Atmospheric pressure measurement
According to generally accepted standards, it is customary to take millimeters of mercury as a unit for measuring pressure. Abbreviated as mm. rt. Art. To determine this, a device called a barometer is used. Barometers are divided into mercury and liquid-free. The second ones are called aneroid barometers. The barometer is represented by a glass tube, which is sealed on one side. Mercury is placed inside this tube. During the experiment, the open end of the tube is lowered into a vessel that is not completely filled with mercury. As the pressure rises or falls, the mercury in the tube begins to rise, and vice versa. The official unit of measurement is Pascal.Important! The kilopascal or kPa is the SI unit of mechanical stress pressure. Megapascal or MPa is a metric unit of measurement. If we convert these units, we get that 1 MPa is equal to 1000 kPa.
Atmospheric pressure standard
Atmospheric influence is considered normal when the air pressure is at sea level at latitude 45°. The temperature is 0 degrees Celsius. In 1644, thanks to Evangelista Torrencheli and Vincenzo Viviani, a value of 760 mm was obtained. It is worth noting that these discoverers were students of . A person feels most comfortable with standard values of 750-760 mm. rt. Art.However, these readings may not be completely accurate for all regions for a full year.
Increase and decrease in pressure
Atmospheric exposure increases when air pressure exceeds the norm of 760 mm. rt. Art. If it’s the other way around, it decreases.Over the course of 24 hours in the morning and evening, the pressure increases significantly.Low atmospheric exposure occurs in the afternoon and after midnight. These changes are due to temperature changes and air movement. There are 3 known zones on Earth where low atmospheric pressure predominates, and 4 belts with high atmospheric pressure. Due to the fact that the heat from the Sun and the rotation of the Earth occur unevenly, atmospheric pressure belts form on the globe. Over the course of a year, the Sun heats the Earth's hemispheres differently. Heating varies depending on what time of year it is.Important! Experts have identified a decline in atmospheric exposure in Moscow, which is 727 mm. rt. Art. In 2015, Moscow had an abnormal pressure of 778 mm. rt. Art. Plus, Moscow is located on the border of a vast cyclone, the central region of which is located over Latvia.
Impact on a person. Anticyclone
An anticyclone is an increase in barometric influence.During such periods, there is no significant wind outside, sunny weather prevails, and the temperature is not characterized by sudden changes. The humidity level remains normal. Anticyclone has a bad effect on human health. The change in pressure has an adverse effect, especially on people with allergies, asthmatics and those with high blood pressure. During an anticyclone, a person has a headache and also suffers from heart pain. It is believed that during such periods, performance decreases and malaise appears. Depending on the height of the anticyclone, effective or ineffective protection of the body from diseases is observed.Important! In order to make it easier to endure the anticyclone, experts recommend alternately dousing yourself with hot and cold water in the shower, eat more fruits that contain potassium, do light exercises. To improve the functioning of the immune system and nervous system It is necessary for a certain time to forget about serious matters that can undermine your health. On such days, a person suffering from negative symptoms should devote more time to rest to recuperate.
Cyclone
A cyclone is a period when the atmospheric influence decreases. The temperature during a cyclone rises, it becomes cloudy, humidity and precipitation levels increase, as well as during an anticyclone. During a cyclone, some groups of people cannot calmly tolerate changes in weather and pressure. Cyclone is poorly tolerated by people who have problems with respiratory functions, low blood pressure, as well as those with problems with the cardiovascular system. During a cyclone, the amount of oxygen decreases,As a result, it becomes difficult to breathe and shortness of breath appears. Patients complain of weakness. There is an increase in cerebral circulation, as a result of which a person suffers from migraines. No matter how many symptoms there are, experts advise drinking plenty of water and taking a contrast shower. It is also necessary for a person to get a good night's sleep. A favorite cup of coffee in the morning won't hurt. Regardless of whether your current blood pressure is known to be low or high, you need to drink tincture of lemongrass and ginseng.
Atmospheric pressure in the mountains
A man eager to conquer high mountains, knows that the hike may be unsafe. For example,an altitude of 3000 meters causes a decrease in performance, and at 6000 m a person can hardly survive. This is explained by the fact that the pressure decreases by half, the person lacks oxygen, and it is difficult for him to survive. However, it all depends on what climatic conditions there is a climber. If we take the humid maritime climate of Kamchatka, then a person will feel uncomfortable there even at an altitude of 1000 meters. The dry continental climate in the Himalayas allows the climber in most cases to experience no difficulty in climbing up to 5000 meters. Different heights and their influence:- 5000 meters- there is a lack of oxygen, which can cause the climber to lose consciousness.
- 6000 meters- the highest altitude for permanent human settlements.
- 8882 meters- height . Here a person adapted to such a height can live for several hours. At this altitude the boiling point will be +68 degrees Celsius.
- 13,500 meters- at approximately this altitude, a climber can survive by inhaling pure oxygen. This height is the maximum for survival without external protection.
- 20,000 meters- at this altitude a person dies almost immediately if he is outside the pressurized cabin.
The air surrounding the Earth has mass, and despite the fact that the mass of the atmosphere is approximately a million times less than the mass of the Earth (the total mass of the atmosphere is 5.2 * 10 21 g, and 1 m 3 of air at the earth's surface weighs 1.033 kg), this The mass of air exerts pressure on all objects located on the earth's surface. The force with which air presses on earth's surface, called atmospheric pressure.
A column of air weighing 15 tons presses on each of us. Such pressure can crush all living things. Why don't we feel it? This is explained by the fact that the pressure inside our body is equal to atmospheric pressure.
In this way, internal and external pressures are balanced.
Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). To determine it, they use a special device - a barometer (from the Greek baros - heaviness, weight and metreo - I measure). There are mercury and liquid-free barometers.
Liquidless barometers are called aneroid barometers(from the Greek a - negative particle, nerys - water, i.e. acting without the help of liquid) (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Aneroid barometer: 1 — metal box; 2 - spring; 3 - transmission mechanism; 4 — pointer arrow; 5 - scale
Normal atmospheric pressure
Normal atmospheric pressure is conventionally taken to be air pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45° and at a temperature of 0 °C. In this case, the atmosphere presses on every 1 cm 2 of the earth's surface with a force of 1.033 kg, and the mass of this air is balanced by a mercury column 760 mm high.
