Just 4 years after the death of Pushkin, which shocked Russia, a duel took place between M. Yu. Lermontov and retired major Nikolai Martynov. As a result, the poet was killed, and the second participant in the fight escaped with three months of arrest and church repentance. Although the last one, which ended in his death, took place more than 175 years ago, disputes still rage over whether N.S. Martynov really shot at the man who discharged the pistol into the air, that is, he committed murder.
Origin
To better understand the motives of the actions of the man whose bullet put an end to the short biography of M. Yu. Lermontov, you should find out about his origin.
So, N.S. Martynov came from Moscow nobles. His grandfather made a fortune from wine farming, that is, for a certain fee he acquired from the state the right to levy taxes on drinking establishments, in which he was extremely successful. At the end of the 18th century, it was believed that aristocrats should not engage in such matters. However, Mikhail Ilyich, although he was very shy about his, as they would say today, business, nevertheless wanted his son to continue his business, since it gave stable income. He called him by a name that was uncharacteristic for people of his class. Thus, Nikolai Solomonovich Martynov, whose nationality immediately after Lermontov’s death became the subject of speculation, is undoubtedly Russian.
Parents and childhood
Martynov's father Solomon Mikhailovich Martynov rose to the rank of state councilor and died in 1839. His wife came from the noble Tarnovsky family. In total, the Martynov family had eight children: 4 sons and 4 daughters. They, especially the boys, received an excellent education, had enough money to feel at ease among the golden youth, and were distinguished by their attractive appearance.
Nikolai Martynov was born in 1815 and was only a year younger than Lermontov. Since childhood, he had a talent for literary work and early began to write poetry, imitating the famous poets of his time.
Studies
In 1831, Nikolai Martynov entered the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. Lermontov ended up there a year later. The latter was forced to apply to leave Moscow University because of an unpleasant story with one of the professors, and did not want to enter St. Petersburg University, since there he was offered to start his studies again from the first year.
Nikolaevskoe cavalry school, in which the young people found themselves, was one of the most famous in Russia. Only noblemen were accepted into it after studying at the university or in private boarding houses that did not have military training. During their studies, Lermontov and Nikolai Solomonovich Martynov practiced fencing together on espadrons more than once and were quite familiar. In addition, the poet was introduced to many members of Martynov’s family, and Nikolai’s brother, Mikhail, was his classmate. Subsequently they also wrote that one of Nicholas’s sisters even became partly the prototype of Princess Mary. It is known that Martynov’s mother spoke extremely unflatteringly about Lermontov for his sarcastic jokes, but her son was delighted with the poetic talent of his schoolmate.
Service
Upon completion of his studies, Nikolai Martynov was sent to serve in the then prestigious Cavalry Regiment, in which Dantes was an officer during the same period. During this time, he, like many representatives of his generation, volunteered to go to the front in the hope of becoming famous and returning to the capital with ranks and military orders. There, during the military expedition of the Caucasian detachment across the Kuban River, Nikolai Solomonovich Martynov proved himself to be a brave officer. For his military services he was even awarded the Order of St. Anna with a bow, and he was in good standing with the command.
Resignation
The circumstances were such that Nikolai Martynov could well hope for a successful career. However, for a still unclear reason, in 1841, while holding the rank of major (remember that practically his peer Lermontov was at that time only a lieutenant), he unexpectedly submitted his resignation. It was rumored that the young man was forced to do this because he was caught cheating during card game, which was considered an extremely shameful phenomenon among officers. In support of such rumors, many cited the fact that Nikolai Martynov, who had sufficient financial resources and connections, did not return to the capital, but settled away from society in Pyatigorsk and led a reclusive life. Among vacationers and local Russian society, the former major was known as an eccentric and an original, as he dressed up in highlander clothes and walked around with a huge dagger, causing ridicule from his former colleagues.
