Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations with fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What medications are the safest?

How long is a day? A strange question: we know from childhood that a day is exactly 24 hours, or 1440 minutes or 86400 seconds. Yes, but not so. A day is a period of time during which the Earth makes one complete rotation around its axis, and it turns out that it never takes exactly 24 hours.

How long is a day?

If we take a distant star as a starting point and count the period of days during which it will return to the same point, it turns out that one revolution of our planet takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds! That is, during the day, astronomical midnight can creep away by almost 4 minutes! Moreover, this period is called the sidereal day depending on the friction caused by synoptic situations, ebbs and flows and geological events changes all the time in the range of up to 50 seconds. If we take our Sun as a starting point, as our ancestors did, then the number will be closer to 24 hours. This is called a solar day. On average, per year, taking into account the planet's revolution around the sun, a solar day is a fraction of a second shorter than twenty-four hours.

When these discrepancies were revealed with the help of highly accurate atomic clocks, it was decided to redefine the second as a fixed fraction of a “solar” day - more precisely, one million six hundred to forty thousandths.

The new second came into use in 1967 and was defined as “a time interval equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom in the absence of disturbance by external fields.” You can’t say it more precisely - it’s just too painful to say all this at the end of a long day.

The new definition of the second means that the solar day gradually shifts relative to the atomic one. As a result, scientists had to introduce atomic year the so-called “leap second” (or “coordination second”) in order to coordinate the atomic year with the solar year.

Since 1972, the leap second has been added 23 times. Imagine, otherwise our day would have increased by almost half a minute. And the Earth continues to slow down its rotation. And, according to scientists, in the 23rd century there will be 25 current hours in our day.

The last time the “leap second” was added was on December 31, 2005, at the direction of the International Service for the Estimation of Earth's Rotation and Coordinates, based at the Paris Observatory.

Good news for astronomers and those of us who like clocks to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the Sun, but headache For computer programs and all the equipment that is on space satellites.

The idea of ​​introducing a “leap second” was strongly opposed by the International Telecommunications Union, which even made an official proposal to completely abolish it back in December 2007.

You can, of course, wait until the difference between Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) reaches exactly an hour (in about 400 years) and then put everything in order. In the meantime, the debate around what is considered “real” time continues.

We master most of the commonly used concepts in early childhood. Despite the age of the children, it is unlikely that any of the children require an academic explanation of the simplest concepts - mother can explain everything literally on her fingers, in simple words. For example, “day is when the sun is shining” or “when you are walking and not sleeping in a crib.” Explanations quietly accumulate and systematize, forming an understanding of the term.

Meaning of the word "day"

If you look at the planet from the outside, you can see a very clear division into day and night sides. Formally, the simplest explanation turns out to be correct from the point of view of astronomy - daylight is considered to be the time when light from the star around which this planet rotates falls on the surface of the planet.

We believe that day is the daylight hours, and the weather does not play a role. Somewhere there, above the clouds, the sun is still shining, therefore, it is not night now, it is not dark around. In the circumpolar latitudes, this very principle is observed - concepts such as “polar day” and “polar night” are based precisely on natural illumination.

In some cases, this means time in general. For example, when they say “those were the days of sorrow” or “in those distant days", we are talking about some distant time in the past when some events took place.

Dividing the day into parts

Theoretically, if we rely specifically on the presence of the sun in the sky, the day is divided into two relatively equal parts - day and night. In practice, it turns out that there is morning and evening, which are also illuminated to one degree or another. Morning begins when the reflection of the approaching sun appears in the sky, although technically it is still night. When the sun appears above the horizon, dawn begins, morning continues and lasts for several more hours until the sun rises to its zenith.

In most cases, day is the time from approximately noon to evening when the sun begins to decline above the horizon in the west. At the same time, they say “ten o’clock in the morning,” but “eleven o’clock in the afternoon,” and even in this case, variations are possible.

How many hours does a day last?

An average of six hours passes between morning and evening, and this is an approximate period. It turns out that a day is only a quarter of a day. The rest of the time is occupied at night and in intermediate states - morning and evening.

If a qualifying adjective is added, it becomes easier to determine what exactly is being said. For example, “daylight” clearly indicates that we are talking specifically about daylight hours, when the inclusion of additional sources of artificial lighting is not required. When explaining what a day is, it is advisable to immediately place emphasis and clarify that much depends on the specific situation and context, otherwise mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Often the length of the day is determined not by the actual number of hours or the duration of natural light, but solely by subjective sensations. A long or even endless day means that either a person cannot wait until evening, or he has managed to complete many different tasks.

Specification of time intervals

The word “day” is often used to mean “day”. For example, “you have three days to eliminate the shortcomings.” In the meaning of “day”, this word is used when you need to indicate a sufficiently long amount of time.

