The direction of currents is influenced by the force of the Earth's rotation: in the Northern Hemisphere, currents move to the right, in the Southern Hemisphere, to the left.
A current is called warm if its temperature is warmer than the temperature of the surrounding waters; otherwise, the current is called cold.
Density flows are caused by pressure differences, which are caused by uneven density distribution sea water. Density currents are formed in the deep layers of seas and oceans. A striking example of density currents is warm current Gulf Stream.
Wind currents are formed under the influence of winds, as a result of the frictional forces of water and air, turbulent viscosity, pressure gradient, deflecting force of the Earth's rotation and some other factors. Wind currents are always surface currents: northern and southern trade winds, the current of the western winds, the inter-trade winds of the Pacific and Atlantic.
1) The Gulf Stream is a warm sea current in the Atlantic Ocean. In a broad sense, the Gulf Stream is a system of warm currents in the North Atlantic Ocean from Florida to the Scandinavian Peninsula, Spitsbergen, the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
Thanks to the Gulf Stream, European countries adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean have a milder climate than other regions at the same latitude: masses warm water They heat the air above them, which is carried by westerly winds to Europe. Deviations of air temperature from the average latitude values in January reach 15-20 °C in Norway, and more than 11 °C in Murmansk.
2) Peruvian Current- cold surface current in Pacific Ocean. It moves from south to north between 4° and 45° south latitude along the western coasts of Peru and Chile.
3) Canary Current - a cold and, subsequently, moderately warm sea current in the northeastern part Atlantic Ocean. Directed from north to south along the Iberian Peninsula and North-West Africa as a branch of the North Atlantic Current.
4) The Labrador Current is a cold sea current in the Atlantic Ocean, flowing between the coast of Canada and Greenland and rushing south from the Baffin Sea to the Newfoundland Bank. There it meets the Gulf Stream.
5) The North Atlantic Current is a powerful warm ocean current that is the northeastern continuation of the Gulf Stream. Starts at the Great Bank of Newfoundland. West of Ireland the current divides into two parts. One branch (the Canary Current) goes south and the other goes north along the coast of northwestern Europe. The current is believed to have a significant influence on the climate in Europe.
6) The Cold California Current emerges from the North Pacific Current, moves along the coast of California from northwest to southeast, and merges in the south with the North Trade Wind Current.
7) Kuroshio, sometimes the Japan Current, is a warm current off the southern and eastern coasts of Japan in the Pacific Ocean.
8) The Kuril Current or Oyashio is a cold current in the northwest Pacific Ocean, which originates in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In the south, near the Japanese Islands, it merges with Kuroshio. It flows along Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Japanese islands.
9) The North Pacific Current is a warm ocean current in the North Pacific Ocean. It is formed as a result of the merger of the Kuril Current and the Kuroshio Current. Moves from the Japanese islands to the shores North America.
10) Brazil Current - a warm current of the Atlantic Ocean off the eastern shores South America, directed to the southwest.
P.S. To understand where the different currents are, study a set of maps. It will also be useful to read this article
Style, expressiveness and naturalness - California highlighting possesses all these qualities with interest.
Californian highlighting differs from regular highlighting its smoothness - the color transition of the strands is less radical, with maximum approximation to the effect of naturally bleached hair, plus the root zone remains untouched by coloring. Reminds me of technology shatush or ombre ? Yes, there is a similarity, but Californian highlighting is performed with tinting (after lightening) the hair in several shades - from two to five or six, and looks more contrasting than its related shatush and ombre.
“The most fashionable shades for California highlights for 2017 are a palette from golden honey to pearly platinum tones”
Before choosing shades for California highlighting, Special attention Pay attention not only to the base color of your hair, but also to your skin tone:
- Bright skin prefers cool shades
- Warm skin(color types “summer” and “autumn”), as well as a light tan, will respectively prefer warm shades - gold, caramel, cognac, wheat.
- Dark skin loves rich, more dark shades- ideal option using chocolate tones.
