B

IN

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“OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton at the base of the food chain, and plant plankton can...”

OPTION 10.

(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton, which forms the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarcer, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>It is enough to pollute only a small part of the top layer for all life in the ocean to die.

Task 1 Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in the upper layers.

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Despite this

Contrary to this

May be

Vice versa

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -i, f.

1. The set of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of existence of matter. The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.

2. Physiological existence of humans, animals, all living things. J. plants, Risk your life. Save someone and.

3. The time of such existence from its origin to the end, as well as at some point. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. The activities of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public railway Family Dukhovnaya Ebullient

Write this word down.

exhaustedkatAlgogotCoughQuarterAlkylMeterTask 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

I was left with a very ambivalent impression of my new acquaintance.

The editor demanded that the correspondent rework the article so that the material was as INFORMATIVE as possible, but at the same time small in volume.

A laureate and DIPLOMANT of many theater festivals, the People's Theater Studio has decided to update its repertoire and will soon invite viewers to the premiere of the play.

Before me stood Dourov, calm, well-groomed Dourov, a man who, apparently, was not too worried about my intolerant attitude towards him.

Where the tanks made sharp turns, frozen CLAY dust rose into the air along with the snow.

LOOKING AHEAD

the best HAIRDRESSERS

about THREE HUNDRED participants

about two KILOGRAMS

all ages

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

B) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) error in constructing a complex sentence

D) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms

OFFERS

1) The teacher supervised the thesis work of a group of students interested in modern literature.

2) Thanks to the hostess for the warm welcome, we began to say goodbye to her.

3) When the crimson sunset light flared in the windows, the music stopped.

5) It was quiet all around; so quiet that you could follow its flight by the buzzing of a mosquito.

6) Anyone who has studied the biography of Pushkin knows about the extraordinary flowering of his creativity in the autumn season.

8) This year, students of Suvorov schools will keep a vigil of memory at the memorial.

9) The boat appeared and disappeared behind the frequent bends of the river.

gender..micicperspective..activedeclaration..walkie-talkie

count..sleniez...rowTask 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

excessive, and...subtish;

pr..grad, pr..passionate (judge)

with..opened, p..installation;

let go, serious..serious;

s..feeling, r..position.

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

night..wat Greek..get well..dance..wat cherry..vy

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.

tired.. sewing wedge.. spreading.. moving.. my not remembering.. Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

There is an amazing, undisturbed silence all around.

The (in)imitable smell of approaching spring hung in the humid air.

No sunrise is alike.

(Not) waiting for my brother, I left.

He who does not know the limits will grieve even in wealth.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

WHATEVER critics claim, Fet’s poems are unusually melodic, (THUS) many of them formed the basis of romances.

(B) DIFFERENT from other representatives of the liberal camp, Pavel Petrovich is always firm in upholding his principles, and (THUS) he boldly confronts Bazarov.

Ceramics from Gzhel end up in different parts of the planet to decorate people’s lives, and ALSO to cultivate a sense of beauty.

I told Ivan Petrovich everything that happened, and wanted to know his opinion (ON) ABOUT predestination, AS it was very important.

Yesterday it was (IN) THE FIRST warm (IN) SUMMER.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in place of which NN is written.

Heavy (1) waters are brought from the upper reaches by traces of human presence: ditched (2) nets, broken (3) oars and other unwise (4) fishing utensils.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and cooed loudly and protractedly.

2) Stepushka either sits, gnaws on a radish, or drags a bucket of water somewhere and grunts, or taps a piece of wood in his closet.

3) Somewhere nearby the “shading” of finches and the short trill of a bunting could be heard.

4) His old and grumpy wife did not leave the stove all day, grumbling and scolding incessantly.

5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately confronted Dmitry Olegovich with an insoluble problem.

The “terrible world” of the city created by Blok (1) and his Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistibly attractive (4) suppress the poet.

Task 17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Dostoevsky was very proud of having invented or (1) better said (2) introduced into the Russian language the verb “to shy away.” He was so proud of this that he wrote (3) as is known (4) a whole chapter about it in the “Diary of a Writer.”

