Pectin substances. Remove harmful substances from the body Pectins are plant polysaccharides. Contained in many fruits and vegetables, root crops. Pectin substances help stabilize metabolism, remove radionuclides, pesticides from the body,

The armies of a potential enemy are armed with incendiary substances and mixtures that are used to kill personnel, destroy weapons, combat and other equipment and materiel, and set fire to fortifications, buildings, crops and forests.

The armies of a potential enemy are armed with incendiary substances and mixtures that are used to kill personnel, destroy weapons, military and other equipment and materiel, and set fire to fortifications, buildings, crops and forest areas. These include napalm, pyrogens, termites, etc.

The engineering equipment of the position is of great importance for protection against incendiary substances. It is necessary to make a ceiling over the trench and protect the embrasures with flaps. Prepared fortifications (shelters, dugouts and parapet niches, covered slits, ceilings in trenches and communication passages) are the most reliable shelter from incendiary substances. Before entering them, bulk thresholds are made of soil.

To protect against sunburn, clothing around the edges of a trench, trench, or communication path is coated with clay and earth, and in winter it is whitened with lime. Highly flammable materials (chips, brushwood, building material, etc.) located near trenches and shelters are removed.

Infantry fighting vehicles and others Combat vehicles with armor coating provide reliable protection of personnel from incendiary substances.

Short-term protection from incendiary substances is provided by personal protective equipment (gas mask, combined arms protective raincoat, protective stockings and gloves), overcoats, pea coats, short fur coats, padded jackets and trousers, raincoats. If burning incendiary mixtures come into contact with them, they must be quickly dropped.

Summer cotton clothing provides virtually no protection from incendiary mixtures, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

Immediately at the moment the enemy uses incendiary substances, in order to protect against them, you can use local means - mats made of green branches, reeds and grass. The ignited coating is immediately reset.

One of the ways to hide from incendiary substances is to use natural shelters, stone buildings, fences, canopies, and tree crowns.

To protect weapons, military and special equipment, transport and military equipment from incendiary substances, the following are used:

Trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;

Natural shelters (ravines, recesses, etc.);

Tarpaulins, awnings, covers;

Coatings made from local products;

Standard and local fire extinguishing agents.

Trenches and shelters for weapons, military equipment,

transport, ammunition and military equipment are equipped with ceilings.

Weapons, military equipment, vehicles, ammunition and military equipment located in shelters without ceilings or outside shelters are covered with tarpaulins or local means.

Small arms and ammunition, portable radios and other soldier property are hidden in specially made niches or shelters.

Cable communication lines are buried in the ground to a depth of 15-20 cm.

Tarpaulins, awnings, and covers protect against incendiary substances for a short time, so they do not get tied up and when incendiary substances come into contact with them, they are quickly thrown to the ground and extinguished.

To cover weapons, military equipment, transport and property, the following can be used as local means:

Mats made of grass, reeds, brushwood and branches, which are moistened with water or coated with a clay solution;

Sheet iron, sheet asbestos, slate and other fireproof materials.

If incendiary substances come into contact with them, coatings made from local, improvised means are removed.

Extinguishing burning incendiary mixtures on weapons, military equipment, vehicles and structures is carried out using standard fire extinguishers, as well as by filling them with earth, sand, silt or snow; covering with local improvised means (tarpaulins, burlap, raincoat, overcoat, etc.); knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or deciduous shrubs.

Earth, sand, silt and snow are quite effective and easily accessible means for extinguishing incendiary mixtures. Tarpaulins, burlap, overcoats and raincoats are used to extinguish small fires.

An extinguished incendiary mixture can easily ignite from a fire source, and if it contains phosphorus, it can spontaneously ignite. Therefore, extinguished pieces of incendiary mixture must be carefully removed from the affected object and buried or burned in a specially designated place.

Every soldier must know how to extinguish an incendiary mixture that gets on his body, uniform, and be able to provide first aid to himself, as well as help a comrade who has been injured by an incendiary substance.

To extinguish small amounts of burning incendiary mixture or phosphorus on yourself, you must tightly cover the burning area with a sleeve, a hollow overcoat, a raincoat, a military protective raincoat, wet clay, earth, silt or snow. When hit significant amount Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture is carried out by covering the victim with an overcoat, a raincoat, a combined arms protective raincoat, pouring plenty of water on him, and covering him with earth or sand. In the absence of extinguishing means, the flame is knocked down by pressing it to the ground or throwing off flaming clothing.

