is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are interconnected by syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Distinctive features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
4. The sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.

Grammatical meaning proposals are general meaning sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).

In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (minor members yes), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the sentence proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. It's freezing. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases offers are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject - main member sentences that are associated with the predicate and answer questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to express the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
2. The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

And how to find it in a sentence? What questions do the predicate and subject answer? These are the themes that have been for many years school years Children learn little by little. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.

Grammar basis

So how do you recognize the stem of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school it is acceptable to consider them a phrase, but if you dig deeper, it’s not entirely true. The questions are:

• The subject is "who" or "what". It can be any object, person, animal, living or inanimate creature and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
• The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions “what is he” or “who is he”, “what does he do”, “what is the object”, “what happens to him”.

Body Sentence Examples

For example, you can take several

• "The boy (who?) goes (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
• "He's sad (what's happening to the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
• “It is small (what is the object?).” The predicate here is a short adjective.
• "Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
• "Baikal is a big lake." Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions “what is” or “what is it.”

Compound verb predicate

A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, as is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. A simple predicate is not always expressed in one word, for example:

1. "I will sing". “I will sing” is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
2. As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate, are model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
3. “She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped.” Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began but did not take place. Such parts are not separated by commas, unlike such parts it happened And It happens, which have the meaning of regular repetition of actions.
4. In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from a compound type, you should remember the following: the first one can be easily replaced with one word, but you cannot replace it with “to be” (in any of its forms).

Compound nominal predicate

This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or three-term. These parts of a sentence can consist of two or more words, which determine the type.

The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed in words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in an indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of an action. Words are used in this capacity must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. This part is also expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.

The nominal predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject and can contain a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.

A complex predicate is a combination of a verbal and a nominal predicate.

While studying the Russian language, every student sooner or later encounters such a concept as grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the “foundation” of a sentence or its main part, consisting of a subject and a predicate (sometimes a sentence consists of one or another part, that is, a subject or a predicate). One or more grammatical stems can occur in one sentence.

How to find a grammatical basis

Skills in finding the grammatical basis will help the student to place punctuation marks faster and more correctly and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its components can be determined with the help of correctly selected questions.

To correctly determine the grammatical basis, first read the entire sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to its meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have a sentence with two components, then immediately proceed to defining the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the entire grammatical basis will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to defining the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of an object, its property, etc.

Dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

IN simple sentence contains only one grammatical basis, and a complex one contains two or more. One-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, there is both a subject and a predicate.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, let's give a few examples.

1. Clouds covered the sun.
   In that simple example Determining the grammatical basis is not so difficult. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question “what?” The predicate is the verb “closed,” which answers the question “what did they do?” Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “the clouds have closed.”
2. My aunt was in a hurry to go to work.
   In this case, the subject is “my aunt” and the verb is “in a hurry.” So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
3. That's how I was taught.
   In this case, there is no subject at the base, there is only the predicate “taught”. It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of a sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly determine the remaining members of the sentence, correctly place punctuation marks and determine the meaning of the text.

When analyzing a sentence morphologically and punctually, it is important to correctly determine its grammatical basis. The ability to quickly identify the subject and predicate will help you correctly place punctuation marks, as well as understand the meaning of the sentence. It is the grammatical basis that is the semantic center of the sentence - its predicative core. It’s great if a person has already learned to quickly identify the grammatical basis. However, it may often seem that defining the predicative core is very simple. In fact, a slight complication of the problem immediately leads to a dead end.

The whole point here is that the modern Russian language has very rich resources and a variety of syntactic connections. The subject and predicate are not necessarily expressed by a noun and a verb. Of course, many will easily find a grammatical basis in the sentence “The tree stands under the window.” We see a noun here: it clearly represents the main member of the sentence. We are talking specifically about the tree. You can easily ask the question “what does it do?” from this subject, and thus find the predicate. “The tree stands” is our grammatical basis. But not all proposals are constructed so simply. It is important for you to remember what parts of speech can express the subject and predicate, and what algorithm you need to use to look for the grammatical basis. You need to know how to find the grammatical basis of a sentence, remember all the nuances, so that later you can accurately analyze texts and place punctuation marks correctly.