Task 18. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

A tall man (1) at the mere appearance (2) of whom (3) people fell respectfully silent (4) walked to the table and spoke.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The weather was beautiful (1) and (2) although October was in full swing (3) the green leaves were still fluttering on the trees (4) and the sun was warm like summer.

(1) In the past, when I was younger, I had some passion for fishing. (2) Then I often left my city house, stocked up on fishing rods and worms and went to the village for fishing. (3) I spent whole days until late in the evening on the river, and went to sleep with the peasants or at the mill. (4) It was at that time that I first became acquainted with one of the mysterious phenomena of our life, which revealed to me some of the secrets of the Russian soul - Russian-style vagrancy, or wandering.

(5) One day, when I came to the miller to spend the night, I noticed a man in the corner of the hut. (6) In shabby gray clothes and holey felt boots, although it was summer, he was lying right on the bare floor. (7) He slept with a knapsack under his head and a long staff under his arm. (8) I lay down opposite the door on the hay spread out for me. (9) I couldn’t sleep. (Yu) I was worried about the future dawn. (11) I wanted dawn. (12) In the morning the fish bites well. (13) But in the summer you don’t have to wait long for dawn. (14) Soon it began to get light. (15) And with the first light, the gray lump in felt boots moved, somehow grunted, stretched, sat down, yawned, crossed himself, stood up and went straight to the door. (16) On the porch he approached the washstand hanging on a rope. (17) From my bed, I watched with curiosity as he poured water on his hands, as he moistened his gray beard with it, rubbed it, wiped himself with the sleeve of his robe, took the staff in his hands, crossed himself, bowed on three sides and walked away.

(18) I was about to talk to the old man, but I didn’t have time - he left. (19) I really regretted this, and I wanted to at least look at him one more time. (20) For some reason the old man attracted me to him. (21) I got up on my knees, leaned my elbows on the windowsill and opened the window. (22) The old man walked away into the distance. (23) I looked after him for a long time. (24) The figure of the old man, as he moved away, became smaller and smaller and finally completely disappeared into the morning fog. (25) But in my eyes and in my brain his image remained forever, alive.

(26) This was the wandering tramp. (27) From time immemorial in Russia there were people who had neither home, nor shelter, nor family, nor business. (28) Not being gypsies, they led a gypsy lifestyle. (29) We walked across the spacious Russian land from place to place, from edge to edge. (ZO) We wandered around the courtyards, looked into taverns, and went to fairs. (31) They lived on alms. (32) We rested and slept anywhere. (33) The purpose of their wanderings was always defined differently and very vaguely - “to holy places”, “to suffer”, “to atone for sins”, to find a place “where it’s easier to breathe”. (34) To be honest, I am convinced that if you ask each of them individually where he is going and for what purpose, he will not answer. (35) Why should he think about this?

(36) It seems that they are looking for something. (37) It seems that in their souls there lives a vague idea of ​​some unknown land, where life is more righteous and better. (38) But it would be even more accurate to say that they are running from something. (39) And they are running, of course, from melancholy - this very special, incomprehensible, inexpressible, sometimes causeless Russian melancholy.

(40) In “Boris Godunov” Mussorgsky depicts with amazing power a unique representative of this vagabond Russia - Varlaam. (41) Mussorgsky, with incomparable skill and power, conveyed the worldview of this tramp - either a defrocked monk or just some former church minister. (42) The melancholy in Varlaam is bottomless, like the ocean. (43) Wherever this tramp goes, he goes with a ready consciousness of his absolute uselessness. (44) So Varlaam goes from monastery to monastery, staggers from city to city for the miraculous icon in church parishes. (45) He holds a wax candle in a handful so that it does not blow out, and yells in a hoarse bass, imitating the archdeacons: (46) “Crush the fierce serpent with two to ten trunk wings.”

(47) His gray beard is tangled and unkempt, splitting in two at the end like a corkscrew. (48) Puffy, anemic, but with a bluish-red nose, he walks around the cities, all worn and rumpled, in his quilted hat, similar to a kamilavka. (49) People like him are avoided, not wanting to meet the wet, pleading eyes that see right through a person. (50)... I don’t know, of course, whether such people are needed. (51) Should it be arranged so that they become different, or not? (52) I’ll just say one thing: these people are one of the most wonderful, although perhaps sad, colors of Russian life. (53) No, they themselves are not righteous, but in some miraculous way they make us purer and better. (54) If it weren’t for such wandering vagabonds, “walkers,” life would be more difficult for all of us...