Torricelli experience
The value of 760 mm was first obtained in 1644. Evangelista Torricelli(1608-1647) and Vincenzo Viviani(1622-1703) - students of the brilliant Italian scientist Galileo Galilei.
E. Torricelli sealed a long glass tube with divisions at one end, filled it with mercury and lowered it into a cup of mercury (this is how the first mercury barometer was invented, which was called the Torricelli tube). The mercury level in the tube dropped as some of the mercury spilled into the cup and settled at 760 millimeters. A void formed above the column of mercury, which was called Torricelli's void(Fig. 2).
E. Torricelli believed that the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the mercury in the cup is balanced by the weight of the mercury column in the tube. The height of this column above sea level is 760 mm Hg. Art.
Rice. 2. Torricelli experience
1 Pa = 10 -5 bar; 1 bar = 0.98 atm.
High and low atmospheric pressure
Air pressure on our planet can vary widely. If the air pressure is more than 760 mm Hg. Art., then it is considered elevated, less - reduced.
Since the air becomes more and more rarefied as it rises upward, the atmospheric pressure decreases (in the troposphere on average 1 mm for every 10.5 m of rise). Therefore, for territories located at different altitudes above sea level, the average value of atmospheric pressure will be different. For example, Moscow lies at an altitude of 120 m above sea level, so its average atmospheric pressure is 748 mm Hg. Art.
Atmospheric pressure rises twice during the day (morning and evening) and decreases twice (after noon and after midnight). These changes are due to the change and movement of air. During the year on the continents, the maximum pressure is observed in winter, when the air is supercooled and compacted, and the minimum pressure is observed in summer.
The distribution of atmospheric pressure over the earth's surface has a pronounced zonal character. This is due to uneven heating of the earth's surface, and consequently, changes in pressure.
On the globe there are three zones with a predominance of low atmospheric pressure (minimums) and four zones with a predominance of high atmospheric pressure (maxima).
At equatorial latitudes, the Earth's surface warms up greatly. Heated air expands, becomes lighter and therefore rises. As a result, low atmospheric pressure is established near the earth's surface near the equator.
At the poles, under the influence of low temperatures, the air becomes heavier and sinks. Therefore, at the poles the atmospheric pressure is increased by 60-65° compared to the latitudes.
IN high layers the atmosphere, on the contrary, over hot areas the pressure is high (although lower than at the Earth’s surface), and over cold areas it is low.
The general diagram of the distribution of atmospheric pressure is as follows (Fig. 3): along the equator there is a belt low pressure; at 30-40° latitude of both hemispheres - high pressure belts; 60-70° latitude - low pressure zones; in the polar regions there are areas of high pressure.
As a result of the fact that in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in winter the atmospheric pressure over the continents increases greatly, the low pressure belt is interrupted. It persists only over the oceans in the form of closed areas of low pressure - the Icelandic and Aleutian lows. On the contrary, winter maximums form over the continents: Asian and North American.
Rice. 3. General diagram of atmospheric pressure distribution
In summer, in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the belt of low atmospheric pressure is restored. A huge area of low atmospheric pressure centered in tropical latitudes—the Asian Low—forms over Asia.
In tropical latitudes, the continents are always warmer than the oceans, and the pressure above them is lower. Thus, there are maxima over the oceans throughout the year: North Atlantic (Azores), North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian.
Lines that are on climate map connect points with the same atmospheric pressure are called isobars(from the Greek isos - equal and baros - heaviness, weight).
The closer the isobars are to each other, the faster the atmospheric pressure changes over a distance. The amount of change in atmospheric pressure per unit distance (100 km) is called pressure gradient.
The formation of atmospheric pressure belts near the earth's surface is influenced by the uneven distribution of solar heat and the rotation of the Earth. Depending on the time of year, both hemispheres of the Earth are heated by the Sun differently. This causes some movement of the atmospheric pressure belts: in summer - to the north, in winter - to the south.
For normal atmospheric pressure, it is customary to take the air pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45 degrees at a temperature of 0°C. In these ideal conditions a column of air presses on each area with the same force as a column of mercury 760 mm high. This figure is an indicator of normal atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure depends on the altitude of the area above sea level. At higher elevations, the indicators may differ from ideal, but they will also be considered the norm.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions
As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. So, at an altitude of five kilometers, pressure indicators will be approximately two times less than below.Due to the location of Moscow on a hill, the normal pressure level here is considered to be 747-748 mm column. In St. Petersburg normal pressure– 753-755 mm Hg. This difference is explained by the fact that the city on the Neva is located lower than Moscow. In some areas of St. Petersburg you can find a pressure norm of an ideal 760 mm Hg. For Vladivostok, normal pressure is 761 mmHg. And in the mountains of Tibet – 413 mmHg.
Impact of atmospheric pressure on people
A person gets used to everything. Even if normal pressure readings are low compared to the ideal 760 mmHg, but are the norm for the area, people will.A person’s well-being is affected by sharp fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, i.e. decrease or increase in pressure by at least 1 mmHg within three hours
When pressure decreases, a lack of oxygen occurs in a person’s blood, hypoxia of body cells develops, and the heartbeat increases. Headaches appear. There are difficulties with the respiratory system. Due to poor blood supply, a person may experience pain in the joints and numbness in the fingers.
Increased pressure leads to an excess of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the body. The tone of blood vessels increases, which leads to their spasms. As a result, the body's blood circulation is disrupted. Visual disturbances may occur in the form of spots before the eyes, dizziness, and nausea. A sharp increase in pressure to large quantities may cause eardrum rupture.
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the Earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is created by the gravitational attraction of air towards the Earth.
In 1643 Evangelista Torricelli showed that air has weight. Together with V. Viviani, Torricelli conducted the first experiment in measuring atmospheric pressure, inventing the Torricelli tube (the first mercury barometer), a glass tube in which there is no air. In such a tube, mercury rises to a height of about 760 mm.
