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January 20, 2017 -December 7, 2016 -
Climate is decisive for the geographical location of natural areas. Where deserts are dry and hot, where it rains all year round and the sun shines, there is lush vegetation of equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone there may be boundaries of several natural zones.
Climatic zones and natural zones
First of all, let's look at the table.
Table "Natural areas" climatic zones»
Features of the climate of natural zones of the world
Equatorial forests
All year round It is very hot here and there are tropical rains. average temperature in winter +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear division into seasons; all months are warm and humid.
Savannah
Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. There are two distinct periods: drought in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.
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Rice. 1. Drought in the savannah
Deserts
The climate is arid, with rapid temperature changes observed throughout the day. In winter, it can even be below zero at night. In summer, the sun warms the dry air by 40-45°.
Rice. 2. Frost in the desert
Steppes and forest-steppes
Winters are moderate, summers are dry. Even during the warm period of the year, at night the air temperature can drop to below zero. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. Feature steppe zone are cold, piercing winds blowing from the north.
Deciduous and mixed forests
They are characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.
Rice. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest
Taiga
It is characterized by cold, dry winters, but hot summers, which last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.
Tundra and forest-tundra
The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.
Arctic and Antarctic deserts
Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.
Record low temperatures were recorded in Antarctica – 89.2° and -91.2°. In Russia, the lowest temperature was in the city of Verkhoyansk - 67.8°.
What have we learned?
Climatic zones define natural areas. Some zones may contain the boundaries of several natural zones. Vegetable and animal world largely depends on the weather conditions of the region.
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On the climate (and, therefore, climate zone) influence and shape it, depending on geographical conditions, climate-forming factors. These include: the amount of radiation from the sun reaching a certain surface of the Earth; atmospheric circulation processes; volumes of biomass. These factors that determine climate can vary significantly depending on the latitude of the area. It is latitude that determines at what angle sunlight falls on the surface of the globe and, accordingly, how intensely the surface located at different distances from the equator will warm up.
The thermal regime of a particular area depends to a large extent on its proximity to the oceans, which act as heat accumulators. On land surfaces bordering the oceans, more mild climate climate zone, compared to the climate in the interior of the continents. Daily and seasonal temperature changes near large volumes of water are more gradual than in a continental climate closer to the center of the continents. There is more rainfall here and the sky is often covered with clouds. In contrast, continental climates are characterized by sharp temperature changes and less rainfall.
A phenomenon associated with the oceans, sea currents are also the most important factor determining the weather on Earth. Carrying warm masses of water around the continents, they warm the atmospheric air and bring cyclones with large amounts of precipitation. How radically a current can influence nature can be seen using the example of the North Atlantic Current. In those areas that fall within the zone of its influence, dense forests grow. And in Greenland, located in the same latitudes, there is only a thick layer of ice.
It has no less influence on the climate and topography (which also affects the formation of the climate zone). Everyone knows the footage of climbers climbing mountains, who, starting from green meadows at the foot of the mountain, a few days later stand on snow-capped peaks. This happens due to the fact that with every kilometer above sea level, the ambient temperature drops by 5-6 °C. In addition, mountain systems prevent the movement of both warm and cold air masses. Often the climate on one side and the other of a mountain range can differ significantly. A striking example of this is the difference in air temperature and humidity in Sochi and Stavropol, which are located across different sides Caucasus mountains.
To correctly define the concept " climate zone“We need to distinguish between terms such as weather and climate.
Weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain period of time in a specific area. Climate is considered to be the average established weather pattern. What's happened climate zone, what are its varieties?
Climatic zone and its properties.
Climatic zone It is customary to call the latitudinal band, which differs from other bands in the circulation of the atmosphere, as well as the intensity of heating of the Sun.
There are a total of 7 species on the planet climatic zone c, which in turn are divided into main and transition zones. The category of main belts is also commonly called permanent.
Permanent and transitional climatic zones.
Constant (basic) is called climate zone, in which one air mass dominates throughout the whole year. The main types of zones include: temperate, tropical, equatorial and arctic.
For transition zones characterized by a change in air masses, that is, hot in summer, and colder in winter. There are subarctic, subtropical and subequatorial zones.
Equatorial climate zone.
This subspecies of the main climate zone located in the equator region. This is a one-of-a-kind belt that is divided into several parts. Throughout the year it is influenced by the equatorial air mass.
The main features of the equatorial belt:
- high humidity;
- high precipitation (up to 7 thousand mm per year);
- high temperature (from 20°C and above).
Natural area of this climate zone are considered rain forests, which are filled with various poisonous plants and animals.
The Amazonian lowland is located in this belt, equatorial Africa, as well as the Greater Sunda Islands.
Subequatorial climate zone.
This subspecies is transitional climate zone located between the equatorial and tropical zones. Consequently, on its territory 2 changes throughout the year air masses.
IN subequatorial belt is Northern Australia, north South America, Hindustan Peninsula, Southeast Asia.
