Alexander the Great briefly about the great king and war

The great conqueror, the king, who received the title of god during his lifetime, is Alexander the Great, whose brief biography will be presented in this article.
The entire biography of the most famous king of Macedonia consists of many legends, and it is already difficult to separate the truth from fiction.
Speaking about Alexander the Great and his short biography, one cannot help but talk about his parents, especially his father, who played an important role in raising his son to be a real warrior, and not a pampered ruler.
Philip II, king of Macedonia, achieved the impossible during the years of his reign - from a tiny country he created a powerful state with a strong army, which had no equal in Greece. Thanks to the gold mines that fell into his hands, Philip was able to bribe many Greek cities and created the Corinthian League, which united almost all of Greece. He was a talented politician who skillfully used the slightest weakness of his opponent for his own purposes.
Alexander was born in the capital of Macedonia, the city of Pella, in 356 BC. e. The exact day and month of birth could not be determined.
Philip paid a lot of attention to raising his son Alexander. He tried to find for him the most the best teachers. One of them was the great Greek philosopher Aristotle. Thanks to him, Alexander received an exemplary Greek education. The scientist instilled in his student a love of literature. Alexander's favorite work was Homer's Iliad.
At the age of 18, the future great king had to participate in battle for the first time. This was the Battle of Chaeronea, where he commanded part of his father's army, although under the supervision of experienced military leaders.
In 336 BC. e., after the assassination of Philip, Alexander was unanimously elected ruler of Macedonia. An ambitious and passionate young king (he was 20 years old at that time), with an iron hand he brought order among the enemies of Macedonia, who wanted to take advantage of the death of Philip. In 335 BC. he conquered Thebes, the Thracians and the Triballians who rebelled against him. Immediately after this, the young king begins a campaign in Asia Minor (334 BC). Contrary to the belief that Alexander’s army was huge, in fact about 50 thousand soldiers went on this campaign.
Many cities themselves surrendered to Macedon, and by 333 BC. Asia Minor was completely conquered. In the autumn of the same year, at the Battle of Issus, Alexander's army defeated the army of Darius III, king of Persia. Phenicia, Palestine and Egypt surrendered almost without resistance. In Egypt, he ordered the construction of a capital named after him.
Next, the Macedonian army moved to the very center of the Persian power - the city of Media. Here, October 1, 331 BC. e. The greatest battle took place, which led to the disappearance of Persia as a state - the Battle of Gaugamela. By 329 BC. all Persian lands were conquered.
In 329 BC. Alexander's three-year successful campaign took place, this time in Central Asia. In 326 BC. he went on his last campaign to India. A year later, the army, tired of endless campaigns and battles, rebelled, and the king had to return back.
In June 323 BC. Alexander the Great died in Babylon after 10 days of illness. The cause of death of the outstanding conqueror of all times is still unknown. There are two versions: death from illness or poisoning. Alexander's embalmed body was taken, according to his wishes, to Alexandria, Egypt.

After the assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II in 336 BC. e. his son Alexander was proclaimed king. Upon ascending the throne, Alexander first dealt with the alleged participants in the conspiracy against his father, and at the same time with other possible rivals. At the news of Philip's death, many of his enemies tried to take advantage of the situation. The Thracian and Illyrian tribes rebelled, opponents of Macedonian rule became more active in Athens, and Thebes and some other Greek city-states tried to expel the garrisons left by Philip. However, Alexander quickly took the initiative into his own hands. As Philip's successor, he organized a congress in Corinth, at which the previously concluded treaty with the Greeks was confirmed. The agreement declared the full sovereignty of the Greek city states, their independent decision of internal affairs, and the right to withdraw from the agreement. For guidance foreign policy Greek states created a general council and introduced the position of Hellenic hegemon with military powers. The Greeks made concessions, and many policies admitted Macedonian garrisons.

In the spring of 335 BC. e. Alexander set out on a campaign against the rebel Illyrians and Thracians. No more than 15 thousand soldiers went on the campaign. First, Alexander defeated the Thracians in the battle of Mount Emon: the barbarians set up a camp of carts on a hill and hoped to put the Macedonians to flight by derailing their carts. Alexander ordered his soldiers to avoid the carts in an organized manner. As a result of their victory in the battle, the Macedonians captured many of the women and children whom the barbarians had left in the camp and transported them to Macedonia. Soon the king defeated the Tribal tribe, but their ruler Sirm, along with most of his fellow tribesmen, took refuge on the island of Pevka on the Danube. Alexander, using the few ships that arrived from Byzantium, failed to land on the island. Soon the king noticed that troops of the Getae tribe were gathering on the other bank of the Danube. The Getae hoped that Alexander would not land on the shore occupied by soldiers, but the king, on the contrary, considered the appearance of the Getae a challenge to himself. Therefore, on homemade rafts, he crossed to the other side of the Danube and defeated the Getae. Soon Alexander concluded alliance treaties with all the northern barbarians.

However, while Alexander was settling matters in the north, in the south, under the influence of a false rumor about Alexander’s death, a rebellion broke out in Thebes, the Greek city most affected by Philip. With rapid marches, Alexander transferred his army from Thrace to Thebes. In just 13 days, the Macedonian army completed this transition. The rebel city was offered peaceful conditions surrender, but the Thebans refused. At the end of September 335, the assault on the city began. Macedonian troops occupied the city walls, and the Macedonian garrison opened the gates and helped surround the Thebans. The city was captured, plundered, and the entire population was enslaved. All of Greece was struck as if by fate ancient city, one of the largest and strongest in Hellas, and the quick victory of Macedonian weapons. Residents of a number of cities themselves brought to trial politicians who called for a rebellion against Macedonian hegemony. Almost immediately after the capture of Thebes, Alexander headed back to Macedonia, where he began preparing for a campaign in Asia.

Alexander the Great is one of the greatest conquerors in history. In just 11 years (334-323 BC) he changed the world. But only the charisma and talent of a commander would not be enough for this

How Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) managed to accomplish the impossible in a few years - create greatest empire ancient world? There are many answers to this question, and over time there are more and more hypotheses, assumptions and theories. The Munich Archaeological Collection dedicated the exhibition “Alexander the Great - Ruler of the World” to the personality of the ancient commander, examining the phenomenon of Alexander from a biographical point of view. The exhibition consists of ten parts and shows life path ruler and commander, starting from his youth at the Macedonian court in Pele and ending with the mythological image that developed after death - the image forever young hero, a great leader whom many were inclined to deify.

For this exhibition, the gallery in Rosenheim (Lokschuppen Rosenheim) brought together 450 objects from German and European collections that give an idea of ​​the conditions in which Alexander the Great and his army found themselves during their campaigns to the east. The exhibition catalog, in addition to describing the exhibits, gives a brief overview of the points of view existing in modern scientific circles, from which we can highlight ten reasons why Alexander became truly Great.

Origin

Alexander was the son of the Macedonian king Philip II and the daughter of the Epirus king Olympias. His father, who initially ascended the throne as the guardian of his young nephew, was a talented commander and cautious politician who managed to strengthen Macedonia and make it the center of Hellas. Alexander's mother, the power-hungry and despotic Olympias, had a great influence on his childhood. On both his paternal and maternal lines, Alexander was a descendant of Hercules and Perseus, greatest heroes ancient Greek myths. They became an example for him.

Upbringing

Despite the fact that, in addition to Olympias, Philip II had other wives, Alexander received an education worthy of an heir to the throne. Together with his friends from aristocratic families, he studied with Aristotle, who at that time was not as famous as he later became. In addition, Philip II took his son with him on campaigns. At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) against the combined army of the Greek city-states, Alexander commanded the cavalry, whose charge secured victory for the Macedonians.

Army

When Philip II was assassinated in 336, his troops were in Asia Minor to repel the Persian army. More than two decades of military campaigns of Philip II made his army an impressive force: six regiments of heavy infantry - 9,000 warriors armed with long spears; 3000 hypaspists, also with long spears, but more maneuverable; 6000 lightly armed soldiers; 1200 getairs (heavy cavalry), guards and 600 scouts. In addition, Philip II's army included 7,000 Greek hoplites, many mercenaries and several thousand horsemen.

Commander's Talent

Alexander was exactly the person who was able to properly dispose of this army. The huge, clumsy Persian army had no chance against the Macedonians. During the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander, discovering that the Persians had covered the battlefield with spikes against the cavalry, made a tactical maneuver that forced the enemy army to split, after which the Macedonian cavalry, having avoided the spikes, attacked the Persian king's position. In addition, Alexander could trust his generals and his army, which followed him to the ends of the earth.

