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Informative genres: abstract message, lecture, report. Open Library - open library of educational information

Figures of speech are a form whose purpose is to enhance the impression of something, to emphasize, to make it more visual, to highlight.

Anaphora - places emphasis.

Epiphora - places accents.

Antithesis - opposition.

Oxymoron - based on unique, unexpected semantic associations; shows the complexity of the phenomenon, its multidimensionality, attracts the reader’s attention, enhances the expressiveness of the image.

Gradation - specifies the concept towards increasing or decreasing

Ellipsis - shows emotional condition speaker (excitement), speeds up the pace.

Silence makes you think about what the author is not saying.

Rhetorical appeal - emphasizes the emotionality of the author's speech, directed to the subject of artistic depiction.

Rhetorical exclamation - emphasizes the emotionality of the author’s speech, enhances the expression of feelings.

Rhetorical question - emphasizes the emotionality of the author’s speech (the question does not require an answer)

Polyunion - gives speech solemnity, slows down the pace.

Non-union - makes speech more dynamic, excited.

Lexical repetition - highlights the most significant, keyword text.

Anaphora - unity of beginning - is the repetition of individual words or phrases in the passage of passages that make up the statement:

I swear by the first day of creation,

I swear on his last day,

I swear by the shame of crime

And the triumph of eternal truth...

(M. Lermontov)

Epiphora - repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages:

...When the ocean rises

All around me the waves are roaring,

When the clouds burst into thunder,

Keep me safe, my talisman.

In the solitude of foreign countries,

In the bosom of boring peace,

In the anxiety of a fiery battle

Protect me, my talisman...

(A. Pushkin)

Silence is a turn of phrase in which the author deliberately does not fully express his thought:

No, I wanted... maybe you... I thought it was time for the baron to die (A.P.)

What they both thought, what they both felt (Who will know? Who will say? There are such moments in life, such feelings... You can only point to them and pass by (T.).

A girl found a machine gun in a field. No one else lives in the village.

Multi-union is stylistic figure, which consists of the deliberate use of repeated conjunctions for logical and intonation emphasizing the members of a sentence connected by conjunctions, to enhance the expressiveness of speech:

A thin rain fell on the forests, and on the fields, and on the wide Dnieper (G.).

The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and glowed, and went somewhere into infinity. (King).

And now I'm dreaming

There is a white hospital under the apple trees,

And a white sheet under the throat,

And the white doctor looks at me

And the white sister stands at my feet

And he moves his wings.

(A. Tarkovsky)

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What is an abstract message and report?

Report– independently prepared and compositionally designed material of scientific content, containing analytical information on the topic being covered, presented in the form of theses and evidence.
Abstract presentation – a public speech or printed text, the content of which is a synthesis of previously published scientific, theoretical or research information corresponding to a specific scientific topic.

Comparison of abstract speech and report

What is the difference between an abstract speech and a report?
The report is based on the principle of identifying a range of problematic issues, indicating how to solve them, proving scientific hypotheses, highlighting current topics or results scientific research. The structure and stylistic design of the report must correspond to the official nature of the message. To substantiate the topic, the speaker can use scientifically proven facts and his own observations that are of interest to specialists in the scientific field to which this topic concerns.
The basis of the abstract presentation is the abstract - summary scientific work or review of published materials thematically related to one scientific problem. The abstract presentation cannot reflect the author's position or critical assessment of the information presented.
The form of preparing a report can be a thesis. In this case, the speaker’s speech is structured as a logically and compositionally organized speech using oratory techniques.
The abstract must contain full text New material with obligatory links to the information source.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between an abstract presentation and a report is as follows:

The report is independently prepared analytical material. The abstract presentation is prepared on the basis of the abstract.
The report contains new information about a scientific problem, its research and methods of solution. The abstract presentation systematizes published specific topic scientific materials.
The report can be compiled in the form of abstracts. The abstract speech contains the full text of the message.

Varieties of special analytical information are reports and abstracts. Many people confuse these documents, but there are certain differences between them. Each of these documents can be in the form public speaking or in the form of a written document, which is given for further reading. An abstract, like a report, involves a discussion, detailed examination, study, or confirmation of certain scientific facts.