M. Yu. Lermontov in the Caucasus
By 1841, the poet had already become famous throughout Russia thanks to his poems about Pushkin. The efforts of his grandmother, who has influential relatives among the courtiers, allowed him to avoid more serious punishment. He was sent to the Caucasus as an ensign in the Nizhny Novgorod regiment. This business trip did not last long enough, and soon he again shone in the capital's salons. Perhaps everything would have turned out differently if it had not been for the quarrel in the house of Countess Laval with Ernest de Barant. The son of a French diplomat saw an insult in the epigram, which, as mutual acquaintances told him, was written by M. Yu. Lermontov. During the duel, which took place not far from the place where Pushkin was mortally wounded, nothing tragic happened: the sword of one of the opponents broke, Barant missed, and the poet fired into the air. However, it was not possible to hide the fact of the fight, and the poet was exiled to the Caucasus, although he made attempts to retire.
Reasons for the duel with Martynov
From the Northern capital, the poet first came to Stavropol, where his Tenginsky regiment was stationed, and after some time he went on a short vacation to Pyatigorsk. Moreover, his friends tried to persuade him not to do this. There he met many of his St. Petersburg acquaintances, including Martynov. The angry-tongued Lermontov was extremely amused by the warlike appearance of his former classmate. The latter had long harbored a grudge against the poet, since he believed that he had ridiculed him in his epigrams, in which the names Martysh and Solomon appeared. Subsequently, the version according to which Martynov believed that Lermontov had compromised his sister was also considered as the reason for the duel. The rivalry between young people over the favor of a French actress named Adele, who was on tour in the Caucasus, was also indicated.
Argument
Two days before the tragedy, its main characters met in the house of General Verzilin. The poet’s future second and his longtime friend Prince Trubetskoy, as well as the wife and daughter of the owner of the house, were also present there. In their presence, Lermontov began to make barbs about the funny “highlander.” By tragic accident, at these words the music stopped, and they were heard by everyone, including Martynov, as always, dressed in a Circassian coat. As mutual acquaintances of Lermontov and Martynov later recalled, this was not the first time that the poet mocked the retired major. He endured it as long as he could pretend that the jokes had nothing to do with him. However, during the musical evening at the Verzilins’, everything was too obvious, and Lermontov’s duel with Martynov became inevitable. The offended “highlander” loudly declared that he no longer intended to endure ridicule and left. The poet reassured the ladies that tomorrow he and Nikolai Solomonovich would make peace, since “this happens.”
Duel between Lermontov and Martynov
In the evening of the same day, Mikhail and Nikolai had an unpleasant conversation, during which a challenge to a duel was made. The duel took place the very next day. According to the generally accepted version, Lermontov did not take everything that was happening seriously and fired into the air. Thus, he angered Martynov even more and received a bullet in the chest. Since there was no doctor present during the fight, health care was not provided, although it could hardly have saved Lermontov’s life.
After the duel, Martynov was sentenced to be deprived of all rights to his fortune and demoted. However, Nicholas II decided to limit the punishment to three months' confinement in a guardhouse.
Quite little is known about Martynov’s life after the duel. He died at the age of 60 and was buried in his name in Ievlevo.
Retired GRU Colonel Gennady Korotenko, who is also a centurion of the Volga Cossack Army, faces criminal punishment, Kommersant writes.
As follows from the materials of the criminal case, on March 30, 2014, 56-year-old Nikolai Martynov, general director of the MSK management company and co-founder of the Cyprus company Clinolia Holding Limited, which owns several enterprises in Russia for the production of raw materials and equipment for oil and gas and chemical industries.
One bullet hit the businessman in the chest, and the second got stuck in the eye socket, Life.ru previously wrote. Martynov’s driver did not wait for the ambulance to arrive and took him to the nearest hospital himself, and after a few hours the wounded man was transported to Moscow. However, it was not possible to save his life.
A cartridge case from a Makarov pistol was recovered from the crime scene, but for a long time the investigation was marking time.