On the earth's surface, atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and over time. Particularly important are the non-periodic changes in atmospheric pressure that determine the weather, associated with the emergence, development and destruction of slowly moving areas of high pressure (anticyclones) and relatively fast moving huge eddies (cyclones), in which low pressure prevails. Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure at sea level were noted within the range of 684 - 809 mm Hg. Art.
Normal atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 760 mmHg. Art. at sea level at 15°C. (International Standard Atmosphere - ISA) (101,325 Pa) .
Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, since it is created only by the overlying layer of the atmosphere. The dependence of pressure on height is described by the so-called. barometric formula. The height to which one must rise or fall in order for the pressure to change by 1 hPa is called the barometric (barometric) step. At the earth's surface at a pressure of 1000 hPa and a temperature of 0 °C, it is equal to 8 m/hPa. With increasing temperature and increasing altitude above sea level, it increases, i.e. it is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to pressure. The reciprocal of the pressure level is the vertical pressure gradient, i.e., the change in pressure when rising or falling by 100 meters. At a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 1000 hPa, it is equal to 12.5 hPa.
On maps, pressure is shown using isobars - lines connecting points with the same surface atmospheric pressure, necessarily reduced to sea level. Atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer.
In chemistry, the standard atmospheric pressure since 1982, according to IUPAC recommendations, is considered to be a pressure of exactly 100 kPa
Air movement depends on uneven heating of the earth's surface sun rays. Due to unequal accumulation air masses and differences in atmospheric pressure at different points on the earth's surface, ascending and descending air currents arise, which move air masses in both horizontal and vertical directions. Wind speed (horizontal movement of air masses) is measured by the distance traveled by an air mass per unit time and is expressed in meters per second (m/sec).
It is widely used to determine the speed of air movement in points on the twelve-point Beaufort scale.
The speed of air movement varies widely, from tenths of a meter to 30 or more meters per second during storms, blizzards, and hurricanes.
A characteristic feature of air movement is its unevenness, or turbulence, depending on the presence of various obstacles and uneven terrain in the path of air movement, forest areas, settlements, etc.
The direction of the wind is determined by the point on the horizon from where the wind blows, and is indicated in rhumbs, letters of the Latin or Russian alphabet according to the names of the countries of the world: north through N, or N, south through S, or S, east through E, or E, and west through W , or W.
In addition to the main points, the wind direction is also indicated by additional or intermediate points: northeast through NE, or NE, southeast through SE, or SE, southwest through SW, or SW, etc.
The direction of the wind changes both during the day and throughout the year. Moreover, at each point there is a known repeatability or frequency of the wind direction along the horizon points.
A graphic representation of the frequency of wind direction at a particular point is called a wind rose. The wind rose is compiled based on determining wind directions over a long period of time (two years), and sometimes based on monthly and seasonal data.
From the center (point) lines (points) are drawn in eight directions and on each of them segments proportional to the frequency of winds are laid.
Calm days are indicated by a circle, the radius of which must correspond to the number of days of calm. The ends of the segments are connected by lines and as a result, a (closed) figure is obtained, which will be the compass rose.
The wind rose gives a visual representation of the predominance of one or another wind direction at a given point for a month, season, or year.
Determining the wind rose or their frequency is of great hygienic importance, especially when planning livestock farms, the relative position and direction of the facade of premises, choosing places for camps and camps for animals in order to protect against harmful influence prevailing winds in the area.
Up to 30° north latitude, northeasterly winds predominate, from 30 to 60° - southwest winds, and from 60 to 903 - northeasterly winds again.
In coastal and mountainous areas local winds are observed: during the day from water to land, at night from land to sea; during the day from the plains to the mountains, at night from the mountains to the plains.
In animal premises, the air is in continuous and uneven movement.
The speed of air movement and its direction are determined by the presence of ventilation structures, the opening of gates and windows, the crackiness of walls and ceilings, the release of heat by animals, etc.
In winter, the speed of air movement in enclosed spaces for animals in the absence of defects in the walls and ceilings at a height of 0.5 m from the floor fluctuates more often in the range of 0.05-0.25 m/sec and rarely reaches a value of 0.3 m/sec . In autumn and spring, air movement in rooms decreases somewhat, and in summer, when open windows and doors reaches 7 m/sec.
The speed of air movement in rooms fluctuates more sharply in the end parts of the building and in the area where animals lie (in barns).
Wind, as a weather factor, has an indirect and direct effect on the animal’s body. The movement of air, along with its temperature and humidity, significantly affects the heat exchange of the animal body. The higher the speed of air movement, the faster the change of layers directly adjacent to the skin occurs. If the air temperature is lower than the skin temperature and the buffer air in hairline, then the air movement breaks air envelope, a cold mass of air comes into contact with the skin and promotes increased heat transfer through convection and evaporation from the surface of the skin.
If the air temperature is higher than the skin temperature, then heat transfer by convection is weakened or stopped; in these cases, if the air humidity is low, the heat transfer by evaporation increases.
Indoor air movement in summer from 0.3 to 1.6 m/sec contributes to better condition animals.
Experiments conducted over two summer seasons at the University of California (USA) found that at an outside temperature of 31-32 in a pen with a fan, where the air speed reached 1.6 m/sec, the animals' weight gain was 1075-1088 g per day per head, and in the pen, where the natural air speed was on average 0.2 m/sec, the weight gain was only 585-848 g under equal feeding and watering conditions.
At low temperatures and high humidity, air mobility promotes enhanced heat transfer through convection, heat conduction and heat radiation.
Thus, at high temperatures, moving air (wind) protects animals from overheating, and at low temperatures it increases the possibility of hypothermia.
Moderate winds have a beneficial effect on animals, especially during hot weather.
Cold and damp winds cause severe cooling and even frostbite in animals. Strong winds at high temperatures and dry air contribute to the burning of vegetation, saturate the air with dust, cause severe sweating and evaporation in animals, thirst, decreased appetite, constipation, decreased productivity, etc.
Cold and damp winds pose a great danger to animals when they are kept indoors, when doors and windows are open on both sides or when there are cracks in the walls (drafts).
To protect animals from chilling during the cold season, strong air movement should not be allowed in the premises.