Today, reports and abstracts are the most effective and widespread way of conducting training in schools, universities and other educational institutions. Therefore, each student simply needs to understand the features of each of the documents.

Significant differences lie in the chosen option for processing the required data and achieving inherently different tasks.

Features of such work as an abstract

An abstract is always a document presented in form of an extended narrative, which is based on proven facts. Information for it is taken from trusted sources. The content of the abstract can be scientific, legal, cultural, artistic or economic. In most cases, the sources for such work are scientific work or specialized literature that are devoted to a specific problem chosen as a topic.

The problem is reflected without the author's own assessment of this topic. The abstract examines the most reliable and scientifically proven facts that can most accurately reflect the relevance of the problem, and also discusses options for solving it.

Registration requirements

When writing an abstract, you must adhere to certain requirements that affect both the structure and style of the document. They are the standard when performing such work.

Mandatory structural sections that must be present in the abstract are:

Introductory part.
Basic information.
Conclusion.

The first part (introduction) tells about the source from which the information was taken with attribution, and also shows the essence of the problem raised in the work.

The main part should describe the problem itself to the listener in more detail, as well as list all the methods for studying it and the results of previous analyzes. The main section also describes the possibilities of using and solving the selected problem.

Types of abstracts

Depending on the form of the narrative, the abstract is divided into two groups:

Reproductive documents.
Productive documents.

In the first case, the abstract will take the form of a synopsis or an abstract in the form of a summary. A productive form involves a description of several points of view of the authors of primary sources, followed by an analysis of the information.

Features of the report

Unlike an abstract, this type of scientific document represents analysis of the problem being raised. During its implementation, the author of the report defends his point of view, relying on existing scientific facts and research, indicating links to sources, and also provides citations if desired.

Analysis carried out in the form of comparison.
Indication of verified analytical material.
Scientific arguments.
Analytical information.

According to their structure, the reports are divided into:

Linear documents that consistently present all the data on a selected topic.
Branched reports that reveal more than one aspect of the selected problem.

The report can be in the form public speaking, which ends with a mass discussion about the issue raised with the participation of listeners. Also, reports are sometimes presented in the form of a publication scientific type. Also such scientific documents written in the form of official reports about certain events or incidents. As an example, consider an employee’s speech at a meeting or a military report.

Difference between report and abstract

From the above we can conclude that these two works differ in the following:

The abstract is an objective presentation of data on the selected topic, which does not contain the author’s reasoning and conclusions. And the report is research work, which covers a broader topic, while it contains the subjective reasoning and opinion of the compiler.
When compiling an abstract, the content of the selected primary sources is conveyed as accurately as possible. And the report examines various points of view, and also determines the way and methods of solving the problem, which are based on scientific and research work.
The abstract does not contain the author's assessment, but only shows all the trends presented by other people that relate to the chosen topic. The report contains information and facts that are structured and maximally support the assessment and conclusions of the author.
In most cases, the report is smaller in size than the abstract.

Thus, when writing a scientific paper, you should adhere to the chosen style. Today there are clear requirements for writing such works, and they are standards.

Abstract message on the topic of:

Discussive and polemical speech

Prepared

first year student

MP faculty

Shapovalov Arthur

Group No. 1

Moscow, 2005

Dispute. Discussion and controversy. Dispute is an act of verbal communication, it is a communicative process within which a comparison of points of view and positions of the parties involved takes place, while each of them seeks to convincingly establish their understanding of the issues under discussion and refute the arguments of the other side.

Let's consider positive features dispute as a communicative act:

1) Since ideas compete in a dispute, its participants become enriched ideologically: the exchange of ideas is much more more efficient than exchange things.

2) In a dispute, you can learn something new and thereby replenish your knowledge and broaden your horizons.

3) Having carried out the dispute process, the parties come to a deeper understanding of how their own position, and the position of your opponent.

Let's look at the last point in more detail. The well-known saying, “truth is born in a dispute,” has received hundreds of comments. , for example, expressed himself as follows:

“Disputes always contribute more to obscuring than to clarifying the truth. Truth must mature in solitude. When it matures, it is so clear that it is accepted without dispute.”