A breakthrough in the investigation occurred by chance after a year and a half. August 5, 2015 in Avtozavodsky district Nizhny Novgorod operatives of the regional FSB and police opened a private garage, which turned out to be literally filled to the brim with army weapons. Kalashnikov assault rifles, assault rifles with optical sights, two machine guns, underbarrel grenade launchers, a collection of dirks, sabers and other bladed weapons, a large number of ammunition different types and caliber, as well as portable anti-aircraft missile system"Needle".
On the same day, the owner of the garage, local resident Gennady Korotenko, was detained, who had a Makarov pistol in his pocket at the time of the meeting with the operatives. The detainee himself explained that he grabbed the PM to protect garden plots, in which his organization is involved - “Cossack Freemen named after Ermak Timofeevich,” which is structurally part of the Volga Cossack Army. The found arsenal, according to the Cossack and retired intelligence officer, did not belong to him, but to a certain “casual acquaintance” to whom he rented out his garage.
The examination showed that one of the pistols found during the operation was used to kill Martynov.
Four months later, the probable mastermind of the murder, Martynov’s 35-year-old business partner Anton Erokhin, was found and taken into custody. About a year before the assassination attempt, a dispute arose between businessmen over assets. They were unable to divide several enterprises in the Nizhny Novgorod region that produce acetone, ethanol and other chemicals used for the needs of the oil and gas industry. At first, Erokhin was going to buy out Martynov’s share in Clinolia for 2.6 billion rubles, but then he decided to simply kill him, paying the killer 1 million rubles.
The Volga Cossacks do not believe the investigators’ version and consider Korotenko an example to follow. The accused is a veteran of the Afghan, Abkhaz and Chechen military campaigns, was awarded the Order of Courage, the Red Banner and the Red Star, medals "For Courage" and "For Military Merit", and also received the title of Hero of Abkhazia and for special manifestations of courage and bravery - Order of Leon.
“Old Man Korotenko is not a mummer, of which there are many now, but a real ancestral Cossack,” says Volnitsa board chairman Sergei Akimov. “In the past, he was a military officer, a GRU colonel. He was seriously wounded, has a disability, but the investigation ignores his illness.”
Shoe holding "Marko" receives a budget loan of 200 billion rubles at 3% per annum! At the current dollar exchange rate, this is about $10.5 million.
The owner of the holding is a businessman Nikolay Martynov. He is one of the longest-living members of the Council of the Republic, having been elected for three convocations in a row. He is also among the leaders in the number of privatized enterprises.
How did the career of the most influential Vitebsk businessman develop?
Martynov's father was a shapoval
Nikolai Martynov was born in the village of Gudovo-Zemyanskoye, Dubrovensky district, Vitebsk region. The village was not big and Soviet times, is now completely dying out - only a few people remain here for the winter and all are pensioners.
“In the Soviet Union, Belarus was the poorest. In Belarus, the poorest region is the Vitebsk region. Well, in the Vitebsk region the poorest is the Dubrovensky district,”- laughs Antonina Zaitseva, the sister of a millionaire who lives in a neighboring village. She says that she has traveled around the Baltic states and Ukraine - there is something to compare with.
Father of the family Vasily Martynov was the best shapoval in the entire district.
“In the summer I installed windows in houses, and in the winter I worked on felt boots. And at the same time he was also an accountant,- says the daughter. - The felt boots had their own material. In those days the whole village kept sheep.”
The demand for Martynov's shoes was high. Villagers bought leather shoes only on holidays, and in Everyday life They used felt boots.
For Nikolai Martynov, who became a shoe magnate, it would be a shame not to consider his father the founder of the dynasty.
My mother worked on a collective farm all her life. “My maternal grandfather was dispossessed and deported. So you can see a grandfatherly trait,”- the businessman spoke about the roots of his entrepreneurial spirit.
There were five children in the Martynov family. First, three sisters were born one after another, and then two brothers.
The younger Victor worked as a manager in the Marco business empire, and now he has his own business. He was a deputy in the Vitebsk City Council.
The parents are no longer alive. Nikolay repaired parents' house, and comes there with his family from time to time.
