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How to place emphasis correctly. Correct stress in words

1. Emphasis in geographical names

The Dictionary includes proper names that cause difficulties in determining the place of stress.

1.1. When choosing options for accenting domestic geographical names, attention is paid to local accent. The announcer departments of the All-Union Radio and Central Television periodically sent requests to local committees on television and radio broadcasting, to the permanent missions of the republics, to special correspondents of television and radio in different cities regarding the emphasis in certain geographical names. Their answers were taken into account in the preparation of this edition of the Dictionary. Recommendations from special dictionaries of geographical names were also used, cm. , Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. But in the approach to the norm of stress of domestic and borrowed toponyms, the existence of two opposing trends is taken into account: 1) the desire to get closer to local pronunciation and 2) the desire to preserve the traditional stress characteristic of the Russian language. Unconditional adherence to one trend or another is wrong; a specific approach to each case is required. If the emphasis in the local name diverges from the generally accepted one in Russian literary language, does not correspond to the accent system of the Russian language, then the traditional version, characteristic of the literary language, is accepted.

One of the important factors that plays when choosing an accent option is decisive role, is based on the tradition of the Russian language. For example, the following variants have come into widespread use: Obskaya Guba (Tyumen region), Ti xi (bukh. and town - Yakutia), Murmansk (Murmansk region), Kandala ksha (city, Murmansk region), Cherepovets (city, Vologda region), etc. Official sources cite these traditional options. But the local accents are different: Obskaya Guba, Tiksi, Murmansk, Kadalaksha, Cherepovets.

In other cases, dictionaries give different recommendations regarding the emphasis in certain names, for example, the name of a city in Karelia: Kondopoga and Kondopoga ( adj. - Kondopozhsky and Kondopozhsky). This name, difficult to pronounce in Russian, is presented in the Dictionary as follows: Ko ndopo ga, -And ( adj. - kondopo zhsky).

Dictionaries give different instructions regarding the emphasis in the names of the capital of Kalmykia - Elista and the cities - Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Neryungri (in Yakutia). Based on letters from local television and radio broadcasting committees, they should be pronounced: Elista, Ki rishi, Ne rungri ( adj. - Neryungri). This Dictionary contains exactly these options. They have become widespread in speech practice and have become familiar to the Russian language.

IN Lately On television and radio, the names of the city and tract near Smolensk are pronounced differently: Katyn, Katynsky forest and Katyn, Katynsky forest. In response to our request, the Smolensk television and radio company said: “The name Katyn (place, village, later station) comes from ancient name the Katynka River and the nearby Katyn mounds - the Katyn site, one of the most ancient in Europe...” But now the most common options are: Katyn, Katyn Forest.

There is a discrepancy in the declension of the name of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The Dictionary gives: Osh, Osha, in Osha ( local in Osh), cm. A. A. Zaliznyak. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language: Inflection. - M., 2008, p. 780.

1.2. Geographical names of foreign countries are borrowed from literary, official, state language countries where the named objects are located. Therefore, in this case there is no discrepancy between local and literary pronunciation. But when borrowing foreign place names, as a rule, a traditional approach is used in placing emphasis. This leads in some cases to discrepancies with the emphasis of the original.

There are a number of traditional geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the stress in which does not correspond to the stress of the source language. For example, in a literary language it is customary to pronounce: Amsterdam m ( Netherlands. - And Amsterdam), Ankara ( tour.- A nkara), Belgrade d ( Serbian-Croatian. - Be fenced), Washington ( English. - Washington), Manchester ( English. - Manchester), Islands ( Czech. - Oh strava), Pana ma ( isp. - Panama), Hiroshima ( Japanese. - Hiro Shima), Flory yes ( English. - Florida). This Dictionary lists exactly these traditional variants: Amsterdam, Ankara, Belgrade, Washington, Manchester, Ostrova, Panama, Hiroshima, Flori.

But sometimes in the speech of individual commentators and journalists there is hesitation in the choice of emphasis of some names. They are pronounced Florida, Washington, Panama, but this pronunciation does not correspond to the established tradition. The Dictionary also takes into account some extra-linguistic factors: strengthening political and economic ties with foreign countries, active possession foreign languages, unifying role of television and radio, etc. As practice shows, in last decades there is a tendency to bring the stress closer in foreign languages proper names to source languages.

