Slide 2
Black Sea coast
A narrow strip of the Black Sea coast, in the center of which the city of Sochi is located, and mountain slopes up to an altitude of 500-600m belong to the zone subtropical forests, or subtropics. Fast streams flow down from the mountains. Trees, shrubs and grasses grow wildly.
Slide 3
Subtropical weather
Winter is warm. It rains often. Snow falls rarely and melts quickly. Summer is moderately hot. Spring and autumn are very warm. The coast is located between the sea and the mountains. The coast is protected from cold and hot winds.
Slide 4
Holidays on the Black Sea Coast
Amazingly rich inanimate nature Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Moderately hot summers and warm winter, at the same time sea and mountain air, healing mud, healing mineral waters.
Slide 5
Vegetable world
Vegetable world This zone is rich and varied. On the mountain slopes at an altitude of 500-600m there are broad-leaved forests where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, and chestnut grow.
Slide 6
Parks of the Caucasus
The parks have evergreen plants: Pitsunda pine, cypress, magnolia, thuja, palm, laurel.
Slide 8
The Arboretum contains plants from different countries with a warm climate. These are Australian eucalyptus, Lebanese cedar, Japanese quince, flowering cacti, bamboo, and sequoia.
Slide 9
From cultivated plants in the parks you can find grapes, figs, Walnut, apricot, peach, pear, apple tree, ornamental flowering plants.
Slide 10
Animal world
The most wonderful and largest animals protected areas– bison, roe deer, wild boars, Caucasian goats, deer, lynxes, bears.
The location of the zone lies the secret of its amazing climate and nature. The sun heats the sea during the summer (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Black Sea in summer ()
And then the sea gives back to the coast in winter warm air. The high and young Caucasus Mountains (Fig. 3) are close, they are an insurmountable barrier to the cold north wind, so the coast has moderately hot summers and warm winters. There is a lot of precipitation. The air here is humid.
Rice. 3. Caucasus Mountains ()
Vegetable world This zone is rich and varied. On the slopes of the mountains there are broad-leaved forests untouched by man. They grow here beech And oak- majestic trees, known for their high quality wood (Fig. 4-5).
It also grows in these forests maple, linden, hornbeam, chestnut(Fig. 6-9).
Evergreens are planted in parks and city streets: Pitsunda pine, cypress, thuja, laurel(Fig. 10-13).
IN ancient Greek culture The laurel represented victory and peace and was dedicated to Apollo. That is why in Greece musicians, poets, dancers, whose patron was Apollo, were awarded laurel wreaths (Fig. 14), while athletes were crowned with olive or celery wreaths.
Rice. 14. Awarding a laurel wreath in Ancient Greece ()
IN Ancient Rome the laurel wreath becomes the highest sign of military and imperial glory (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Emperor Ancient Rome Claudius in a laurel wreath ()
Laurel leaves have long been used as an aromatic seasoning (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Dried bay leaf ()
You can also see magnificent magnolias(bloom in February-March) and silver acacia(blooms in January-February) (Fig. 17, 18).
In the city of Sochi there is a famous arboretum (from the Greek δένδρον - tree) - a unique collection of subtropical flora and fauna, which is a monument of landscape art (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Sochi Arboretum ()
About 2000 species of plants from all over the world are collected here: radiata pine from North America, pinus pine from Italy (the fabulous Pinocchio was made from a log of such a tree), cork oak from the Mediterranean (bottle caps are made from its bark), etc. (Fig. 20-24)
The Sochi Arboretum has a rich collection of palm trees. For example, elephant palm, it is more than 100 years old, its trunk looks like an elephant’s leg (Fig. 25). This species was brought from Chile.
The most tall trees in the Sochi Arboretum - cypress trees, their name comes from the island of Cyprus (Fig. 26).
Rice. 26. Cypress trees ()
The arboretum presents many types of flowers and flowering plants, so here all year round you can observe the colorful flowering of one species or another. Blooms in autumn and winter camellia, brought from Japan (Fig. 27).
Blooms from mid-winter Erika, this flowering shrub greatly decorates the winter park (Fig. 28).
Sochi Arboretum is a safe zone not only for rare species plants, but also for animals. There are many birds here: pelicans, peacocks, black swans etc. (Fig. 29-31).