By education, Nikolai Martynov is a political scientist at the Institute of the Communist Party
Nikolai Martynov graduated from basic school in his native village of Gudovo-Zemyanskoye, and studied middle school in Sipishchevo. He did not serve in the army due to health reasons, and after graduating from school he entered the Vitebsk Technical School.
After graduating, in 1978 he became an assistant foreman at the Vitebsk knitting factory “KIM”. According to official biography, over the next decade there were no changes in his career.
Martynov’s wife is from the Tolochinsky district. Friends of the family say that her parents significantly helped Nikolai get back on his feet.
In the late 1980s, he and his family traveled around the European part of the Soviet Union - from the Baltic to Sea of Azov. Traveled in his own Zhiguli.
Martynov received higher education only at the age of 32. In 1991, when it was falling apart Soviet Union, he completed his studies as a political scientist at the Institute of Political Science and Social Management of the Communist Party of Belarus, and as a full-time student. However, I never had the chance to work as a teacher.
Interestingly, the businessman’s biography also mentions his “honorary” status - “corresponding member of the International Academy information technologies" This is unscientific public organization, whose members distribute fictitious titles to each other. In the same institution, the former Minister of Justice also became an “academician” Victor Golovanov.
In the 1980s, the first shoots of foreign business appeared on the territory of Belarus. One of the projects of cooperation between the Soviet planned economy and Western capitalism was Belwest. The founders were the Vitebsk shoe factory "Red October" (55% of shares) and the German company Salamander (45%).
In 1990, Martynov became an expert in the commercial department of Belvesta. This was his first experience working in the shoe market, if you do not count helping his father.
“The idea of starting my own business came while on vacation in Abkhazia,- he said in one of the interviews. - We went as savages with children and, like many, counted every penny. It was the 1990s when cooperatives began to be created. We traded sugar and made blankets. Minimal processing of fur gave 200-300% profitability. It would be a sin not to do this.”
As a result, another shoe factory appeared in Vitebsk. 1991 was marked as the date of creation of the company “LM + MK” (later renamed “Marko”), of which Nikolai Martynov became director. It was a joint business with the German company Evimex.
“In the 1990s, when we started, my income did not allow me to feed my family, let alone take a vacation once a year,”- noted the businessman. At the same time, in one of the interviews, the businessman admitted that in the early 1990s he was also involved in petroleum products. This is an area that random people could not get into.
Marko Holding produces record number shoes in the CIS
Over time, “Marko” (the company got its name from the addition of the words “Martynov” and “company”) overtook all competitors on the Belarusian market. The holding now includes three enterprises. The main difference between them is the way the shoes are made.
"Marco" specializes in women's shoes using the adhesive method and men's injection-molded shoes. At "San Marco" they make children's and men's shoes, and shops. There are already fifty of them.
To save money, some of the Belarusian company’s products are produced in China and India.
Nikolai Martynov privatized not only Red October and the Vitebsk Fur Factory. Marko's store, and above it there are several apartments.
Five-room apartment with an area of about 250 sq. m went to Nikolai Martynov, and four-room apartments went to his brother Victor and their business partner Nikolay Kovalkov.
Opposite the house is the Nikolaevsky farmstead. It's easy to guess who it belongs to. At the entrance there is a clue - a sculpture of the Catholic Saint Crispin, the patron saint of all shoemakers and tanners.
The Martynov shopping center has become a landmark of Vitebsk
Like most major Belarusian businessmen, Martynov decided to start shopping centers. His pride is the eight-story Marko City building in the center of Vitebsk.
“Marco City” managed to become a new landmark of the city due to the huge pyramid in the middle of the square. A similar structure, only smaller, installed at the entrance to the Louvre, became a symbol of Paris. Vitebsk residents' opinions about the building were divided. Many people consider the building ugly. And Martynov himself was delighted with it and decided to equip his office at the top of the pyramid.
Another business profile is catering. True, the opening of Martynov’s bars and restaurants was accompanied by scandals.
