolution to terminate the powers of President Yeltsin.

On September 24, at a meeting of the X Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies, Resolution No. 5807-1 “On the political situation in the Russian Federation” was adopted. There are actions in it former president Yeltsin was assessed as a coup d'etat, all legal acts signed by him from 20:00 on September 21 were recognized as illegal, and the president himself was asked to “not aggravate his guilt before the people and the law and voluntarily stop his unconstitutional actions.”

The Congress of People's Deputies, at the proposal of the regions and the Chairman of the Constitutional Court Valery Zorkin, adopted a resolution "On early elections of people's deputies of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation", in which it decided, in particular, to hold these elections no later than March 1994, subject to the normal constitutional activities of the bodies representative, executive and judicial powers, as well as ensuring pluralism of opinions in the media. The Supreme Council was instructed to prepare relevant regulations within a month to ensure the holding of simultaneous early elections. Also, parliament itself had to set the date for the elections.

On September 27, in an interview with the Ostankino television company, Yeltsin said that he would not agree to simultaneous early elections of the president and people’s deputies and would not make any compromises with any authorities.

The confrontation between Yeltsin, the law enforcement forces loyal to him and supporters of the Supreme Council escalated into armed clashes. On October 3, Yeltsin declared a state of emergency. Supporters of the Supreme Council stormed one of the buildings of the Moscow City Hall on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment (the former CMEA building), from where soldiers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs fired at demonstrators who approached the parliament building. Then supporters of the Supreme Council, led by Albert Makashov, went to the Ostankino television center in order to provide them with airtime. For reasons that are not fully clear, fighters from the pro-government Vityaz detachment, who were in the television center building, opened fire on parliament supporters. Yeltsin, at the suggestion of the deputy head of the security service of the President of the Russian Federation, Gennady Zakharov, gave the order to storm the building of the Supreme Council using tanks. In the early morning of October 4, troops were brought into Moscow, followed by shelling of the House of Soviets from tanks, and after 5 p.m., the surrender of its defenders. During these events, on both sides, according to the investigation, 123 people died, 384 were injured, and not a single Russian MP was among the dead. One of the deputies (Yuriy Elshin), who provided assistance to the wounded, was slightly wounded. Some people's deputies and employees of the Supreme Council apparatus were beaten by police officers after leaving the burning parliament building.

On October 6, 1993, the Vesti program on the RTR television channel reported that 36 corpses were removed from the White House.

On October 7, 3 days after the storming of the House of Soviets, a press conference was held at the Ministry of Internal Affairs by the commander of the internal troops, Anatoly Kulikov, and the Minister of Internal Affairs, Viktor Erin, who was relieved of his post by Rutsky. During this press conference, journalists were informed that 49 corpses had been removed from the building of the Supreme Council. On the morning of the same day, the investigative team General Prosecutor's Office was admitted to the House of Soviets. However, investigators did not find any corpses there (by this time they had already been taken out) and therefore the investigation materials do not say anything about those killed in the parliament building. The information that there were dead inside the House of Soviets is confirmed by a letter from the Minister of Health of the Russian Federation Eduard Nechaev addressed to Viktor Chernomyrdin No. 01-1/3016-3 dated October 6, 1993, which states that “work is currently underway to extract and identification of the dead from the House of Soviets,” as well as the confession of the commandant of the seized parliament building, Lieutenant General Arkady Baskaev, that in the period from 18:00 on October 4, 1993, “20-25 wounded and killed were taken out of the building by ambulance teams.” .

After the dissolution of the Congress and Parliament, Yeltsin for some time concentrated all power in his hands and made a number of decisions: the resignation of Rutskoi from the post of vice president (according to Article 121. 10 of the current Constitution, the vice president could be removed from office only by the Congress of People's Deputies on the basis of the conclusion of the Constitutional Court), on suspending the activities of the Constitutional Court, on terminating the activities of Councils at all levels and changing the system of local self-government, on calling elections to the Federation Council and a national vote, and also by its decrees cancels and changes a number of provisions of existing laws.