Pragmatism

However, it was not the army that made Alexander the Great the ruler of the world, but, above all, his politics. His power was based not on dogma, but on a sober analysis of existing conditions and on the search for practical solutions. It was precisely for practical reasons that Alexander adopted much of the management system of the Persian Empire.

First of all, Alexander refused to turn Asia into a province of the Macedonian-Greek empire. Instead, he brought the local nobility closer to his court, for whom he secured places in the army and government. Unlike his predecessors, Alexander treated the inhabitants of the conquered lands not as a conqueror, but as the legitimate ruler of their state, respecting their traditions.

Ruthlessness

Whether Alexander was generous only out of calculation or not, he was merciless towards those who resisted him. When Thebes and Athens rebelled against him soon after his accession to the throne, Alexander not only destroyed the armies of these cities, but also wiped Thebes off the face of the earth. The Phoenician city of Tire, which was located on a rocky island and was considered impregnable, refused to submit, but after a seven-month siege it was taken and then destroyed.

The commander Parmenion and his son Philotas were executed. Alexander killed his friend Cleitus, who saved his life during the battle on the Granik River, with his own hands, because he opposed the borrowing of eastern customs. Some consider the return of the Macedonian army through the deserts of Gedrosia, which cost the lives of 45 thousand soldiers, as punishment for the riot on the banks of Hypasus.

City building

Alexander founded more than twenty cities in the territory from Egypt to India, they were inhabited by veterans and local residents. These cities were to become not only strongholds for the army, but also centers of Greek culture. Alexandria of Egypt was the most famous of them - one of the centers of trade and science of the ancient world. This and other cities founded by Alexander became a kind of connecting link between East and West.

Development of sciences

Like Napoleon two millennia after him, Alexander kept a large staff of scientists with him. Thus, his campaign also became a large-scale expedition, the goal of which was to reach the end of the world. In order to pave the route from the Indus to the Euphrates, entire flotillas were built. Scientists and philosophers explored and described Asia. The court chronicler Callisthenes, Aristotle's grandnephew, made sure that the world knew about the discoveries made during the campaign. However, Callisthenes ultimately fell out of favor because he resisted the introduction of Persian customs at court (namely the tradition of prostrating before the ruler), and was subsequently executed for his alleged participation in the conspiracy.

Deification

After founding the city in the Nile Delta, Alexander visited the oasis of Siwa in the desert, where the oracle of the god Amun greeted him, calling him “son of the deity,” which befitted him as the new ruler of Egypt. This fact only strengthened his conviction to follow the path of Hercules. In addition, as the ruler of a huge empire, Alexander was automatically classified as a cult figure. In the cities he founded, he was also given honor on a par with the gods. The literally superhuman desire to unite Europe and Asia, which possessed him in the last months of his life, suggests that in the end he himself perceived himself more as an almost divine person than as a mere mortal.

Pursuit

“Passionate desire,” ancient authors wrote when they tried to characterize the motive of Alexander the Great. In fact, it was an all-consuming desire that forced him to imitate the heroes of antiquity, especially Achilles. Alexander wanted to prove that he was one of these heroes, but not in legends, but in reality. He took a fortress in northern Iran only because it was said that Hercules had failed in its siege. From the Indus he wanted to reach the Ganges in order to reach the borders of the lands developed by people there. His troops were ready to capture the Arabian Peninsula, and after him Carthage, but the death of the great commander prevented these plans from coming true. However, “passionate desire” still helped Alexander realize his dream: no one else created such a huge empire.

In 336 BC. e. His son Alexander came to power in Greece (356-323 BC). Nowadays the word is added to his name Macedonian. And before late XIX centuries everyone called him Alexander the Great or Alexander III.

He was a slender young man with fair skin. His hair was almost red. Not in my youth, not anymore mature age he didn't wear a beard. There is an assumption that it did not grow with him at all. Since the king went without a beard, those around him began to shave their beards.

However, the lack of a beard did not in any way affect the king’s courage. He went down in history as an extremely energetic and capable commander with an excellent education. This is not surprising, since the future great conqueror was taught scientific wisdom by the philosopher Aristotle.