The grammatical basis of the sentence: important points
Remember a few important points to learn how to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence. Be sure to write down all basic information. The best option– present information in tables. Let you always have tables on thick sheets of paper or cardboard at hand. This way you will remember everything faster, and then you will no longer look at your cards.

Here simple rules that will help you.

• Full analysis of the proposal in parts. Determine the grammatical basis carefully, try to first find the most suitable option, and then eliminate all other possible ones. The easiest way is to quickly analyze a sentence by underlining all the terms and asking appropriate questions, identifying syntactic connections. IN difficult cases Only this way is the most reliable. It won’t take much time, but you will be sure that you have definitely found the predicative core.
  
• Pencil, pen, draft. Make active use of drafts, pencils, and pens. Make all the necessary notes, write parts of speech directly above the words, underline all parts of the sentence with the usual lines and dotted lines. It is in the draft that you can calmly parse the sentence and delve deeper into its lexical and grammatical meaning.
  
• No rush. Under no circumstances try to do everything as quickly as possible! You are likely to make mistakes, because when parsing, you need to treat each case with double attention. You may successfully find the grammatical basics in a few sentences and then start making mistakes. You should not try to determine the subject and predicate at random.
  
• Members of a sentence and parts of speech. Forget about the direct relationship between a word’s relationship to parts of speech and its role in a sentence! If you see a noun, don't immediately assume that it is the subject. Predicates are also not always expressed by verbs.
  
• Such a complex predicate. Often more problems arise when determining the predicate. You will need to memorize all types of predicates in order to find grammatical stems accurately. When you not only define the predicate, but precisely name its type, you will be able to say with confidence: this member of the sentence was found correctly.
  
• Unexpected subjects. Pay more attention to defining the subject. It can even be expressed by a union! Check out the examples to get rid of stereotypes and have a broader understanding of grammatical basics in the Russian language.
  

The best way to learn how to identify the grammatical stems of sentences correctly is to familiarize yourself with examples and remember the types of predicates. The algorithm for determining the grammatical basis will also be useful to you; it is quite simple.

We determine the grammatical basis using an algorithm
Remember the simple rules. Follow the sequence of actions to correctly find the subject and predicate in a sentence.

1. Work in draft first. You are looking for grammatical basis. It includes a subject and a predicate. Better start with the subject.
   
2. Read the proposal carefully. Think about its meaning. Think right away: what word could be the subject? What does the sentence say? Which member of the structure can answer the questions “who?”, “what?”, be the bearer of an action or a designated person? For example: “Dad was walking home.” You immediately see the subject “dad”, which is the bearer of the action. Dad is coming - this is what the sentence says.
   
3. When you have already identified the subject, you should move on to the predicate. From the subject to the predicate, you can ask a conditional question, although it is traditionally believed that in the grammatical basis the parts are equal. However, you will quickly be able to determine the connection: dad (what was he doing?) was walking. The grammatical basis is defined.
   
4. Remember that sentences can be one-part. Not all grammatical stems consist of a subject and a predicate. Let's look at examples.
   • A noun clause with a subject. Cold winter.
     
   • Definitely a personal proposal. There is only a predicate. Come Tomorrow.
     
   • The impersonal is the predicate. It's getting dark.
     
   • Generalized-personal. The grammatical basis consists of a predicate. We are so taught.
     
   • Indefinitely personal, there is no subject in the grammatical basis. you there will meet.
     
5. If you come across a sentence that is difficult to understand, it is too long, it has many parts, it is most convenient to parse it entirely. Even if you think you have already found the grammatical basis, try to determine the role of other parts of the sentence. It is likely that you missed something, did not pay attention to some words and their meanings in the sentence.
   
6. Be sure to check yourself again when you have completed the work. Analyze the meaning of the sentence and the syntactic roles of all its members. Make sure that your grammatical stem is truly a predicative core and carries the main lexical and grammatical meaning.
   
7. You can transfer everything to a clean copy.
   

Work as carefully as possible. Determine the grammatical basis precisely by its syntactic role in the sentence, do not be distracted by what parts of speech the words are.

Various grammatical bases, subjects and predicates. A few nuances
To better understand the peculiarities of grammatical basics, check out some examples. So, it is interesting to consider what parts of speech can express subjects.