In this regard, some well-known lawyers (including the Chairman of the Constitutional Court, Doctor of Law, Prof. Valery Zorkin), statesmen, political scientists, politicians, journalists (primarily from among Yeltsin’s political opponents) noted that a dictatorship had been established in the country.

In February 1994, the participants in the events were released according to the State Duma resolution on amnesty(all of them, except Rutskoi, agreed to an amnesty, although they were not convicted). Yeltsin demanded that the amnesty be prevented. In the report of the State Duma commission for additional study and analysis of the events of September 21 - October 5, 1993, with reference to former member Presidential Council, appointed on October 5 by Yeltsin to the post of Prosecutor General Alexei Kazannik, it is alleged that Yeltsin and his entourage suggested that Kazannik try Rutskoi, Khasbulatov and other persons who opposed the dispersal of the Congress and the Supreme Council, under Art. 102 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (Intentional murder under aggravating circumstances), which provided for the death penalty. Kazannik responded by telling Yeltsin that there were no legal grounds for applying this article. This fact is confirmed by Rutskoy in his memoirs.

According to one of the White House defenders, Russian People's Deputy Ilya Konstantinov: “Yeltsin’s unspoken order to liquidate opposition leaders existed, and this is not a myth. Yeltsin wanted to, but could not finish off the opposition, because the executors did not want to take on extra blood. Korzhakov writes about the same thing: he didn’t want to kill anyone. If Boris Nikolayevich had the opportunity, knowing his temper, one can assume that he would have dealt with many. Back on October 4, a verbal order was given to liquidate a dozen people, including me.”

In September 1995, criminal case No. 18/123669-93 on the events of October 3-4, 1993 was discontinued. According to the former head of the investigative group, Leonid Proshkin, the amnesty that closed this criminal case suited everyone because, contrary to the will of the leadership, investigators from the Prosecutor General's Office investigated the actions of not only supporters of the Supreme Council, but also troops who supported Yeltsin, who were largely to blame for the current situation and the grave consequences of what happened. Proshkin also said that the Yeltsin administration put pressure on the Prosecutor General’s Office and hid evidence from investigators.

From a legal point of view, the events of October 1993 contradicted the Constitution in force at that time.

On December 12, 1993, elections to the Federation Council and the State Duma took place, as well as a national referendum on the adoption of the draft new Constitution. On December 20, the Russian Central Election Commission announced the results of the referendum: 32.9 million voters voted “for” (58.4% of active voters), 23.4 million voted against (41.6% of active voters). The Constitution was adopted because, in accordance with the decree of President Yeltsin dated October 15, 1993 No. 1633 “On holding a popular vote on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation” in force during the referendum, an absolute majority of votes is required for the new Constitution to enter into force. Subsequently, there were attempts to challenge the results of this vote in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, but the Court refused to consider the case.

The new Constitution of the Russian Federation gave the President significant powers, while the powers of the Parliament were significantly reduced. The Constitution after its publication on December 25 in " Rossiyskaya newspaper» came into force. On January 11, 1994, both chambers began working Federal Assembly, the constitutional crisis is over.

At the beginning of 1994, Yeltsin initiated the signing of an agreement on social harmony and an agreement on the division of powers with Tatarstan, and then with other subjects of the Federation.

On November 30, 1994, B. N. Yeltsin decided to send troops into Chechnya and signed secret decree No. 2137 “On measures to restore constitutional legality and order in the territory of the Chechen Republic,” the Chechen conflict began.

On December 11, 1994, on the basis of Yeltsin’s decree “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed forces on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict,” the introduction of troops into Chechnya began. Many ill-considered actions led to great sacrifices both among the military and civilian population: tens of thousands of people were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured. It often happened that during a military operation or shortly before it, an order to clear out came from Moscow. This gave the Chechen fighters the opportunity to regroup their forces. The first assault on Grozny was ill-conceived and led to heavy casualties: over 1,500 people died or went missing, and 100 Russian soldiers were captured.