California highlighting on dark hair: what to consider + PHOTO
Dyeing dark hair will be as expressive and chic as the work on the technique is painstaking. It is produced in 2 stages. Having retreated a few centimeters from the roots, the strands are exposed to ammonia-free lightening dye - the lower, the brighter, up to a maximum at the ends and on the hair framing the face. After this, tinting of the bleached strands begins. Golden, chocolate or cognac shades in quantities of at least three, up to 5-6. This is done to achieve the smoothest and most natural transition from dark to light and the lightest at the tips.
California highlighting on black hair: what to consider + PHOTO
The result will be very impressive, but California highlights on black hair should be done by a professional. The risk lies in the yellowness of bleached hair, and even subsequent tinting will correct the situation for a short time, the dye will quickly wash off and the canary shade will return. For this reason, masters carry out clarification twice.
California highlighting on brown hair: what to consider + PHOTO
Dark brown hair is often accused of being expressionless. Instead of going radically blonde or brunette, it is better to pay attention to the possibilities of highlighting. Keeping the roots dark, thereby not affecting them with dye without the need to repeat the procedure every month, lighten the strands along the length by several smoothly transitioning tones.
California highlighting for blond and light brown hair: what to consider + PHOTO
California highlighting for blondes will help give hair thickness and fullness. Shades should be chosen based on your color type: ash and pearl tones are suitable for pale skin tones, and wheat, honey and golden tones are suitable for warm skin tones.
In the case of light, almost white hair, first of all, the roots are dyed in a darker, contrasting tone, and then the rest of the hair is tinted using the same color stretching along the entire length.
California highlighting for red hair: what to consider + PHOTO
Such highlighting is not often practiced, but red hair color is also rare. Depending on the red tint in your hair, choose all bright light tones for coloring - from golden and wheat to honey. Blonde strands look unnatural in red hair. And they are more reminiscent of regular highlighting, instead of the natural Californian effect.
California highlights for short hair: bob, bob, pixie hairstyles
The advantage of this coloring technique is that it is easily suitable for short hair. Hairstyles such as bob, bob, pixie will literally shine with a new, bright light. But keep in mind that you will have to update the tones more often than in the case of longer hair. A short hairstyle with only bleached bangs and/or, if the bangs are long, with strands around the face looks no less elegant.
California highlights for medium hair
Probably the most best option California highlighting is for medium length hair. In this case, the intended effect of sun-bleached hair becomes the most natural and comfortable for its owner. And you can play with shades a little more than in the case of short hair.
California highlights for long hair
But, of course, long-haired young ladies have the most opportunities for creating iridescent shades. This applies to everyone - blondes, brunettes, and brown-haired women with red hair. Try not to limit yourself to 2-3 shades, attracting more of them. This will not only make the transition from dark roots to light ends smoother, but will also enrich your look. The stylist will have more work to do, so we recommend making an appointment in the morning, when both you and your stylist will be full of energy. On long hair it may take more than three hours.
Painting California highlighting VIDEO
The California Current, part of the drift anticyclonic circulation of the waters of the North Pacific Ocean, is a branch of the North Pacific Current running southeast along the coast of North America (off California). To the south, the California Current merges with the North Trade Wind Current, which closes the Pacific circulation. The width of the California Current is about 1000 km
.
Surface flow
The general direction of the California Current is to the southeast. Offshore (within approximately 150 km), the direction of the surface current varies with the seasons; in winter (November-February) the current flows in a north-west direction, in summer - in a south-east direction. In the straits between the islands off Southern California, the current is directed to the northwest all year round and an almost constant Southern Californian gyre is observed. Along the entire coast, with the exception of the area north of Baja California, immediately south of the Southern California Gyre, a coastal countercurrent appears in the surface layer in winter.
Surface current speeds are usually less than 25 cm/s, although speeds of up to 100 cm/s have sometimes been observed in shallow waters in the straits between the islands. Bottles released off the coast of Central California in winter have sometimes been found more than 1,000 km north ( average speed bottles up to 25 cm/s).
Subsurface flow
Near the coast (within 100 km), waters below the horizon of 150 m flow to the north-west throughout the year at a speed of 25 cm/s or less. As a result, at these horizons, waters near the coast have different (lower latitude) characteristics than at the same latitudes far from the coast.
Transfer
Within 1000 km from the coast, water transport (relative to the surface of 1000 dbar) is directed to the SE and amounts to approximately 11 million m3/s. Transport by coastal countercurrent is more difficult to calculate because the bottom is uneven, but it approaches 3 million m3/s.
Rise of deep waters
In the area of distribution of the California Current, with the exception of the northern region, northwest winds prevail throughout the year. Under the influence of the wind component directed from the coast and the deflecting influence of the Earth's rotation, surface waters are driven away from the coast and deep waters rise to the surface. This process is exclusively important for distribution to California Current heat, salts and nutrients. The area where deep waters rise varies seasonally depending on the direction of the wind. So, in March-May it is most noticeable in the region of Baja California, and in mid-summer - north of 35 degrees north. w. Calculations of water transfer from the shore give exceptionally high values - up to 10 kg/(cm3 s). This indicates that in coastal areas the upward component of the current velocity is equal to several meters per month. In the northern region in winter (winds from the southwest) the surface waters drop.
Temperature and salinity
On the surface, since the waters of the California Current come from the high-latitude regions of the North Pacific Ocean (from the North Pacific Current), they have relatively low temperature and salinity compared to waters central regions North Pacific Ocean, and the California Current are known as the cold current. The temperature of the surface layer ranges from 9° C or less in the north in the cold months to 26° C or more in the south in the warm months.
Salinity at a considerable distance from the coast ranges from approximately 32.5 ppm. in the north to 34.5 ppm and more in the south. Near the mouth of the Columbia River, salinity at the surface decreases to 30 ppm, but these low salinity values are observed within the upper 10 m and do not extend far from the coast.
At a depth . With depth, the water temperature gradually decreases. Below the thermocline, away from the coast, a well-defined salinity minimum is observed, which is obviously a consequence of lateral mixing of surface waters of the California Current with highly saline ocean waters. At a depth of 350 m, another salinity minimum is observed, indicating the presence of North Pacific intermediate waters, which form in the outermost region of the North Pacific Ocean.
Seasonal variations . Temperature and salinity fluctuate as a result of seasonal variations in solar radiation, rising deep waters and changes in current direction. Usually minimum temperatures Pacific waters in its northern part are observed from February to May. During this period, cold deep waters rise south of Baja California. Therefore, the range of temperature fluctuations here is approximately 6 ° C, that is, almost twice the range of fluctuations in the central part of the Pacific Ocean at this latitude. North 35 s. w. The greatest rise in deep waters occurs in mid-summer. The range of temperature fluctuations here is smaller - about 3° C, while in the central part of the Pacific Ocean at this latitude it reaches 8-10° C.
Since salinity increases with depth, rising deep waters bring in more saline waters and there is a noticeable seasonal fluctuation in salinity, with the highest values in the north in July–September. In the south, seasonal fluctuations in salinity are caused by a winter countercurrent bringing water from high salinity to the north, so the maximum salinity here is observed in December-January. In the central part of the California Current, these two factors are almost mutually exclusive and the range of salinity fluctuations is small.
Nutrients
In the waters of the California Current, the content of mainly one of the biogenic elements was determined - phosphorus, the concentration of which in the Pacific Ocean is higher than in the Atlantic. Consumption of phosphorus in the mixed layer of the California Current leads to low phosphorus concentration in this layer compared to the phosphorus concentration at great depths. However, in the California Current, the rise of deep waters maintains a high concentration of nutrients in the surface layer.
TO mid-19th century, Russia had every reason to strengthen its presence in America by taking possession of California. Having left the coveted lands, the Russians opened a direct path to their settlement by the Americans.
Help Alaska
The winter of 1805-1806 for Russian colonists in Alaska turned out to be cold and hungry. In order to somehow support the settlers, the leadership of the Russian-American Company (RAC) purchased the ship Juno loaded with food from the American merchant John Wolf and sent it to Novoarkhangelsk (now Sitka). However, there was not enough food until spring.
To help Juno, they gave the newly built tender Avos, and on two ships the Russian expedition sailed to the warm shores of California to replenish food supplies.
The expedition was headed by the Tsar's chamberlain Nikolai Rezanov. After an unsuccessful diplomatic mission to Japan, he sought to prove himself in a difficult enterprise from the best side.