• Noun. Summer came unexpectedly.
  
• Personal pronoun. She returned home.
  
• Interrogative pronoun. What happened?
  
• Numeral. Eight less than ten.
  
• Adjective. Violet- my favorite color is.
  
• Union. AND- connecting union.
  
• A noun in the nominative case and a noun in the instrumental case. Mother with daughter let's go to the theater.
  

Be sure to remember the types of predicates in order to correctly determine the grammatical basics and not leave its parts unmarked. For example, some words can simply be skipped. Upon complete analysis of the sentence, you will immediately see that they are left without their syntactic role.

Predicates can be simple verbs (PGS), compound verbs (CGS) and compound nominals (CIS).

• PGS. In this case, the predicate is expressed by the personal form of the verb. She ponders. Nikolay walking. Winter begins. Remember: PGS is sometimes expressed by phraseology with a conjugated verb form. It can be replaced with a verb with a direct meaning. Kostya kicks ass (idles).
  
• GHS. The predicate consists of at least two words, it contains the infinitive of the verb and the connective. The words usually act as connectives: can, loves, wants, maybe, continued, finished, started. I I want to sing. Misha stopped studying. Tanya loves to listen music.
  
• SIS. Such a predicate consists of a verbal connective and a nominal part. The role of the nominal part is played by adverbs, participles, and nominal parts of speech. A copula is a verb to be in its personal form. Note! The verb may be omitted, but the predicate is in front of you. Try setting it up yourself. Summer it will be hot. Day cloudy. Task quickly resolved.
  

Analyze the proposal carefully, be careful and remember all the important points. Then you will find the grammatical basis correctly. Download material

Task formulation:

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 51. Write the answer in numbers:
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes and listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her.

Correct answer: 3

A comment: 1st basis - Anna Fedotovna closed her eyes and listened; 2nd - the soul was silent; 3rd - the voice did not sound.

Task 11 related to task 8OGE in Russian, in which you need to write out the grammatical basis. Therefore, you should first repeat assignment material 8 (Link will open in a new window). Considering the specifics of task 11, your main task is to count the number of stems in a sentence. Therefore, in this article we will consider the theoretical material in more detail.

What you need to know:

Subject

SUBJECT- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an object, the action or attribute of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions “who?”, “what?”. You can ask a question that will help you in any situation: “Who (or what) is doing the action?” When parsing a sentence, the subject is emphasized by one line.

Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).

Example: The book was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - book. She was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - she.

The subject can be:

1. any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun: Smart won't go uphill smart will go around the mountain(adjective meaning noun). Asleep didn't notice that the train had left for the depot (participle as a noun) They walked towards him three (numeral).

2. indefinite form verb: Observe for the birds - favorite hobby our cat.

3. pronouns of other categories (relative-interrogative, attributive, demonstrative) in the nominative case: Who feed the cat? You can't help but love a cat which lives in our house.

Subject expressed by phrase

The subject can be expressed as integral in meaning phrase:

1. proper name: At first sight Maria Sergeevna he didn't like it, Black Sea Wonderful;

2. a stable combination of words: Ugly duck was actually a swan. Railway goes along the shore of the Black Sea;

3. phraseological unit: Disservice in the form of a cheat sheet planted by a friend, prevented him from passing the exam the first time;

4. combination of a numeral with a noun in the genitive case:Sitting on the bench three old men ;

5. a combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (most, row, part, etc.) with a noun in the genitive case: Part of the class went on an excursion;

6. a combination of an adjective, numeral or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition from: Each of us wanted to become an excellent student;

7. combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective: Each of us has something special;

8. a combination of a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the form of the instrumental case with the preposition with: Tamara and I We go as a couple. (A. Barto)

In all these cases, the subject is the entire phrase, and not individual words in its composition.

Note

1. It is necessary to distinguish nouns in the accusative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and are dependent words, acting as complements in a sentence) from nouns in the nominative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “what?” and act as the subject).

Example: The wind shakes the ear. In this sentence, two words answer the question “what?”: wind and ear. But only the word wind is the subject, because it correlates with the predicate, therefore, it is in the nominative case. And the word ear is an addition. All new interested in young people. The subject here is “everything new,” since its action is interesting. And the word youth is an addition.