Tropical and subtropical zones.
The tropical zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. Weather in the tropics depends on the height of the sun above the horizon. For the tropical climate zone characterized by sharp temperature changes - from hot to cold.
This counts main reason, according to which the world of flora and fauna is very poor. In this subspecies permanent belts is located in North Africa, Mexico and the Caribbean Islands.
The subtropical zone is located in the middle of the temperate and tropical zones. It is customary to distinguish between northern and southern subtropical zones. In summer, tropical heat prevails here, which is characterized by dryness, and in winter there is a cold air mass.
The climate zone characteristic of the Great Chinese Plain, North Africa, North America and southern Japan.
Temperate climate zone.
Distinctive feature temperate zone Temperatures are considered to be able to vary seasonally. For such climate zone negative temperature is typical.
Temperate latitudes contain large parts of Europe, Great Britain, Russia, Canada and the northern United States.
It is quite diverse and changes naturally with latitude, i.e. zonally. Therefore, the planet is divided into climatic zones - latitudinal bands, each of which has a relatively uniform climate. In total, there are 13 climatic zones in both hemispheres (Northern and Southern) (see the map of the atlas “Climatic zones and regions”). Their boundaries are determined by two factors: the amount of solar radiation and superior air masses.
There are main and transitional climatic zones. The main climatic zones, where one of the zonal types of air masses predominates throughout the year, include equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic and Antarctic belt.
Transitional climatic zones are also called sub-zones (from the Latin “sub” - “under”, that is, under the main ones). Zonal air masses change here seasonally, coming from neighboring main zones. At the same time, they move with the Sun. So, when in the Northern Hemisphere warm time year, all air masses shift to the north, and when it’s cold - on the contrary - to the south.
Using the map of the atlas “Climatic zones and regions”, find the main and transitional climatic zones.
Main climate types
Climate type is understood as a constant set of climate indicators, characteristic for a long period of time on certain territory. These indicators are:
- amount of solar radiation;
- average temperature of the warmest and coldest months;
- annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations;
- prevailing air masses;
- average annual precipitation and its precipitation regime.
The equatorial, Antarctic and Arctic climate zones have only one type of climate, since they are characterized by constant air masses throughout the year. In tropical, temperate zones and all climatic subzones there are also climatic regions. Each of them has its own type of climate.
Equatorial climate zone
At the equator, where the Sun is at its zenith twice a year, there are observed high temperatures air (+26 ° C - +28 ° C). The annual amplitude is small, approximately 2 ° -3 ° C. Humid equatorial air masses predominate here. Daily downpours cause a large annual amount of precipitation - about 2000-3000 mm. They fall out evenly throughout the year.
Tropical zones
Over tropical latitudes the Sun is also at its zenith. (What time?) The dryness of tropical air masses in the belt causes high transparency of the atmosphere.
Therefore, the amount of solar radiation here is high, which causes very high air temperatures. The usual temperature of the warmest month is +30 ° C, the coldest is +15 ° - +16 ° C. In summer, the air temperature over land can reach highest value on the globe - almost +58 ° C. But in winter the surface cools down very quickly, and frosts occur on the soil.
Depending on the amount of precipitation in the tropical zone, sharp climatic contrasts are observed. In the west and in the interior of the continents, an area of tropical desert type climate is formed. Downward air movements prevail here; less than 100 mm of precipitation falls per year.
In the east of the tropical zones of the continents there is an area of humid tropical climate. Marine tropical air masses that come with trade winds from the oceans reign here. Therefore, on the eastern coasts, especially in the mountains, several thousand millimeters of precipitation may fall during the year.
Temperate zones
In temperate latitudes, the amount of solar radiation fluctuates noticeably over 12 months, so the seasons are clearly defined. Moderate air masses prevail here all year round.
The temperate zone is characterized by significant climatic differences due to the nature of the underlying surface and the characteristics of the circulation of air masses. There are several climatic regions with corresponding climate types.
An area of marine type climate is formed over oceanic expanses and on the western edges of continents. The culprit here is the annual temperature range due to the influence of the ocean. The amount of precipitation is high, over 1000 mm per year. Summer is cool, winter is mild.
Region temperate continental climate type(transitional to continental) is typical for the territory of Ukraine. Thus, in Kyiv the average temperature in January is -6 ° C, July is +19 ° C, and the amount of precipitation is 660 mm per year.
The interior regions of the continents, distant from the ocean, are located in the area of continental climate type. It is characterized by low precipitation and significant annual temperature fluctuations. In some areas, such as Siberia, the difference between maximum summer and winter temperatures is more than 100° (more than +40°C in summer, -60°C in winter).
On the eastern edges of the continents in the temperate zone, a region of monsoon climate has formed. It is characterized by an annual alternation of two seasons - warm wet and cold dry. On a humid, heavy rain summer season there are tens of times more precipitation than dry ones. For example, on the Pacific Coast, up to 95% of the annual precipitation sometimes falls in the summer. The average July temperature exceeds +20 ° C, and in winter it drops below -20 ° C.