The goals of the expedition were not limited to one-time assistance to those in need in Alaska: they were aimed at establishing strong trade relations with California, which belonged to the Spanish crown. The task was complicated by the fact that Spain, being an ally of Napoleonic France, was by no means eager to establish contacts with representatives of the Russian Empire.
Exhausting patriotism
Showing his extraordinary diplomatic talents and personal charm, Rezanov managed to win over the Spanish authorities, but questions about the supply of food did not move forward. And then love intervened in big politics.
At a reception with the commandant of the San Francisco fortress, Jose Arguello, Rezanov meets his 15-year-old daughter Concepcion (Conchita). After a short conversation between the 42-year-old commander and the young beauty, sympathies arise, which very quickly develop into strong feelings. Moreover, Conchita agreed to the marriage proposal, despite the prospect of settling permanently in the cold northern country.
Largely thanks to Concepcion, it was possible to come to an agreement with the authorities, and by the summer of 1806, much-needed goods flowed in abundance into the holds of Russian ships. Rezanov promised his beloved to return, and she promised to faithfully wait for him.
However, they were never destined to meet again. The commander fell ill on the way to St. Petersburg and soon died, and Conchita, without waiting for her betrothed, dedicated her service to God. We will never know whether it was true love or whether it was the calculation of a far-sighted politician. However, too much was decided then on the fertile Californian shores.
In his order to the ruler of Russian America, merchant Alexander Baranov, Rezanov wrote that using his experience of trade in California and the consent of local residents, he would try to convey to the government the benefits of such an enterprise. And in his farewell letter he left the following words: “Patriotism forced me to exhaust all my strength with the hope that they would correctly understand and properly appreciate.”
Fort Ross
The efforts of the Russian diplomat were appreciated. What he did not manage to convey to the government, Baranov succeeded. The merchant equips two expeditions led by RAC employee Alexander Kuskov to establish a colony in California. In 1812, the first Russian settlement was founded 80 kilometers north of San Francisco.
Formally, this area belonged to the Spaniards, but it was controlled by Indian tribes, from whom the land was purchased for mere trifles - clothing and tools. But the relationship with the Indians was not limited to this: later, Russian settlers began to actively involve them in economic work in the colony.
Between April and September, a fortress and village were built here, called Fort Ross. For such wild places, the settlement seemed like an unprecedented center of culture and civilization.
A profitable trade exchange gradually developed between the Russians and the Spaniards. The Russians supplied leather, wood, and iron products made in Alaska, receiving furs and wheat in return. The Spaniards also purchased from the colonists several light ships built at the fort's shipyards.
The Russian economy flourished. Cattle breeding took root here, and vineyards and orchards were planted. Windmills built by colonists and imported window glass were a completely new phenomenon for California. Later, systematic weather observations were introduced for the first time in these places.
The fate of the Russian colony
After Kuskov’s death in 1823, the head of the office of the Russian-American Company, Kondraty Ryleev, became concerned about the fate of Fort Ross; in particular, he fussed about the affairs of the fort with influential Russian officials. Ryleev’s plans for “Russian California” went beyond the agricultural land supplying Alaska.
In 1825, Ryleev signed an order of the RAC on the construction of new Russian fortresses in California for the further development of the territories: “Mutual benefits, justice and nature itself require it,” wrote the head of the RAC office. However, Alexander I rejected the company’s offer, advising them to abandon this idea and not leave the colonists “outside the boundaries of the merchant class.”
Count N. S. Mordvinov offers the RAC a compromise option: to buy out serfs from Russian landowners with poor land and resettle them in fertile California. And indeed, soon the possessions of the Russian settlers expanded noticeably and began to reach all the way to the borders of modern Mexico.
But by the mid-1830s, the fur-bearing animal population in California had declined markedly, and Alaska found another source of food supplies - Fort Vancouver. Russian authorities They finally lost interest in the project, and in 1841 Fort Ross was sold to a Mexican citizen of Swiss origin, John Sutter, for 42,857 rubles.
However, a political motive is also found in the loss of “Russian California”. Mexico, which laid claim to these lands, agreed to Russian colonies in California in exchange for recognition from St. Petersburg of its independence from Spain. Nicholas I did not want to spoil relations with the Madrid court. In 1847, the last Russians left California, and in 1849 the time of the “gold rush” began there.