(*According to F.I. Chaliapin)

*Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873 - 1938) - famous Russian opera and chamber singer.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) We must do everything possible to get tramps to change their lifestyle and do something useful.

2) People who wander aimlessly on earth cause hostility.

3) Looking at tramps, we often experience a feeling of superiority.

4) Vagrant wanderers help us become better people.

5) Wanderers are running away from melancholy.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1-3 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 6-7 contain description.

3) Sentences 15-17 include narration.

4) Sentences 29-32 reveal the judgment expressed in sentence 28 of the text.

5) Sentences 53-54 contain a description.

Task 22. What word is used in the text in a figurative sense? Write him out.

colors (sentence 52)

figure (sentence 24)

fairs (offer 30)

performance (sentence 37)

Task 23. Among sentences 37-43, find one that connects with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, synonyms and lexical repetition.

An excerpt from F. I. Chaliapin’s book “The Mask and the Soul” is distinguished by its confidential simplicity and unpretentiousness, which are combined with stylistic richness and exquisite poetry of the author’s language. This is facilitated by such a stylistic device as (A)_____ (sentences 36, 37), as well as such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (B)_____ (sentences 35, 51). The text also uses lexical means, in particular, (B)_____: “younger” in sentence 1, “staggers” in sentence 44. Among the tropes, the author quite widely uses (D)_____: “across the spacious Russian land” in sentence 29, “with moist, pleading eyes” in sentence 49.

List of terms:

1) book vocabulary

2) comparison(s)

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) parcellation

6) interrogative sentences

7) antithesis

8) epithet(s)

9) anaphora

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Option 10

5informative

9open staging 10recovering

11you'll get tired

12unique

13toalso1413

Option 11

4adolescence

5ORGANIC

8grow up

9 aimless split 10 stuck

11 haters

12misunderstood

13also subsequently14123

22changed his face2313

Option 11

(1) Sometimes in the mountains it is not small fragments that break off, but huge blocks of rock; falling down, they break into smaller parts, cluttering the valleys. (2)<...>the phenomenon is called a collapse. (3) Most often, rocks composed of layers of sedimentary rocks collapse in this way, and these layers should not lie horizontally, but at an angle to the horizon - cracks pass through these layers, leading to the collapse. Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A landslide is the cluttering of valleys with huge blocks of rock that broke into smaller parts.

2) A collapse - the collapse of rocks and cluttering them with fragments of valleys - is usually caused by the appearance of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon.

3) Rocks composed of layers of sedimentary rocks always fall into valleys and clutter them with huge boulders.

4) As a result of the formation of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon, a collapse of rocks is created and they are cluttered with fragments of valleys, or, in other words, a landslide.

5) A landslide is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of the collapse of small fragments of sedimentary rocks into valleys.

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the second sentence? Write this word down.

Unlike him

Hence

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PHENOMENON.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PHENOMENON, -i, cf.

1. see appear.

2. In philosophy: manifestation, expression of essence, that in which it is revealed. Self and essence.

3. In general, any detectable manifestation of something. Physical self. Natural phenomena. Social phenomena.

4. Event, incident. Strange, mysterious me.

5. In a play: part of an act in which the composition of the characters does not change.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly.

Write this word down.

adolescence (tip) of nails louvers included planted (in the ground)

Task 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY.

Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The winning team demonstrated an ORGANIC combination of dance and music.

IRRITABILITY is a tendency to react disproportionately to everyday stimuli, expressing dissatisfaction and hostility towards others in words and actions.

Potential investors continue to WAIT for the right moment to invest money, assessing the most promising areas of investment.

The course in cultural studies, which is studied at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, was introduced in order to fill the gaps in knowledge of the requirements of military and civil etiquette.

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form.

Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

package of TOMATOES

experienced DOCTORS

kilogram of SAUSAGES

in THEIR report

look YOUNGER

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

B) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

C) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

D) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

OFFERS

1) At first the rain came sparsely and lightly, but then it intensified, got stronger and turned into a real downpour.

2) The sister told her brother that “put saucers and cups on the table.”