“The main decoration of the interior are plaster busts of Lenin and Stalin. Half-meter tall Joseph Vissarionovich, puffing on his pipe, proudly towers in the center above the bar counter. And in the corner, resting his head on his hand, Vladimir Ilyich examines the audience,”- described the interiors of the Dvinsky Brovar bar.
And in the Golden Lion restaurant, which operates in a historical building of the 19th century, one of the halls was called the “Stalinist Room”.
At the same time, Martynov was seen in critical statements regarding the USSR: “My parents lived under a socialist system, which eliminated initiative. Moreover, during the years of stagnation there was a certain degradation of society, the emasculation of any independent thought.”
Among other non-core assets of Marko is the Khodtsy recreation center on Lake Soro in the Sennensky district. Nikolai Martynov is an avid hunter.
Both Martynov’s wife and children work in his company
Martynov’s family has two children, and both work in family business. Son Pavel heads San Marco. He graduated from Vitebsk State Technological University and studied in Italy. He has two children.
Photo news.vitebsk.cc
Daughter Raisa graduated from the same university. Works as a deputy at Marco general director. Her specialization is foreign economic activity. It supplies imported materials, and several years ago proposed to develop the European Union market. This is how “Marko” shoes began to be sold in Latvia. Raisa's family has three children.
Several years ago, Nikolai Martynov’s wife also worked in the commercial department.
Martynov’s acquaintances note that attention to symbols is important to him. His zodiac sign is Leo. It was this animal that became his talisman.
The lion is located on the “Marko” emblem, and it also appears in the name of Martynov’s restaurant.
The symbol of the Vitebsk Zoo has long been the lion Rigus. After his death, Nikolai Martynov allocated 1,200 euros for the purchase, which was brought from Kaliningrad.
Photo news.vitebsk.cc
The little lion was named Mark after the shoe company. But soon the zoo workers realized that instead of a lion, they got a lioness! I had to change my name to Markusha.
In the spring of 2014 he was killed oil tycoon Nikolay Martynov. The intended customer was found very quickly - he turned out to be capital businessman Anton Erokhin. The wife of the murdered oligarch, Nadezhda Martynova, became the legal heir to his entire financial fortune, but Lada Ryasnova entered the fight for the multimillion-dollar inheritance, claiming that she had an affair with Nikolai and in their love union, Yaroslav’s daughter was born. Watch the episode Let Them Talk - Oligarch DNA: Millions for illegitimate daughter 01.11.2017
After two DNA examinations, it became clear that Lada Ryasnova’s daughter is the daughter of Nikolai Martynov, but the court made a completely different decision and now the girl does not have the surname of her natural father. Will Lada be able to defend her daughter's rights to inheritance? How to recognize paternity and is it worth pursuing? What Ryasnova really wants: to achieve justice or get a huge fortune oil oligarch? In the “Let Them Talk” studio today we will have to answer these and some other questions.
Let them say - oligarch's DNA: millions for an illegitimate daughter
Lada Ryasnova came to the talk show Let them talk - oligarch DNA: millions for an illegitimate daughter to tell why she is trying to recognize paternity. The heroine comes out to the studio with a folder of documents:
— I am a lawyer by education. In order not to be unfounded, I decided to take everything with me Required documents. First, I’ll tell you how I met Nikolai: I worked at financial company I've had them too business meetings with him. One day he said that he really liked the way I worked and invited me to work for him.
— For about a year or so we worked only as a manager and a subordinate, but then we began to communicate more. Later we found out that we both love ice skating, and so we gradually started romantic relationship. Yes, I knew that he was married - his wife lived in France.
“Later I had a conflict with his wife. When my daughter was born, she claimed that Nikolai could not have children. Nikolai did not ask me to give birth to his child - everything happened by chance and it was a surprise for both of us. But I was not going to have an abortion and he didn’t mind - he promised to help us with the child. He kept his word: Kolya constantly provided for us.
— Kolya always looked after his health: he practiced fasting and went in for sports. At his age he had a wonderful physical form. No one expected that he would be gone...