Special mention should be made about the emphasis in the name of the state in South America- Peru. For many years the traditional version of Peru was used, it was recorded in the Great Soviet encyclopedia, 2nd ed., M., 1955, but in the 3rd ed., M., 1975, the Peru version is already given. Previously, this name was rarely used, and contacts with the country were insignificant. But due to the expansion of economic and political ties between our states, the Peruvian variant, close to the source language, has become widespread in speech practice. It is given in all dictionaries of recent years. This Dictionary also accepts this option: Peru.

The confrontation between the two options is noted in the use of the name of the state in South Asia - Sri Lanka ( b. Ceylon). In the Dictionary it is given with the emphasis on the last syllable - Sri Lanka in accordance with the recommendation of the leadership of the Main Editorial Board of Radio Broadcasting to the Countries of Asia, the Near and Middle East (“Voice of Russia”). Numerous entries statesmen Sri Lanka, available to the editors, confirm the correctness of this recommendation. Dictionaries recommend the variant Sri Lanka with the final accent - Sri Lanka, and in the Great Russian encyclopedic dictionary Sri Lanka is given with two accents: Sri-Lanka.

Thus, when choosing stress options for foreign-language geographical names, in some cases, extra-linguistic factors and the degree of use of certain options in speech practice are taken into account. Sometimes traditional options become outdated, and the rights of “citizenship” are given to options close to the original, for example: Cara Cas (capital of Venezuela), Boston (city, USA), Oxford (city, UK). All of the above dictionaries, as well as this Dictionary, give preference to these options. The following variants have become widespread in television and radio speech: Qatar (state in South-West Asia), Cordova (city, Spain), Melbourne (city, Australia), Rostock (city, Germany ), Xi days (city, Australia).

In dictionaries ( cm. bibliography) different recommendations are given:

Ka tar -; Kata r - ( official. Ka tar);
Kordova - ; Ko rdo va -;
Melbourne - ; Me lbu rn -;
Si days - ; Si day - ;
Ro stock - ; Ro hundred k - .

This Dictionary - “Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language” contains: Qatar, Cordova, Melbourne, Si days, Rostock.

In other cases, the traditional variants that are given in the Dictionary are used: Iowa (state, USA), Potsda m (city, Germany), Buchenva ice (German-fascist concentration camp), Balato n (lake, Hungary), Reykja vik (the capital of Iceland), although in the source languages they are pronounced differently: A yova, Po tsdam, Buchenwald, Balaton, Re ykjavik.

Microtoponymic names of the capital are part of its culture, its history. The correct pronunciation of capital place names is of particular importance.

Professional television and radio workers (show presenters, commentators, observers, correspondents, journalists) often have difficulty pronouncing the names of squares, streets, and alleys in Moscow.

In order to establish greater uniformity in the pronunciation of this category of vocabulary and, if possible, minimize discrepancies in this area, the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company published a dictionary-reference book by F. L. Ageenko “Accents in the names of Moscow streets and in geographical names of the Moscow region”1 edited by Professor D. E Rosenthal. This manual was the first experience in studying the orthoepic microtoponymy of Moscow2, the only reference book at that time that provided information about the stress, pronunciation and inflection of the names of Moscow streets, squares, and alleys. Also included was a small certificate about the origin of Moscow street names.

The list of Moscow street names included in this publication has been significantly expanded. It also includes microtoponyms of some capitals foreign countries, for example: Shte fan-pla c [te], several. (main square Vienna), etc.

They are divided into several types of names associated: 1) with Russian surnames, 2) with foreign language surnames, 3) with geographical names, 4) with names of churches, 5) with professional activity of people.

1. In speech practice you can hear: Dezhnev Ave. and Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botyleva and st. Vasily Botyleva, st. Bori sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bori sa Zhigule nikova, st. Konenkova and st. Kone Nkova. It is recommended to pronounce all these names the way the bearers themselves pronounced their surnames, after whom the streets are named, namely: Dezhneva Ave., st. Vasily Botylev, st. Boris Zhigulenkova, st. Konenkova.

2. Along with the difficulties of choosing the correct stress, difficulties may arise associated with pronunciation in words of foreign origin, for example, U lofa Pa palme, st. [me], A Mundsen, st. [se]. In these cases, after the name, the pronunciation mark [me], [se] is given in square brackets.