The Black Sea coast has been famous since ancient times for its magnificent harvests of vegetables and fruits. Pumpkins are grown here bell pepper, peaches, grapes, tangerines and even tea (Fig. 32-37).
Rich and varied animal world subtropical zones. Hot humid climate suitable for insects: among the green foliage you can see praying mantis(feeds on small insects), chirping can be heard in the evening cicadas(herbivorous), difficult to find on oleander oleander hawkmoth - fleeing from enemies, he disguises himself as the coloring of this plant (Fig. 38-40).
This zone is inhabited by Caucasian lizard, she is harmless, fast and dexterous (Fig. 41).
Rice. 41. Caucasian lizard ()
Bright and unusual bird hoopoe, it has a long, sharp beak, and its colorful crest sometimes opens up in the shape of a fan (Fig. 42). Its favorite food is ant larvae and caterpillars.
In the Caucasus Mountains live roe deer, noble and graceful animals, emphasizing the tranquility of these places with their calmness (Fig. 43).
But if necessary, roe deer can develop high speed and make jumps up to 8 m in length (Fig. 44).
Rice. 44. Roe deer jump ()
They live in the Black Sea bottlenose dolphins- sociable, intelligent and easy to train animals (Fig. 45).
Rice. 45. Bottlenose dolphin ()
Bottlenose dolphins communicate with each other using whistles at an ultrasonic frequency - the human ear can only distinguish some of these sounds.
One of the most ancient living creatures on Earth, they appeared even before dinosaurs (Fig. 46).
They only look flabby, but to the touch the jellyfish are elastic and hard. They have an umbrella-like structure with many tentacles. If you touch a jellyfish, you will get burned, just like when you touch nettles - this is how the jellyfish defends itself. But if a jellyfish is washed ashore by a wave, it dies because it consists almost entirely of water and cannot be on land.
Thousands of Russians annually relax and recuperate on the Black Sea coast. Most Popular resort towns- this is Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse (Fig. 47-49)
and, of course, Sochi, which is the largest resort city in Russia and Europe, and is also unofficially called the summer, southern and resort “capital” of Russia (Fig. 50).
In the next lesson we will learn what consequences mankind’s thoughtless impact on nature has led to, what nature conservation is, why it is needed, what its rules are.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.
- Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" Public lesson" ().
- Social network education workers Nsportal.ru ().
Homework
- Choose the necessary continuation of the given statements.
- Prepare a short report about one of the inhabitants of the Black Sea. Draw an illustration.
- * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, create a crossword puzzle (20 questions) “By the Black Sea.”
Which largely depends on the local characteristics of the territory. Subtropics are typical for the south of Australia, the north and extreme south of Africa, the coast of the Balkans, but they also exist in Russia.
Subtropical zone
The climate on Earth is not the same. Some places are unbearably hot, others are covered eternal ice and permeate with cold, in others there is a lot of heat and moisture. Based on the features weather conditions, there are several climate zones on our planet.
The subtropical zone is present in both the North and Southern Hemisphere. It extends from 30 degrees north latitude to 40 degrees south latitude, and is transitional between the tropical and temperate zones. They study the features of the subtropical zone in 4th grade.
The conditions of the belt are determined by two dominant air masses, replacing each other. In winter they come from the temperate zone, bringing with them coolness and precipitation, in summer the wind comes from the tropics, saturating the air with warmth.
Winters in this zone are usually mild, with an average temperature of +4..+5 degrees. Serious cold snaps are extremely rare, and frosts usually do not exceed -10 degrees. Summers in the subtropical zone are hot, sunny and dry. The average temperature is +20 degrees.
Diversity of the subtropics
Despite the presence common features, zones in different regions is different. In addition to seasonal winds, it is influenced by local landscapes, as well as the presence or absence of nearby seas and oceans. So, inside the belt there are humid, semi-humid and arid areas. They differ in the amount of precipitation and are present on each of the continents.
In the interior of the continents there are regions with a dry climate throughout the year. Within their boundaries there are zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes with woodlands, shrubs and cereals.