After extinguishing incendiary substances, areas of uniforms and underwear at the site of burns must be carefully cut and partially removed, with the exception of burnt pieces. The remains of the extinguished incendiary mixture and phosphorus are not removed from the burned skin, as this is painful and threatens to contaminate the burned surface.

To prevent self-ignition of an incendiary mixture or phosphorus, as well as to prevent infection of the affected areas of the body, a bandage should be applied to the burned surface of the body as quickly as possible, using an individual dressing bag. Apply the bandage over pieces of clothing stuck to the body. Bubbles formed from burns should not be opened. The bandage is moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate, and the uniform is doused with the same solution. IN summer time the bandage moistened with water is kept moist.

Textbook / USSR Ministry of Defense

Under incendiary weapons understand incendiary substances and means of their combat use. It is intended to destroy personnel, destroy and damage weapons, equipment, structures and other objects. Incendiary substances include petroleum-based incendiary compositions, metallized incendiary mixtures, incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions, ordinary (white) and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, as well as a mixture based on triethylene aluminum, which is self-igniting in air.

The following incendiary compositions are used to equip incendiary ammunition.

Napalms– viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. When they burn, temperatures up to 1200 °C are reached.

Pyrogels– metallized mixtures of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or in the form of magnesium shavings and other substances. The combustion temperature of pyrogens reaches 1600 °C.

Thermite and thermite compounds– a powdered mixture of iron and aluminum oxide, pressed into briquettes. Sometimes other substances are added to this mixture. Thermite combustion temperature reaches 3000 °C. A burning thermite mixture can burn through sheets of steel.

White phosphorus – a waxy toxic substance that spontaneously ignites and burns in air, reaching temperatures up to 1200°C.

Electron– an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. It ignites at a temperature of 600 °C and burns with a dazzling white and blue flame, reaching temperatures up to 2800 °C. Electron is used to make casings for aircraft incendiary bombs.

The means of combat use of incendiary substances include incendiary bombs of various calibers, aircraft incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary shells, flamethrowers, land mines, hand incendiary grenades and various types of cartridges.

The most reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons is achieved through the use of fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, open elements of wooden structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the slopes of trenches and trenches.

For short-term protection from incendiary weapons, personnel can use personal protective equipment, as well as overcoats, peacoats, jackets, and raincoats.

If you receive burns, bandages soaked in water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate should be applied to the affected area.

To protect armored vehicles, it is necessary to tear out trenches and pit-type shelters and use natural shelters (ravines, recesses, etc.). In addition, a tarp thrown over it, covered with earth or covered with mats of green branches and fresh grass can serve as good protection.

RADIATION, CHEMICAL EVENTS
AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, THE ORDER OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
IN SUBORDINATE DEPARTMENT

Radiation, chemical and biological protection of the unit is organized by the commander in full during combat, both with and without the use of weapons mass destruction.

Radiation, chemical, biological reconnaissance conducted to obtain data on the radiation, chemical and biological conditions. It is carried out using radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance instruments and visually. The main method of reconnaissance in all types of combat is observation. The radiation, chemical and biological observation post consists of two or three observers, one of whom is appointed senior. The post is provided with NBC reconnaissance and surveillance devices, a large-scale map or diagram of the area, an observation log, a compass, a clock, communications and warning signals. The RCB observation post conducts continuous observation and reconnaissance in the specified area, at a set time, and also during each artillery and air raid, turns on radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices and monitors their readings.

If radioactive contamination is detected (radiation dose rate 0.5 rad/h and above), the senior post (observer) immediately reports to the commander who posted the post and, on his instructions, gives the signal: “Radiation danger.”

When a chemical contamination is detected, the observer gives the signal: “Chemical alarm” and immediately reports to the commander who set up the post. The observation results are recorded in the radiation, chemical and biological observation log.

Radiation control carried out to determine the combat effectiveness of personnel and the need for special processing of the unit. It is carried out using military dose meters (dosimeters) and radiation and chemical reconnaissance instruments. The main task of radiation monitoring is to determine the radiation doses of personnel and the degree of contamination of personnel, weapons and military equipment radioactive substances.

The following technical means of radiation monitoring are used: military dose meters for military radiation monitoring; individual dose meters (dosimeters) for individual exposure monitoring. Dose meters are usually worn in the chest pocket of the uniform.

By technical means To carry out radiation monitoring, military units (units) are provided with one military dose meter per unit, crew and equal units.

The issuance, taking (reading) of readings, charging (recharging) of military dose meters is carried out in units by direct commanders (chiefs) or persons appointed by them, and recording of radiation doses is carried out by persons appointed by order of the commander of the military unit.