In June 1995, during the seizure of a hospital and maternity hospital in Budennovsk by a detachment of militants led by Sh. Basaev, Yeltsin was in Canada and decided not to stop the trip, giving Chernomyrdin the opportunity to resolve the situation and negotiate with the militants, returning only after all the events were completed , fired the heads of a number of law enforcement agencies and the governor Stavropol Territory. In 1995, in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the legality of Decrees No. 2137 and No. 1833 (“On the main provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation” in terms of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in resolving internal conflicts) was challenged by a group of deputies of the State Duma and the Federation Council. According to the Federation Council, the acts it challenged constituted a unified system and led to the unlawful use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since their use on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as other measures prescribed in these acts, are legally possible only within the framework of a state of emergency or martial law. The request emphasizes that these measures resulted in illegal restrictions and massive violations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. According to a group of deputies of the State Duma, the use of the acts they challenged on the territory of the Chechen Republic, which resulted in significant casualties among the civilian population, contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the international obligations assumed by the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court terminated the proceedings on the compliance of Decree No. 2137 with the Constitution of the Russian Federation without considering the merits, since this document was declared invalid on December 11, 1994.

In August 1996 Chechen fighters drove federal troops out of Grozny. After this they signed Khasavyurt agreements, which are considered by many to be treacherous.

By the beginning of 1996, Yeltsin, due to failures and mistakes economic reform and the war in Chechnya lost its former popularity, and its rating fell sharply (to 3%); however, he decided to run for a second term, which he announced on February 15 in Yekaterinburg (although he had previously repeatedly assured that he would not run for a second term).

Yeltsin’s main opponent was considered the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov, who advocated changing the constitutional system, revising economic policy, sharply criticized Yeltsin’s course and had enough high rating. During the election campaign, Yeltsin became more active, began to travel around the country giving speeches, and visited many regions, including Chechnya. Yeltsin's election headquarters launched an active propaganda and advertising campaign under the slogan "Vote or lose", after which the gap in the ratings between Zyuganov and Yeltsin began to rapidly decrease.

Shortly before the elections, a number of populist legislative acts were adopted (for example, Yeltsin’s decree on the abolition of conscription in 2000). Armed forces Russian Federation; Soon this decree was changed by Yeltsin in such a way that references to the transition to a contract basis and the timing of the transition disappeared from it). On May 28, Yeltsin and Viktor Chernomyrdin held talks with the Chechen delegation led by Zelimkhan Yandarbiev and signed a ceasefire agreement. Election campaign led to the polarization of society, dividing it into supporters Soviet system and supporters of the existing system. On June 9, Yeltsin announced that he had heirs in mind for the year 2000, who were “growing rapidly.”

A number of journalists, political scientists and historians (including Doctor of Historical Sciences Vyacheslav Nikonov, who was at that time deputy chairman of the “All-Russian Movement to Support B.N. Yeltsin” and headed the press center of Yeltsin’s election headquarters) believe that the 1996 campaign year cannot be called democratic elections, due to the widespread use of “administrative resources” (“according to full program" - V. Nikonov), repeated exceeding by Yeltsin's election headquarters the established limit on the funds spent, falsifications, and also due to the fact that almost all the media, with the exception of several communist newspapers published in small circulations, openly supported Yeltsin.

According to the results of the first round of voting on June 16, 1996, Yeltsin gained 35.28% of the vote and advanced to the second round of elections, ahead of Zyuganov, who received 32.03%. Alexander Lebed received 14.52%, and after the first round, Yeltsin appointed him Secretary of the Security Council and made a number of personnel changes in the Government and law enforcement agencies. In the second round on July 3, 1996, Yeltsin received 53.82% of the vote, confidently ahead of Zyuganov, who received only 40.31%.