In the east and southeast of the continents, humidity is high in summer, winters are rainless, and there is virtually no seasonal temperature difference. Subtropical natural zones of the eastern part are represented mixed forests with bamboos, magnolias, pines, oaks, fir, palm trees; broad-leaved semi-deciduous forests - hemihyleas, with ferns, bamboos and vines.
On the western side there are regions of semi-humid subtropics with a Mediterranean climate. It has wet winters and dry summers. The predominant areas are hard-leaved forests with evergreen oaks, pines, firs, junipers, olives and other plants.
Subtropical zone of Russia
Subtropics are not typical for Russia. Most of its territory lies in temperate zone, and in the north it covers the subarctic and But there are also warmer areas where even in winter there are often above-zero temperatures.
Subtropical zone Russia occupies a very small space and stretches along the Black Sea coast. Such conditions from Sochi to Anapa were formed thanks to the mountains and the sea.
The Caucasus ridge is a natural shield, a kind of barrier that does not allow cold, harsh winds from the east and north to pass through, and in the summer it retains sea air masses, preventing them from passing further to the continent.
The Caucasus Mountains form the boundary between the temperate zone to the north and the subtropical zone to the southern slopes. Moving from east to west, this difference becomes stronger due to the increase in the height of the mountains.
Climate and vegetation of the subtropics of Russia
The natural conditions of the Black Sea coast of Russia vary from dry steppe areas to highly humid areas. From Taman to arid, steppe. There are swamps and estuaries here, so the vegetation is predominantly aquatic.
Subtropics begin from Anapa. Around Tuapse the climate is Mediterranean. In winter it falls a large number of precipitation. Average annual temperatures range from +12 to +14 degrees. Olives, juniper woodlands, Crimean pines, and wild pistachios grow in this part of the coast. The climate is similar to the Balkan coast or the southern coast of Crimea. In the mountains, vegetation also changes with increasing altitude. Where the mountains are not very high, cold currents from the continent still find loopholes. They meet with the warm sea air of the coast, forming local winds and boras. When bora blows, tornadoes, tornadoes and hurricanes often occur.
From Tuapse begins a zone of humid subtropics, similar to the climate of the coasts of Georgia, Abkhazia, and Colchis. In this area the mountains are higher, so the barrier from the winds is more reliable. On the western slopes, up to 3000 mm of precipitation falls throughout the year. This is the wettest place in the European part of the world.
There is also a lot of precipitation on the coast - up to 2000 mm/year. Multi-layered evergreen forests grow in the region. In the lower reaches grow beech, oak, and hornbeam, entwined with vines and with green undergrowth. Fruits, chestnuts, hazel, strawberry trees, and silk acacias grow in the foothills. Citrus fruits, figs, and pomegranates are grown in the gardens. In mountainous areas, vegetation corresponds to the altitudinal zone.
Subtropical climatic zones – geographical zones Northern and Southern hemispheres of the globe, stretching between tropical and temperate zones. For areas located in this belt, characterized by alternating temperate and tropical climate regimes. This is explained by the seasonal rhythms of the general circulation of atmospheric air: in summer time subtropical zones are under the influence of the trade wind climate regime, in winter - under the influence of the cyclonic circulation of temperate air masses. The exception is the eastern outskirts, where summer monsoon precipitation is observed.
During the summer average temperature air temperature is more than 20 °C, in winter - more than 4 °C. When polar air masses penetrate, there is a high probability of frosts and light frosts (down to -10 °C). Above land in the subtropical zone the level atmospheric precipitation and their regime varies significantly from coastal regions of the ocean to inland ones. This, combined with an increase in climate continentality in the same direction, determines significant landscape differences in the characteristics of natural zones.
On the territory of each continent in the subtropical zones, three main regions are clearly distinguished: the western oceanic, or Mediterranean, with high humidity in winter; continental with insufficient air humidity all year round; eastern coastal, or monsoon, with high air humidity in summer.
Natural areas of the subtropical zone
In the western oceanic region, the so-called semi-arid subtropics, there is a zone of hard-leaved shrubs and forests on brown soils. In the Northern Hemisphere, after the zone of hard-leaved forests and shrubs, zones of subtropical steppes on gray-brown soils follow to the southeast. To the east there are zones of subtropical semi-deserts and deserts of the continental region on gray-brown soils and gray soils. These are dry subtropics.