3) Seeing the light in Alexandra’s window late at night, I felt uneasy.

4) Three girls walked along a forest path and sang something quietly.

5) According to weather forecasters, spring will be early this year.

6) Looking at the green valley below, I almost suffocated from the delight that overwhelmed me.

7) Olesya stood in the garden and admired the flowers: phlox, daisies, irises.

8) I decided to pay for my training at the confectionery course right away, in one payment, and not in installments.

9) Everyone who knew Fyodor Ivanovich noted his extraordinary intelligence and ability to smooth out any conflicts.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

program..mmmm..horizontal to..serve l..gendasub..become

Task 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words.

Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

be..whole, ra..col

not..unsightly, z..walked..found, e.g..white-fold..skate, on..obliquely..become, oh..combatTask 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the place of the blank.

finish..get stuck..savvy..shy..shy

pencil..for Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

re..stel..struggling..hating..bubbling..shyTask 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written CONTINUOUSLY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

He ran (not) fast, but slowly.

A (not) busy person can never enjoy complete happiness.

Remnants of (un)melted snow on the fields are still visible.

Two days later a far from easy conversation took place.

The motives for his actions remained (mis)understood.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

At first we didn’t understand each other, but SUBSEQUENTLY we became very good friends.

At night they lit a huge fire (ON) THE TOP of the mountain, and I tried to explain to everyone (WHY) this had to be done.

He made an effort to fall asleep, but in his dream he saw the SAME dead space with ridges of gray clouds.

Father, (DUE) to his high position, previously only traveled by car with a personal driver, (FROM) WHICH for a long time he could not figure out how to enter the metro and where to pay the fare.

BECAUSE of what the uncle said, it was not clear whether he KEEPED his word.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

We saw only the foamy crests of furious (2) waves and heard the cries of alarmed (3) birds frantically (4) flying over the sea.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Summer emerges from spring and leaves into late autumn.

2) There was a noise in my head, either from the howling and whistling of the storm or from joyful excitement.

3) We saw several trees in the distance and the shadows of wind-driven clouds running across the wet grass.

4) Listen to the silence and then the forest autumn will show you all its riches.

5) To check the spelling of the unstressed vowel of the root, you need to change the word or choose a related one.

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The road went through a huge field (1) sown with spring crops (2) and (3) turning to the right (4) went deeper into the forest.

Task 17. Place punctuation marks. Indicate all numbers in ascending order, in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

In that small gorge (1) according to Igor (2) it was so narrow that (3) it seemed (4) even my heart felt tight in my chest.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Throughout the centuries-long development of the art of batik (1), master engravers selected and polished patterns (2) whose main motif (3) (4) was flowers and leaves.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

In the evening it started to rain (1) and (2) while we were driving along the dirt road (3) the horses could barely walk (4) as if they had lost their last strength.

(1) I saw this on a suburban dance floor. (2) Cheerful, hook-nosed, flexible, with a violet tint of black eyes, he invited her to dance with such a brutal, greedy look that she was frightened even when she looked at him with the pitiful, confused look of an ugly girl who did not expect attention to herself.

(3) - What are you, what are you!

(4) - Will you decide? - he repeated insistently and showed large white teeth with a fake smile. (5) - I will be very pleased.

(6) She looked around, as if looking for help, quickly wiped her fingers with a handkerchief, and said hesitantly:

(7) - We probably won’t succeed. (8) I feel bad...

(9) -Nothing. (10) Please. (11) Somehow.

(12) The handsome man danced dispassionately, smartly and, full of cold arrogance, did not look at her, she stomped around clumsily, shaking her skirt, aiming her intense eyes at his tie, and suddenly raised her head with a jerk - they stopped dancing around, they left the circle, a whistle was heard ; Apparently, his friends were watching them and making comments with caustic mockery, mimicking her movements, shaking and writhing with laughter. (13) Her partner was stonyly portraying a city gentleman, and she understood everything, all the unforgivable baseness, but did not push him away, did not run out of the circle, she just took her hand off his shoulder and, blushing scarlet, knocked her finger on his chest, as they usually knock on the door . (14) He, surprised, leaned towards her, raised his eyebrows, she slowly looked up into his pupils with the impenetrable contemptuous expression of an experienced beautiful woman, confident in her irresistibility, and said nothing. (15) It’s impossible to forget how his face changed, then he let her go and, in confusion, somehow too defiantly led her to the column where her friends stood.