2. There are sentences that have no subject. These are two-part incomplete or one-part sentences.

Example: It blew from somewhere. To me gave the opportunity fix the two.

Predicate

PREDICATE- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an action or attribute of the subject and answering the questions “what does it do?” or “what uhIs that what it is?” When parsing a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two features.

Example: The guys emphasized the predicate with two features

At school, three types of predicates are studied: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1. With one verb in the form of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: Masha does his homework. Masha doesn't do her homework (negative particle Not is always part of the predicate). Masha will do her homework. (will do is a compound form of the future tense of the verb do.) Do your homework! Let him do his homework (let him do his homework) imperative mood, formed with the help of a particle, albeit shaped 3 l. unit of the verb). Masha would do her homework if she felt well (would do - this is a form of the verb in the conditional mood).

2. A stable combination of verb character: The student came to the conclusion (= understood) that the predicate consists of several words. I I will take part(= will participate) in testing.

3. Phraseologism (in such cases, the predicate is the entire phraseological unit as a whole, and not individual words included in the phraseological unit) : Enough of the bullshit! (= to idle). Rivals often put a spoke in each other's wheels (= get in the way).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate can consist of:

1. An auxiliary verb denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, and an indefinite form of the verb: Wind continued to howl. I started studying literary theory.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the desire, opportunity, ability or intention to perform an action, and the indefinite form of the verb:Mom wants to go to the sea.

3. Short form of the adjective (glad, must, obliged, ready, etc.) and indefinite form of the verb : Everyone should study well. Children able to rejoice life. I was glad to help you.

4. Stable combination and indefinite verb form A:I didn't feel like going for a walk down the street in such cold weather.

5. Predicative adverbs: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary and the indefinite form of the verb: I need to finish the job. You can't help but think about future. Sometimes need to think not only about myself. It was necessary to tell about this right away.

Note

A compound verb predicate always contains an infinitive form of the verb. At the same time, the indefinite form of the verb is not always part of the predicate.

Etc imer:
- Vasya began to sing.
- Petya asked Vasya

sing more quietly.
In the first sentence, sing is part of a compound verbal predicate, and in the second it is an addition (asked for what?).
I want to rest. She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate can consist of:

1. Linking verbs and nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs, pronouns, etc.: The sky was gloomy. Outside the window it was getting dark. Sun on the horizon seemed huge. Sea it was blue.

2. Noun, adjective, participle, adverb, pronoun, etc. and zero connective: He doctor (he is a doctor). Mom is an engineer (mother is an engineer). Walking in the fresh air is useful (is useful). Although the predicate in these examples consists of one word, it is still called a compound noun.

Complicated compound nominal predicate:

I I want to become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.

I should have become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have been) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).

Note

If you are looking for the grammatical basis of a sentence, check

A) Is the predicate compound? If you are dealing with a compound predicate, then the predicate also includes auxiliary, and the main semantic verb or other part of speech.

b) whether the predicate is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological unit. In this case, all words in a stable combination or phraseological unit are included in the predicate.

Particles in the predicate

The predicate contains some particles. The most common of them is the particle Not.

I I don't like fatalities.
I never get tired of life.
I don't like any time of year
When I don't sing happy songs. (V. Vysotsky)

Modal particles ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) are also included in the predicate.

let's talk compliment each other. (B. Okudzhava)

Let them talk!

He almost cried from resentment.

In addition, the predicate includes particles so, yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself.

Well you I'm so late I'm so late, I've been waiting for half an hour already. (As a rule, the verb is repeated like this with a particle.)

There is noise and commotion in the house, but our cat is asleep.

Grammar basis

The subject and predicate together form the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence - the main part of a sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate or one of them.

Each of us wanted to become more educated. The grammatical basis in this sentence is each of us wanted to become more educated.

Sometimes a sentence may only have a subject or only a predicate. Then the sentence is one-part.

A sentence may have several homogeneous subjects or several homogeneous predicates. In this case, they are all included in the grammatical basis.

How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects). Trees in a large forest during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates).