Monument to the First World War at the Fraternal Cemetery in Moscow

“The non-commissioned officer of the hussar regiment Shatalov sculpted this composition within an hour on the Apriken estate (1915), immediately after the Germans were expelled from there. When retreating, the hussars destroyed the group so that the Germans would not burn the neighboring Latvian manors out of revenge.

Granite monument-cross at the Tsarskoye Selo Fraternal Cemetery of heroes of the First World War of 1914-1918. in St. Petersburg, the city of Pushkin (Tsarskoe Selo) near the Kazan cemetery. Authors of the project: OJSC “58 Central Design Institute” and specialists from LLC “VOENMEMORIALPROREKT”.

COMBAT OPERATIONS IN THE AREA OF THE VILLAGE OF IVANISOVKA

On September 9, 1915, a battle took place for the village of Ivanisovka (now the Pinsk district of the Brest region of the Republic of Belarus). Having learned about the Germans' advance towards the village, the Cossacks set out towards it, but they did not make it in time for the appointed time. In this regard, at 9 o’clock in the morning, General Stegelman gave the order for the 330th Zlatoust Infantry Regiment to advance there from the village of Stoshany through the Panteleev swamp. The regiment's performance was assisted by artillery units.

Having crossed the swamp and advanced 8 km in 5 hours, the regiment approached the village of Ivanisovka at approximately 15:15. At this time, the Cossacks approached the settlement, but the German battalion began to push the dismounted Cossacks to the east. A battle ensued that lasted for several hours. Died during hostilities large number Russian officers and non-commissioned officers. However, Russian troops, despite huge losses, managed to take Ivanisovka.

After the funeral of the fallen soldiers, local residents erected a large oak cross. Also in the cemetery, in order to prevent comparison with the ground, a large number of oak trees were planted.

After the end of the First World War, on the territory of East Prussia, a memorial plaque was installed on the eastern wall of the parish church with the names of the dead parishioners who died in battles in 1914; today it is lost. Above it is a mosaic panel made in the smalt technique with an allegorical image of a sower sowing battlefields (canvas size - 3 x 2.3 m). The condition of the church is currently in disrepair; the wall with the panels has breaks and cracks. No repair or restoration work was carried out.

Nean, Kaliningrad region, until 1946. Ragnit. The monument was erected in the park near the church immediately after the end of the war, but was demolished after 1945. The chairman of the Kaliningrad regional organization “Neman-Plyon Friendship Society” R. Frangulyan discovered the damaged monument and restored it at his own expense. On a stepped base, a concrete slab measuring 2x2m with a bas-relief depicting three soldiers and a woman accompanying them is installed vertically. On the reverse side there is an inscription German: “Pruchte voller Manneskraft/ helle am Baum des Lebens/ fielen wir im sturm der Schlacht/ War die Saat vergebens?” (“Men full of strength and life/ Died in the fire of battle/ Was this sowing in vain?”). The territory of the monument is 6 sq.m. surrounded by a chain on concrete pillars

village SLAVSKOE (Kreuzburg), Kaliningrad region. The monument to the soldiers who died during the First World War was erected in the 20s of the twentieth century. No repair or restoration work was carried out. The monument was a sculpture of a warrior with a bowed head and a helmet in his hands, 2 m high, standing on a high stepped pedestal made of cut stone. By order of the district administration, the monument was demolished in 1972. Currently, a sculpture of a standing German warrior holding a helmet in his hands has been preserved. The head of the sculpture is lost. The monument is made of concrete, height – 2m.

In August-September 1914, in the Wehlau district, now Gvardeysky city, Kaliningrad region, he led fighting 3rd Army Corps of General N.A. Epanchin against the 17th Army Corps of General A. von Mackensen. . There were isolated military clashes. As a result of the fighting, more than 30 graves of Russian and German soldiers were formed on the current territory of the region. Their whereabouts have not been established at this time. The monument was erected in the first quarter of the twentieth century. not far from the parish church. On a concrete base with an area of ​​4 square meters there is a low two-stage pedestal, on which lie a soldier’s helmet from the times and an oak branch, sculpted from concrete. Summer 2011 this monument was put in order.