However, this statement of the writer is very vulnerable. Is it possible to seek the truth without knowing opinions contrary to ours? After all, the views of some people serve as the basis for the formation of the views of others; thought gives rise to new thoughts.

Ancient philosophers, for example, considered dialogues, discussions, and disputes as a means of developing scientific knowledge.

Accordingly, by developing an idea in solitude, we deprive ourselves of the opportunity to learn the point of view of other people, which ultimately leads to a narrowing of our mental horizons. Consequently, the resulting idea may well turn out to be unviable.

And it is precisely this idea that the same Lev Nikolaevich proves in the following statement, thereby refuting his statement given above:

“Schiller quite rightly found that no genius can develop in solitude, that external stimulation - a good book, a conversation - stimulates reflection more than years of solitary work. Thought must be born in society..."

In other words, debate is an integral part of the development of any idea.

There are two main types of dispute: discussion and controversy. Discussion– this is a type of dispute in which a problem is considered, investigated, discussed in order to achieve a mutually acceptable, and, if possible, generally valid solution.

Controversy is a type of dispute in which the main efforts of the parties are aimed at asserting their position regarding the subject under discussion.

Let's look at the features of each type.

As a rule, participants discussions are persons who have the necessary knowledge on the issues under discussion and have the authority to make a decision or recommend making a particular decision.

Discussion differs from other types of dispute in its focus And means used, which must be recognized by all its participants.

Her target– achieving the maximum possible degree of agreement among its participants on the issue under discussion under the given conditions.

The result of the discussion should be a synthesis of objective and necessary features inherent in the subject under discussion. That is, the result of the discussion should be expressed in a more or less objective judgment supported by all participants in the discussion or their majority.

Now let's note distinctive features controversy.

Target of this type of dispute – assertion of one’s position.

In addition, the parties involved in the controversy are free to choose the means of dispute, its strategy and tactics.

However, there are a number of points that make polemics and discussion similar. Among them: the presence of a subject of dispute, meaningful coherence, the inadmissibility of using incorrect logical and psychological techniques, etc.

Eristic. This is the art of arguing. Eristic is an integral art that arises at the intersection of knowledge and skills developed by logic, psychology, ethics and rhetoric.

It is characterized by two main features: evidence and persuasiveness. Let's look at these concepts.

Evidence- this is a logical influence on the opponent by coercive reasoning.

Persuasiveness- this is a psychological impact on an opponent, aimed at his perception of a particular idea. Within the framework of the dispute, the above concepts are relatively independent.

The following combinations of evidence and persuasiveness are possible:

Evidence-based and convincing;

Evidence-based, but not convincing;

Not conclusive, but convincing;

And not conclusive, and not convincing.

It is logical that the ideal option that one should strive for in any dispute is evidence and persuasiveness of reasoning at the same time. Therefore, you should adhere to the following recommendations mentioned above:

1) It is best to take the opportunity to reach agreement without dispute, if such an opportunity exists.

2) Don't argue over small things.

3) Since the basis for a dispute is formed by the presence of incompatible positions regarding the same subject, then if these positions are compatible, there is no need for a dispute.

4) The dispute must be substantive, the subject of the dispute must be clear and unchanged throughout its entire duration.

5) A dispute is possible only if there is a certain commonality of starting positions.

6) It is necessary to follow certain laws and rules of logic, ethics and psychology.

7) A dispute should not be an end in itself; attacks of a personal nature are unacceptable in it.

8) Only correct techniques should be used.

9) Express your thoughts briefly, coherently and beautifully.

Let us now move on to the strategy and tactics of the dispute.

Strategy and tactics of dispute. In life, discussion and controversy are often combined within the same communicative process. Therefore, it is necessary to have an understanding of the strategy and tactics of the dispute.

Dispute strategy- this is a general plan for its management. Due to the dynamic nature of the situation in the dispute, there is no single and unchanging strategy for the dispute. However, it is possible and useful to outline the main contours for yourself. Proponent, that is, the person putting forward and defending a certain thesis must provide the highest possible degree of validity. Therefore, you should take care of the “reserve” by dividing the arguments into main and reserve ones.