(16) She had thick lips, gray and very large, like wild eyes immersed in the shadows. (17) She would have been ugly if not for her long dark eyelashes, almost yellow rye hair and that look from bottom to top, which transformed her into a beauty and remained forever in my memory.

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Having said: “I will be very pleased,” the young man told the truth.

2) All ugly girls are smart and know how to stand up for themselves.

3) The girl understood the purpose for which this handsome man invited her to dance.

4) The girl’s unexpected behavior discouraged the gentleman.

5) The narrator forever remembered the eyes and look of this girl.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 15 contains an explanation of what sentences 411 say.

2) Proposition 12 contains a reasoning.

3) Sentence 16 provides a description.

4) Sentence 17 includes a description.

5) Sentence 14 includes a description.

Task 22. From sentence 15, write down the phraseological unit.

Task 23. Among sentences 7–15, find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun and a contextual synonym. Write the number of this offer.

Task 24. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"YU. Bondarev really only talks about one moment, but it turns out that sometimes this is enough to understand the truth. The text is based on a technique such as (A)_____ (“the handsome man danced... dandy...” - “she stomped around clumsily...” in sentence 12). The syntactic device (B)_____ (“let her go and led her to the column” in sentence 15) and the trope - (B)_____ (“with a brutal, greedy look” in sentence 2) - give a moral assessment to the hero of the text. Sentence 13 acquires its culminating meaning, in which the trope - (G)_____ (“as usual they knock on the door”) - helps the author emphasize the meaning of the girl’s action.”

"Based on: Federal Law Russian Federation"On personal data" No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 687 "On..."

“TEST 1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMAA1. Discovered cathode rays, proving that the atom contains a previously unknown particle - an electron: 1) Rutherford 2) Bohr3) Thomson 4) Roentgen A2. He proposed a planetary model of the atom1) Bohr 2) Becquerel3) Rutherford 4) Curie A3. An atom consists of1) p...”

“Description of key changes before the project of the updated program from the Ukrainian language literacy class.1. The beginning of reading The alphabet period has been fixed for a number of years by those “Mentally marked words”, “Method of mental written words”, “Folded words according to the given graphic scheme”. Natomist: practical awareness..."

“Pickets for the distribution of St. George ribbons District Date of the picket Time of the picket Place of the picket Aleksinsky 04/27/2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Reinforcement (near the Dixie Trading House) 04/28/2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Bolotova (near the store "Mo..."

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“Perennial plants Spring 2016 Name Photo Adonis spring (adonis) This is one of the first spring plants. It blooms from late April to early June, the height can reach 60 centimeters. Medicinal. Aquilegia blooms in June-July. It is one of the most unpretentious ornamental plants...”

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Seas and oceans are the cradle of life on Earth. According to some theories, all life on the planet originated in water. The sea resembles a huge metropolis, where everything lives according to its own laws, everyone takes their place and performs a very important function. If this order, which has developed into a harmonious mosaic, is disrupted, then this city will cease to exist. Therefore, it is important to know about the riches of the animal world. Find out who the sea inhabitants are, photos with the names of the most common species and Interesting Facts You can read more about their lives below.

All living creatures inhabiting the sea are divided into several categories:

• animals (mammals);
• fish;
• algae and plankton;
• deep-sea fauna;
• snakes and turtles.

There are animals that are difficult to classify into a specific group. For example, sponges or sponges.

Marine mammals

Scientists have discovered more than 125 species of sea-dwelling mammals. They can be divided into three main groups:

1. Walruses, fur seals and seals (order pinnipeds).
2. Dolphins and whales (order cetaceans).
3. Manatees and dugongs (order of herbivores).
4. Sea otters (or otters).

The first group is one of the most numerous (more than 600 million individuals). They are all predators and eat fish. Walruses are very large animals. Some individuals reach a weight of 1.5 tons and grow up to 4 m in length. Given their size, the agility and flexibility of walruses is amazing; they move easily on land and in water. Due to the special structure of the pharynx, they can for a long time spend in the sea and will not drown, even if you fall asleep. The thick brown skin lightens with age, and if you see a pink, even almost white, walrus, you know that he is about 35 years old. For these individuals, this is already old age. The walrus is not confused with a seal only thanks to their distinctive feature- tusks. Measurements of some of the largest tusks showed almost 80 cm in length and a weight of about 5 kg. The walrus's front fins end in fingers - five on each paw.

