A word can have both direct and figurative lexical meaning. Polysemantic words have a figurative meaning.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Toy, -And, and. 1. A thing used for playing. Kids toys. 2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed.

Depending on the basis on which sign the value is transferred, there are three main types of value transition:

  • metaphor,
  • metonymy,
  • synecdoche.

Direct meaning of the word

The words of our speech name objects, their signs and actions. Unambiguous words directly correlate with the object of reality; they directly name an object, its attribute or process of action. This direct meaning words.

In the flow of speech, such words immediately evoke the idea of ​​what they name. Their meaning does not depend on the context, for example:

The blue sky stretched over the forest, over the field, over the villages.

The sky beckons future cosmonauts.

White shaggy clouds float lazily across the sky.

Most words in the Russian language have a literal meaning, for example:

daughter, house, grass, polite, huge.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main lexical meaning.

figurative meaning of the word

A word can have several lexical meanings, which arise based on the direct meaning. Such a new additional lexical meaning is called portable. It appears based on the similarity of objects in appearance, attribute or action (function), for example:

in a phrase "stone building" word "stone" names the material from which the building is made and denotes a direct attribute of the object "strong, solid, immovable".

In the phrase "stone face" adjective "stone" stands for " harsh, insensitive" or "malevolent" face. In this example the word "stone" has a secondary figurative meaning, formed on the basis of the direct meaning.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that it moves to another object, another phenomenon or process along common points of contact in meaning. Then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. This is how words have multiple meanings. Polysemantic words have a figurative meaning, for example:

  • the blue sea is a sea of ​​wheat - a sea of ​​people;
  • light burden - light hand - light industry.

Direct meaning of the word - this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Kids toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed. Depending on the basis on which sign the transfer of meaning occurs, there are three main types of transfer of meaning: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:

ripe apple - eyeball (in shape); the nose of a person - the bow of a ship (by location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - airplane wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound); and etc.

Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:

water boils - the kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a delicious dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc.

Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:

thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth - an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. As is known, within homonymy, lexical and morphological homonyms are distinguished. Lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all their forms. For example: a key (from a lock) and a (icy) key.

Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of individual grammatical forms of the same word: three is the numeral and the imperative form of the verb to rub.

These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, - words and forms of different meanings that sound the same, although they are spelled differently. flu - mushroom,

Homonyms also include homographs - words that have the same spelling but differ in stress: castle - castle

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

Synonyms are words that denote the same concept, therefore, identical or similar in meaning.

Synonyms that have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them, two groups are distinguished: a) synonyms belonging to different functional styles: live (neutral interstyle) - live (official business style); b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades. smart (with a positive coloring) - brainy, big-headed (roughly familiar coloring).

semantic-stylistic. They differ both in meaning and stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, hang around, stagger.

Synonyms perform various functions in speech.

Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed a little lost, as if he was afraid (I. S. Turgenev).

Synonyms are used to contrast concepts, which sharply highlights their differences, especially strongly emphasizing the second synonym: He actually did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground

One of the most important functions of synonyms is the substitution function, which allows you to avoid repeating words.

Synonyms are used to construct a special stylistic figure

Stringing synonyms can, if handled ineptly, indicate the author’s stylistic helplessness.

Inappropriate use of synonyms gives rise to a stylistic error - pleonasm (“memorable souvenir”).

Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.

Syntactic appears when the grammar of the language makes it possible to make some function words redundant. “I know he will come” and “I know he will come.” The second example is syntactically redundant. It's not a mistake.

Positively, pleonasm can be used to prevent information loss (to be heard and remembered).

Also, pleonasm can serve as a means of stylistic design of a statement and a technique of poetic speech.

Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).

Synonymy creates wide possibilities for selecting lexical means, but searching for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine exactly how synonyms differ, what semantic or emotional-expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose from a multitude of words the only correct, necessary one.

The same words can be used in different ways in speech, receiving different meanings. Stand out straight And portable meanings of words. Direct(or basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality.

Yes, words table, black, boil have the following meanings: 1. A piece of furniture in the form of a horizontal board on high supports, legs; 2. Color of soot, coal; 3. Seethe, bubble, evaporate from strong heat (about liquids). These values ​​are stable, although historically they may change. For example, the word table in the Old Russian language it meant “throne”, “reign”.