To the opponent you should think through the weak points of the thesis and select counterarguments or focus your attention on the problematic points of the topic.

Requirements to the design of an abstract message, presentation, their content, volume and as well as the criteria for its evaluation are established by the teacher, taking into account the specifics academic discipline. In their absence, the student is guided general requirements, set out in these guidelines.

Presentation performed on the topic of the abstract report in the amount of 12-15 slides.

An abstract message, as a rule, should contain the following structural elements: title page; content; introduction; main part; conclusion; list of sources used; the last page of the abstract; applications (in the form of a presentation).

Name of parts of the abstract, number of pages

Title page – 1 page;

Introduction 2 pages;

The main part is 15-20 pages;

Conclusion 1-2 pages;

List of sources used 1-2 pages;

Last sheet 1 page;

Applications 12-15 slides.

Title page abstract message, drawn up according to the established template given in Appendix 1.

In the introduction given general characteristics abstract message: the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated; the goal of the work and the tasks to be solved to achieve it are determined; the object and subject of the study, the information base of the study are described, and the structure of the abstract message in chapters is also briefly described.

Main part must contain the material necessary to achieve the set goal and tasks solved in the process of completing the abstract message. It includes 2-3 chapters, each of which, in turn, is divided into 2-3 paragraphs. The content of the main part must exactly correspond to the topic of the abstract message and fully disclose it. The chapters and paragraphs of the abstract message should disclose a description of the solution to the problems posed in the introduction. Therefore, the headings of chapters and paragraphs, as a rule, should correspond in essence to the formulation of the objectives of the abstract message. The title “MAIN PART” should not be included in the content of the abstract message.

Main chapters abstract messages can be theoretical, methodological and analytical in nature.

Mandatory for an abstract report is a logical connection between chapters and consistent development of the main topic throughout the entire work, independent presentation of the material, and well-reasoned conclusions. It is also mandatory to include links to the sources used in the main part of the abstract message.

Presentation it is necessary to speak from a third person (“The author believes...”) or use impersonal constructions and vaguely personal sentences (“At the second stage, the following approaches are being investigated...”, “The research made it possible to prove...”, etc.).

In custody the conclusions that the student came to as a result of completing the abstract report are logically and consistently presented. The conclusion should briefly characterize the solution of all the tasks posed in the introduction and the achievement of the goal of the abstract message.

List of sources used is an integral part of the work and reflects the degree of knowledge of the problem under consideration. The number of sources in the list is determined by the student independently; for an abstract message, their recommended number is from 10 to 20. At the same time, the list must contain sources published in the last 3 years, as well as currently valid legal acts regulating the relations considered in the abstract message .

The student bears full responsibility for the scientific independence of the abstract message, which is confirmed on the last page of the work. The form for filling out the last sheet of the abstract message is given in Appendix 2. If plagiarism is detected, the abstract message is removed from consideration without the right to be revised (the student must complete a new abstract message on a new topic).

In applications(electronic version of the presentation) you should include supporting material that, when included in the main part of the work, clutters up the text (supporting data tables, instructions, methods, document forms, etc.).

Formatting an abstract message:

1. The abstract message and presentation are submitted to the manager in in electronic format no later than 10 days before the test.

Email address: [email protected]

2. The text of the abstract message must be executed using WORD editor, font - "Times New Roman", font size - No. 14, line spacing - one and a half.

3. The text of the abstract message, tables and illustrations should be placed on sheets, observing the following margin sizes: left margin - 30 mm, right margin - 10 mm, top margin - 20 mm, bottom margin - 20 mm.

4. The numbering of the pages of the abstract message is continuous, starting from the title page. Directly on title page The page number is not included, the numbers of subsequent pages are indicated in the upper right corner in Arabic numerals (font No. 10), without a dot at the end.

5. The names of the structural elements of the abstract message and the chapters of the main part are located on separate lines and are written in bold, capital letters (CONTENTS, INTRODUCTION, etc.), without hyphens and centered. These headings are separated from the text by line spacing. Headings should not be underlined. There is no need to put a period at the end of the title.