The ambitious plans of the newly-made ruler exceeded the plans of his father Philip II. The Greek leader who ascended the throne was only 20 years old, but he already dreamed of world domination. These dreams turned into the conquests of Alexander the Great. Their scale shocked not only contemporaries, but also all subsequent generations of human civilization. In just 10 years, a gigantic territory from Greece to India was conquered. Over the following centuries, not a single commander managed to accomplish this.

Conquests of Alexander the Great on the map

War with Persia

Initial period of the war

The war with Persia began in 334 BC. e. A relatively small army set off on a campaign to the East. Its number was 35 thousand people. But the warriors were distinguished by iron discipline, training and combat experience. In terms of their military skill, they were head and shoulders above the Persian troops. The army consisted not only of Macedonians, but also of inhabitants of other Greek city-states.

At the very first clashes, the Greeks inflicted a number of serious defeats on the Persian army stationed near the border. At the same time, many noble Persians died. The owners of the eastern lands were shocked by this defeat. Meanwhile, the conquerors took possession of the lands of Asia Minor and reached the territory of Syria.

Image of Alexander the Great on an ancient mosaic

In 333 BC. e. The Persian army led by King Darius III came out against the Macedonian conquerors. The two armies met in northern Syria near the city of Issa. In this battle, the army of Darius III suffered a crushing defeat. The king himself fled, leaving his family in the camp (mother, wife and 2 daughters). Many other Persian warriors did the same (the Persians took their wives with them on military campaigns). In addition to the women, the winners also received abandoned rich camping property.

After the victory at Issa, all of Western Asia went to the Macedonians. But going further east was dangerous, since strong Persian garrisons remained in the rear. Therefore, the Greek army moved along the east coast Mediterranean Sea. Here were the cities of the Phoenicians, which began to surrender one after another. According to legend, during this campaign, Alexander visited Jerusalem and even presented gifts to the Jewish god.

Depiction of Darius III on an ancient mosaic

Everything went smoothly until the Macedonian army found itself under the walls of the city of Tire. Its inhabitants refused to open the gates and surrender to the invaders. The siege lasted 7 months. Only in July 332 BC. e. the fortified city located on the island fell. The Greeks who burst into the city showed pathological cruelty towards the defenders. The conquerors mercilessly killed 8 thousand inhabitants, and forced the survivors into slavery.

The city of Gaza also offered worthy resistance. He defended himself bravely for 2 months, but in the end he fell. After this, Alexander the Great and his army entered Egypt. In this country he was greeted as a liberator from Persian slavery. Local priests declared the young king the son of the god Amun.

Alexander accepted this favorably honorary title and decorated his helmet with ram horns, since they were considered one of the most important attributes of the Egyptian deity. It was in a helmet with horns that the king’s face began to be minted on coins, and in the east the great conqueror received the nickname Two-horned.

Main period of the war

Having occupied Egypt, the Greco-Macedonian army moved to central areas Persia. Darius III sent envoys to the conquerors, offering to make peace. The Eastern ruler agreed to give the victors all the lands they had conquered and even offered to pay a huge indemnity. But Alexander refused to make peace, because he considered the fall of Persia inevitable.

The military leader Parmenion, who was present at the negotiations, heard the size of the indemnity and exclaimed: “If I were Alexander, I would agree immediately!” To this the king mockingly said: “And I would agree if I were Parmenion.”

In 331 BC. e. the army of Greeks and Macedonians crossed the Euphrates and Tigris and moved towards the Persian army. That one, led by Darius III, was waiting for the invaders near the village of Gaugamela. Here in October 331 BC. e. a grand battle took place.

The Persians gathered a huge army. There were many Bactrians, Sogdians and Scythians (peoples from the east of the state) in it. On the night before the battle, the Persian camp was illuminated by countless lights. The Macedonian military leaders, fearing that this spectacle would frighten the soldiers, suggested that the king attack the enemy at night, without waiting for dawn. To this Alexander proudly replied: “I don’t know how to steal victory.”

Persian chariots

Early in the morning both armies lined up. The Persian soldiers began the attack. They sent their war chariots forward. They had razor-sharp scythes attached to their wheels. However, the ranks of the Macedonian army parted and let the wildly rushing horses through. And then arrows rained down on the backs of the warriors sitting in the chariots.