Arctic and Antarctic belts have similar climatic conditions. The amount of solar radiation is very high on a polar day, but the high albedo causes the predominance of cold and dry Arctic or Antarctic air masses in these zones. Temperatures throughout the year are mostly negative. Precipitation is less than 200 mm per year.
Climate zones are continuous or discontinuous areas that are located parallel to the latitudes of the planet. They differ among themselves in the circulation of air flows and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.
According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of Earth’s climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (one each in the hemispheres). In addition, Alisov identified six intermediate zones, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.
Arctic and Antarctic climate zone
Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map
The polar region adjacent to North Pole, called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, the outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by icy and, which are characterized by long, harsh winters. The maximum summer temperature is +5°C. Arctic ice influence the Earth's climate as a whole, preventing it from overheating.
The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. The nearby islands are also under its influence. The pole of cold is located on the continent, so winter temperatures the average is -60°C. Summer temperatures do not rise above -20°C. The territory is located in the arctic desert zone. The continent is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.
Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone
Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone on the world map
The subarctic zone includes northern Canada, southern Greenland, Alaska, northern Scandinavia, northern regions of Siberia and Far East. The average winter temperature is -30°C. With coming short summer the mark rises to +20°C. In the north of this climate zone it dominates, which is characterized by high air humidity, swampiness and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up during the summer, so shrubs and woodlands grow here.
Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from the temperate zone. The average winter temperature is -15°C. Storms, fog and snowfalls often occur on the islands. During the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer they melt. Indicators warm months the average is -2°C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichens, mosses and forbs.
Temperate climate zone
Temperate climate zone on the world map
A quarter of the entire surface of the planet lies in the temperate zone: North America, and. Its main feature is the clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses produce high humidity and low pressure. The average winter temperature is 0°C. In summer the mark rises above fifteen degrees. The prevailing cyclones in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of the precipitation falls as summer rain.
Areas inland of continents are prone to drought. represented by alternating forests and arid regions. In the north it grows, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. It is gradually replaced by a zone of mixed broad-leaved forests. A strip of steppes in the south encircles all continents. The semi-desert and desert zone covers western North America and Asia.
Temperate climates are divided into the following subtypes:
- nautical;
- temperate continental;
- sharply continental;
- monsoon.
Subtropical climate zone
Subtropical climate zone on the world map
In the subtropical zone there is part Black Sea coast, southwest and , south northern and . In winter, areas are influenced by air moving from the temperate zone. The mark on the thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climate zone is affected by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. In the eastern part of the continents it dominates wet air. There are long summers and mild winters without frost. The western coasts are characterized by dry summers and warm winters.
In the interior regions of the climate zone, temperatures are much higher. The weather is almost always clear. Most precipitation falls during the cold period, when air masses shift to the side. On the coasts there are hard-leaved forests with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. IN southern hemisphere the steppes turn into broad-leaved and deciduous forests. Mountainous areas are represented by forest-meadow zones.
In subtropical climatic zone The following climate subtypes are distinguished:
- subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
- subtropical inland climate;
- subtropical monsoon climate;
- climate of high subtropical highlands.
Tropical climate zone
Tropical climate zone on the world map
The tropical climate zone covers certain territories in all except Antarctica. The region dominates the oceans all year round high blood pressure. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climate zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed +35°C. Average winter temperatures are +10°C. Average daily temperature fluctuations are felt in the interior of the continents.
Most of the time the weather here is clear and dry. The bulk of precipitation occurs in the winter months. Significant temperature changes provoke dust storms. On the coasts the climate is much milder: winters are warm and summers are mild and humid. Strong winds practically absent, precipitation occurs in the calendar summer. Dominant natural areas are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.
The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:
- trade wind climate;
- tropical dry climate;
- tropical monsoon climate;
- monsoon climate on tropical plateaus.
Subequatorial climate zone
Subequatorial climate zone on the world map
The subequatorial climate zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. IN summer time zone are influenced by equatorial humid winds. In winter, trade winds dominate. The average annual temperature is +28°C. Daily temperature changes are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in the warm season under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the heavier the rains. In summer, most rivers overflow their banks, and in winter they dry up completely.
The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and open forests. The foliage on trees turns yellow and falls off during drought. With the arrival of rains it is restored. Grasses and herbs grow in the open spaces of savannas. The flora has adapted to periods of rain and drought. Some remote forested areas have not yet been studied by humans.
Equatorial climate zone
Equatorial climate zone on the world map
The belt is located on both sides of the equator. A constant flow of solar radiation creates a hot climate. On weather influenced by air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3°C. Unlike other climate zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperatures do not fall below +27°C. Due to heavy precipitation, high humidity, fog and cloudiness occur. There are practically no strong winds, which has a beneficial effect on the flora.