In the Southern Hemisphere, in the continental regions of the subtropics, there is a zone of subtropical steppes on gray-brown soils. In the eastern regions there are humid subtropics with evergreen broad-leaved forests, and in more high latitudes- deciduous broad-leaved forests with an admixture of evergreen tree species on red soils, yellow soils and yellow-brown soils. In mountainous areas, the subtropical zone corresponds to forest-meadow (in humid areas) and forest-steppe (in dry areas) levels of altitudinal zonation.
On the territory of the CIS countries there is an area along the upper border of the subtropical zone, therefore the nature here does not correspond to that typical for the subtropics. The subtropics occupy the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, the southern coast of Crimea, the Colchis, Kura-Araks and Lankaran lowlands, the Alazani Valley and the southern outskirts of the deserts of Central Asia.
Due to economic activity humans in the subtropics, forests are often replaced by plantation and field landscapes. In the fauna, there is a cohabitation of species from temperate and tropical zones. Ocean waters in the subtropics are characterized by relatively high temperature(15-16 °C) and high salinity of water. As a result of weak vertical mixing of ocean waters, the concentration of oxygen and plankton in them decreases. This is due to the small number of commercial fish.
Related materials:
Lesson objectives: become familiar with climatic conditions subtropical zones; get acquainted with the climatic conditions of the subtropical zone; learn about the characteristics of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; learn about the characteristics of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; about people's activities; about people's activities; learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature
Some get water from great depths with their long roots, the length of which reaches m.
They also live in dry places major representatives animal world. These are camels and antelopes. Antelopes are good runners and run great distances in search of water. And the camel stores fat in the tissues of its body, when consumed, water is released.
Subtropics in our country occupy small area. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On one side are the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other, the Black Sea. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On one side are the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other, the Black Sea. The tropics are a thermal zone located on both sides of the equator. The tropics are a thermal zone located on both sides of the equator. What does the word “subtropics” mean? What does the word "subtropics" mean?
The climate in the subtropics is much warmer than in the temperate zone. Summer is very long and quite hot. Summer is very long and quite hot. Winter is short and not cold. During winter, the temperature remains above zero almost all the time. Winter is short and not cold. During winter, the temperature remains above zero almost all the time.
The flora of this zone is rich and diverse. On the mountain slopes at an altitude of m there are broad-leaved forests where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, and chestnut grow.
Sturgeon is a valuable species of fish. Reaches a length of 2 m and a weight of kg. Fishing is currently prohibited. The mouth of sturgeons is located on the lower surface of the head and is devoid of teeth. It feeds on worms and larvae living on the bottom. Most of the sturgeon's life is spent at sea. To spawn, it enters the Don and Kuban rivers.
One of the most remarkable and striking phenomena in the Black Sea is its glow. This usually happens in August. It is caused by tiny organisms main role among which flagellated nocturnals play. They look like small fish eggs. You can spend hours watching, sitting on the seashore at night, how the wave rushing onto the shore flashes with bright sparks. Most of the inhabitants of the Black Sea can be seen in aquariums in the Arboretum and on Novaya Matsesta
Man by the sea Growing valuable crops: tea, lemon, tangerine, grapes, pomegranate, etc. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus as a resort area. Fishing, crab fishing, shrimp fishing. Breeding mussels (in special pools with clean water) Use of wild subtropical plants by humans (wood, medicinal raw materials, building material)
TEST “Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.” 1. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is located…. a) in the forest zone of the country b) in the subtropical zone of the country c) c steppe zone countries 2. The subtropics of Russia are a) a vast zone in the center of the country b) a vast zone in the east of the country c) a small zone on the Black Sea coast 3. On the slopes of mountains in the subtropics the following trees are often found: a) beech, chestnut b) larch, lingonberry c)alder, linden
4. On the Black Sea coast live: a) cicadas, praying mantises, locusts b) fillies, darkling beetles c) speed beetles, water striders 5. In the Black Sea live: a) crocodiles, anacondas, seals b) jellyfish, dolphins, flounder c )sharks, seals, turtles 6. In the subtropical zone: a) moderately hot summers and warm winters b) hot summers and moderate Cold winter c) moderately warm summer and cold winter.