The maximum exchange of air in animal premises, if the air is not preheated, should not exceed 5 times the volume of the internal cubic capacity of the room. It is advisable to maintain the speed of air movement in animal premises in winter within the range from 0.05 to 0.25 m/sec. However, the issue of optimal air movement speeds in animal premises has not been sufficiently developed and requires more in-depth study, taking into account various microclimatic conditions.
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LECTURE 3.
Atmosphere pressure
Physical properties of air
Pressure change with height, Pressure change horizontally. Isobars.
Pressure distribution at the Earth's surface
Wind.
Physical properties of air
Air creates pressure on the surface of the earth and on all objects located near its surface.
Consequently, this air correspondingly exerts a pressure of about 16-18 tons on the entire surface of the human body, which has an area of 1.6-1.8 m². Usually we do not feel this, since under the same pressure the gases are dissolved in the fluids and tissues of the body and from the inside balance the external pressure on the surface of the body.
However, when external atmospheric pressure changes due to weather conditions, it takes some time to balance it from within, which is necessary for the amount of gases dissolved in the body to increase or decrease. Changing pressure in the accessory cavities of the skull promotes blood circulation in the brain. Changes in pressure difference between external environment and closed body cavities affect the human condition. During this time, a person may feel some discomfort, since when the atmospheric pressure changes by only a few mmHg.
Art. the total pressure on the surface of the body changes by tens of kilograms. These changes are especially clearly felt by people suffering from chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, etc. A decrease in atmospheric pressure affects the sympathetic nervous system; suppresses mood, reduces performance, increases susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Conversely, its increase excites the nervous system to a greater extent.
Basic physical properties air: density, pressure, temperature.
Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume. 1 m3 of water at a temperature of 4°C has a mass of 1 ton, and 1 m3 of air at 0°C and normal pressure (760 mm Hg).
Art.) has a mass of 1.293 kg. Therefore, under these conditions, the density of water is 1000 kg/m3, and the density of air is 1.293 kg/m3. Thus, the density of air is approximately 800 times less than the density of water.
The density of the atmosphere decreases rapidly with altitude.
Half of the total mass of the atmosphere is concentrated in a layer up to a height of 5.5 km.
Atmospheric pressure - this is the force with which a column of air, extending from the surface of the earth to the upper boundary of the atmosphere, presses on a unit of the earth’s surface. Atmosphere pressure for a long time expressed in millimeters (mm) of mercury, i.e.
That is, force was measured using a linear measure, which was inconvenient when solving many problems. In practice, 1/1000 of a bar is used as a pressure unit. millibar . At sea level, the height of the mercury column in the tube is usually about 760 mm. The value of 760 mm was first obtained in 1644 by Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) and Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) - students of the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei.
1 mb (millibar) = 1 GPa (gigapascal) = 0.75 mm Hg.
Art. (rounded 3/4 mm Hg.
Atmosphere pressure. Change and influence on weather
1 mmHg Art. = 1.33 mb = 1.33 GPa (rounded to 4/3 mb).
The pressure level is the vertical distance that must be raised or lowered for the pressure to change by 1 mb.
Temperature . The higher the temperature, the lower the air density. In the case of constant pressure, air density depends on temperature changes. As the flight altitude increases, the pressure decreases and the temperature decreases.
The pressure decreases faster than the temperature. A decrease in temperature somewhat slows down the decrease in density. Air density decreases with altitude more slowly than pressure.
Pressure distribution at the Earth's surface
Pressure around the globe can vary widely.
Thus, the maximum atmospheric pressure is 815.85 mm Hg. Art. (1087 mb) was registered in winter in Turukhansk, the minimum is 641.3 mm Hg. Art. (854 mb) - in Hurricane Nancy over the Pacific Ocean.
Air pressure on our planet can vary widely.
If the air pressure is more than 760 mm Hg. Art., then it is considered increased, less - decreased.
Atmospheric pressure rises twice during the day (morning and evening) and decreases twice (after noon and after midnight). These changes are due to temperature changes and air movement. During the year on the continents, the maximum pressure is observed in winter, when the air is supercooled and compacted, and the minimum in summer.
The distribution of atmospheric pressure over the earth's surface has a pronounced zonal character.
This is due to uneven heating of the earth's surface, and consequently, changes in pressure.
On the globe there are three zones with a predominance of low atmospheric pressure (minimums) and four zones with a predominance of high atmospheric pressure (maxima).
At equatorial latitudes, the Earth's surface warms up greatly.
Heated air expands, becomes lighter and therefore rises. As a result, low atmospheric pressure is established near the earth's surface near the equator.
At the poles, under the influence of low temperatures, the air becomes heavier and sinks.
Therefore, at the poles the atmospheric pressure is increased by 60-65° compared to the latitudes.
In the high layers of the atmosphere, on the contrary, over hot areas the pressure is high (although lower than at the Earth's surface), and over cold areas it is low.
The general pattern of atmospheric pressure distribution is as follows: along the equator there is a belt of low pressure; at 30-40° latitude of both hemispheres - high pressure belts; 60-70° latitude - low pressure zones; in the polar regions there are areas of high pressure.
As a result of the fact that in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in winter the atmospheric pressure over the continents increases greatly, the low pressure belt is interrupted.
It persists only over the oceans in the form of closed areas of low pressure - the Icelandic and Aleutian lows. On the contrary, winter maximums form over the continents: Asian and North American.
General diagram of atmospheric pressure distribution
In summer, in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the belt of low atmospheric pressure is restored. A huge area of low atmospheric pressure centered in tropical latitudes - the Asian Low - forms over Asia.
In tropical latitudes, the continents are always warmer than the oceans, and the pressure above them is lower.
Thus, there are maxima over the oceans throughout the year: North Atlantic (Azores), North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian.
The formation of atmospheric pressure belts near the earth's surface is influenced by the uneven distribution of solar heat and the rotation of the Earth. Depending on the time of year, both hemispheres of the Earth are heated by the Sun differently. This causes some movement of the atmospheric pressure belts: in summer - to the north, in winter - to the south.
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Normal atmospheric pressure for humans
The normal atmospheric pressure for humans is 760 millimeters of mercury.
Atmosphere pressure
If we translate this value into units of measurement that are more understandable to the common man, it turns out that the mass of the air column above each square meter the earth's surface is 10,000 kilograms! Impressive, isn't it? The dense air “blanket” enveloping our planet exerts powerful pressure on all objects near us and on ourselves.
How does a person manage to cope with such a huge load?
The fact is that air presses on objects from all sides. The forces are balanced and we do not feel any discomfort. However, this rule only works on the earth's surface. The human body is adapted to existing under such pressure, so as soon as it dives into water or climbs to the top of a mountain, it will feel unwell.
However, sometimes people feel bad even under normal conditions.
Over continents, atmospheric pressure rises during periods of high humidity: spring, autumn and winter, as water droplets contained in the air make it heavier.
In summer, during dry weather, the atmospheric pressure above the surface of the earth in the interior of the continents usually decreases as the air becomes drier. Temperature also affects atmospheric pressure. As is known, warm air lighter than cool. Much depends on geographical location and altitude above sea level.
Since people are born and live in very different parts of the planet and at very different altitudes, it is impossible to say that there is ideal atmospheric pressure for humans.
Normal atmospheric pressure for humans
The optimal atmospheric pressure for a person is the pressure to which he has adapted well, living in a particular area under certain climatic conditions.
For example, normal atmospheric pressure for a person in Moscow will be 748 millimeters Hg. Art. To the north, for example, in St. Petersburg, this value will be 5 mm Hg higher.
The difference is easily explained: Moscow is located on a hill and, compared to St. Petersburg, is slightly higher above sea level. An illustrative example in this example would be Tibet, where normal air pressure for humans is 413 millimeters Hg. Art., although for tourists from Moscow, for example, living in such conditions will be quite difficult.
That is why it is possible to determine what atmospheric pressure is considered high and what atmospheric pressure is considered low only in relation to a specific person.
Changes in atmospheric pressure affect weather-dependent people, of whom there are about 4 billion today.
Sharp fluctuations cause deterioration in health and the following symptoms:
- irritability, headache and drowsiness;
- increased blood clotting;
- numbness of the limbs, joint pain;
- difficulty breathing and rapid heartbeat;
- increased vascular tone and spasms, circulatory disorders;
- visual impairment;
- nausea and dizziness;
- excess oxygen in tissues and blood;
- rupture of the eardrum;
- problems with the gastrointestinal tract.
As a rule, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are accompanied by changes in weather conditions, which is why weather-dependent people feel unwell before precipitation, storms, and thunderstorms.
That is why the importance of atmospheric pressure for humans is very significant.
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How pressure affects people
Atmospheric pressure over 760 millimeters Hg. Art. considered elevated. Many people feel uneasy with such changes. It is especially noticeable in people with various neuropsychiatric diseases.
In some European countries, police officers closely monitor fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, since the number of crimes committed begins to increase on such days and hours.
More car accidents occur during this time because drivers' reaction time decreases. Concentration of attention deteriorates, resulting in an increased risk of various types of industrial emergencies and industrial disasters associated with the human factor. Most often on such days people suffer from insomnia.
Hypotensive people feel bad: blood pressure drops, breathing becomes deep, pulse quickens.
Problems with the gastrointestinal tract begin as peristalsis decreases.
Low atmospheric pressure and well-being
Atmospheric pressure below 760 mm Hg is considered low.
Art. A sharp decrease in pressure is dangerous for hypertensive patients and people suffering from atherosclerosis, since at such moments oxygen starvation begins, the number of blood cells increases and the blood thickens. The cardiovascular system begins to work under conditions of increased stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, arrhythmia, and an increase in heart rate.
Elderly people suffer from this. On such days, the number of strokes and heart attacks increases.
Headaches and migraines occur, which often cannot be relieved with pills. At sharp decline atmospheric pressure increases the risk of asthma attacks in asthmatics and allergy sufferers.
Less sensitive, young and relatively healthy people feel drowsiness and loss of energy.
Ideal atmospheric pressure for humans and doctors' recommendations
Most often, people suffering from weather dependence are overweight.
Also susceptible to this disease are those who poorly monitor the condition of their body, move little, watch TV for a long time or work at the computer, and have reduced immunity. Even minor deviations may be noticeable to them. At the same time, normal weather pressure for a person cannot be maintained even during the day, since it decreases in the morning and evening.
To get rid of weather dependence, first of all, you need to eat right. Vitamin B6, potassium and magnesium will help cope with reactions to weather changes, strengthen the cardiovascular system, support the nervous system and reduce sensitivity during overload. It is also recommended to reduce the load on the body and switch to a diet with a reduced meat content.
It is necessary to monitor your diet, avoid eating fatty, fried, sweet, and salty foods. It won’t hurt to give up spices for a while either. It is known, for example, that hot red pepper can increase blood pressure. Nicotine and alcohol increase weather dependence.
In moments of changing weather and changes in atmospheric pressure, it is worth giving up excess physical activity: cycling, jogging, excessive work in the garden, etc.
Help in the fight against weather dependence:
- physiotherapy. For example, hardening procedures can be carried out even at home. Contrast showers, cold water rubdowns, swimming in the pool, mud treatments and therapeutic baths will strengthen blood vessels and the nervous system.
Massage and acupuncture will undoubtedly help you relax;
- regular classes various types gymnastics: yoga, qigong, tai chi, etc.
- walks every day in the fresh air, going out into nature and relaxing;
- correct daily routine, sleep and wakefulness, work and rest;
- caring for your mental health and nervous system, creating a favorable atmosphere around.
To maintain health, there are natural preparations: ginseng, extract from deer antlers, eleutherococcus, honey and bee products.
However, before taking natural supplements, you should definitely consult your doctor.
Those suffering from weather dependence should listen more to their body and try to take care of their health, and then any barometer readings will mean good atmospheric pressure for a person.
§ 31. Atmospheric pressure (textbook)
§ 31. Atmospheric pressure
Remember from your natural history course what is called atmospheric pressure.
The concept of atmospheric pressure. Air is invisible and light.
However, like any substance, it has mass and weight. Therefore, it exerts pressure on the earth’s surface and on all the bodies on it. This pressure is determined by the weight of a column of air as high as the entire atmosphere - from the earth’s surface to its very upper boundary. It has been established that such a column of air presses on every 1 cm2 of the surface with a force of 1 kg 33 g (correspondingly, per 1 m2 - More than 10 tons!) So, Atmosphere pressure- This is the force with which the air presses on the earth’s surface and on all objects on it.
The surface of the human body is on average 1.5 m2. According to the air, a weight of 15 tons is pressed on it.
Such pressure can crush all living things. Why don't we feel it? This is due to the fact that there is also pressure inside the human body - internal, and it is equal to atmospheric pressure. If this balance is disturbed, the person feels unwell.
Measuring atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a special device - a barometer. Translated from Greek, this word means “gravity meter”.
Weather stations use mercury barometer.
Its main part is a glass tube 1 m long, sealed at one end. It is filled with mercury, a heavy liquid metal. The open end of the tube is immersed in a wide bowl, also filled with mercury. When turned over, the mercury flowed out of the tube only to a certain level and stopped. Why did it stop and not all pour out? Because the air puts pressure on the mercury in the bowl and does not release all of it from the tube. If the atmospheric pressure decreases, the mercury in the tube drops and vice versa.
Based on the height of the mercury column in the tube on which the scale is applied, the value of atmospheric pressure in millimeters is determined.
At parallel 450 at sea level, at an air temperature of 0 0C, under air pressure, a column of mercury rises in the tube to a height of 760 mm.
This air pressure is considered normal atmospheric pressure. If the mercury column in the tube rises above 760 mm, then the pressure elevated, Below - reduced Therefore, the pressure of the air column of the entire atmosphere is balanced by the weight of a mercury column with a height of 760 mm.
On hikes and expeditions they use a more convenient device - aneroid barometer"Aneroid" translated from Greek means "without ridinium": it does not contain mercury.
Its main part is a metal elastic box from which air is pumped. This makes it very sensitive to changes in pressure from the outside. At elevated pressures it contracts, at lower pressures it expands. These vibrations are transmitted through a special mechanism to a arrow, which indicates on the scale the amount of atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury.
Dependence of pressure on terrain altitude and air temperature. Atmospheric pressure depends on the altitude of the area.
The higher the sea level, the lower the air pressure. It decreases because as it rises, the height of the column of air that presses on the earth’s surface decreases. In addition, with height, pressure also drops because the density of the air itself decreases. At an altitude of 5 km, atmospheric pressure is reduced by half compared to normal pressure at sea level.
In the troposphere, with rise for every 100 m, the pressure decreases by approximately 10 mm Hg. Art.
Knowing how pressure changes, you can calculate both the absolute and relative height of a place. There is also a special barometer - altimeter, In which, along with the atmospheric pressure scale, there is also an altitude scale.
So, each area will have its own normal pressure: at sea level - 760 mm Hg, in the mountains, depending on the height - lower. For example, for Kyiv, which lies at altitudes of 140-200 m above sea level, the average pressure will be 746 mm Hg. Art.
Atmospheric pressure also depends on air temperature. When heated, the volume of air increases, it becomes less dense and light. For this, atmospheric pressure also decreases.
When cooling, the opposite phenomena occur. Consequently, as the air temperature changes, the pressure continuously changes. During the day, it increases twice (morning and evening) and decreases twice (after noon and after midnight).
In winter, when the air is cold and heavy, the pressure is higher than in summer, when it is warmer and lighter. So, changes in pressure can predict weather changes.
A decrease in pressure indicates precipitation, an increase indicates dry weather. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect people's well-being.
Distribution of atmospheric pressure on Earth. Atmospheric pressure, like air temperature, is distributed on Earth in stripes: there are belts of low and high pressure.
Their formation is associated with heating and air movement.
Above the equator, the air warms up well. Because of this, it expands, becomes less dense, and therefore lighter.
Lighter than air rises - happens upward movement air. Therefore, there at the surface of the Earth the course of the year is established low waist pressure.
What is the relationship between atmospheric and blood pressure?
Above the poles, where temperatures are low throughout the year, the air cools and becomes denser and heavier. That's why it goes down - happens downward movement air - and the pressure increases. Therefore, the poles were formed high pressure belts. The air rising above the equator spreads towards the poles. But, before reaching them, at altitude it cools, becomes heavier and descends at parallels 30-350 in both hemispheres.
As a result, there are formed high pressure belts. In temperate latitudes, at parallels 60-650 of both hemispheres, low pressure belts.
Thus, there is a close dependence of atmospheric pressure on the distribution of heat and air temperatures on Earth, when ascending and descending air movements cause uneven heating of the earth's surface.
Questions and tasks
Determine how much the air in the classroom weighs if its length is 8 m, width is 6 m, and height is 3 m.
2. Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with altitude?
3. Why does the pressure change in the same place? How does a change in air temperature affect this?
4. Determine approximately the relative height of the mountain peak if the barometer shows 720 mm at the base of the mountain, and 420 mm at the top.
How is atmospheric pressure distributed on Earth?
6. Remember what the absolute height of your area is. Calculate what atmospheric pressure can be considered normal for your area.
Measuring atmospheric pressure. Torricelli's experience - Kasyanov, Dmitrieva, 7th grade.
1.Why can’t you calculate atmospheric pressure using the formula p = gρh?
Because
it is necessary to know the height of the atmosphere and air density.
2. What contributions did Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647) make to science?
Allowed to measure atmospheric pressure.
3. Why is the pressure of mercury in the tube at level aa1 equal to atmospheric pressure?
The pressure in the tube at level aa1 is created by the weight of the mercury column in the tube, since there is no air above the mercury in the upper part of the tube.
It follows that atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the mercury column in the tube.
4. What is the relationship between 1 mm. rt. Art. and pascal (Pa)?
1 mm. rt. Art. = 133.3 (Pa)
1 Pa = 0.0075 mm. rt.
5. Atmospheric pressure is 750 mm. rt. Art. What does it mean?
99975 Pa
6. What is the reason for the change in atmospheric pressure?
With the weather changing
What does atmospheric pressure depend on?
A device for measuring atmospheric pressure is a mercury barometer (from the Greek baros - heaviness, metreo - I measure). 
8. The weather report announced that the pressure p = 750 mm. rt. Art. Express this pressure in hectopascals (hPa). 
9. Why does an aluminum canister become deformed after air is pumped out of it? 
External pressure is greater than internal.