6. Each structural element and chapter of the main body should start on a new page.

7. The structural elements of the abstract message are not assigned a number, i.e. parts of the abstract message “CONTENTS”, “INTRODUCTION”, “CONCLUSION”, etc. have no serial number. Only chapters and paragraphs within the main part of the abstract message are numbered.

8. Chapters must have serial numbers within the entire abstract message, indicated in Arabic numerals. Paragraphs should be numbered within each chapter. The paragraph number consists of the chapter number and paragraph number, separated by a dot.

9. Paragraph headings should begin with a paragraph indent and be printed in lowercase letters without a period at the end, without underlining. Hyphenation of words in headings is not allowed. If the title consists of two sentences, they are separated by a period. The font of headings of the same rubrication level should be the same throughout the text.

10. The paragraph indentation (indentation in the initial line of paragraph text) should be 12-15 mm.

11. The text of the abstract message must be clear, complete, and understandable. Spelling and punctuation of the text must comply with current rules.

12. Illustrations (drawings, graphs, diagrams, diagrams, photographs, drawings) are combined under the single name “drawing”. The nature of the illustration can be indicated in its title (for example, “Fig. 1. Algorithm block diagram...”).

Each illustration must have a title, which is placed below it after the word “Fig.” and illustration numbers. If necessary, explanatory information is placed before the title of the figure.

Illustrations should be numbered in Arabic numerals and sequentially numbered throughout the work.

Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals and sequentially numbered throughout the work. The number should be placed in the upper right corner above the table title after the word “Table”.

Each table should have a title that is placed below the word "Table" and centered. The word "Table" and the title begin with a capital letter; there is no period at the end of the title.

When moving a table, the head of the table should be repeated, and the words “Continuation of the table” should be placed above it, indicating its number. If the table head is large, it is allowed not to repeat it; in this case, you should number the columns and repeat their numbering on the next page. The table title is not repeated.

If all the indicators given in the table are expressed in the same unit of measurement, then its designation is placed above the table, for example, at the end of the title.

Illustrations along with their names, as well as tables along with their details should be separated from the main text at the bottom and top with spaces with single line spacing.

In the field of illustrations and in the table, a smaller text font is allowed than the main text, but not less than font number 10, as well as a smaller line spacing.

All illustrations and tables must be referenced in the text of the work (for example: “Fig. 5 shows...”, “in accordance with the data in Table 2,” etc.).

13. When referring to a source, after mentioning it in the text of the abstract message, put in square brackets the number under which it appears in the list of sources used. In necessary cases (usually when using digital data or quotations), the source pages on which the information used is located are also indicated.

The list of sources used should be compiled in alphabetical order by the last name of the authors. Literature is usually grouped in the list in the following sequence:

Legislative and regulatory documents and materials;

Special scientific domestic and foreign literature(monographs, textbooks, scientific articles, etc.);

Statistical, instructional and reporting materials of enterprises, organizations and institutions.

The literature included in the list is numbered in continuous order from the first to the last title.

For each literary source, the following is indicated: the author (or group of authors), the full title of the book or article, the place and name of the publishing house (for books and brochures), the year of publication; for journal articles, indicate the name of the journal, year of issue and number. For collections of works (articles), the author of the article, its title, and then the title of the book (collection) and its imprint are indicated.

14. Applications should be formatted as a continuation of the abstract message in electronic form in the form of a presentation of the abstract message.

Each application must be executed as a separate file. At the top of the file on the right is the word “Application” and its number. The application must have a title, which is located in the center of the slide on a separate line and printed in capital letters.

Annexes should be numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals.

All applications in the text of the work must have links. Applications should be arranged in the order in which links to them appear in the text.

Criteria for assessing the abstract message:

The deadline for submitting the finished abstract message is determined by the approved schedule.

In case of a negative conclusion from the teacher, the student is obliged to finalize or revise the abstract message. The deadline for finalizing the abstract message is set by the manager, taking into account the essence of the comments and the amount of necessary revision.

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