If it is necessary to set some limits, then it may be a “working day” - the interpretation in this case provides that weekends and holidays are not considered. Business days take into account business obligations - fulfillment of orders, receipt of funds in a bank account, and so on. The outdated concept of “workdays” has a similar meaning; this is a unit for recording the labor of collective farmers for subsequent payment. When they say “day off,” they mean a day free from all kinds of labor responsibilities, time reserved for rest.

When trying to understand what a day is in the minds of another person, we usually try to simplify mutual communication as much as possible. Therefore, when they tell us “call tomorrow afternoon,” it is better to clarify in what time period the call will be appropriate. For some, eight o’clock in the morning is already day, while others are still sleeping. If you don’t specify, then according to business etiquette, a day is considered on average from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m., and it would be good practice to fit in approximately in the middle of this interval. In other cases, it is better to ask for the exact time.

The term "sutasi" is absent from ancient Russian sources. Instead of the latter, the word “day” was used. In this case, the day (in the sense of day) was divided into two parts (light and dark): day in the proper sense of the word and night.

It is difficult to establish exactly when in Rus' measuring time with clocks came into use. In ancient sources, the word “hour” is often found not only in the sense of a unit of time (= 1/24 days), but in the sense of an indefinite moment (for example, “the hour of death”). But along with this, in a number of sources we find a 24-hour division of the day. Each hour contained 6 “fractional hours” or 60 “hours”. Thus, hour means minute. Instruments for measuring time have existed for a long time. Already from the beginning of the 15th century. the first description has reached us mechanical watch: "Grand Duke I decided to set up a chapel and set it up in my yard behind the Church of St. Annunciation.

This watchmaker was called a horometer (a device for measuring hours). Every hour a hammer struck the bell, which measured and calculated the night and day hours. It was not the man who struck, but as if by the hand of a man the evon was accomplished by itself. This was created with the help of the human mind, extremely skillfully and cunningly." The craftsman and artist who created this device was a Serbian native, a monk named Lazar. The price of the "watchmaker" exceeded 150 rubles.

Familiarity with the ancient Russian clock counting system is necessary because it differed from that accepted in our time, and because of this, the indications in the sources for parts of the day require translation to the corresponding hours, according to the modern division of the day.

With daily time measurement in ancient Rus' people proceeded from observations of the natural change of day and night and brought them into connection with the clock church services.

The day did not begin at midnight, as is customary now, but at the time when people got up from sleep and returned to normal activities. This coincided with the morning service (“matins”), which began before dawn and ended before sunrise. Prince of the 12th century Vladimir Monomakh wrote in his “Teaching” to his children: “Let the sun not find you in bed. This is what my father and all good men did: having given morning praise to God, and after sunrise, seeing the sun and glorifying God with joy, he opened a council with his squad, or judged people, or went hunting...".

Thus, from the first hour of the day (according to ancient Russian reckoning), people turned to their next business. The time from 3 o'clock to "noon" is the "lunch" period. During this period, “mass” was served in the church. "Noon" came at 6-7 o'clock. Before sunset, another church service took place - “vespers”, and the time of day after “vespers” was adjacent to the evening. The night stretched from the end of twilight to the first signs of dawn.

In ancient Russian sources, the time at which this or that event occurs is often indicated not in hours, but in church services. Therefore, it was necessary to stop them.

In church calendars, the distribution of “day” and “night” hours was not the same for different months, as well as their divisions. If in our everyday life the day is conditionally equivalent to the night throughout the year (12 hours + 12 hours), and the hours are counted continuously (1 -24), then in ancient Rus', depending on a particular date and month, the length of the day (and, accordingly, nights) ranged from 7 to 17 hours. These fluctuations depended on the natural change of dark and light parts of the day and the connection with the change natural phenomena.

The correspondence of clocks according to the ancient Russian measurement of time, adopted in the 16th-17th centuries, and the later calculation (19th century) is given in Table XI.

When using sources, it should be taken into account that in a number of regions (for example, in Novgorod) the counting of hours differed from that in Moscow.

Talk to your child about the day.

Do you know what makes up a day?

From night and day. No wonder they say: “Day and night - a day away.” There are 24 hours in a day. During this time, planet Earth makes one full revolution around its axis.

Do you know what a globe is and what it looks like?

This is a model of the globe. The globe can rotate around an axis passing through its center, just as the Earth rotates around its invisible axis.

On that part of our planet that is not illuminated sun rays, night reigns, and on the illuminated part of the Earth the bright day shines. The earth rotates continuously, so day and night follow each other.

Several centuries ago, people's lives proceeded at a more measured and slower pace. After all, there were no cars, no airplanes, no electric trains, no telephone communications, no radio, no television. People traveled from city to city on horseback for several days, weeks or months, depending on the distance.