Taking (reading) readings from military dose meters and charging (recharging) them are carried out, as a rule, once a day.

The time for taking (reading) readings and charging (recharging) is set by the commander of the military unit (headquarters) taking into account the specific situation. After each reading (reading), ready-to-use military dose meters are returned to the military personnel to whom they are assigned.

Chemical control(chemical contamination control) is organized and carried out to determine the need and completeness of special treatment (degassing) of weapons and military equipment, structures and terrain, and to establish the possibility of personnel acting without protective equipment. Chemical control is carried out using chemical reconnaissance (control) devices by specially trained departments (crews) of units to establish the presence of chemical agents in the areas (on routes) of their operations, detect contamination of standard (service) weapons and military equipment, materiel and water sources, determine the degree the danger of their infection for the personnel of the unit.

Warning of personnel about the immediate threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as notification of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, is carried out by uniform and permanent signals established by the senior commander, which are communicated to all personnel.

Upon receipt of a warning signal, personnel continue to perform assigned tasks and transfer their protective equipment to the “ready” position.

When inflicted by an enemy nuclear strike In the event of an explosion, personnel take protective measures: when in combat vehicles, they close hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turn on the protection system against weapons of mass destruction; when in open vehicles, he must bend down, and when located outside the vehicles, he must quickly take available shelter nearby or lie on the ground with his head in the direction opposite to the explosion. After the shock wave passes, the personnel continue to perform their assigned tasks.

Upon warning signals about radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, personnel operating on foot or in open vehicles, without stopping the performance of assigned tasks, immediately put on personal protective equipment when they are in closed mobile objects not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, – only respirators (gas masks), and in facilities equipped with this system, closes hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turns on this system. Personnel located in shelters include a system collective defense. At the “Radiation Hazard” signal, personnel put on respirators (gas masks), and at the “Chemical Alert” signal, they put on gas masks.

Timely and skillful use of personal and collective protective equipment, protective properties terrain, equipment and other objects is achieved by: constant monitoring of their availability and serviceability; advance preparation and training of personnel in the use of these means in various situations; correct determination of the time for transferring personal protective equipment to the “combat” position and their removal; determining the regime and operating conditions of protection systems against weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment and the procedure for using objects equipped with filter-ventilation devices.

Special processing consists of carrying out sanitary treatment of personnel, decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment, protective equipment, uniforms and equipment. Depending on the situation, the availability of time and the funds available in the unit, special processing can be carried out partially or in full.

Partial special treatment includes partial sanitization of personnel, partial decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of military equipment. Such processing is organized by the unit commander directly in combat formations, without ceasing to perform the assigned task. It is carried out immediately after infection with toxic substances and biological agents, and in case of infection with radioactive substances - within the first hour directly in the infection zone and is repeated after leaving this zone.

Partial sanitary treatment of personnel consists of:

in removing radioactive substances from open areas body, uniform and protective equipment by rinsing with water or wiping with tampons, and from uniform and protective equipment, in addition, by shaking out;

in the neutralization (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents on open areas of the body, individual areas of uniform and protective equipment using individual anti-chemical bags.

Partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment and transport consists of removing radioactive substances by sweeping (wiping) the entire surface of the object being treated and in disinfecting (removing) toxic substances and biological agents from areas of the surface of the objects being treated with which personnel come into contact when performing the assigned task. tasks.

Partial special processing is carried out by crews (crews) using personnel equipment located in the units.

After partial special treatment, personal protective equipment is removed (in case of contamination with radioactive substances - after leaving the contaminated area, and in case of infection with toxic substances and biological agents - after complete special treatment).

Aerosol counteraction to enemy reconnaissance and weapons control systems carried out in the unit using smoke bombs and grenades, unified smoke grenade launch systems (system 902) and thermal smoke equipment.

To camouflage platoon combat operations, it is advisable to assign two or three soldiers in each squad with 10–12 hand smoke grenades or 3–5 smoke bombs for each.

On the battlefield, smoke grenades and small smoke bombs are carried in duffel bags. A box with fuses and graters is placed on top of the checkers. Carry fuses in pockets prohibited as friction can cause them to catch fire and cause severe burns. Checkers with lids can be carried with fuses inserted and closed lids. The supply standards for aerosol products are indicated in table. 6.

Before and after the use of aerosol weapons, the soldiers allocated to set up the aerosol screen act as arrows (numbers of crews, crews).

The intervals between aerosol foci when setting up aerosol curtains must be: in case of frontal wind - up to 30 m; with oblique wind – 50–60 m; with a flank wind – 100-150 m.