3. In names associated with geographical names, it is recommended to follow the accent characteristic of the given object. Variation is noted when using the name Derbenevskaya embankment. It is named after the Derbe Nevka tract, it is recommended to pronounce it: Derbe Nevskaya embankment, and not Derbenevskaya embankment.

Sometimes they use the variant Reutovskaya street. instead of Reutovskaya. It was named after the mountains near Moscow. Reutov.

There is inconsistency in the use of names: Golikovsky lane. and Golikovsky lane, Stavropolskaya and Stavropolskaya streets, Belgorodsky Ave. and Belgorodsky Ave., Novgorodskaya street. and No Vgorodskaya St., Kargopolskaya St. and Kargopolskaya St., Zvenigorodskaya St. and Zveni city street. Certain patterns are noted here. In adjectives with the suffix - sk, formed from geographical names, the stress is often placed on the same syllable as in the name from which it is derived (Tambo in - Tambovsky, Uglich - Uglichsky, Goliki (from the Goliki tract) - Golikovsky lane, but sometimes there is a shift of emphasis closer to the end of the word: Stavropol - Stavropolskaya St., Belgorod - Belgorodsky Ave., No Vgorod - Novgorodskaya St., Kargopol - Kargopolskaya St., Zveni Gorod - Zvenigorodskaya St.

The name Vorotnikovsky Lane fluctuates in use. Named after it was located here since the 15th century. Vorotnikovskaya Sloboda, whose residents - “vorotniki” - guarded the gates of the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and the White City. In the adjective formed from the word “vorotnik” (guard at the gate), the emphasis moves closer to the end of the word: collar.

4. In some cases, the names are associated with the names of churches. The names Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky and Maly Nikolovorobinsky lanes arose in the 19th century. according to the Church of St. Nicholas “in Vorobin”, located here since the 17th century. This is exactly how these names should be pronounced.

Of interest is the name Bolshoi Devyatinsky Lane, associated with the name of the Church of the Nine Martyrs. The name was assigned to the lane in the 18th century. It should be pronounced: Bolshoi Devyatinsky lane.

5. Some names are associated with the professional activities of people, for example: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky lane. The modern name arose in the 18th century, given after the foundry masters who lived here. It is recommended to pronounce the name: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky lane.

3. Accents in surnames and personal names

The correctness of the recommendations in placing emphasis in surnames was checked by the author by contacting the bearers of surnames - in some cases, studying the issue based on documentary data and testimonies of contemporaries - in others. Recommendations from encyclopedic dictionaries were also taken into account. But in a number of cases, the instructions in dictionaries and encyclopedias regarding the placement of stress in certain surnames do not correspond to how the speakers themselves pronounced them. For example, the Russian poet Konstantin Balmont pronounced his last name with the emphasis on the last syllable (Balmont nt). This is evidenced by the statement of his daughter Bruni-Balmont, who participated in one of the radio programs dedicated to the poet. The poetess Marina Tsvetaeva3 also wrote about this. In this Dictionary, this surname is given with the final accent: Balmont nt. In the Great Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (M., 2005) it is given with the emphasis on the first syllable: Balmont.

In borrowed surnames, the accents in some cases are placed in accordance with those accepted in the source languages, for example, RE MBRANDT Harmens van Rijn [re] (Dutch artist), LEE NCOLLEN Abraham (16th President of the USA), WA SHINGTON George (1st US President). This takes into account the degree of use of stress variants in television and radio speech.

In other cases, the Dictionary gives traditional variants that are widely used in speech practice: SHO U George Berna rd (English writer), DALTO N (Dolton) John (English physicist and chemist), BRE HT Berto lt (German writer, director), NEWTO N Isaac (English mathematician, astronomer and physicist), IBARRU RI Dolo res (Spanish statesman), CARME N (Spanish name). Shakespeare's surname retains the traditional emphasis on the last syllable. The transcription itself does not correspond to the true pronunciation of the surname (Sheykspir). Probably the shift of stress (Shakespeare p) is due to the influence French. Variations in the use of Shakespeare's name are noted: William and William. Recently, in print, as well as in the republication of the writer’s works, a version close to the original has been used, William. The Dictionary gives: Shakespeare r William.