MONUMENT TO THE HEROES OF THREE WARS IN VORONEZH

The obelisk monument is dedicated to the memory of soldiers who died in Patriotic War 1812, the First World War and the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. It is a 7.5-meter stele lined with granite, which is framed on four sides memorial plaques made of bronze. Artists Yuriy Astapchenko and Alexander Melnichenko depicted the historical events of these wars on three of them, and on the fourth tablet there is the text: “Eternal memory of those who fell for the Fatherland on the battlefields.” The consecration of the monument to the fallen soldiers was carried out by Metropolitan Sergius of Voronezh and Borisoglebsk.

MONUMENT TO THE PIlot - HERO P.N. NESTEROV IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD

Monument to Russian soldiers who died for France during the First World War, erected in the city of Mourmelon.

Monument to Russian soldiers, participants of the First World War. Installed in Belgrade, architect R.N. Verkhovsky.

Monument to Russian soldiers of the expeditionary force

in Paris

Monument to Russian soldiers who died on the battlefields of the First World War in Transnistria

Monument to Cossack heroes of the First World War in Novocherkassk

Memorial in memory of the Terek Cossacks - full knights of St. George

The famous journalist and writer Valery Krushelnitsky approached the city and district municipalities with a proposal to perpetuate the memory of our fellow countrymen. It was he, with the support of the historian-archivist, member of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation Oleg Opryshko, who collected bits and pieces of information about the sons of the Koolknoye land who deserved the St. George Cross I degrees. 20 Cossacks from the villages of Prokhladnaya, Soldatskaya, Ekaterinogradskaya and Priblizhnaya and a volunteer, a rider of the Kabardian cavalry regiment from the village of Tambievo (now the village of Altud of Prokhladnensky municipal district) were awarded this honor at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Their names are inscribed in the history of our land, and now they will appear on a memorial stone in the city Memory Square.

Bust of the Cossack Kryuchkov Kozma Firsovich. Installed in September 2014 in the courtyard of school No. 19 in Novocherkassk

Monument to the Cossacks Army Russian Empire in Azov

Monument to the Cossacks in the First World War in Orenburg

The monument to the heroes of the First World War was erected in Moscow in 2014

At the opening ceremony of the monument to the heroes of the First World War on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow On August 1, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin took part. The main figure of the hundred-ton monument was Russian soldier with St. George's crosses on his chest. The second element of the memorial is a multi-figure composition representing the Russian flag. "The monument to the soldiers of the First World War is not only a tribute to great feats. This is a warning that the world is fragile,” The President of Russia emphasized, concluding his solemn speech.

Monument to the heroes of the First World War in Kaliningrad

Monument to the heroes of the First World War in Lipetsk

Previously, on the site of the park there was the Moscow City Fraternal Cemetery for victims of the First World War, opened in 1915. IN Soviet era The cemetery was liquidated and a park was laid out in its place. IN last decades A number of memorials appeared in the park and a chapel was built in memory of the victims. The territory of the park is a cultural heritage site of regional significance.

MonumentHeroesFirst

In Pskov work has been completed on the installation of a 7-meter stele, crowned with the symbol of the Russian Empire - a double-headed eagle. On the pedestal with the inscription “To the Heroes of the First World War” there is a figure of a soldier with a “three-ruler” in his hands. Behind the soldier's back there is a bas-relief with the Pskov banner infantry regiment. The monument was located in a park not far from the railway station - the place where military units arrived. During the First World War, the front headquarters and military hospitals were located in Pskov, and the 23rd Pskov Infantry Division was stationed.

Monument to the Russian Guard in St. Petersburg

On August 1, 2014, the monument to the “Russian Guard” was opened Great War» opposite Vitebsky railway station in St. Petersburg . The composition depicting soldiers looking out of a train carriage, going to the front to defend the Fatherland, is folded into a large bronze cross. "This monument is very important for the younger generation. We must preserve the memory of the past, honor the traditions and great deeds of our ancestors "- said the mayor of St. Petersburg at the opening ceremony of the monument Georgy Poltavchenko .

On August 1, 2014, on the day of remembrance of the soldiers who died in the First World War, a monument appeared in the Moscow region: in the National Equestrian Park “Rus” (Leninsky district of the Moscow region) an official opening ceremony of the obelisk “To the Soldiers of the First World War” was held. The sculptural composition is made using innovative lighting design technologies, and its base is decorated with the image of the main military award Russian Empire - St. George's Cross.

