Continuing the topic raised in the article “Profession, specialty, specialization... Let’s figure it out!”, I propose to touch on academic degrees and titles, as well as positions associated with them, in order to better understand these familiar, at first glance, concepts.
Academic degree
An academic degree is a title that is assigned to an applicant by the scientific community and certifies his competence in a certain scientific field. Most CIS countries inherited the system of academic degrees from the USSR (Ukraine is one of them), so today a representative of domestic science can become:
- candidate of sciences
- Doctor of Science
The academic degree is awarded to the applicant by the authorized government agency. In the USSR it was called the Higher Attestation Commission (VAK). As a rule, in the CIS countries the name of this body has not changed. The decision to award the academic degree of a candidate or doctor of sciences is made by the Higher Attestation Commission based on the results of defending a dissertation (candidate's or doctoral dissertation, respectively).
The defense of the dissertation takes place in a specialized scientific council - a community of respected scientists who are engaged in science on a certain topic and can give a competent assessment of the applicant’s work. As a rule, specialized scientific councils are opened in universities or research institutes so that the personnel working in them can defend themselves “without leaving home.” If there is no advice on your specialty in your home institution, you can go to a neighboring one.
PhD
The graduate school is a starting "incubator" for the training of young scientific personnel. As a rule, full-time graduate students become students immediately after graduating from a university. You can become a correspondence graduate student (or simply an applicant) without reference to the date of graduation, but having a diploma of higher education is practically prerequisite for admission to graduate school.
With a successful combination of circumstances, the main one being the defense of a candidate's dissertation, the graduate student becomes a candidate of science. Although there are exceptions, and an academic degree is awarded without defending a dissertation, one can imagine how powerful the scientist’s contribution to science must be in this case.
Candidate of Sciences is the most common academic degree among the scientific and teaching staff of universities and employees of various research institutes. As a rule, a candidate's degree entitles you to a small increase in salary (in Ukraine - about 15%), and also opens up prospects for obtaining the position of associate professor (see below) or similar.
Ph.D
A candidate of sciences who has decided to finally conquer the scientific pedestal becomes a doctoral student. To do this, you can enroll in doctoral studies, which, theoretically, will free you from some job responsibilities(for example, reduce the teaching load at a university). But you can be a doctoral student “in absentia” - just write a doctoral dissertation without any changes in your work.
It is believed that a doctorate degree is the highest criterion of a scientist’s competence and viability, therefore the requirements for preparing a doctoral dissertation (and its defense) are significantly higher than for a candidate’s dissertation. Although in formal terms there are no significant differences between these processes.
Doctor of Science is a much less common academic degree, since not all candidates of science want (strive, can) become doctors. In terms of preferences, a doctoral degree allows a scientist to apply for the position of professor (subject to some other conditions), as well as count on a higher salary supplement.
Positions for candidates and doctors of science
It is important to understand that an academic degree is not automatically associated with the position held by a scientist. Typically, the “layout” for positions that scientists occupy at a university (and for which they apply) is as follows.
No position
A graduate student may not have any position and engage only in scientific work at the department. The position is also not needed by a part-time student or applicant.
Assistant
The assistant can be a graduate student or even a candidate of science.
Senior Lecturer
Former graduate students (who have not become candidates, but have accumulated some experience) or candidates of science can work for senior lecturer positions. This position is considered somewhat “transitional”, when a person without an academic degree simply needs to be supported morally and promoted from assistant.
Assistant professor
As a rule, candidates of sciences hold the position of associate professor. Sometimes doctors.
Professor
The position of professor is usually awarded to a doctor of science. Candidates of Sciences work as professors very rarely (this position is for very respected scientists).
The real picture of the distribution of positions
It is worth saying that a candidate or doctor of sciences can apply for any position, but this position is not always “available”. In reality, the situation often develops in such a way that candidates for a long time work as assistants or senior teachers, and doctors of science work as associate professors, since the university does not allocate new staff positions in the departments. This process is highly bureaucratic, and the struggle for a “place in the sun” among scientific and pedagogical workers is a common occurrence.