IN last years in television and radio speech, the version of Marie and Stu art has become common. This pronunciation can be heard in the speech of actors and directors in various television programs. The Dictionary lists: STU ART Gilbert, Stu art Gilbert (American artist); STU ART James, Stu Art James (English economist); but: STUA RT Marie I, cm. Mary Stuart; Marie i Stewart, Marie and Stewart (Scottish queen in 1542-1567). The variant Mari i Stua rt is widespread in speech practice, so it is given with the traditional accent.

Variation is noted in the use of the surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth. In accordance with the rule for placing stress in English language should be pronounced Makbe t, since the Scottish prefix Mak is never stressed. This version, close to the original, is increasingly used in television and radio programs. The Dictionary gives: “Macbe t” (tragedy by W. Shakespeare; opera by G. Verdi; ballet by K. Molchanov); but: “Lady Macbet of Mtsensk District” - a story by N. Leskov. As you can see, the traditional version is preserved in the title of N. Leskov’s work.

Accent variation is observed when using the surname of the American animator Walt Disney. As practice shows, the norm is shifting towards the traditional option: Disney. The dictionary gives: DISNE Y Walt, Disney I Walt [ne], Disneyland nd, -a [ne, le] (children's park, California).

The emphasis in the use of the surname of the French artist (of Spanish origin) - PICASSO Pablo - fluctuates. He was a French citizen and lived most of his life in France. The French pronounce this surname with the final accent - PICASSO. This option came into Russian culture through the French language and became widely used.

But, as practice shows, in recent years the version of PIKA SSO, corresponding to the stress of the source language, has become widespread in the Russian language. This edition gives: PIKA SSO Pa blo.

4. Rules for placing stress in proper names borrowed from other languages

4.1. The emphasis in non-Russified surnames and geographical names is usually fixed, i.e., when declensting, it remains in the same place: Balsa k, -a, Dvo rzhak - Dvo rzhak, Limo z - Limo zha, München - München.

4.2. In words borrowed from French, the stress is always at the end of the word: Zola, Stendal, Flaubert, Lyon, Bordeaux, “France Catholic” (Gaz., France).

4.3. In proper names that came into Russian from English, the stress in most cases is on the first syllable: Bairon, Darvin, Cardiff, but: Manchester, Liverpool.

4.4. In German words, the emphasis is on the root of the word and rarely on the suffix or ending: Baden, Egmont, Schumann, Hendel, but: Berlin n.

4.5. In the languages Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish, the stress is usually placed on the first syllable: U psala, Bergen, O slo, Groningen, O rhus.

4.6. In words that came into the Russian language from Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Latvian languages, the emphasis is on the first syllable: Helsinki, Tallinn, Sigulda, Debrecen, Baldone, “Helsingin sa nomat” (gas ., Finland), “Not Psabadsag” (Gaz., Hungary), “Ze medelske no viny” (Gaz., Czech Republic).

4.7. In words from the languages of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, the stress is placed mainly on the second syllable from the end of the word, much less often on the third and only in some cases on the last: Tole do, Zaragoza, Peruja, Palermo, Da nte Alighe ri, Miguel l Serva ntes de Saave dra, but: E vora (city, Portugal), Valladoli d (city, Spain).

4.8. IN Polish language stress on the penultimate syllable: Szczecin, Gdynia, Włocławek, Sienkiewicz, Wieniawski, “Gaze ta vybor cha” (Gaz., Poland).

4.9. In words that came into the Russian language from the languages of Turkish, Tatar, as well as from some Caucasian languages, for example, Dagestan, Kabarda, etc., the emphasis is placed at the end of the word: Musa Djali l, Nazy m Hikme t, Ankara, Istanbul, “ Gyulsara "(opera by R. Gliere), "Millie t" (Gaz., Turkey).

4.10. In Japanese surnames and names, the stress is usually on the penultimate syllable: Yamaga ta, Aki ra Kurosa wa, but: “Sanke y shimbun” (Gaz., Japan), O saka, To kyo.

4.11. In words that came into the Russian language from the Chinese language, the emphasis is placed on the end: Shanghai y, Urumqi, Beijing, Deng Xiaoping, Sun Yatsen, but: Qingda o, “Renmin jiba o” (Gaz., China).

4.12. In Korean and Vietnamese surnames and names, the emphasis is placed at the end of the word: Hano y, Seoul, Pyongyang, Ho Chi Minh, Pham Van Do ng, “Nodo n sinmu n” (Gaz., DPRK).