What forces prevent the Magdeburg hemispheres from breaking apart? 
There is a vacuum inside, so atmospheric pressure acts on them with enormous force - it prevents them from breaking.
11. Why do passengers often get blocked ears when taking off and landing planes?
As you rise, atmospheric pressure increases, to which a person is not accustomed.
12. What is the study of atmospheric pressure related to?
Due to consumer needs, pumps were invented with the help of which they wanted to raise water to greater height, but atmospheric pressure was not studied, they did not know about its existence.
What role did Galileo play in the study of atmospheric pressure?
They turned to Galileo for advice. Galileo examined the pumps and found that they were working. Having taken up this issue, he pointed out that the pumps could not raise water higher than 18 Italian cubits (≈10 m).
14. What conclusion did Torricelli draw by continuing Galileo’s research?
The real reason for the rise of mercury in the tube is air pressure, and not “fear of emptiness.”
This pressure produces air with its weight. (And that air has weight was already proven by Galileo.)
15. What is the essence of Pascal’s experiment, which he called the proof of emptiness in emptiness?
The French scientist Pascal learned about Torrichell's experiments. He repeated Torricelli's experiment with mercury and water. However, Pascal believed that in order to definitively prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, it was necessary to perform Torricelli’s experiment once at the foot of a mountain, and another time at its top, and in both cases measure the height of the mercury column in the tube.
If at the top of the mountain the column of mercury turned out to be lower than at its foot, then it would be necessary to conclude that the mercury in the tube is really supported by atmospheric pressure.
According to the weather forecast, you can see that the pressure of the atmospheric column changes every day along with the weather. If the numbers on the barometer are higher or lower than the ideal standard 760 mm, those dependent on weather metamorphoses feel this on their own: indicators of atmospheric pressure and blood pressure of a person correlate for many.
For some, weather conditions dictate their lifestyle - atmospheric pressure and human pressure are so closely related.
The atmosphere surrounding our planet exerts pressure on its surface and on everything that surrounds us - in normal conditions people don't notice it. The pressure of air masses is not stable; it is a variable value. It depends on a combination of many factors:
- how high a person is above sea level: the higher, the less concentrated the air; the lower the height of the atmospheric column, the lower the pressure;
- on the temperature characteristics of the air: when the air heats up, its volume increases and it becomes lighter, so the pressure decreases. Cold air has a more high pressure, than warm;
- time of day: in the morning and evening the pressure is higher, at noon and at night lower;
- depending on the time of year: higher in winter, lower in summer;
- air circulation in the atmosphere (cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices);
- depending on the geographical location: on the planet there are belts of high (at the equator and at a latitude of 30-35 degrees) and low (at the poles and at latitudes of 60-65 degrees) pressure.
IN human body The walls of arteries, veins and capillaries are under pressure from the blood that is constantly being pushed by the heart. Often the load on the vascular walls is too high or low due to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure.
When the barometer needle goes down, the external influence on the blood vessels decreases. If a decrease in atmospheric pressure is combined with low blood pressure, a person feels unwell. 
When air pressure readings increase, its effect on the blood vessels increases; if it is combined with high blood pressure blood - the health consequences can be devastating.
The human body is created with a large reserve and is designed in such a way that it easily adapts to any climate, weather and their changes. People who were born in regions with abnormal pressure for the majority perceive it as normal. Unpleasant sensations arise when conditions change rapidly: the weather changes or a person moves to a different climatic region.
People with illness, injury or high susceptibility are statistically more likely to seek treatment medical care. Doctors register especially many complaints and crises during the off-season – when the weather changes almost every day.
Weather sensitivity - risk group
The science that studies the effect of weather on the body and its functioning is called biometeorology. Research has proven that weather conditions can have an adverse effect on all inhabitants of the planet, without exception.
Disturbances in the functioning of the body are determined by its individual characteristics - the relationship between atmospheric pressure and human pressure may be indirect. Those whose working blood pressure is high (hypertension) or low (hypotension) need increased attention.
There are three effects atmospheric phenomena for well-being:
- Direct influence. As the mercury increases, blood pressure rises, and as the mercury decreases, it falls. This phenomenon is often observed in hypotensive patients.
- Reverse partial influence. At change atmospheric indicators systolic pressure (during compression of the heart, top number) changes, but diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart muscle is relaxed, bottom number) remains the same. The clinical picture may be reversed. It happens in people with working pressure of 120/80.
- Reverse influence. Blood pressure rises in response to a decrease in atmospheric pressure - this is a common occurrence in hypertensive patients.
More than 50% of people living on Earth can be called weather-sensitive - not everyone has a high adaptation resource. When the weather changes, weather-sensitive people experience discomfort and malaise.
With meteodependence (meteopathy), a person’s condition is more serious - a sudden change in weather, combined with unfavorable factors and an unhealthy lifestyle, can have a detrimental effect on physical and mental health.
People with chronic injuries, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, mental disorders. For them, the load on blood vessels and joints is especially painful and sensitive. 
Factors influencing meteosensitivity and weather dependence:
- gender – women, since they better understand their condition, more often complain about feeling unwell when the weather changes;
- age – young children and elderly people are the most vulnerable categories of the population;
- hereditary predisposition: if parents have meteopathy, children usually have it too;
- lifestyle - people who have bad habits, they pay for them with their health;
- the presence of chronic diseases is the most pronounced factor in the likelihood of meteopathy.
The influence of weather on humans
Many people have experienced manifestations of the connection between atmospheric pressure and human pressure: headache, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, decreased or increased appetite, fatigue from light work, causeless emotional outbursts without apparent reason and bad mood.
Many people complain that they are bothered by long-term injuries, dislocations and fractures, sore joints and osteochondrosis, scars after surgical interventions.