It is a widespread practice that after defending a candidate's dissertation, the position of associate professor is automatically “opened” to a young scientist. This is usually the prerogative of the educational institution. But such a temporary position is not permanent, and in order to gain a foothold in this position, a young candidate of sciences should take care of obtaining the academic title of “Associate Professor”.
Academic title
Academic titles are consistent with some positions from the system higher education, so they are often confused or considered the same thing. An academic title is awarded to a person with a certain academic degree some time after defending his dissertation if he has fulfilled a number of requirements (for example, published a series of scientific papers, written methodological manuals, prepared textbooks, etc.).
Assistant professor
The academic title "Associate Professor" is not the position of Associate Professor. The academic title of "Associate Professor" is usually awarded to candidates of science. This title gives the scientist the right to heaven O a larger increase in salary (in Ukraine it is 15...25%).
Professor
The academic title "professor" is not the position of professor. As a rule, the academic title of “professor” is awarded to doctors of science. Accordingly, upon receiving the title of “professor,” the scientist’s salary also increases.
I hope that this information sheds at least a little light on how the system of state science and education is structured. Of course, in this system there are many more “intermediate” concepts, positions, titles.
Vitaly Artemov, CEO Dystlab
IN Russian Federation scientific degrees have been established - doctor and candidate of sciences and academic titles - professor and associate professor in the specialty, professor and associate professor in the department (see the Unified Register of Academic Degrees and Academic Titles). The regulations determine the procedure for awarding academic degrees, including defining the criteria that dissertations must meet, the procedure for the work of the dissertation council and the consideration of dissertations at the Higher certification commission, making a decision on the nostrification of academic degrees, the procedure for deprivation (restoration) of academic degrees and other issues - see:
List of programs for candidate examinations in history and philosophy of science, foreign languages and special disciplines. Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 8, 2007 No. 274
About candidate exams. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated July 12, 2011 No. SI-754/04
On the placement of advertisements for defense and files of abstracts of dissertations on the Internet. Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated September 8, 2011
On posting announcements about defenses and abstracts of doctoral and master's theses. Information message from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 24, 2011.
By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, two instructions were approved - Instructions on the procedure for submitting materials on the creation of new, changing existing dissertation councils in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Instructions on the procedure for submitting for assignment of academic titles to military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - see:
On the awarding of academic degrees and conferring academic titles to military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 12, 2004 No. 44
Deferment for graduate students from conscription for military service
Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated April 18, 2011 No. 04-258<По вопросу предоставления отсрочки от призыва на военную службу на время обучения в очной аспирантуре>
Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers
Until December 31, 2009, councils for defending doctoral and master's theses must be brought into line with the Nomenclature of Specialties of Scientific Workers:
Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers. Approved by Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated February 25, 2009 No. 59
Salaries and additional payments (allowances) for titles and degrees
In the public sector and in government institutions, as well as for military personnel, salaries and additional payments (allowances) for academic degrees and titles are established:
On the establishment of salaries for the titles of full members and corresponding members of state academies of sciences. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 22, 2008 No. 386
On the amount of monthly additional payments for academic degrees to civilian personnel budgetary institutions(organizations) of science of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and military educational institutions higher professional education of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the duration of annual paid leave for scientific workers of budgetary institutions (organizations) of science of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation who have an academic degree. Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2003 No. 120
On the establishment of allowances for an academic degree and (or) academic rank for employees of certain federal executive authorities and military personnel performing military service under a contract. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2006 No. 343
Expired:
On establishing a bonus (additional payment) for an academic degree individual categories military personnel undergoing military service under contract, and employees of internal affairs bodies. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of April 1, 2004 No. 211. - The document has lost force due to the publication of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 31, 2012 No. 60
On the establishment of salaries for the titles of full members and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Russian Academy of Education, the Russian Academy of Arts and the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences and additional payments for the academic degrees of Doctor of Sciences and Candidate of Sciences. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 6, 1994 No. 807. - The document has lost force due to the publication of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 29, 2014 No. 245
Academic degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.