The direct meanings of words depend less than others on the context, on the nature of connections with other words.

Portable(indirect) meanings of words - those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

Yes, word table used in several figurative meanings: 1. A piece of special equipment or part of a cold-formed machine ( operating table, raise the machine table); 2. Nutrition, food ( rent a room with a table); 3. A department in an institution in charge of a special range of affairs ( information desk).

Word black has the following figurative meanings: 1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white ( black bread); 2. Has taken on a dark color, darkened ( black from tan); 3. In the old days: chicken ( black hut); 4. Gloomy, desolate, heavy ( black thoughts); 5. Criminal, malicious ( black treason); 6. Not main, auxiliary ( back door in the house); 7. Physically difficult and unskilled ( dirty work).

Word boil has the following figurative meanings:

1. Manifest to a strong degree ( work is in full swing); 2. To manifest something with force, to a strong degree ( seethe with indignation); 3. Move randomly ( river was boiling with fish).

As we see, when transferring meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, usual object of designation, but are brought closer to another concept by various associations that are obvious to speakers.



Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness ( black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. This is how figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: pipe elbow, teapot spout, carrot tail, clock ticking. In such cases, they speak of extinct imagery in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of similarities in something between objects, characteristics, and actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: teapot spout, door handle, table leg, book spine, etc.

The value transfer process goes like this : baby's foot(direct) - table leg(portable) - table leg(direct).

The primary, direct meaning can sometimes be restored only by studying the history of the word.

Let us summarize the above material in the table:

Types of portable values

Depending on what attribute the meaning is transferred from one object to another; the following types of figurative meanings of a word are distinguished.

1) Transfer of values ​​according to any similarity between objects and phenomena. Such figurative meanings are called metaphorical. Metaphor(from the Greek Metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name from one object, action, property, phenomenon to other actions, properties, phenomena based on the similarity of their characteristics (for example, shape, color, function, location and etc.). Examples of metaphorical meanings:
a) onion head, eyeball - transfer based on the similarity of the shape of objects;
b) the bow of a boat, the tail of a train, the head of a nail - transfer based on the similarity of the arrangement of objects;
c) wiper (meaning “a cleaning device on the glass of a car”), electric position, watchman (meaning “a device on a dish for holding boiling milk”) - transfer based on the similarity of the functions of objects.

Many metaphorical figurative meanings of the word are characterized by anthropomorphism, that is, the assimilation of the properties of the surrounding physical world to the properties of a person. Compare these examples: an evil wind, indifferent nature, the breath of spring, “The River is Playing” (the title of the story by V.G. Korolenko), the stream is running, the volcano has awakened, etc.

On the other hand, some properties and phenomena of inanimate matter are transferred to the human world, for example: a cold look, an iron will, a heart of stone, a golden character, a mop of hair, a ball of thoughts, etc. There are metaphors general language, when one or another metaphorical meaning of a word is used widely, as a result of which it is known to all speakers of a given language (nail head, river branch, black envy, iron will), and individual, created by a writer or poet, characterizing his stylistic style and not becoming widespread. Compare, for example, metaphors:
S.A. Yesenin: fire of red rowan, birch tongue of the grove, chintz of the sky, grains of the eyes, etc.;
B.L. Pasternak: the labyrinth of the lyre, the bloody tears of September, the buns of lanterns and the crumpets of the roofs, etc.

2) Transfer of name from one subject to another based on adjacency these items. This transfer of values ​​is called metonymy(from Greek Metonymia - renaming). Metonymic transfers of meaning are often formed according to certain regular types:
a) material - a product made from this material. For example, the words gold and crystal can denote products made from these materials (she has gold in her ears; there is solid crystal on the shelves);
b) vessel - the contents of the vessel (ate two plates, drank a cup);
c) author - the works of this author (I read Pushkin, I know Nerkasov by heart);
d) action - an object of action (actions aimed at publishing a book, an illustrated edition of a book as an object);
e) action - the result of an action (construction of a monument - a monumental structure);
f) action - a means or instrument of action (putty of cracks - fresh putty, fastening of gear - ski binding, transmission of movement - bicycle transmission);
g) action - place of action (exiting the house - standing at the exit, traffic stop - bus stop);
h) animal - fur or meat of an animal (a hunter caught a fox - what kind of fur is it, arctic fox or fox?).

One of the peculiar types of metonymy is synecdoche. Synecdoche(from the Greek Sinekdoche - ratio) - the ability of a word to name both a part of something and the whole. For example, the words face, mouth, head, hand designate the corresponding parts of the human body. But each of them can be used to name a person: unauthorized persons are prohibited from entering; in family five mouths; Kolya- light head.

Some characteristic features of a person - beard, glasses, clothes and others are often used to denote a person. For example:
- Hey, beard, where are you going?
- I’m standing behind the blue cloak...
“It’s true that it’s expensive,” sigh the red trousers (Ch.)

Lesson No. 20 Russian language 5th grade date________________

Lesson topic: Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Lesson objectives: 1.Repeat what you have learned on the topic “Vocabulary.”

To teach to distinguish between the direct and figurative meaning of a word, to use words in a figurative meaning in speech.

2.Develop students' creative activity.

Enrich the vocabulary of the language, improve the grammatical structure of students’ speech. Improve learning skills.

3. Cultivate a conscious need for knowledge, a love for the Russian language.

Lesson type: A lesson in consolidating and applying new knowledge in practice.

Equipment: diagram, tables

During the classes

I. Organizational moment. Formulation of the problem.

II.Checking homework:

Vol. Exercise 97.

III. Updating students' knowledge.

Terminological dictation.

    The science that studies the vocabulary of a language is called...(lexicology)

    The vocabulary of a language is called ... (vocabulary)

    What the word means is called...(lexical meaning)

    A word that has one lexical meaning is called... (unambiguous)

    A word that has two or more meanings is called... (multiple meanings)

    The dictionary by which the lexical meaning of a word is determined is called ... (explanatory dictionary)

IV. Learning new material.

1. - Guys, let's write down the terms “direct”, “figurative meaning”. Today we will find out what these words mean.

Table

Golden ring

Black paint

Iron nail

Stone building

Golden autumn

Black thoughts

Iron will

Heart of Stone

Why does the name transfer from one subject to another?

(The transfer of a name from one item to another occurs if they have any similarities).

What does the word "golden" mean?

    straight: made of gold,

    figurative: similar to the color of gold.

VI. Primary test of knowledge.

Exercise.Find the “extra” word.

1. The clock is ticking, it’s raining, it’s snowing, a man is walking.

2. Silver ring, gold bracelet, bronze medal, bronze tan.

V. Consolidation of the topic.

1. Ex. 93 Work on the text.

A) students reading the poem “Autumn”

B) answer the questions:

-What pictures of late autumn does the poet paint?

-What feeling does the picture of late autumn evoke in the poet?

c) vocabulary work:

enveloped - strikes

shivering from the cold - suyktan kaltyrap

withered - solgan

leafless - without leaves

2.Task 1:

There is a diagram on the board.

Students' task: finish constructing the diagram.

The diagram should look like this:

Distribute the phrases in two columns according to the scheme:

Heavy suitcase, light hand, iron discipline, iron nail, Olympic Games, difficult character, cold wind.

3.Task 2.Multi-level task.

First level.Write down, separate the words into two groups .

The sea is sleeping, the children are sleeping, the wolf is howling, the wind is howling, the dust is flying, the bird is flying.

Second level.Explain spellings, emphasize the basics of sentences and indicate in what meaning the verbs are used (literally or figuratively).

The rain has fallen asleep. A fuss of wind arose from the sun, the trees ruffled, the grass and bushes began to mutter. And even the rain itself rose to its feet again, awakened by the tickling warmth, and gathered its body into the clouds.

Third level. 4.Sort the words by meaning:

4. Task 3.Form new phrases by replacing the main word in the data so that the dependent word is used in a figurative meaning.

1 row

Iron nail - (iron health)
Ruddy girl - (ruddy apple)

2nd row

Curly baby –( curly birch)
Sweet pie - (sweet life)

3rd row

Stone house - (heart of stone)
Warm tea - (warm look)

5.Work using a card.

Semantic map.