Annotation. The article describes the history of the creation of one of the first memorial monuments in Russia to the heroes of the First World War, erected in the city of Vyazma, Smolensk province in 1916.

Summary . The article describes the history of creation of one of the first Russiamemorial monuments to heroes of the First World War, set in theity of Vyazma (Smolensk province) in 1916.

KOMAROV Dmitry Evgenievich- Deputy Director of the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow state university technologies and management named after K.G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University)", Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

(Vyazma; E-mail: [email protected]).

"THE FIRST MONUMENT TO THE HEROES OF THE FIRST WORLD..."

Few modern residents of the city of Vyazma, Smolensk region, know that one of the first Russian monuments dedicated to the exploits of the heroes of the First World War was erected on its territory a hundred years ago. At the end of 1915, the Vyazma City Duma decided to open this monument and begin collecting public donations for its creation. At the beginning of June 1916, a local Duma delegation visited the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II with information about the completion of the memorial, asking permission to place on the obelisk the personalized monograms of the Tsar himself and the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, as holders of the Order of St. George. The corresponding permission was received immediately1.

On June 16, 1916, the grand opening of the “Monument to the Heroes of the Second Patriotic War” (the official name of the monument) took place. It was a tall hexagonal obelisk, assembled from sheet iron, painted to resemble light marble. The obelisk was crowned with the coat of arms of Vyazma; the monograms of the emperor, the heir to the throne and St. George's crosses were placed on the sides. Also on the monument were the names of the St. George cavaliers: generals M.V. Alekseeva, A.E. Everta, V.V. Smirnova, sister of mercy Rimma Ivanova2. The authors of the project envisaged the subsequent application of the names of all St. George cavaliers - natives of Vyazma (at that time there were about 80 of them).

The planned event had a truly all-Russian scale. At the solemn ceremony, in addition to representatives of the city and provincial government, zemstvo, soldiers of the Vyazma garrison, and local residents, there were present the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front, Adjutant General Alexey Ermolaevich Evert, and the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Adjutant General Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseev. This event was recorded by newsreels, rare for that time.

According to Smolensk archival documents, the presentation of the monument was accompanied by a number of ceremonies. Thus, according to the invitation card with a list of all planned events3, on the same day the opening of the Boulevard of the Second Patriotic War took place; naming the recently opened bridge in the Station Highway area after the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General M.V. Alekseeva; layout of the park named after the hero of the Sevastopol defense Admiral P.S. Nakhimov.

The action carried out had important socio-political significance and contributed to the rise of Russian national-patriotic consciousness, which had been shaken during the unsuccessful front-line operations of 1915. The jingoistic emotions of the beginning of the war faded not only in the trenches, but also among the civilian population. On the eve of the offensive spring-summer campaign of 1916, the spiritual unity of the army and the rear was needed more than ever. Heroes were needed who could motivate troops and civilians to continue the merciless fight against the enemy. In this regard, the figure of the commander-in-chief of the Western Front, Adjutant General A.E. Everta (whose troops carried out active offensive operations in Belarus in May) was almost ideal. Previous military service Alexei Ermolaevich was closely connected with the Smolensk province. In 1908-1912 With the rank of lieutenant general, he commanded the 13th Army Corps, stationed on its territory, and at the same time was the head of the Smolensk garrison. On the twentieth of May 1916, the formations of the Southwestern Front entrusted to Evert began a large-scale operation against the Austro-Hungarian troops, which went down in history as the “Brusilovsky breakthrough.” The first success has already begun in this sector - the 8th Army of General A.M. Kaledina occupied Lutsk on June 7, and by June 15 she completely defeated the 4th Austro-Hungarian Army. Within a few days, all of Russia learned about this victory, the huge number of captured prisoners and trophies4. Therefore, the presence of one of the heroes of the “Brusilovsky breakthrough” at the opening of the monument caused unprecedented enthusiasm among the townspeople.

With the same delight, the residents of Vyazma welcomed the arrival of their fellow countryman, the de facto commander of the Russian army of that period, M.V., to the solemn event. Alekseeva. According to the credits of the documentary newsreels, which talk about naming the bridge after the general, it was noted “... whose name is associated with the city of Vyazma”5.