Seals live in the Arctic and Antarctic, so they can withstand extreme low temperatures(up to - 80˚С). Most of them do not have external ears, but they hear very well. Seal fur is short but thick, which helps the animal move underwater. It seems that seals on land are clumsy and defenseless. They move with the help of their forelimbs and abdomen; their hind legs are poorly developed. However, they move briskly in the water and swim excellently.

Fur seals are very voracious. They eat 4 - 5 kg of fish per day. The leopard seal, a subspecies of seals, can catch and eat other small seals or penguins. The appearance is typical of most pinnipeds. Seals are much smaller than their fellow cats, so they crawl on land using all four limbs. The eyes of these sea inhabitants are beautiful, but it is known that they see poorly - myopia.

Dolphins and whales are related to each other. Dolphins are one of the most unusual creatures on the planet. Their distinctive features:

• The absence of ears, nose, small eyes and at the same time a unique echolocation that allows you to accurately determine the location of objects in the water.
• A bare, streamlined body, without signs of fur or scales, the surface of which is constantly renewed.
• Voice and rudiments of speech, allowing dolphins to communicate with each other in a school.

Whales are giants among mammals. They feed on plankton or small fish and breathe through a special hole called a “blowhole.” During exhalation, a fountain of moist air from the lungs passes through it. Whales move in the water with the help of fins, the size of which differs from different types. The blue whale is the largest animal that ever lived on Earth.

The most popular types of sea fish

Second largest group sea ​​inhabitants includes the following types:

• Cod (blue whiting, cod, navaga, hake, pollock, pollock and others).
• Mackerel (mackerel, tuna, mackerel and other fish).
• Flounder (flounder, halibut, dexist, embassicht, etc.).

• Herring (Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, Baltic herring, Pacific herring, European sardine, European sprat).

• Garfish (garfish, medaka, saury, etc.).
• Sea sharks.

The first species lives in the seas Atlantic Ocean, comfortable conditions for them are 0 ˚ C. Its main thing is external difference- mustache on the chin. They live mainly on the bottom, feeding on plankton, but there are also predatory species. Cod is the most numerous representative of this subspecies. It reproduces in large numbers - about 9 million eggs per spawning. It is of great commercial importance, since meat and liver have a high fat content. Pollock is a long-lived member of the cod family (lives 16 - 20 years). It lives in cold waters and is a semi-deep-sea fish. Pollock is caught everywhere.

Mackerels do not lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle. Their meat is highly prized nutritional value, fat content and a large number of vitamins

In flounders, the eyes are located on one side of the head: right or left. They have symmetrical fins and a flattened body.

Herring fish are pioneers among commercial fish. Distinctive features are no or very small teeth, and almost all lack scales.

Sargan-like fish are elongated in shape with long, sometimes asymmetrical jaws.

The shark is one of the largest marine predators. The whale shark is the only one that feeds on plankton. The unique abilities of sharks are smell and hearing. They can smell a smell several hundred kilometers away, and inner ear capable of detecting ultrasound. Powerful weapon sharks have sharp teeth with which they tear the victim’s body into pieces. One of the main misconceptions is the idea that all sharks are dangerous to humans. Only 4 species pose a danger to people - bull shark, white shark, tiger shark, and whitetip shark.

Moray eels are marine predators from the eel family, whose bodies are covered with poisonous mucus. Outwardly they are very similar to snakes. They practically cannot see, they navigate in space by smell.

Algae and plankton

This is the most numerous form of life. There are two types of plankton:

• Phytoplankton. It feeds by photosynthesis. Basically it's algae.
• Zooplankton (tiny animals and fish larvae). Eats phytoplankton.

Plankton includes algae, bacteria, protozoa, crustacean larvae, and jellyfish.