4.13. Sometimes the same names, first names and surnames are pronounced differently in different languages, for example, the names Ahmed, Hassan, Muhammad (Mohammed) Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis pronounce with emphasis on the last syllable: Ahme d, Hasan, Muhamme d (Mohamme d), and Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia - with emphasis on the penultimate: A khmed, Kha san, Mukha mmed (Mokha mmed), these differences in the place of stress in the Russian language are preserved.

4.14. In some borrowed surnames and names in the Russian language, the stress is traditionally placed on a different syllable than in the source languages, for example, Washington (city), Balaton, Reykjavik, Shakespeare, Munchester, Hiroshi Ma, but in English they pronounce: Washington, Manchester, Shakespeare, in Hungarian - Balaton, in Icelandic - Reykjavik, in Japanese - Hiroshima.

5. Pronunciation

The Dictionary provides partial information about pronunciation. It contains some orthoepic features: 1) the absence of softening of a number of consonants before e, 2) softening in some cases of hissing and, ts And w.

Pronunciation of consonants before e

Most borrowed proper names are pronounced with a softening of the consonant before e in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation: [B"]berlio z4, [B"]etho ven, Buda[p"]e sht, etc. However, many foreign-language proper names can be cited in which the consonants in this position are pronounced firmly: B [RE]HT Berto lt, BRI T[TE]N Ben djamin, VA LLENSH[TE]YN A lb[re]kht, BRO [DE]LE A anna.

Sometimes in the speech of speakers on television and radio there is an unjustified softening of consonants before e, for example: [S"]E N-SA NS Kamil, GOB[S"]E K, [N"]EIGA UZ Heinrich, FO LK[N"]ER William instead of [SE]H-CA HC Kami l, GOB[SE]K, [NE]YGA UZ Gen. Henry, FO LK[NE]R William.

Information about the hardness of consonants before e in proper names they are given in square brackets, for example MATE YKO YAN [te].

Pronunciation agree x f, c and w

Letters and, ts And w always denote hard consonants [zh], [ts] and [sh]: Gilbe r - [Zhy]lbe r, Shelly - [She]lly, Tse tkin - [Tse]tkin. However, in some borrowed proper names in a high style of speech, it is preferable to use variants with soft [sh], [zh] and [ts], although this does not correspond to the rules of Russian orthoepy. In such cases, the Dictionary gives the corresponding marks, for example: MASSNE Jules [ne; Not zhu]; RENA R Jules [re; Not zhu]; SORET LE Julien [re; Not zhu]; JURA YTIS A lgis [ Not zhu]; SE N-JU ST Louis [se; Not zhu]; Zurich [ Not tsu].

However, the number of proper names where it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [zh] and [ts] is small. In most cases, these consonants are pronounced firmly in accordance with the rules of Russian orthoepy.

1 The reference dictionary was published by the Main Editorial Board of Letters and sociological research State Television and Radio of the USSR (1st ed. - 1980; 2nd - 1983).

2 In such publications as the Encyclopedia “Moscow” (1998), “Big Illustrated Encyclopedia “Moscow”. Moscow Studies from A to Z” (compiled by M. I. Vostryshev) (2007), microtoponyms of Moscow are given selectively. Most full information on these topics was presented in the book “Names of Moscow Streets”. Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

3 M. Tsvetaeva. “Prose” (section “Balmont and Bryusov”, p. 129). - Netherlands, 1969 (Zetchworth, Hertfordshire). A footnote is made to the surname K. Balmont: “I ask the reader, according to the speaker, to pronounce it with an emphasis on the end” (Balmont nt). In the book "Konstantin Balmont". - St. Petersburg, 1997 in the preface the emphasis is placed on the surname Balmont.

4 Softness of consonants before e is indicated by the sign ": [B"]erlio z.

For task No. 4 “Orthoepic norms”

Rules for placing stress in nouns.

1. Words of foreign origin, as a rule, in the Russian language they retain the place of stress that they had in the source language. In English, stress is most often on the first syllable, while in French it is on the last.
Therefore, English borrowings sound like this:
GENESIS, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT, PORTER;
and the French ones are like this:
engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, parterre, music stand, chassis.

2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.

3. B difficult words with the second part -the wire at general meaning“a device for transporting any substance or energy” emphasis falls on the root -water- :
Gas line, water line, garbage line, light line.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.

4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.