Opened on June 16, 1916, the monument was truly popular. Funds for its creation were collected “from the whole world”: local residents and military personnel of the garrison. Vyazma at that time was not considered a front-line city, but it really felt the breath of a protracted bloody war. On its territory there were several military hospitals and infirmaries, as well as reserve and training military units. Reinforcements and armaments went through the railway junction in trains, and trains with refugees followed in the opposite direction.

Thousands of Vyazmichi (mostly peasants) were drafted into the active army. Thus, during the war years, 21.4 percent of Smolensk villages left for the front. of the entire male population of the province or 43.9 percent. total male working population6. Many of them went to war as volunteers. To this day, city residents keep the memory of the brave pilot Arkady Lyutov, a representative of a rich and ancient Vyazma merchant family. In 1915, Arkady Lyutov graduated from pilot school, purchased a light airplane with his own funds, and took part in combat missions on it. During one of the reconnaissance flights, the airplane of a Smolensk aviator was shot down by the enemy. The dead hero All of Vyazma was buried. And there were many such examples. Therefore, the residents of Vyazmich considered it a sacred duty to convey the memory of their fellow countrymen, who died heroically on the battlefields, to future generations.

The first monument to the heroes of the First World War (on the territory modern Russia), unfortunately, has not survived to this day. During the revolution and civil war the monument was destroyed. Until the 60s of the last century, the pedestal of the obelisk still remained. But the urban planning plans of the local Soviet leadership did not spare this last reminder of the “forgotten” war. I would like to hope that through the joint efforts of the residents of Vyazmich, the authorities different levels, public organizations and all those who value historical memory, the monument to the heroes of the First World War in the City of Military Glory Vyazma will be restored.

NOTES

2 Ivanova Rimma Mikhailovna - hero of the First World War, a native of Stavropol. Before the start of the war, she worked as a teacher in a zemstvo school. After graduating from the Sisters of Mercy course, in January 1915 she volunteered for the front. She died in September 1915, raising her company to attack. The only woman in Russia awarded the Military Order of St. George, 4th degree.

3 State Archives Smolensk region. F. 113. Op. 1. D. 397. L. 68 vol.

5 Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to establish this connection precisely. In some books and publications on the Internet there is information that Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseev was born in the city of Vyazma. The author of the article studied the parish registers of 16 city parishes for 1857, but there is no information confirming the fact of Alekseev’s birth in Vyazma. According to the Central Museum Armed Forces, V track record General from 1907 in the column “Origin” it is listed “from the nobles of the Tver province.” Research into this issue is ongoing.

6 Russia in the First World War 1914-1918 (in numbers). M.: Central Statistical Office. Department of Military Statistics, 1925. P. 21.

I've been interested in this for a long time, Why do we have so few monuments dedicated to the First World War in Russia?

No, I understand perfectly well that during the Soviet era, this war was considered "imperialist" (which, in general, in its essence, is absolutely true), there was no reason to be proud of its results, especially considering that during the war itself the Bolshevik Party advocated the defeat of Tsarist Russia, and after the overthrow of the monarchy by liberals, it put forward the slogan " Down with the war!”, extremely popular both among front-line soldiers tired of the 4-year massacre, and among the bulk of the population, exhausted by the war, in which Russia fought not so much for its own interests, but for the interests of others .

Monument to the Russian Expeditionary Force in Paris .

A very touching monument, isn't it?
This is exactly how I remember the scenes of “farewell to the horse” (see: the film “Two Comrades Served”).
But the Russian hero with two St. George's crosses is holding a French helmet in his hand. Well, how could it be otherwise, since he defended France...

Although, the French need to say thank you for this monument, even if in this way they remembered their allies, who helped them not only on their front, but also where the Germans could well have taken Paris in the fall of 1914 (and if not for Russia , who sacrificed her two armies in East Prussia to save France, would have been taken!).

It is unlikely that anyone will argue with the fact that it was the pacifism (in this case, no matter how sincere) of the Bolsheviks, coupled with the promise to immediately solve the agrarian problem in the interests of the absolute majority of the population of a predominantly peasant country (unlike the liberals who proclaimed the slogans " Wars to a victorious end" and "Loyalty to allied obligations", and postponing the solution of the land issue until the post-war period) played main role in the growth of their popularity, which ultimately ensured their almost bloodless seizure of power.