All weather parameters affect your well-being: wind strength and direction, air temperature and humidity, precipitation, sunlight intensity, magnetic storms:
- When there is strong wind, doctors know complaints of headache, drowsiness, lethargy, and anxiety. Babies react to strong wind on the street: they sleep restlessly, often demand the breast, do not get off their hands, and cry. In mentally ill patients, phobias and manic states worsen at this time;
- Too low or high temperatures, jumps during the day (more than 10 degrees) have Negative influence for patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia. They may be bothered by migraines, pain in the heart area;
- The well-being of patients with asthma and heart disease worsens with high humidity. The other extreme is more common in Russia: extremely low humidity in apartments. In our country, most of the year the windows and balconies are closed, and the radiators are very hot. Dry hot air in apartments contributes to a decrease in local immunity and frequent ARVI;
- The amount of sunlight affects both physical well-being (the production of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation directly affects the condition bone tissue, cardiac and nervous system), and on the mental state (lack of insolation can lead to seasonal depressive disorders);
- The influence of magnetic storms is ambiguous; scientific data on their effects differ. Data have been accumulated on an increase in the number of man-made disasters during magnetic storms. Some people clearly associate the deterioration of their condition with strong magnetic storms and solar activity.
Low pressure
If the barometer shows less than 747 mm, weather-sensitive people immediately feel it: the body works like a weather bureau. Atmospheric pressure drops - and human pressure immediately reacts. 
In areas of low pressure, oxygen saturation is reduced, which causes an increase in a person's heart rate and breathing. Hypoxia symptoms increase: shortness of breath, lethargy, nausea, nosebleeds. The heart rate increases.
Hypotonic patients feel especially exhausted at this time: they complain of dizziness, weakness and nausea.
Patients with heart rhythm disturbances experience serious discomfort in the heart area. People with arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis complain of back and joint pain, muscle pain.
People with a labile psyche experience attacks of anxiety, fear, inexplicable melancholy and panic attacks. People suffering from depression may attempt suicide.
High pressure
Atmospheric pressure above 756 mm is harmful for human blood pressure: people with cardiovascular and digestive pathologies, increased blood pressure and asthma patients quickly feel such changes. It aggravates some mental disorders.
For hypertensive patients, high blood pressure is dangerous. The course of chronic pathologies is aggravated: hypertensive and ischemic diseases, vegetative-vascular dystonia - which manifests itself in the form of severe consequences: hypertensive crises, myocardial infarctions, cerebral strokes.
The consequence of exacerbation of vegetative-vascular dystonia is not only fluctuations in blood pressure, but also dysfunctions in the regulation of functions internal organs: gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, hormonal levels, urinary system. 
Spasms of the gastric muscles may occur - patients complain of a feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen, discomfort, belching and heartburn.
Since the regulation of the biliary tract is disrupted, this causes stagnation of bile and the development of cholelithiasis: patients complain of pain and heaviness in the right hypochondrium.
High numbers on the barometer also affect healthy people: everyone’s systolic and diastolic pressure can fluctuate, both upward and downward. For people with normal blood pressure, no special measures are usually needed.
Anticyclones
An anticyclone is clear weather without wind. In the urban environment, the influence of the anticyclone is felt more strongly, since due to calmness in the air the concentration of exhaust gases and harmful emissions increases. 
During an anticyclone, atmospheric pressure increases and clearly affects human pressure. The combined force of these factors in patients with high blood pressure causes increased heart rate, skin flushing, a feeling of weakness, sweating, pain in the chest and left arm. Hypertensive patients should meet the anticyclone in full readiness and be especially careful.
Cardiological ambulance teams confirm that the number of calls for heart attacks and strokes during anticyclones is maximum.
Hypotonic people can also have a hard time tolerating anticyclones: complaining of different types of migraines and stomach problems.
Cyclones
Overcast, cloudy, precipitation and warmth are the phenomena of a cyclone. The pressure during the action of the cyclone is low - this reduces the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and increases the amount of carbon dioxide: blood supply and microcirculation deteriorate, nutrition of tissues and organs is disrupted, and intracranial pressure reflexively increases.
Such changes in the body cause difficulty breathing, drowsiness, a feeling of unexplained fatigue, dizziness, nausea, weakness, and various types of migraines.
People with low blood pressure find it difficult to endure cyclones and suddenly lose their ability to work.
If a person with low blood pressure is not given timely help and continues to be active in this state, complications in the form of a hypotensive crisis and coma are possible.
Air temperatures
When temperature changes occur, people who suffer from coronary heart disease and hypertension are at risk - vasospasm occurs, and oxygen starvation of the brain begins. 
Cold air causes a reflex contraction of blood vessels, so with a sharp change in temperature - diving into a river on a hot afternoon or going out into the cold - there is a high probability of an angina attack.
Sudden temperature changes are deadly for hypertensive patients.
As temperatures rise, atmospheric pressure decreases—people with hypotension feel unwell at this time.
Low temperatures are accompanied by an increased atmospheric pressure index - this worsens the well-being of a person with pathological pressure.
You may notice that in cold weather the skin remains dry and chapped even when at home. This is caused by spasm of blood vessels in the skin, which occurs when the mercury column is high.
Humidity
Too low levels of air humidity create problems for people with chronic respiratory tract infections and a tendency to allergic reactions.
Dry hot air in homes during the heating season is the main cause of reduced immunity, frequent ARVI and ENT infections. 
Extremely high air humidity is harmful to patients with diseases of the urinary system and joints and worsens their condition.
General basic rules for constant phenomena of meteopathy:
- Coffee increases blood pressure. It is better to drink it in the first half of the day, no more than 6 cups per day;
- Citramon tablet relieves headaches and increases low blood pressure;
- Regular visits to the bathhouse, sauna and swimming pool strengthen and train blood vessels;
- A small amount of red wine can improve the condition during a cyclone.
- Constantly monitor blood pressure;
- If possible, reduce your consumption of table salt;
- It is advisable to replace heavy meat foods with lean and vegetable ones;
- Lemon, cranberries and lingonberries slightly reduce blood pressure and alleviate the condition during an anticyclone;
- It is better to replace black tea and coffee with water, herbal tea or chicory;
- Physical activity in the heat is prohibited;
- You should carry your blood pressure medications with you and take them on time.
Atmospheric pressure and human pressure are closely related - weather conditions affect the functioning of the body. Knowing the effects of changing weather on a person will help you take care of yourself: pay attention to warning signs, practice good hygiene, and provide the necessary assistance to maintain your health.
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