Jellyfish are one of the oldest creatures on Earth. Their exact species composition unknown One of the most major representatives– jellyfish “ Lion's mane"(tentacle length 30 m). The “Australian wasp” is especially dangerous. Transparent jellyfish are small in size - about 2.5 cm. When a jellyfish dies, its tentacles can sting for several more days.

Deep sea fauna

There are a great many inhabitants of the seabed, but their sizes are microscopic. These are basically the simplest single-celled organisms, coelenterates, worms, crustaceans and molluscs. However, in deep water there are also fish and jellyfish that develop the ability to glow. Therefore, we can say that there is not absolute darkness under the water column. The fish that live there are predatory and use light to attract prey. One of the most unusual and terrifying, at first glance, is the hauliod. This is a black fish small sizes with a long mustache on the lower lip, with the help of which she moves, and with terrible long teeth.

One of the most recognizable representatives of the mollusk order is the squid. It lives in both warm and cold seas. How colder water, the paler the color of the squid. The change in color saturation also depends on the electrical impulse. Some individuals have three hearts, so they have the ability to regenerate. Squids are predators; they feed on small crustaceans and plankton.

Shellfish also include oysters, mussels, and scallops. These representatives have a soft body, closed in a shell of two valves. They practically do not move, bury themselves in silt or live in large colonies, located on rocks and underwater reefs.

Snakes and turtles

Sea turtles are large animals. They reach 1.5 m in length and can weigh up to 300 kg. Ridley is the smallest among all turtles, weighing no more than 50 kg. The front legs of turtles are better developed than the hind legs. This helps them swim long distances. It is known that sea turtles appear on land only to procreate. The shell represents bone formation with thick shields. Its color ranges from light brown to dark green.

When getting their food, turtles swim to a depth of 10 meters. They mainly feed on shellfish, algae and sometimes small jellyfish.

Sea snakes exist in 56 species, grouped into 16 genera. They are found off the coast of Africa and Central America, in the Red Sea and near the coast of Japan. A large population lives in the South China Sea.

Snakes do not dive deeper than 200 meters, but they can remain without air for 2 hours. Therefore, further than 5 - 6 km from land, these underwater inhabitants don't swim. Crustaceans, shrimp, and eels became their food. The most famous representatives sea ​​snakes:

• The Ringed Emidocephalus is a snake with poisonous teeth.

Marine inhabitants, their photos with names, habitats and unusual facts of life are of great interest to both scientists and amateurs. The sea is a whole Universe, the secrets of which people will have to learn for many more millennia.

Marine animals are very diverse. These include both huge giant whales and microscopic plankton. Captures the diversity of the inhabitants of the deep sea.

Photos of whales

The largest animals in the sea are whales. However, not only at sea, but also on land, whales have no equal in size.

In total, there are about 130 species of whales left on Earth, and approximately 40 extinct species of whales are known. Depending on the species, the length of whales ranges from 2 to 25 meters. The world's largest species is the blue whale.

Whales live in all oceans and almost all seas of our planet. IN northern waters whales feel great thanks to a thick layer of fat.

Most whales feed on small fish and plankton. But there is also a more predatory species of whale that hunts large animals - the killer whale. This is one of the most beautiful whales.

Although killer whales are similar in appearance to dolphins, they are very different from them. The most noticeable distinctive feature Killer whales are characterized by their contrasting black and white coloring.

Killer whales hunt for everything they can catch and are quite voracious. If killer whales lead a sedentary lifestyle, they feed on fish and small sea animals. Migrating killer whales can even attack sperm whales. There are known cases of killer whales attacking a herd of elk crossing a pond.

Photos of sharks

Another type of large marine predator is sharks. These are mainly large predatory fish that have remained virtually unchanged for billions of years. appearance in the process of evolution.

Like whales, sharks live in almost all oceans and seas. There are sharks that feed on fish, but there is also a species that feeds on plankton - the whale shark.

Photo of moray eel

Another genus of marine predatory fish is moray eels. They live in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Moray eels can be confused with snakes; they are very similar in appearance. But the appearance of moray eels is very disgusting, although there are terrible lovers of these fish.

In ancient European mythology, the moray eel became the prototype of huge sea ​​monsters. Some ancients believed that moray eels are juvenile sea monsters; when they grow up, they swim far into the ocean.