But Soviet power has been gone for almost 25 years (if you count from August 1991). Not so long ago, in 2014, in all Russian media were widely discussed various aspects The First World War in connection with the centenary of its beginning. But where are the monuments dedicated to this war, in which Russia played a significant role, repeatedly saving its allies from seemingly inevitable defeat?

Maybe the whole point is that in the First World War, Russia, having started on the side of the eventually victorious Entente, having concluded a separate peace with the main enemy Germany, found itself among the countries that suffered defeat?

So what? In this (albeit lost) war, does Russia have nothing to be proud of and no one to erect monuments to?

For example, in Budapest , in the immediate vicinity of the Buda Castle (that is, in the very center of the historical part of the city!) there is a museum dedicated to the First World War, and several interesting monuments dedicated to her. Moreover, please note, these are not monuments to commanders.

As you can see, on the left is a German soldier, and on the right is a soldier of the Austro-Hungarian army. The exhibition is not temporary (in honor of the dubious anniversary of the start of the war), which is evident from the fact that the sculptures of soldiers are clearly not made of plastic.

Here's more:

Judging by the characteristic helmet, a German soldier with a fiercely clenched fist, whose face speaks volumes, threatens to take revenge on his enemies for the death of a civilian:

Do you understand that his enemies are soldiers of the Entente countries (including Russians, at least until the moment when not only the Russian Empire, but also Austria-Hungary and Germany ceased to exist; after all, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty of Soviet Russia with Germany, concluded on March 3, 1918, still did not stop hostilities).
But for some reason he (at least to me) still doesn’t look like an enemy.
And here's why.
It was not he who started this war, but politicians! But he perceives the death of a compatriot as a reason for revenge, although the same german soldiers, and probably he too, repeatedly killed civilians of the countries against which the war was fought. And Russian (as well as French, English, Italian, etc.) soldiers had no less right to revenge.

But here is the opposite situation: an old Hungarian (as can be seen from the national costume and characteristic mustache) is holding a wounded (or rather, killed) soldier in his arms.
Whose bullet hit him? Russian, English or French? Judging by the fronts on which the army of Austria-Hungary fought, either Russian or Italian (although, perhaps, some Romanian fired a “successful” shot during the retreat of his army in 1916?):

But the point is not at all from whose bullet this soldier died.
Look at this old man's face. There are no accusations or hatred in it, but only a silent question-reproach: "People, what are you doing?"

Here is this sculptural composition in full:

Why do we have so few such monuments in Russia?

Do not consider the shameful memorial plaque to the general as such Mannerheim - Hitler’s ally, installed in St. Petersburg, or a monument to the traitor - the Cossack general Krasnov in the Rostov region?!
Yes, both of them were participants in the First World War, but monuments to them were erected not for this, but for a completely different reason, the name of which "perversion of historical memory"!

A monument to the heroes of the First World War was unveiled on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow. The ceremony was attended by President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, Defense Minister Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, Minister of Culture VladimirRostislavovichMedinsky, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus', representatives of other religious denominations, politicians, members of military history clubs, townspeople.

A company of honor guard marched in front of the monument, and soldiers in World War I uniforms stood near the monument.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin noted that it was no coincidence that the monument took its place on Poklonnaya Hill, a memorial complex dedicated to the Great Patriotic War. After all, some veterans of the First World War also fought in the Second, setting an example for young soldiers.

The idea of ​​erecting a monument in honor of the 100th anniversary of the entry of the Russian Empire into the First world war belongs to the Russian Military Historical Society. The design competition was won by sculptor Andrei Nikolaevich Kovalchuk.

The monument consists of two parts - it is a soldier on a high pedestal, on which the St. George Cross is depicted. Behind the soldier is a multi-figure composition: against the background of the Russian flag, the officer raises the soldiers to attack. In the group of soldiers, Cossack Kozma Kryuchkov was the first to be awarded the St. George Cross in the First World War. Nearby, a nurse is saving a wounded man. In the image of a sister of mercy you can recognize Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna.