People did not need special accuracy when determining time in everyday life. Therefore, the time of day was determined approximately - morning, afternoon, evening, night.

The peasants knew the time by the ringing of church bells or by the position of the sun.

Important tasks usually began in the morning. No wonder the proverb says: “The morning is wiser than the evening.”

Listen to the poem "What is a day?"

Remember, son, remember, daughter,
A day is day and night.

The day is bright and the sun is shining,
Children playing in the yard:
Then they take off on a swing,
They're circling on carousels.

The sky turned pink -
The sun is setting
The gloom of the garden fell on the shoulders -
So it's evening.

Following the first star
The month will be young.
The sun has set behind the river,
Night has come, everything has become dark.

And in beds until the morning
The child falls asleep.

Remember, son, remember, daughter,
A day is day and night.

Is it possible to divide the day into four parts?

Of course you can! Let's talk about the four parts of the day: morning, afternoon, evening and night.
In the morning the sun rises, the sky becomes bright, the clouds turn pink, birds wake up and chirp, the corollas of flowers open.
To visualize this picture, listen to the poem “Morning Rays”,

The first ray fell on the bird,
For a small titmouse.
She woke up: “Shadow-shadow-shadow,
Oh, what a wonderful day!"

The second beam fell on the bunny,
He suddenly raised his eyebrows,
He galloped onto the lawn
Behind the dewy grass.

The third ray of dawn, playing,
Woke up the chickens and geese.
He penetrated through the crack of the barn -
It immediately became brighter!

On the perch, above
The cockerel woke up.
HE sang: "Ku-ka-re-ku"
He picked up the scarlet comb.

The fourth ray raised the bees.
He told them: “The flower has bloomed!”

The fifth ray penetrated me,
Lighted up my bed
Ran up the wall
And he whispered: “It’s time to get up.”

Let's remember what we do in the morning?

We wake up, wash and brush our teeth, do exercises, and have breakfast.
After breakfast, adults rush to work, older children rush to school, and kids go to kindergarten or play at home, and then go for a walk.
The sun rises higher, shines brighter, the day begins
The day is filled with study and work. In the middle of the day everyone sits down to have lunch. After lunch, the kids rest, and then go for a walk, play or study again.
Gradually the sun sinks lower and lower, and everything around is softly enveloped in a silvery-gray twilight. Evening is coming. The moon appears in the sky and the stars light up.

What do we do in the evenings?

We get together with the whole family for dinner and evening tea, share news, talk about what happened during the day. Someone is reading a book or watching TV. In short, in the evening everyone relaxes after working day and then go to bed.
Evening is replaced by night - the time of day intended for sleep.

Listen to a lullaby.

The stars have become clearer
Go to sleep, son, quickly.

Maybe you'll dream
Bright feather of the firebird
Or a scarlet flower.
Go to sleep quickly, son!
The moon is shining in the dark sky,
Like a seven-flowered flower.
The star choir sings: "Bye-bye!"
Sleep, son, sleep!

In winter, the nights are long and the days are short. In summer, on the contrary, there are fewer dark hours at night than light hours during the day. And only on the days of the equinox - September 23 and March 21 - days and nights are equal.

Listen to the poem "There is as much light as there is darkness!"

The red maiden is coming
It's not water he carries in buckets.

She smiles herself:
There is light and darkness in her buckets.

We looked into the buckets:
So much light, so much darkness!

Questions and tasks:

1. How many hours are there in a day?
2. What two parts can a day be divided into?
3. What four parts can a day be divided into?
4. What time of day is the lightest?
5. What time of day is the darkest?
6. Talk about morning, afternoon, evening, night.
7. What is an equinox?

I agree with Nikita Galayko's answer above! I asked myself this question back in school. In one of the many books on etiquette I found exactly this division: from 0.00 to 6.00, from 6.00 to 12.00, from 12.00 to 18.00, from 18.00 to 0.00. I don’t know if everyone adheres to this “theory” and how correct it is.

Morning from 5.00 to 11.00. Evening from 17.00 to 23.00. Day and night, respectively, from 11.00 to 17.00 and from 23.00 to 5.00. However, there is no clear division of time of day. It depends largely on the type and purpose of the activity. For example, calling someone after 21.00 is not polite, only in emergency cases, or for very close ones. Or by prior arrangement. Etc

When the morning ends and the day begins

In fact, it’s hard to say for sure when the morning begins. There are a lot of definitions - folk, astronomical, official - and each of them in its own way defines the boundaries between times of day. Some people actually use simple principle “When I woke up, then it was morning”, so it turns out that for some, morning is five o’clock in the evening.