According to Sergei Baburin, the fact of falsification of the election results was recognized by the President of the Russian Federation in 2008-2012, Dmitry Medvedev, who, during a meeting with representatives of unregistered parties on February 20, 2012, stated: “Hardly anyone has any doubts about who won the 1996 presidential elections. It was not Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin." The presidential administration said that Medvedev did not say anything like that.

Between the first and second rounds of voting, Yeltsin was hospitalized with a heart attack, but managed to hide this fact from voters. He did not appear in public, but television showed several previously unaired videos of Yeltsin's meetings, filmed several months earlier, which were intended to demonstrate his “high vitality.” On July 3, Yeltsin appeared at the polling station of the sanatorium in Barvikha. Yeltsin refused to vote at his place of residence on Osennaya Street in Moscow, fearing that he would not be able to withstand the long walk along the street, stairs and corridor of this site.

In August 1996, he authorized the Khasavyurt agreements, and in October he decided to relieve A.I. Lebed from all positions. On November 5, 1996, Yeltsin underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, during which V. S. Chernomyrdin acted as President. B. N. Yeltsin returned to work only at the beginning of 1997.

In 1997, B. N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the denomination of the ruble, held negotiations in Moscow with A. A. Maskhadov and signed an agreement on peace and the basic principles of relations with the Chechen Republic. In March 1998, he announced the resignation of the Chernomyrdin Government and, on the third attempt, under the threat of dissolution of the State Duma, nominated S.V. Kiriyenko. After the economic crisis of August 1998, when, two days after Yeltsin’s decisive statement on television that there would be no devaluation of the ruble, the ruble was devalued and depreciated 4 times, Kiriyenko dismissed the Government and offered to return Chernomyrdin. On August 21, 1998, at a meeting of the State Duma, the majority of deputies (248 out of 450) called on Yeltsin to voluntarily resign; only 32 deputies spoke in his support. In September 1998, with the consent of the State Duma, Boris Yeltsin appointed E. M. Primakov to the post of Chairman of the Government.

In May 1999, the State Duma unsuccessfully tried to raise the question of Yeltsin's removal from office (the five charges formulated by the initiators of impeachment mainly related to Yeltsin's actions during his first term). Before the vote on impeachment, Yeltsin dismissed the Primakov Government, then, with the consent of the State Duma, appointed S.V. Stepashin as Chairman of the Government, but in August dismissed him too, presenting for approval a candidate who was little known at that time, and declared him his successor . After the aggravation of the situation in Chechnya, the attack on Dagestan, the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow, Buinaksk and Volgodonsk, B. N. Yeltsin, at the suggestion of V. V. Putin, decided to conduct a series of counter-terrorism operations in Chechnya. Putin's popularity increased, and at the end of 1999, Yeltsin decided to resign, leaving Putin as acting head of state.

On December 31, 1999 at 12 noon Moscow time (which was repeated on the main television channels a few minutes before midnight, before the New Year's televised address), B. N. Yeltsin announced his resignation from the post of President of the Russian Federation:

Dear friends! My dears! Today I'm in last time I address you with New Year's greetings. But that's not all. Today I am addressing you for the last time as President of Russia. I made a decision. I thought about it long and painfully. Today, on the last day of the passing century, I resign.

Yeltsin explained that he was leaving “not for health reasons, but for the totality of all problems,” and asked for forgiveness from Russian citizens.

“Having finished reading the last sentence, he sat motionless for several more minutes, and tears poured down his face,” recalls TV cameraman A. Makarov.

Chairman of the Government V.V. Putin was appointed acting president, who immediately after B.N. Yeltsin’s announcement of his own resignation addressed a New Year’s address to the citizens of Russia. On the same day, V.V. Putin signed a decree guaranteeing Yeltsin protection from prosecution, as well as significant material benefits for him and his family.