Words

Examples

unambiguous

polysemantic

literally

figuratively

It is raining

Tram

Needle

The student is coming

VII. Summing up the lesson.

1. Science studies the vocabulary of a language:

A) phonetics
B) syntax
B) lexicology

2. The word is used figuratively in both phrases:

A) heart of stone, build a bridge
B) heat of the sun, stone building
C) golden words, make plans

3. In which series are the words ambiguous:

A) star, artificial, stone;
B) single, blinds, jockey;
B) stony, caftan, composer

4. Word in figurative meaning:

A) a horse is coming

B) a cow is coming

C) the clock is ticking

5.Indicate an unambiguous word:

A) desk B) ruler C) sea

VIII. Homework.

1. Issue exercise 108 page 47

2.Student grades.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Each word has a basic lexical meaning.

For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, There is- this means eating.

The meaning of the word is called direct , if the sound of the word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.

Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or sign based on similarity. The word acquires a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .

Let's look at examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a large body of water with salty water.

Rice. 1. Black Sea ()

This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea ​​of ​​lights, sea of ​​people, sea of ​​books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which denotes a large amount of something or someone.

Rice. 2. City lights ()

Gold coins, earrings, cup- These are objects made of gold.

This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The following phrases have a figurative meaning: goldhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, skillful fingers- this is what they say about the ability to do something well, goldenheart- this is what they say about a person who does good.

Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.

Rice. 6. Heavy load ()

The following phrases have a figurative meaning: tough task- complex, not easy to solve; hard day- a difficult day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, stern.

Girl jumping And temperature fluctuates.

In the first case - a direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid temperature change).

boy running- direct meaning. Time is running out- portable.

Frost has frozen the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.

Rice. 11. River in winter ()

House wall- direct meaning. About heavy rain we can say: wall of rain. This is a figurative meaning.

Read the poem:

What kind of miracle is this?

The sun is shining, the rain is falling,

There's a big beautiful river by the river

The rainbow bridge is rising.

If the sun is shining brightly,

The rain is pouring mischievously,

So this rain, children,

Called mushroom!

Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.

As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemous.

The figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:

Candles were burning on the table. Direct meaning.

His eyes sparkled with happiness. Figurative meaning.

You can turn to an explanatory dictionary for help. The literal meaning of the word is always given first, and then the figurative meaning.

Let's look at an example.

Cold -

1. having a low temperature. Wash your hands with cold water. A cold wind blew from the north.

2. Transfer. About clothes. Cold coat.

3. Transfer. About color. Cool shades of the picture.

4. Transfer. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let us determine which of the highlighted words are used in a literal and which in a figurative meaning.

At the table the mother said:

- Enough tongue wagging.

And my son is careful:

- A swing your legs Can?

Rice. 16. Mom and son ()

Let's check: wag your tongue- figurative meaning; swing your legs- direct.

Flocks of birds fly away

Out for the blue sea,

All the trees are shining

In multi-colored attire.

Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()

Let's check: blue ocean- direct meaning; colorful tree decoration- portable.

The breeze asked as it flew by:

- Why are you rye, golden?

And in response, the spikelets rustle:

- Gold us hands are being raised.

Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.

Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a literal or figurative meaning.

Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a voracious appetite, a difficult character, Olympian calm, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.

Let's check: clean hands- direct, iron nail- direct, heavy bag- direct, voracious appetite- portable, difficult character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, Golden ring- direct, Golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.

Let's make up phrases, write down phrases in a figurative meaning.

Angry (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mom’s, snow), tail (fox, train), hit (frost, hammer), drums (rain, musician).

Let's check: angry frost, dark thoughts, a stream running, a cap of snow, the tail of a train, frost has struck, rain is drumming.

In this lesson we learned that words have literal and figurative meanings. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative and vivid. Therefore, writers and poets love to use figurative meaning in their works.

In the next lesson we will learn which part of the word is called the root, learn how to isolate it in the word, and talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.

  1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
  2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
  3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
  1. Openclass.ru ().
  2. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
  3. Sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().
  • Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 28 P. 21.
  • Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. Science studies the vocabulary of a language:

A) phonetics

B) syntax

B) lexicology

2. The word is used figuratively in both phrases:

A) heart of stone, build a bridge

B) heat of the sun, stone edition

C) golden words, make plans

3. In which series are the words ambiguous:

A) star, artificial, stone

B) single, blinds, jockey

B) stony, caftan, composer

  • * Using the knowledge gained in class, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field And give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.