5. B verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) confess - religion
provide - provision.

6. In some nouns the stress is fixed and remains on the root in all cases:
AIRPORT – airports
bow – bows – with bows
accountant – accountant
X - with X - X - X
CRANE - taps
Lecturer – lecturers – lecturers
cake – with cake – cakes – cakes
Scarf - scarf - scarves - scarves.

7. In a noun darling the emphasis falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the emphasis on -BAL- DOES NOT fall:
pampered, pampered, pampered, pampered, spoiled, pampered.

Rules for placing stress in adjectives.
1. Some adjectives have the same stress as the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum – plum
kitchen – kitchen
SORREL - sorrel.

2. The stressed syllable of the full form of some adjectives remains percussive and in short form:
beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – beautiful
unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.

3. In some frequency adjectives with movable stress it falls on the root in its full form - in the singular and plural; and also in the short form - in the masculine and neuter gender. In the short form of the feminine gender, the emphasis goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slim - slim - slim - slim - slim.

4. If the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slimmer - slimmer.
If the accent in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in comparative degree it is saved there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.

Rules for placing stress on verbs.

1. Emphasis in past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.

2. In another group of verbs, the stress in all forms is fixed, and in the feminine gender of the past tense it moves to the ending:
take - took, took, took, took
lie - lied, lied, lied, lied.
took, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, occupied, locked, locked, called, called, lilA, lilA, lied, overstrained, called, poured, picked, started, drenched, hugged, overtook, stripped, departed, gave, recalled, responded, poured, called, poured, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

3. Verbs put, steal, sneak, send, send, send accent in form feminine past tense DOES NOT fall on the ending, but remains based on:
put, stole, stole, sent, sent, sent.
The exception is verbs with percussion attachment YOU-, which always takes over the accent:
lila - poured out, stole - stole.

4. B verbs ending in -IT, when conjugating, the emphasis falls on the endings: -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT/-YAT:
turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over over
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through
bleed - bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed, bleed.
Verbs are conjugated using the same pattern:
call, exclude, endow, tilt, mess up, call, ease, encourage, encourage, borrow, surround, repeat, call back, call, drill, strengthen, pinch.

5. In the following verbs ending in –IT, the accent does NOT fall on the ending:
to vulgarize - to vulgarize
inquire - you will inquire.

6. In verbs, formed from adjectives, the emphasis most often falls on -IT:
fast - to speed up, sharp - to aggravate, light - to ease, vigorous - to encourage, deep - to deepen.
BUT: verb Angry, formed from the adjective evil, does not obey this rule.

7. B reflexive verbs The emphasis in the past tense form often shifts to the ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs):
begin – began, began, began, began
accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

Rules for placing accents in participles.

1.In active past participles with suffix -VSH- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that appears in the word before this suffix:
light up Vsh yay, nali Vsh oh, look Vsh yy.

2. In passive past participles formed from verbs bend, bend, bend the emphasis falls on the prefix:
bent, curved, bent.

3. In short passive feminine past participles the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, poured, encouraged, removed, created.

4. If the stress in the full form falls on the suffix -YONN- , then in the short form it is retained only in the masculine gender, and in other forms it changes to the ending:
included – included, included, included, included
delivered - delivered, delivered, delivered, delivered
populated - populated, populated, populated, populated.
Participles change according to the same scheme:
endowed, brought down, encouraged, disabled, repeated, divided, tamed.

5. IN full forms participles with suffix -T- formed from verbs with suffixes -ABOUT- And -WELL- In the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
polo – polo T y, prick - kOlo T oh, bend - bend T oh, wrap it up - I’ll wrap it up T y.

Rules for placing stress in gerunds.

1. Participles often have stress on the same syllable as in the infinitive of the verb from which they are formed:
set - having set, fill - fill, occupy - having taken, begin - having started, raise - having raised, undertake - undertaken, create - created.

2. In participles with a suffix -VSH-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that comes before these suffixes in the word:
STARTED V, otA V, raise V, profit V,beginning lice s.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

1. To the console BEFORE- The stress falls in the following adverbs:
to the top, to the bottom, to the dryness.
BUT: dobela, dobela.
2. To the console BEHIND- the emphasis falls in the words:
beforehand, after dark, before light.
BUT: to envy is envious.