Boris Yeltsin died on April 23, 2007 at 15:45 Moscow time in the Central Clinical Hospital as a result of cardiac arrest caused by progressive cardiovascular and then multiple organ failure, that is, dysfunction of many internal organs caused by a disease of the cardiovascular system, Sergei Mironov, head of the Medical Center of the Administration of the President of Russia, said in an interview with RIA Novosti. At the same time, in the news television program “Vesti” he reported another cause of the ex-president’s death: “Yeltsin suffered a rather severe catarrhal viral infection (cold), which hit all organs and systems very hard.” Yeltsin was hospitalized 12 days before his death. However, according to cardiac surgeon Renat Akchurin, who performed the operation on the ex-president, “nothing foreshadowed” Yeltsin’s death. At the request of Boris Yeltsin's relatives, an autopsy was not performed.

B. N. Yeltsin was buried in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, which was open all night from April 24 to 25, so that everyone could say goodbye to the ex-president of Russia. “Someday history will give the deceased an impartial assessment,” noted Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, who did not participate in the funeral service. There is an opinion that the funeral service did not take place entirely according to church canons - the funeral rite should include the words “servant of God,” but Yeltsin was buried as “the newly deceased first president of Russia, Boris Nikolaevich.”

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin is a statesman who went down in history as the first president of Russia, as well as a radical reformer of the country.

Boris Nikolaevich was born on February 1, 1931, and his zodiac sign is Aquarius. He comes from a simple working-class family and is Russian by nationality. His father Nikolai Ignatievich was engaged in construction, and his mother Klavdiya Vasilievna was a dressmaker. Since soon after the birth of Boris his father was repressed, the boy lived with his mother and brother Mikhail in the city of Berezniki, Perm region.

At school, the future President Yeltsin studied well, was a headman and a class activist. In the seventh grade, the teenager was not afraid to go against the class teacher, who raised her hand to the students and forced them to work off bad grades in her garden. Because of this, Boris was expelled from school with a very poor record, but the guy turned to the city committee of the Komsomol and achieved justice. After receiving his matriculation certificate, Boris Yeltsin becomes a student at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, where he graduated from the Faculty of Construction.

Due to a childhood injury, Boris Nikolaevich was missing two fingers on his hand, so he was not drafted into the army. But this drawback did not prevent Boris from playing volleyball in his youth, passing the standards for the title “Master of Sports” and playing for the Yekaterinburg national team. After graduation, Yeltsin joined the Uraltyazhtrubstroy trust. Although his education allowed him to immediately take a leadership position, he preferred to first master working professions and alternately worked as a carpenter, painter, concrete worker, carpenter, bricklayer, glazier, plasterer and crane operator.

In two years, the young specialist rose to the rank of foreman of the construction department, and by the mid-60s he had already headed the Sverdlovsk house-building plant. In those same years, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin began moving up the party ladder. First he becomes a delegate to the city conference Communist Party, then first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU, and by the beginning of the 80s - a member Central Committee parties.

Career

The successes of Boris Yeltsin as secretary of the regional committee were noted by both the leadership and residents. Under his supervision, a highway was built between Yekaterinburg and Serov, agriculture developed, as well as the construction of residential buildings and industrial complexes. After moving to Moscow, Boris Nikolaevich solves construction issues at the all-Union level. His energy and active work style increased his popularity statesman in the eyes of Muscovites. But the party elite treated Yeltsin with prejudice and even to some extent hindered his endeavors.

Tired of constant confrontation, Boris Yeltsin spoke at the 1987 party plenum and criticized a number of officials, which, in his opinion, slowed down perestroika. The government's reaction was clearly negative, which led to the resignation of the politician who dared to openly express his opinion and his transfer to the position of deputy chairman of the USSR State Construction Committee. Gorbachev publicly stated that Yeltsin would no longer be in politics. But the country's leadership did not take into account that Boris Nikolayevich's disgrace would lead to a phenomenal increase in his authority among the people. When Boris Yeltsin ran for deputy in the Moscow district in 1989, he received over 90% of the vote. Later, the politician would become Chairman of the Supreme Council and the first President of the RSFSR.