DNA of oligarch Nikolai Martynov. Lada Ryasnova in Let Them Talk
— 3.5 years have already passed... Now I can smile, but at that time it was very difficult. For the first 2 months I lay face down on the pillow and didn’t see or hear anything.
The Let Them Talk program conducted its own investigation: it turned out that Nikolai Martynov had...another mistress! Olesya Manaeva came to the talk show to tell her story of her relationship with the oil tycoon:
— My story is a little different: we met, then broke up, but he invited me to his company. I am grateful to him for everything he did for me. And after me he began dating Lada.
Experts in the studio: model Alena Kravets, lawyer Alexander Treschev, public figure Roman Khudyakov, writer Maria Arbatova, retired federal judge Elina Kashirina, People's Artist of Russia Alexander Pashutin, lawyer Vera Sevostyanova, journalist Leonid Mikulyak, etc. Watch online for free the episode Let them talk - the oligarch's DNA: millions for an illegitimate daughter, broadcast on November 1, 2017 year (01.11.2017).
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Oil tycoon
In 1859, an oil rush began in Pennsylvania. But among the small oil-producing enterprises growing like mushrooms, there were mostly amateurs. In 1862, after a business trip to oil-producing areas, Rockefeller, who had enough knowledge, experience and capital, decided to organize an oil business. After meeting Samuel Andrews, an oil expert, he had the opportunity to bring this idea to life. In 1863, the firm of Andrews, Clark & Co. was founded, the members of which were Andrews, Rockefeller and Clark with two brothers.
In 1864, Rockefeller married teacher Laura Spellman, whom he had met in student years. The girl had a practical mindset and shared her husband’s Puritan views. The billionaire later admitted: “Without her advice, I would have remained poor.” The Rockefeller couple had five children. Rockefeller was a gentle husband and caring father. He taught children music, took them swimming and skating. At the same time, parents demanded an account from their children for every cent spent, and they introduced a system of monetary rewards and fines. The entrepreneur experienced the death of his wife in 1904 very hard.
In an effort to increase profits, Rockefeller proposed recycling industrial waste into fertilizer. He was the first businessman to abandon wooden casks (barrels), which were used to transport oil, and launched the production of more durable ones made of metal. Before competitors had time to pick up this idea, he began transporting oil in railway tanks. When everyone started using tanks after him, Rockefeller was already laying pipelines.
John was the first to realize that oil refining was facing a crisis of overproduction. In 1871, prices for crude oil and petroleum products began to plummet. Rockefeller remained calm:
“Unlike other people, we should act and not worry when the market bottoms out.”
And he began to act. His company, Standard Oil, began to absorb competitors. For example, in Cleveland, Rockefeller managed to buy up 22 of 26 companies. In American newspapers this campaign was called the “Cleveland shooting.” Rockefeller continued to acquire companies in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New York and other cities. By 1877, he controlled 90% of the entire oil refining industry in the United States. That same year, Rockefeller faced his first major challenge. The Pennsylvania Railroad, concerned about the construction of Rockefeller's oil pipelines, began buying up oil refineries and pipelines in response. Rockefeller was not going to budge and became involved in a debilitating price war, which negatively affected the company's payments and freight transportation of the Pennsylvania railway, and also caused unrest among workers on both sides. Ultimately, Rockefeller emerged victorious, and the railroad company sold its oil assets to him. Of course, as a monopolist, Rockefeller sometimes acted mercilessly, but he always offered competitors a fair price, buying out their business.
Rockefeller's activities affected the interests of Wall Street tycoons, who launched a media war against him and brought charges of violating antitrust laws. The first journalistic investigation of Standard Oil was published in 1881 in the Atlantic Monthly. From this article, the legend about the sinister and ruthless Rockefeller began to circulate. He himself simply waved it off: “The public has no right to interfere with our private contracts.”
Forecasts for the future of the Rockefeller company, which absorbed almost the entire US oil refining industry, were the most pessimistic. Experts agreed: “She has no future. The corporation will collapse under its own weight.” But Standard Oil had no intention of falling apart.
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