And in many English-speaking (and not only) countries it is generally customary to use 12 hour clock, and divide the day into only two periods - before noon (a.m., ante meridiem) and after noon (p.m., post meridiem). It is not customary for them to use descriptive constructions (although this does not mean that they do not use them at all), so the problem of dividing the time of day remains.

From what time and until what time does the day, night, morning or evening last?

In fact, it’s definitely how long morning is considered, when morning begins, it’s hard. There are a lot of definitions - folk, astronomical, official - and each of them in its own way defines the boundaries between times of day. Some people generally use the simple principle “When you wake up, then it’s morning,” so it turns out that for some, morning is five o’clock in the evening.

How to correctly divide 24 hours into the morning I agree with Nikita Galayko’s answer above! I asked myself this question back in school. In one of the many books on etiquette I found exactly this division: from 0.00 to 6.00, from 6.00 to 12.00, from 12.00 to 18.00, from 18.00 to 0.00. I don’t know if everyone adheres to this “theory” and how correct it is.

What time is it evening?

Most of us live in apartment buildings and have to put up with rather poor sound insulation. Such audibility haunts loud music, noisy quarrels, and the sounds of repairs. But do not rush to spoil relations with your neighbors by trying to explain your attitude to what is happening behind their doors. There are rules according to which you can make noise in your own apartment, but within a certain time frame. Let's find out when this won't result in liability.

Until man began to use artificial lighting, morning began with sunrise and evening with sunset. Duration daylight hours determined the length of the “working” day. Some people still use this distinction, but the times of dawn and sunset shift depending on the time of year - the division of the time of day is too unclear. In addition, it is not clear how to draw the line between evening and night, morning and day. That is, it is clear when the morning begins, but it is impossible to objectively determine when it ends and the day begins.

What time does the evening start?

Secondly, there is also such a thing as time of day. In other words, morning, afternoon, evening and night. Here the division is no longer as clear as in previous paragraph. This is due to the subjective perception of the day by each person and different peoples. And technical development has erased the boundaries between the concepts of “morning” and “day”. If earlier morning came with sunrise, because only then could one start working outside, now, with the use of artificial street lighting, one can work in the fresh air even at night.

Leonida 10/05/2009 21:32: Sorry, but the day before - that is. Tuesday and Friday evenings? What time does the evening start? And one more thing: to abstain by consent - but my husband is not a believer, he doesn’t understand this at all and only gets irritated every time, but at the same time I want to adhere to fasting. What should I do?

How loud can you make noise?

At a meeting of the Yamal parliament, deputies introduced changes to the regional law on administrative offenses. As the press service of the Legislative Assembly of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug explained to Nakanune.RU, the changes affected the article providing for administrative liability for committing actions that violate the peace and quiet of citizens.

After the Moscow Region Law of March 7, 2014 No. 16/2014-OZ “On Ensuring Silence in the Moscow Region” came into force, fines for non-compliance with silence increased significantly. In addition, to the ban on carrying out work at night and on weekends, there was added a ban on carrying out work at lunchtime - from 13 to 15 hours.

From what time and until what time do they sell alcohol in the Russian Federation?

• areas of collective farm and other markets where wholesale and retail trade is carried out;
• strategic and military facilities;
• stadiums, ski resorts and other sports facilities;
• railway, air, river and bus stations;
• industrial facilities, including those potentially dangerous to others;
• places where people gather a large number of(over a hundred people) of the people (demonstrations, rallies, etc.);
• at a certain distance from educational institutions(preschool, school and professional);
• healthcare institutions, including those used for spa treatment.

Local authorities have the right to establish a distance around the specified places where a ban on the sale of “strong” drinks is introduced. It is assumed that with the accepted this issue interested parties will be able to familiarize themselves with the decisions on the official websites of municipalities.

Who studies at the evening, for whom, when does it start? Or why people always do things for themselves

When talking with management, you can try to move the working day by an hour, i.e. work with 8. Can you come earlier?
Try and go through the options. Our girl wanted to quit university - she couldn’t keep up with work. However, I talked to whoever I could and resolved the issue. I came to classes every other time and turned in everything on time. I didn’t change my job either. I just moved up my schedule and agreed to go out on weekends.

What time do you start working? Apparently, at 10, if you finish at 7 (like me, actually:) - then you can’t work from 8 to 5? You'll be late, but anything is better than nothing. It also depends on the status of the university and on the specialty - it’s one thing to study somewhere in Baumanka or at the State University Higher School of Economics, it’s quite another thing to study at paid university for tourism manager.

05 Aug 2018 594

Having considered the issue, we came to the following conclusion:
Current legislation does not oblige the employer to provide additional payment to employees for working on the evening shift.