President of Russia

When an attempted coup took place in the USSR on August 19, 1991, known today as the “August Putsch,” Mikhail Gorbachev was removed, and the State Committee for state of emergency. Boris Yeltsin stood at the head of those opposing those who illegally seized the reins of power, took decisive and precise actions and destroyed the plans of the State Emergency Committee. No matter how fellow citizens treated Yeltsin’s future activities, it was he who managed to save the country from possible civil war. As a result, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin headed the first Russian government in history and in this capacity signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the liquidation of the USSR.

The first years of his reign were difficult for Russia. The possibility of civil war arose again, it was necessary to resort to the publication of the “Treaty on Social Harmony,” and the adoption of the new Constitution improved the situation in society. The main disadvantage of the first president of Russia is considered to be the allowance of military action in Chechnya, which led to a long-term war. He tried to stop the war, but in the end this issue was resolved only in 2001. In this situation, the leader reorganized the Cabinet of Ministers and signed a series of decrees aimed at reforms in the economy.

In foreign policy It was important for Boris Yeltsin to improve relations with Western countries, as well as build a dialogue with the former socialist republics. Therefore, the President of the Russian Federation approved the deployment of NATO bases in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, without considering this a threat to Russia. He also announced the disarmament of Russia in the direction of the cities of the United States. They had friendly relations with him. Many funny moments, which were recorded on video and photos, happened to Yeltsin during meetings with the US President. This is the case with an inaccurate translation of Boris Nikolaevich’s words, and joint leisure activities.

Boris Yeltsin was distinguished by his bright, imperious and sometimes unpredictable nature. The President of the Russian Federation felt free in public, sometimes shocking those present. Often such actions were provoked by drunkenness, to which Yeltsin was prone. But meetings with fellow citizens, at which Boris Nikolayevich danced or joked, had an effect on the electorate and especially on young people no worse than any PR campaign.

This happened in the 1996 presidential elections. Boris Yeltsin did not plan to participate in them, but he could not allow the Communist Party to win. An election program was launched with the slogan “Vote or lose,” during which Yeltsin visited many Russian cities. Together with him, show business figures participated in the campaign: , groups, and others. The PR campaign was based on the principles of Bill Clinton’s “Choose or Lose” election program.

Behind short term Yeltsin's rating rose from 3-6% to 35% who voted for him in the first round. Due to the heavy workload after the first stage of voting, Boris Yeltsin suffered a heart attack. Boris Nikolaevich's health did not allow him to vote at his place of residence in Moscow. He cast his vote in the second round at a sanatorium in Barvikha.

In the 1996 elections, the incumbent president defeated his main competitor. After the inauguration, to which foreign delegations were not invited, and the video was partially edited from filming from previous years, a conspiracy theory about the death of Boris Yeltsin and his replacement with a double appeared in society. Publicist Yuri Mukhin claimed that the politician died after a heart attack, which was Yeltsin’s fifth. A book on this topic, “The Yeltsin Code,” was published. In 1998, deputy A.I. Saliy proposed creating a commission in the State Duma to investigate this case, and he also provided the Prosecutor General’s Office with several evidence of “... the forcible retention of power” (Article 278 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) by Yeltsin’s entourage. But these theories were not confirmed in life.

After the elections, the President focused on stabilizing the economy and social sphere. For this purpose, the “Seven Main Things” program was launched, during which the government tried to eliminate huge salary arrears, corruption and arbitrariness of officials, introduce uniform rules for bankers and entrepreneurs, and activate small businesses. The resignation of the government, which was replaced by a young and energetic one, should be considered as one of the stages of development. After him, the post of prime minister was held by Vladimir Putin.

Boris Yeltsin himself was negatively affected by the heavy government burden, and he had to undergo heart bypass surgery. The 1998 global financial crisis, which became an even greater disaster for Russia than for the world community, did not improve the president’s mood, as huge mistakes and miscalculations in the economy came to the surface. The result is multiple devaluation of the ruble, default and banking collapse. On the other hand, it was during this period that the dominance of foreign goods on the market was replaced by domestic production, which always benefits the country’s treasury.