After this, the Persian infantry began the attack. But she met the Macedonian phalanx. At the same time, the heavy Macedonian cavalry launched an attack from the flanks. She sowed terror and confusion in the ranks of the enemies. The Persians fled. One of the first to flee from the battlefield was King Darius III and did not stop for 2 days, fearing persecution.

The crushing defeat at Gaugamela broke the morale of the Persians. The army of Alexander the Great captured Babylon, Susa and the ancient Persian capital of Persepolis without a fight. Small military garrisons remained in the occupied areas, and the great commander himself continued the pursuit of the Persian ruler.

The fate of Darius III was unenviable. Those close to him killed him and delivered his body to Alexander. He ordered the conspirators to be executed and the treacherously killed king to be buried with all possible honors. After this, the winner himself began to be called “the king of Asia.”

Further expansion to the east was extremely successful. The Greeks subjugated Bactria and Sogdiana, which put an end to the war with the Persian power. But the conquests of Alexander the Great did not end there. Ahead lay richest lands fabulous India. It was there that the great commander decided to send his army.

Trek to India

Before the campaign to India, a conspiracy arose among the Macedonians against Alexander the Great. The king was accused of violating Greek laws and striving for unlimited power. He surrounded himself with noble Persians and Bactrians, and they were preparing to proclaim him a god. But the plot was discovered, and the conspirators were killed.

In 326 BC. e. The Greco-Macedonian army moved to India. Near the Hydaspes River, a tributary of the Indus, a battle took place with the army of the Indian king Porus. Here the invaders first encountered war elephants. Each of them was controlled by a driver who sat on the animal’s neck. And on the backs of the giants there were towers, in which spear throwers and archers were located.

Indian fighting elephant

At first, the formidable animals caused confusion in the ranks of the Macedonian warriors, but after wounding several elephants, the invaders felt more confident. The Indian army was defeated in this battle.

Inspired by the victory, Alexander and his army went deep into the lands of India, but the soldiers were tired of the incessant 10-year war and began to grumble. They abandoned the further journey. Neither the king's authority nor his persuasion helped.

The journey back began in the middle of 325 BC. e. The army was returning through the desert. The transition turned out to be very difficult. Many soldiers died from thirst and overheating. In the spring of 324 BC. e. The exhausted army reached the south of Iran and entered the city of Susa. This was the end of the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Return of the Macedonian army from India

The last year of the life of the great commander

In 324 BC. e. Alexander the Great settled in Babylon and proclaimed it the capital of his vast kingdom. The ruler began to carry out reforms, trying to transform the conquered lands into a single and cohesive organism. In addition, he planned a campaign to the west against the Arab tribes and Carthage.

But the great commander’s further ambitious plans never came to fruition. In the first half of June 323, Alexander the Great died of fever. The huge kingdom turned out to be a giant with feet of clay. It fell apart and was divided among the Macedonian military leaders (diadochi). Soon they proclaimed themselves kings. So in 321 BC. e. The era of Hellenistic states began.

Great commander Alexander the Great (Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας), born in 356 BC. His father was King Philip II of Macedonia, his mother was Alexandra, the daughter of the Epirus king Myrtala (after the wedding, Philip gave her the name Olympias).

The birth of Alexander was accompanied by good omens; on this day Philip received good news: his army captured Potidaea (Ποτίδαια), his horses won the Olympic Games.

Childhood and young age of Alexander the Great

Alexander's first mentor was his mother's relative Leonid, who was strict and adhered to Spartan upbringing. When Alexander was 13 years old, the philosopher Aristotle became his teacher. He taught young Alexander ethics, rhetoric, politics, physics, metaphysics, medicine, geography, and the art of government.

The student especially loved Homer’s Iliad, which Aristotle commented on for him. Alexander was greatly impressed by tragedies, music and lyric poetry, in particular the poetry of Pindar (Πινδάρου). Later, when he burned Thebes, he gave the command not to touch the house of this great poet.

His father was involved in military training with Alexander. Philip gave Alexander a chance to organize his first campaign against the Thracians, whom he defeated and, filled with pride, founded his first military colony on their land, named Alexandroupolis after himself.
Alexander, together with his father, took part in the battle against the Thebans and Athenians in Chaeronea (Χαιρώνεια, 338 BC), where his father entrusted him with command of the cavalry. Eighteen-year-old Alexander coped with his task brilliantly.