Rationale for the conclusion:
Article 149 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that when performing work in conditions deviating from normal (when performing work of various qualifications, combining professions (positions), overtime work, night work, weekends and non-working holidays and when performing work in other conditions deviating from normal), the employee is made appropriate payments provided for labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law standards, collective agreements, agreements, local regulations, employment contracts. The amounts of payments established by a collective agreement, agreements, local regulations, employment contract cannot be lower than those established by labor legislation and other regulations containing labor law norms.
At the same time, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not mention such a thing as the evening shift, and does not establish the employer’s obligation to pay at an increased rate for work on the evening shift.
Previously, an additional payment for work on the evening shift in the amount of 20% was provided for in clause 9 of Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions dated February 12, 1987 N 194 (hereinafter referred to as Resolution N 194). The procedure for her appointment was determined by the Explanation “On the procedure for applying additional payments and providing additional leave for work in the evening and night shifts, provided for by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of February 12, 1987 N 194”, approved by the resolution of the State Labor Committee of the USSR and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated 05/07/1987 N 294/14-38.
However, the said resolution was in fact not subject to application from the date of entry into force of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 554, which established the minimum increase in wages for work at night (see also definition Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated November 12, 2008 N GKPI08-2113, letter of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia and Rostrud dated October 28, 2009 N 3201-6-1), and was officially recognized as not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 28, 2011 N 332.
Consequently, additional payment for work in the evening should be made only if this is provided for by a local regulation, collective agreement, agreement or employment contract with the employee (Articles 8 and 9 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). In these cases, the grounds and procedure for applying additional pay for work in the evening are determined by the provisions of these local regulations themselves (collective agreement, agreement, employment contract).

Prepared answer:
Expert of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT
Chernova Anastasia

Response quality control:
Reviewer of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT
Komarova Victoria

The material was prepared on the basis of individual written consultation provided as part of the Legal Consulting service.

Additional pay for working evening and night shifts

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not contain a definition of the concepts “evening time” and “eveningshift" and does not regulate the employer’s obligation to establish increased wagesin evening time.

Previously, additional pay for work on the evening shift was provided for by the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Council of Ministers, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions dated February 12, 1987 No. 194 “On the transfer of associations, enterprises and organizations of industry and other sectors National economy to multi-shift operation in order to increase production efficiency.” This Decree has lost force in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 28, 2011 No. 332.

In accordance with Art. 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the time from 22 pm to 6 am is considered night time. In order to reduce the unfavorable factors of working at night, there is a rule according to which the duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without further work. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, a night shift is considered to be a shift in which at least half of the work time is at night. The duration of work at night can be equalized with work in daytime only in cases where this is caused by production conditions (for example, on shift work with a 6-day working week; in continuous production, etc.).

The duration of night work is not reduced for employees for whom a reduced maximum working time limit has been established. In addition to the exceptions to this rule in Part 3 of Art. 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that the duration of night work is not reduced even in the case where an employee is hired specifically for night work. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains only an approximate list of workers who cannot be allowed to work at night.

Night work is paid at an increased rate established by the collective agreement (remuneration regulations) of the organization, but not lower than provided by law.

Article 154 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that each hour of work at night is paid at an increased rate compared to work under normal conditions, but not lower than the amounts established by laws and other regulatory legal acts. This means that for every hour worked at night, the employee is entitled to an additional payment.

The minimum increase in wages for work at night is established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 No. 554 “On the minimum increase in wages for work at night.” This amount is 20% of the hourly tariff rate (salary per hour) for each hour of work at night. And the specific amounts of the increase are established by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees, a collective or labor agreement.

The duration of work at night is equal to the duration of work during the day in cases where this is necessary due to working conditions, as well as for shift work with a six-day work week with one day off. The list of such works may be determined by a collective agreement or local regulations.

Read also: Personal income tax was not withheld from the dismissed employee

Let's look at an example. The organization, in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement, makes additional payments to employees for working on the night shift. Collective agreement a 20% surcharge has been established for work on the night shift, which lasts 10 hours: from 22 to 8 o'clock. The employee's official salary is 12,600 rubles. per month. The shift schedule, which is an annex to the collective agreement, establishes that this employee works four night shifts every odd week while maintaining a 40-hour shift. working week by providing three days off. In accordance with the time sheet, this employee worked eight night shifts in March 2011.

According to Art. 154 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, each hour of work at night is paid at an increased rate compared to work in normal conditions, but not lower than the amounts established by laws and other regulatory legal acts.

The specific amounts of the increase are established by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees, a collective agreement, and an employment contract. The additional payment to an employee for night work, calculated based on the terms of the collective agreement, is 1,200 rubles. (RUB 12,600 168 hours x 20% x 10 hours x 8 days where 168 hours is the number of working hours for October). Hence, wage employee for March will be 13,800 rubles. (12600 rub. + 1200 rub.).

As for the amounts of additional payment for work at night, for profit tax purposes they relate to labor costs only to the extent made in accordance with the law Russian Federation in accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 255 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Article 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the time from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. is considered night time. Consequently, the amount of additional payment for work at night in accordance with this norm should be 960 rubles in the situation under consideration. (RUB 12,600 168 hours x x 20% x 8 hours x 8 days). In this amount, the additional payment to the employee for work at night is a justified (economically justified) expense and reduces the income received in tax accounting in accordance with the norms of paragraph 1 of Art. 252, pp. 2 p. 2 art. 253 and paragraph 3 of Art. 255 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Additional payment to the employee for work from 6 to 8 o’clock in the amount of 240 rubles. (1200 rubles – 960 rubles) is not recognized as an economically justified expense and is not taken into account for profit tax purposes.

If the organization uses summarized working time recording for individual categories workers (for example, drivers, security guards), where part of the working day (less than half) falls on night hours and the work is not shift work and not six days, then night hours should be taken into account separately. And that's why.

As you know, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation requires payment for each hour of work at night at an increased rate compared to work under normal conditions in the amount of at least 20% of the hourly tariff rate (hourly part of the salary). However, there is no direct indication that it is necessary to establish separately additional payments for work at night and separately - the tariff rate, in Labor Code RF no. Therefore, when setting an hourly tariff rate, it can be calculated taking into account the surcharge for night work. At the same time, this option of establishing an hourly tariff rate is not very convenient, especially if the employee is hired to work not only at night. In addition, in the event of an inspection by the labor inspectorate, each time you will have to confirm the fact of increased payment for work at night by calculation. Therefore, it is more convenient to set a separate tariff rate and a separate surcharge for night work.

In practice, there are cases when the employer includes additional payment for night work in the monthly bonus. The consequences of such actions are such that the inclusion of an additional payment for night time in the monthly premium will lead to a distortion of the meaning of Part 1 of Art. 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which clearly distinguishes compensation payments, one of the varieties of which is additional payment for work at night, from bonus payments included in the incentive payments.

Article 149 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes the specifics of remuneration for work at night, is intended to compensate the employee for performing work in conditions deviating from normal conditions labor. Labor activity at night requires certain additional efforts from the employee, since biologically night time is a time of rest. Accordingly, increased pay for work at such times is not associated by the legislator with the achievement of any production results or the solution of assigned tasks. The very fact of performing work at night gives the employee the right to receive additional payment in an increased amount and is not related to the criteria that determine the payment of bonuses.

As for the surcharge for night time, the analysis of Art. 154 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation allows us to draw the following conclusion: it is not the possibility of being involved in night work that is paid at an increased rate, but directly each hour actually worked.

Therefore, the employer must determine how much it increases pay for exactly one night hour. The possibility of payment for night work by other means is not provided for by labor legislation. This means that the employer does not have the right to establish such a fixed amount for work at night, which can be paid, for example, for professional skill, class, work with information constituting state secrets, etc. For work at night, it is necessary to establish a specific amount of payment per hour of work, which is multiplied by the number of hours worked.

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A different form and procedure for payment for night work will be a violation of labor legislation, namely, Art. 154 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and may entail administrative liability in accordance with Art. 5.27 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

Thus, it is impossible to consider increased wages for night work as part of the bonus. It should be remembered that pregnant women and workers under 18 years of age, women with children under three years of age, disabled people, workers with disabled children, workers caring for sick family members are not allowed to work at night in accordance with medical certificate, mothers and fathers (guardians) raising children under the age of five without a spouse. According to Art. 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, such workers can be involved in night work only with their written consent, and also provided that such work is not prohibited for them for medical reasons.

Also on this topic:

We are introducing a multi-shift operating mode at the enterprise. tell me in what cases payment for work in the evening is required

“HR service and personnel management of the enterprise”, 2007, N 4

Question: We are introducing a multi-shift operating mode at the enterprise. Tell us in what cases payment for work in the evening is required.

P.Yu.Proshkina, St. Petersburg

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not determine what work hours should be considered evening; accordingly, there are no direct instructions on the employer’s obligation to pay for evening time.

However, in Art. 149 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides an approximate list of work performed in conditions deviating from normal (performing work of various qualifications, combining professions (positions), overtime work, working at night, weekends and non-working holidays and performing work in other conditions deviating from normal).

According to the interpretation given by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in Determination No. 48pv-03 of November 19, 2003, working conditions on evening shifts are the same deviation from normal working conditions as working conditions on the night shift. Consequently, working the evening shift requires higher pay.

How much should I pay in this case? As follows from Art. 149 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, such payments must be made in the amount established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, a collective agreement, agreements, local regulations, and an employment contract.

Such a regulatory legal act is Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions of February 12, 1987 N 194 “On the transition of associations, enterprises and organizations of industry and other sectors of the national economy to a multi-shift operating mode in order to increase production efficiency.” According to paragraph 9 of the said Resolution, additional payments for work on the evening shift should be 20 percent of the hourly tariff rate (official salary) for each hour of work.

This norm, despite the fact that it was adopted long before the Labor Code of the Russian Federation came into force, is valid, which is confirmed by the already mentioned Determination of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2003 N 48pv-03.

Let us note that from the contents of this Resolution it follows that increased pay is not due to all workers who work in the evening hours, but only to those who work in a multi-shift mode (two- or three-shift work modes). Employees who have a different working schedule are not entitled to increased pay, even if they performed work in the evening.

An additional payment of 20 percent for work in the evening for employees on a multi-shift schedule is a guaranteed legal minimum. A collective agreement, agreement, local regulation, or employment contract may establish a higher wage.

When determining the time limits for evening time, one should be guided by the Explanation of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated May 7, 1987 N 14/14-38 “On the procedure for applying additional payments and providing additional leave for work in the evening and night shifts, provided for by the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers USSR and All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated February 12, 1987 N 194"<1>. According to this Clarification, the shift immediately preceding the night shift is considered evening. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation recognizes night time from 22:00 to 6:00 (Article 96). The beginning of the evening shift depends on the accepted number of shifts, as well as the end of the shift recognized as a day shift.

<1>Approved Resolution State Committee USSR on Labor and Social Issues and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated May 7, 1987 N 294/14-38.

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Terms of payment for evening and night work hours

What is night work and how is it paid?

According to Art. 96 TK, night time is considered to be from 22.00 to 6.00 am. Work during this period is recognized as night work. IN employment contract working hours are specified; the employee signing the contract additionally signs his consent to work at night.

According to Article 154 of the Labor Code, an employee working during the specified time period can count on additional payment for each hour of work. This article refers to Government Decree No. 554 of July 22, 2008, which states that the minimum additional payment is 20% of the hourly rate or salary calculated for 1 hour.

The executive body has set a lower limit beyond which employers have no right to go. But the upper limit may be higher if it is approved in:

• Collective agreement;

In a local act of a specific organization;

In the employment contract.

That is, organizations themselves can increase additional payments to their employees. It's about about additional payment for the hours themselves, and not for quality characteristics; for example, the additional payment is not affected by how much the employee produced.

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The main task of the church is to revive the church life of the country and increase the spirituality of the population. It is for carrying out such work that churches were created in which church services are held. Every day in churches and cathedrals they conduct:

• morning,
• daytime,
• evening services.

Believers often ask the question: what time does church service begin? Each parish can set its own time for this event. But in most cases, the following time frames can be taken as a basis:

• Vespers - from 9 pm, Vespers and Compline,
• morning - from midnight, matins and 1st hour,
• daytime - from the 3rd, 6th hour and Divine Liturgy.

From this it follows that 9 services are performed per day.

Types of services

All services, as already mentioned, are divided into 3 types. Much of their implementation is borrowed from Old Testament times.

What is evening service

What time does the evening service in church start? The beginning of the day is considered not midnight, but 6 pm. Therefore, the first service is evening. The main theme of this service is memories of the events of Sacred history Old Testament: about the creation of the world by the Lord, the original sin of our ancestors, the ministry of the prophets and the legislation of Moses. Christians also thank the Lord for the day they have lived.

After Vespers, it is customary to hold Compline. Often these are public prayers for the coming sleep. They recall the descent of Christ into hell and the rescue of the righteous from the power of the devil.

At midnight they serve the Midnight Office. During this service, they are reminded of the Second Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment.

What is called morning

After the evening service, the morning service takes place. The longest service is called the morning service. It is usually held before sunrise. During the ceremony, it is customary to remember the events of Christ’s earthly life. A large number of both repentance and thanksgiving prayers are also read.

It is advisable to check with the church you are visiting about what time the morning service in the church begins. The start time may differ, but not significantly.

Around 7 o'clock in the morning a service is held, which is called the 1st hour. This is a short service. During which they talk about Christ's presence at the court of the high priest.

The 3rd hour is spent around 9 o'clock. During its implementation, they remember the events that took place in the Upper Room of Zion, where the Holy Spirit was sent to the apostles, and the Savior was sentenced to death by the praetorian Pilate.

At noon the 6th hour is served. This is the time when they talk about the crucifixion of Jesus.

At three o'clock in the afternoon the 9th hour is spent. This period falls on remembering death on the cross Christ.

How is a church service held?

The main service of the day is the Divine Liturgy. During it, they remember not only worldly life Christ, but also offer to unite with him during the Sacrament of Communion. In terms of time, it must be done between the 6th and 9th hour before noon. It is also called mass.

The Sunday service in the church is mainly held once and is called the Eucharistic. The morning ceremony is held before her. There is no pause between them, one follows the other.

There are certain changes that have occurred in church life. The main adjustments took place in the Charter. Compline in parish churches is held only during Lent, and the Midnight Office is held only once a year before Easter. Very rarely, a service is also held, which is called the 9th hour. The other 6 services are combined into two groups of three.

In the evening, they spend one after another, first the evening, then the morning and the 1st hour. On the eve of holidays and Sundays, all these services are combined into one and served together, which is called the all-night vigil. In parish churches such services last from 2 to 4 hours, and in monasteries – 3-6 hours.

In the morning, the 3rd, 6th hours and Divine Liturgy. If there are a large number of parishioners in the church, then two liturgies may be held: early and late. Both last about an hour.

On those days when liturgy is prohibited, an image is served. This is the name for a service that includes several chants. But they are not considered to be independent services.

By church rules Divine services also include:

• reading akathists in the temple,
• carrying out all rituals and sacraments,
• reading morning and evening prayers,
• specifying the rules of preparation for Holy Communion.

In addition to holding morning or evening services, as well as hours, special services can be held according to the needs of believers. They are called requirements. This could be: Baptism, Unction, Wedding, Funeral service.

Typically, services are held in churches and only by clergy. Believers take part in them only by reading prayers and singing.

Whether to go to church for services or not is an individual decision for everyone. Many people say that it is better to go to church on weekdays. Fewer people and the priest will be able to devote more time to the parishioners. But for services on Saturday in church, Sunday or a holiday, the number of people increases and does not provide such an opportunity for privacy.

The Lord is always with you!

Day is an ambiguous concept. “Day” can be understood as the morning of the next day or as lunch time, that is, noon. In the usual sense, noon begins at 12 o’clock and ends at 5 pm; at this time it is not even recommended to sunbathe on hot days. But the beginning of a new day varies within different limits for everyone.

What time do you like to start your day? On weekdays, little depends on your desire, because if you need to get up at 6, despite being sleepy, you will do it. What about the weekend? Here, most likely, the day begins at different time, depending on when you wake up.

In fact, getting up at 6-8 am is one of the most optimal options start of the day. According to doctors, people who get up at this time feel the maximum surge of strength and energy, which affects, first of all, the efficiency of the coming day and the health of the entire body. But it is also important to take into account that sleep should ideally last at least 8 hours, so you will have to go to bed much earlier. Therefore, if you cannot get up before 9 am, then do not be upset, because this also has its advantages. For example, you go to bed around 12 o'clock at night, which means you have time to do a lot of important things in the evening, because most of the big ideas come to some people at this time of day.

Nowadays, getting up, especially on weekends, at a certain time is quite difficult, especially since we must not forget that there are people who are night owls who can only fall asleep after 12 o’clock at night. Bustle, a large number of tasks, a tendency to irregular working hours, unstable weather - all this leads to the fact that we cannot always control the beginning of our own day. Of course, it is best to make it a rule not to wake up later than 11-12 hours, since doctors say that the chances of leading a healthy and active lifestyle with this regime are much less. There are many techniques that allow you to stabilize the start time of your day. For example, you can train yourself to fall asleep and wake up at the same time, at first, using an alarm clock.

A fairly pressing question in this topic is “What is the best way to start your day?” First of all, I would like to note that, despite all the rules, it is best to start your day with a good night's sleep, because this is the most important thing for the successful implementation of further affairs. So, if this means sacrificing your evening activities, rest assured that it will be worth it. Also an integral component of a successful day is morning work-out. If you have the opportunity to go for a run in the morning, you will fill your body with even more energy and alertness.

You need to start your day with positive emotions, because, as you know, we ourselves model our reality. But doing this is not as easy as it might seem at first glance. We are all human, and we tend to fall asleep with numerous worries about this or that situation, and if there is still a depressive state, then in the morning you can generally wake up with a “heavy head.” And you'll wake up in bad mood, then consider the whole day to go awry. There is a unique way to help you tune in to good harmony and help you have a good day. Firstly, before you go to bed, try to think about the problems and affairs that have accumulated during the day, so that you can go to bed, as they say, with an “empty head.” Closing your eyes, imagine in great detail your tomorrow the way you would like it to be. And that’s it, after that you can fall asleep. This technique does not always work the first time; it is very important to be emotionally attuned at the moment of visualization.

Finally, I would like to give an example from personal experience. I used to have difficulty waking up on weekends around 11-12, and sometimes later. Recently I began to train myself to get up no later than 10, I do exercises regularly and try to greet the beginning of the day in a good mood. Surprisingly, much more strength and desire to do something appeared. Have a nice day!