New Year's address by Boris Yeltsin December 31, 1999

Boris Yeltsin remained at the helm of Russia until last day XX century, and during a televised New Year's greeting on December 31, 1999, he announced his resignation. Boris Yeltsin asked for forgiveness from his fellow citizens and said that he was leaving due to “the totality of all problems,” and not just because of his health. Famous Quote "I'm tired, I'm leaving", attributed to Boris Nikolaevich, does not correspond to reality.

At the time of Yeltsin’s resignation, 67% of citizens had a negative attitude towards him; the president was accused of ruining Russia and promoting liberals to power. Yeltsin was supported by 15% at that time. But researchers and politicians assess the years of the leader’s reign positively, noting the main achievement of this era - freedom of speech and the building of a civil society.

After Boris Yeltsin resigned as president, he continued to participate in the country's public life. In 2000 he created charitable foundation, periodically visited the CIS countries. In 2004, the former head of the presidential security, Alexander Korzhakov, published a book of memoirs, “Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk,” where he presented Interesting Facts from the biography of the head of state.

Personal life

Boris Yeltsin's personal life changed when he was still studying at the Polytechnic Institute. In those years, he met, whom he married immediately after graduating from university. At birth, the girl received the name Anastasia, but at a conscious age she changed it to Naina, since that’s what she was called in the family. Boris Yeltsin's wife worked as a project manager at the Vodokanal Institute.

The wedding of the Yeltsin couple took place in the house of a collective farmer in Upper Iset in 1956, and a year later the family was replenished with a daughter, Elena. Three years later, Boris and Naina became parents again, they had a youngest daughter Tatiana. Later, the daughters gave the president six grandchildren. The most popular of them was Boris Yeltsin Jr., who at one time was the marketing director of the Russian Formula 1 team. And his brother Gleb, born with Down syndrome, became the European champion in swimming among people with disabilities in 2015.

In many publications, Boris Nikolaevich paid tribute to his wife, each time emphasizing her care and support. But some journalists, including Mikhail Poltoranin, argued that Naina Yeltsin not only provided moral support for the first president of Russia, but also influenced personnel policy in the country’s leadership.

Death

Recently, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin suffered from a disease of the cardiovascular system. It is also no secret that he was diagnosed with alcoholism. In mid-April 2007, the former president was admitted to the hospital due to complications from a viral infection. According to the doctors, his life was not in danger, the disease progressed predictably. However, 12 days after hospitalization, Boris Yeltsin died in the Central Clinical Hospital. Death occurred on April 23, 2007.

The official cause of death was cardiac arrest as a result of dysfunction of internal organs. Yeltsin was buried with military honors at the Novodevichy cemetery, and the funeral process was broadcast on live all state TV channels. A tombstone was erected at the grave of Boris Yeltsin. It is made in the form of a boulder, painted in the colors of the national flag.

For the anniversary of the birth of Boris Yeltsin in 2011, they were released documentaries"Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate" and "Boris Yeltsin. First", in which, in addition to the memoirs of the president’s contemporaries, were presented rare footage interview with Yeltsin himself.

Memory

• 2008 – the main street of the business center of Yekaterinburg City, January 9 Street in Yekaterinburg was renamed Boris Yeltsin Street
• 2008 – a solemn opening ceremony of the monument to Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin took place at the Novodevichy Cemetery
• 2008 – Ural State Technical University (UPI) was named after Boris Yeltsin
• 2009 – The Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin was opened in St. Petersburg
• 2011 – a monument was unveiled in Yekaterinburg on the occasion of Boris Yeltsin’s 80th birthday
• 2015 – The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center was opened in Yekaterinburg

Quotes

• Take as much sovereignty as you can swallow. I don’t want to be a brake on the development of national self-awareness in each republic.
• I threw a coin into the Yenisei for luck. But do not think that this is the end of the financial support of your region from the president.
• The Black Sea Fleet was, is and will be Russian.