Then his father sent him as an ambassador to Athens, while transferring the ashes of the Athenians who died in the battle. This was the first and last time when Alexander visited Athens.

Military victories brought great satisfaction to both the young man and his father. But not everything went so smoothly in their family; Alexander was deeply worried about the separation of his parents. Philip fell in love with another woman and brought her to live in the house; Alexander’s mother had no choice but to return to her homeland, Epirus.

Alexander king of Macedonia (336 BC)

Alexander was only 20 years old when his father was killed, at the age of 46. Shortly before his death, Philip conquered all of Greece, uniting the individual Greek city-states and planning to send troops to conquer Persia.

The young Tsar Alexander had to quickly make a decision to ensure peace and security within the state, since the opponents, who learned about the death of his father, had already begun to prepare an uprising, and the Greek cities considered it an opportunity to throw off Macedonian rule. Alexander did not hesitate for a minute; he began to act with lightning speed in all directions. After the subjugation of Greece was completed within the state and on the northern borders of Macedonia by the defeat of the rebel Thebes, Alexander began to prepare a campaign against Persia.

Alexander's campaign in Asia

In the spring of 334 BC, preparations began for a campaign in Asia. Alexander's army consisted of 32,000 infantry and 5,000 horsemen. The army consisted not only of Macedonians, there were Thessalians, Paeonians, Thracians, Illyrians, Cretans and Greeks born in Asia Minor. And all this huge mechanism is controlled by young Alexander, he, as the supreme commander in chief, directs the military operations, applying wise tactics that led to the largest military result of ancient times.
Alexander's first assistants were general Parmenionas (Παρμενίωνας), his son Philotas (Φιλώτας), commander and friend Craterus (Κρατερός), he was also surrounded by devoted guards and faithful advisers.
He met the first Persian resistance on the banks of the Granike River (Γρανικού). In a battle personally controlled by Alexander himself, although there was a danger of being killed, Alexander's army won its first victory over the Persians.

Gordian knot

Now that the path to Asia was open, the young army commander-in-chief decided to get to the bottom of the “confusing matter.” In the spring of 333 BC. Alexander arrived in the city of Gordium (the ancient capital of Phrygia), here in the ancient temple there was a famous knot, with which, according to legend, the fate of Asia was connected. Whoever unties the knot will dominate all of Asia. Alexander did not think long about solving this problem and with one swing of his sword, the knot was cut. Thus, he showed that with the sword he would conquer Asia. The priests of the temple enthusiastically said: “He is the one who will conquer the world!”

Crossing the Taurus Mountains and the mountain river Kidno (Κύδνο), Alexander fell into cold water, became very ill, but his personal doctor Philip saved him. In the autumn of the same year, the army of Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor.

The second battle with the Persian army took place near the city of Isso (Ισσό), in Cilicia (333 BC). The Macedonian army defeated the Persians, Darius fled, leaving his mother, wife and children in the camp. The Macedonians took them prisoner and treated them with respect.

After these battles, Alexander heads south, capturing Phenicia, Palestine and Egypt. There he left the army and, with a small guard, went into the desert to visit the oracle of Amun-Zeus. At the sanctuary he was greeted with great honors and addressed as “the son of Zeus,” which further increased his self-confidence. Returning to Egypt, he began to prepare an army for new battles.

End of the Persian State and Darius (331 BC)

With 40,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, Alexander crossed the Tigris River and moved to Gaugamela (Γαυγάμηλα), where, according to information, Darius was waiting for him with a huge army. Once again the courage of the Macedonians and Alexander's strategy triumphed. The large Persian army is defeated and flees. The Persian Empire is at an end.

Death of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great took his last breath in Babylon in 323 BC. According to the ancient historian Diodorus, it all started when Alexander drank a lot of undiluted wine at a night feast and soon after fell ill. Returning to his room, he felt a heat, began in the body severe pain, nausea and severe muscle weakness, and after 12 days a paralytic state set in: he could neither speak nor move. At the age of only 32, Alexander died.

For centuries, the death of Alexander the Great has been the focus of attention, with much discussion, discussion, legends, and controversial historical records associated with this.

Many historians are inclined to believe that illness was the cause of death, others insist on murder. But the real reason death has not yet been investigated and remains a mystery.