The monument was created with public money, and foreign patrons also made their contribution. Thus, in France, on the initiative of the chairman of the Society for the Memory of the Imperial Guard, Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Trubetskoy held a charity concert-action “Symphony of Peace”, as a result of which €22 thousand were collected.

Charity events were held in Moscow to support the construction of the monument. Moscow Art Theater named after A.P. Chekhov showed the play “The White Guard” based on the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, the Bolshoi Theater gave the opera “Tosca” by Puccini.

The Moscow Philharmonic hosted concerts by Yuri Bashmet, Boris Berezovsky and the symphony orchestra " New Russia" Moscow State Conservatory named after P.I. Tchaikovsky organized a charity concert “For the Heroes of the First World War,” in which the winners of the “Nutcracker” competition for young musicians and pianist Ekaterina Mechetina took part.

74 million rubles were allocated from the Moscow Mayor's reserve fund. The total cost of work to create the memorial was about 180 million rubles.

“Exactly a century ago, Russia was forced to enter the First World War. And today we are opening a memorial to its heroes - Russian soldiers and officers. We open on Poklonnaya Hill, which preserves the grateful memory of the military glory of the Russian army. About everyone who, at different stages of the history of the Russian state, defended its independence, dignity and freedom,” said Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at the opening ceremony of the monument.

These days marks the 100th anniversary of the largest armed conflict in human history - the First World War.

As a result of this war, four empires ceased to exist: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and German. The participating countries lost more than 10 million people in soldiers killed, about 12 million civilians killed, and about 55 million were wounded.

Tower on the Yser

A monument to Flemish soldiers who died during the First World War. The tower is located near the city of Diksmuide in West Flanders, on the site of fierce battles.

Vim Memorial

Erected in memory of Canadian soldiers who died in France during the First World War. Located on the territory of the French commune of Givenchy-en-Goël.

Military cemetery in Tutrakan

The war memorial is located in the Bulgarian city of Tutrakan. It was installed in memory of the battle in which about 8,000 people (Romanians, Bulgarians, Germans, Turks) died.

India Gate

Located in New Delhi in memory of Indian soldiers who died in the Anglo-Afghan Wars and the First World War. More than 90,000 names of warriors are carved on the arch.

Mother Bulgaria

The monument was erected in honor of the soldiers who died in 4 wars - Russian-Turkish 1877-1878, Serbo-Bulgarian 1885, First Balkan 1912-1913. and the First World War 1914-1918.

Memorial park complex to the heroes of the First World War

Located in the Northern Administrative District of Moscow. The area of ​​the park is 11.2 hectares. Previously, on the site of the park there was the Moscow City Fraternal Cemetery for victims of the First World War, opened in 1915.

Menin Gate

A monument in the Belgian city of Ypres, dedicated to the memory of soldiers and officers of the Entente forces who died in the battles of the First World War near this city and whose bodies were not found.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warsaw)

The grave-monument is located on Marshal Józef Piłsudski Square.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Paris)

The memorial is dedicated to the soldiers who fell during the First World War. Located under the arches of the Parisian Arc de Triomphe.

National War Memorial of Canada

Known as The Response. The monument is located in Confederation Square in Ottawa, the capital of Canada.

Monument to an unknown hero

Located on the top of Mount Avala in the south-eastern part of Belgrade, Serbia.

Tannenberg Memorial

The building commemorates Germany's victories in the First World War in 1914, in particular the Battle of Tannenberg. Erected in 1924-1927 in East Prussia near Hohenstein (now Olsztynek, Poland). It has not survived to this day; it was blown up by Wehrmacht sappers in January 1945 due to the approach of Soviet troops.

Installation for the centenary of the start of the First World War. London

Installation by artist Paul Cummins. 888,246 ceramic poppies were "planted" in the Tower's moat. Each flower is a reminder of every British serviceman who died during the war. The exhibition will run until November 11.

Kolochava, Transcarpathian region

Obelisk in memory of the inhabitants of the village of Kolochava who died in the First World War, which at that time was under the rule of Austria-Hungary.

Kyiv

A failed temple-monument to the victims of the First World War. The church was erected on the site of the Brotherly Military Cemetery and was to be consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The revolution prevented the completion of the project.