STRESS, stress, cf. 1. Emphasis (a syllable in a word, a word in a sentence) by using stronger voice or raising the tone. The stress falls on something (such and such a sound, syllable, etc.). Syllable, sound under stress, without stress. Expiratory stress. Musical… Dictionary Ushakova

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Emphasis, emphasis; poking, bumping, greasing, hooting, hiccup, knocking, tonema, poking, hooting, poking, poking, spanking, excreting, grunting, grunting, grunting, badge, kicking, slapping, dumbfounding Dictionary of Russian synonyms. emphasis... ... Synonym dictionary

emphasis- Accent, Emphasis A superscript sign indicating the pronunciation features of a word, in particular the stressed syllable. In the Russian language, acute is used as an accent mark [one of the upper accents is “sharp” stress] ... Font terminology

- (lat. Ictus = blow, U.). This grammatical term refers to different shades of strength and musical pitch observed in speech. Depending on whether we consider these shades within a single syllable, or within a whole word, or, finally... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

See the language of V.V. Vinogradov. History of words, 2010 ... History of words

Accent- STRESS. Strengthening the voice or raising the tone on one syllable compared to other syllables of the same word or whole phrase. See Exhalation... Dictionary of literary terms

STRESS- STRESS. 1. Isolating a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means: in Russian, English, French, Polish and a number of other languages - by the force of exhalation; in Lithuanian, Chinese, Japanese and other languages - by changing the height... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

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Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian, Superanskaya A.V.. This book contains a study devoted to stress in borrowed words that make up a significant proportion of modern Russian vocabulary. Shows the changes that have occurred since...

For task No. 4 “Orthoepic norms”

Rules for placing stress in nouns.

2. In words denoting measures of length and ending in -meter, stress falls on the last syllable:
kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, decimeter.

3. In complex words with a second part -the wire with the general meaning of “a device for transporting any substance or energy,” the emphasis falls on the root -water- :
Gas line, water line, garbage line, light line.
BUT: electric wire, electric drive.

4. In words ending in -log, the stress falls, as a rule, on the last syllable: dialogue, catalogue, monologue, obituary.

5. B verbal nouns the place of stress is preserved, which is in the original verb from which they are formed:
(faith) confess - religion
provide - provision.

7. In a noun darling the emphasis falls on the root. In all words formed from this word, the emphasis on -BAL- DOES NOT fall:
pampered, pampered, pampered, pampered, spoiled, pampered.

Rules for placing stress in adjectives.
1. Some adjectives have the same stress as the original nouns from which they are formed:
plum – plum
kitchen – kitchen
SORREL - sorrel.

3. In some frequency adjectives with movable stress it falls on the root in its full form - singular and plural; and also in the short form - in the masculine and neuter gender. In the short form of the feminine gender, the emphasis goes to the ending:
right - right - right - right - right
slim - slim - slim - slim - slim.

4. If the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative form it will be on the suffix -E- or- HER-:
sick - sicker, strong - stronger, slimmer - slimmer.
If the emphasis in the feminine gender is on the base, then to a comparative degree it remains there:
beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder.

Rules for placing stress on verbs.

1. Emphasis in past tense verbs usually falls on the same syllable as the infinitive:
walk - walked, walked
hide - hid, hid.

5. In the following verbs ending in –IT, the accent does NOT fall on the ending:
to vulgarize - to vulgarize
inquire - you will inquire.

Rules for placing accents in participles.

1.In active past participles with suffix -VSH- the stress, as a rule, falls on the same vowel that appears in the word before this suffix:
light up Vsh yay, nali Vsh oh, look Vsh yy.

2. In passive past participles formed from verbs bend, bend, bend the emphasis falls on the prefix:
bent, curved, bent.

3. In short passive feminine past participles the accent falls on the ending:
busy, locked, populated, acquired, poured, encouraged, removed, created.

5. In full forms of participles with suffix -T- formed from verbs with suffixes -ABOUT- And -WELL- In the infinitive, the stress falls one syllable forward:
polo – polo T y, prick - kOlo T oh, bend - bend T oh, wrap it up - I’ll wrap it up T y.

Rules for placing stress in gerunds.

2. In participles with a suffix -VSH-, -VSHI- the stress falls on the vowel that comes before these suffixes in the word:
STARTED V, otA V, raise V, profit V,beginning lice s.

Rules for placing stress in adverbs.

Diagnostics and diseases. Medicines from A to Z

How to place emphasis correctly. Correct stress in words

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