Incendiary means of the armies of capitalist states and protection against them. Incendiary means include incendiary substances and means of their use.

Incendiary substances (IS) include:

napalms are viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. Their combustion temperature is 1000-1200° G.

pyrogens - metallized mixtures of petroleum products, powdered or in the form of magnesium shavings, liquid asphalt, heavy oils and rubber. When burning pirogels, the temperature reaches up to 1600° C;

thermite and thermite compositions - a powdery mixture of iron and aluminum, pressed into briquettes. Sometimes saltpeter is added to this mixture. Thermite combustion temperature is up to $000° C. The burning thermite mixture is capable of burning through sheets of steel;

white phosphorus is a waxy toxic substance that spontaneously ignites and burns in air, developing fire up to 1200° C.

For the use of incendiary mixtures and compositions in the armies of capitalist states, aviation incendiary bombs of various calibers, aviation incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary shells and mines, tank

and backpack flamethrowers, high explosives and hand-held incendiary grenades of various types.

Personnel are injured by incendiary means mainly as a result of contact with burning pieces of incendiary substances.

The most reliable protection of personnel from pollutants are fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, the open elements of wooden structures of these structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the walls of trenches and trenches. Protection from incendiary substances is also provided by equipment, especially armored ones.

Personal protective equipment, as well as an overcoat, peacoat, quilted jacket, and raincoat, can serve as short-term protection.

If incendiary substances come into contact with uniforms or exposed skin, they must be immediately removed or extinguished. Flammed clothing must be immediately removed, and those parts of burning clothing that cannot be quickly thrown off must be covered with cloth or damp earth (clay, dirt) to prevent the access of oxygen. Pouring water can lead to the spread of the burning mixture to unaffected areas and increase the burning area. A bandage moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate must be applied to the burned surface of the skin.

If incendiary substances come into contact with weapons and military equipment, extinguishing the fire is carried out with standard fire extinguishers, as well as filling fires with earth, snow, knocking down the flame with freshly cut tree branches, raincoats and other available means.

The squad commander must remember that the protection of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers and personnel from incendiary substances will largely depend on the skillful use of the protective properties of the terrain and its engineering equipment. To protect infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, it is necessary to tear out trenches and pit-type shelters, and if the situation does not allow, use natural shelters (ravines, recesses, etc.). Covering infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers with a tarpaulin covered with earth, mats of green branches and fresh grass can also serve as good protection.

Smoke products. Various smoke agents are used to camouflage military operations by troops. The standard equipment supplied to motorized rifle units is hand smoke grenades and bombs, as well as thermal smoke equipment installed on infantry fighting vehicles.

There are two types of hand smoke grenades: RDG-2 and RDG-2x. RDG-2 grenades can produce white or black smoke. Duration of inert smoke generation of hand smokers

grenade 1-1.5 minutes, and the length of the invisible smoke curtain is from 15 to 25 m.

To activate the RDG-2, you need to rip off the cover using ribbons, sharply run a grater over the head of the aapala and throw a grenade. If you don't have a grater, you can use a matchbox.

Smoke bombs are intended for setting up smoke screens. They are manufactured in three types: small (DM-11), medium (DSKH-15) and larger (BDSh-5, BDSh-5x). Duration of intense smoke formation of small and medium smoke bombs with< ставляет 5-17 минут. Длина непросматриваемой дымовой завесы от 50 до 70 м.

To activate them, you need to pierce a hole in the diaphragm (in DM-11, first remove the cover), insert the fuse and rub a grater along the fuse head. It must be remembered that during combustion there are cases of rupture of the checkers, so at the edge of the smoke outlet they should be installed with the side seam away from you.

Large smoke bombs are intended for setting up smoke screens and conducting long-term smoke releases. The duration of intense smoke generation of BDSh-5 and BDSh-5x is 5-7 minutes, the length of the invisible smoke screen of BDSh-5 is 250-300 m; BDSh-5x - 350-450 m.

Large smoke bombs can be activated electrically (using an electric igniter) or mechanically (using an impact ignition cartridge). To activate electrically, it is necessary to free the block from its packaging; remove the ignition glass plug; lift the smoke outlet valve and break through the foil; strip the ends of the conductors, connect them to the electrical network and turn on the current source.

In the mechanical detonation method, the impact mechanism for igniting the pilot cartridge is installed so that its firing pin fits into the central hole of the pilot cartridge plug. Then you should hit the striker (sharply) with a hard object.

To set up smoke screens and disguise their actions, BMP thermal smoke equipment is also used. When conducting combat operations, if the situation allows, the squad commander must skillfully use it,