Photos of dolphins

Probably the most beloved sea animals by people are dolphins. There are also many types of them in different sizes. Dolphins accompany various ships and bring joy to people with their jumps from the water.

Dolphins are mammals, not fish.

The life of dolphins in captivity is halved, but in the wild they live up to 50 years. Probably melancholy and despondency in captivity oppresses them.

Dolphins love to communicate with people; they are kind and social animals by nature. but these sea animals are tactful and never impose themselves.

Photos of seals

Seals live in the northern seas and oceans. These are carnivorous pinnipeds that establish colonies on coastal rocks. Such places serve as a refuge for them from predators.

Their main food is fish, but they do not mind eating shrimp or other crustaceans and mollusks.

See.

One of the most voracious seals is the leopard seal.

This species of seal got its name because of the unique shape of the male’s nose and because of its enormous size. Males of this species can reach six meters in length and weigh more than four tons.

Another large species of seal lives in the north of Russia - the bearded seal. The largest sea hares weigh 360 kg.

But despite its size, the seal sea ​​hare may become prey for a polar bear.

Photo of a walrus

Other pinnipeds that inhabit the seas are walruses. They have powerful tusks.

Only males have tusks. They use them as weapons during fights for females during the mating season.

Walruses can fend for themselves, as they are very large animals. But killer whales and polar bears are a threat to them.

Let's finish with pinnipeds and move on to mollusks.

Octopus photo

“Eight legs” is what this sea creature was called in ancient Greece. And the octopus lives up to its name.

Octopuses inhabit tropical and subtropical seas. In total there are more than 200 species.

Octopuses are able to change their color to camouflage themselves from other predators and use camouflage to wait for their prey. They can even take on the appearance of a predator and copy its behavior.

Photo of cuttlefish

The cuttlefish, like the octopus, is a cephalopod.

The cuttlefish has a beak-like mouth. It's hard to see behind the tentacles in the photo, but believe me, it can bite through a crab's shell.

Like octopuses, cuttlefish can change color and blend into an area in order to hide from an enemy or lie in ambush.

In total, approximately 30 species of cuttlefish are known. The smallest species measures 1.5-1.8 centimeters.

Photo of squid

Squids are another cephalopod. Squids inhabit all seas and oceans, including the northern ones. Northern species of squid are somewhat smaller and are often colorless. Other species also rarely have bright colors.

It is unknown how many species of squid live on our planet. Many species live at great depths, which makes them difficult to study.

Usually the size of squid is 25 - 50 cm. But there is a unique species - giant squid, its size can reach 18 meters. Some deep-sea species of squid are able to glow, so they attract prey in the pitch darkness of the deep sea.

Many types of squid have wing fins on their sides. These organs act as a balancer when swimming, and using them the squid can accelerate and jump out of the water to escape a predator.

Photos of crabs

From cephalopods we move on to crabs. These are representatives of the class Crustaceans.

These marine animals have five pairs of paws, one of which has evolved into claws. A crab can lose a claw in a fight, but it then grows back, like the tail of a lizard.

There are many types of crabs and they are very diverse in size and color. Different species feed completely differently; the diet may consist of algae, crustaceans, small fish or shellfish.

Lobster photo

Large crustaceans live in the oceans and seas: lobsters and lobsters. Lobsters are similar to regular crayfish, only they have larger claws.

Basically, the color of different types of lobsters is very simple, camouflage. This is caused by the presence large number these animals have enemies. But sometimes there are mutant individuals with an unusual color.

This is a blue lobster, a very rare specimen. One in two million lobsters has this color. Yellow, red, white or two-color lobsters are even more rare.

Photos of lobsters

Another large crustacean is lobsters. These crustaceans prefer warm waters, unlike lobsters, which are also found in cold waters.

Lobsters do not live at depths greater than 200 meters. They try to settle in places where they can find refuge. Many predators do not mind eating lobster.

Lobsters are loners. Lobsters spend their entire lives, except for the breeding season, in solitude, without communicating with members of their genus.

Marine animals also include seabirds. For example, penguins - living on Southern Hemisphere peculiar seabirds.

Penguins live not only in Antarctica. There are large colonies of these birds in southern Australia and South America.

There are 18 known species of penguins. They are different in size, there are some differences in color. but the main color is contrasting black and white.