Academic titles
Academic titles are currently divided into the titles of associate professor or professor by specialty and associate professor or professor by department. The first are assigned by the Higher Attestation Commission, the second - by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (for more details, see “Regulations on the procedure for assigning academic titles”). The academic title of senior researcher is currently not awarded in the Russian Federation; it is equivalent to the title of associate professor in the specialty. Previously (and also currently in Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states), the title of senior researcher was awarded to employees of research institutes, and qualification requirements Applicants for this title did not include teaching work in universities, unlike the title of associate professor.
The academic titles of corresponding member and academician are officially recognized only if their holders are members of one of 6 state academies:
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS),
- Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RAASHN),
- Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (RAASN),
Previous academic degrees and titles
Status of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia
Before the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia do not refer to academic degrees, but to the qualifications of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education. According to their status, holders of bachelor's degrees are classified as persons with higher professional education of the second level, which, in turn, is considered lower than higher education of the third level, which includes a master's degree and the qualification of a certified specialist.
Thus, from both a legal and practical point of view, the status and position of holders of a certified specialist qualification and an academic master's degree is modern Russia completely similar and equivalent, that is, they give equal rights to their owners to carry out professional (including scientific and teaching (including in higher educational institutions)) activities in accordance with education and qualifications, as well as equal rights to admission to postgraduate education (graduate studies) .
However, despite the above, there are still frequent cases of graduates enrolling in master’s programs (usually on a paid basis, since obtaining a higher education of a certain level on a free basis is possible only once), which, however, should not be considered as a continuation education at a higher level, but rather as a hidden form of obtaining a second higher education (obtaining a master's degree in a specialty/direction somewhat different from a specialist diploma), professional retraining or advanced training (similarly), as well as improving the status of education (for example, in in the case of admission to the master's program of a leading university by a certified specialist - a graduate of a lesser-known university).
Nomenclature of academic degrees
Depending on the specialty in which the dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees. Below is the nomenclature for Doctors of Science; the nomenclature of candidates of science completely repeats it.
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Honorary degree
An honorary degree of Doctor of Science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and who have gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching activities and give lectures in best universities many countries of the world. An honorary Doctor of Science degree is not awarded in medicine.
An honorary degree may be awarded or withdrawn.
Non-governmental organizations
Religious organizations can award candidate (doctor) degrees in theological sciences (or theology), award the titles of professor and associate professor, etc. Other non-governmental organizations can also award various academic degrees and titles, up to academician (see Non-state academies). However, all these degrees and titles are not legally recognized as such in Russia and do not give their holders the rights provided for by the laws of the Russian Federation. Currently, there is a discussion regarding the possibility of transferring the scientific and qualification powers of the Higher Attestation Commission to the scientific councils of universities and research institutes (including non-state ones), as has been done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer express the opinion of the inevitable devaluation of the system of academic degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.
Notes
Related links
- Website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
| Qualifications in education and science | |
|---|---|
| University graduates | Bachelor Specialist Master Licentiate |
| Academic degrees | Candidate of Sciences Doctor of Sciences Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) |
| Academic titles | Associate Professor Professor |
| Academic titles | Corresponding Member Academician |
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See what “Academic title” is in other dictionaries:
Assigned to university teachers and researchers (usually with academic degrees) depending on their scientific qualifications and the complexity of the research problems being solved. Accepted in the Russian Federation academic titles professor, associate professor,... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ACADEMIC TITLE- official title assigned to teachers of educational institutions of higher professional education (universities) and researchers in accordance with the pedagogical and scientific work performed research work(professor, associate professor,... ... Professional education. Dictionary
ACADEMIC TITLE- – qualifications of scientific and pedagogical workers, the form of their certification. In Russia, the academic titles are established: professor, associate professor, senior lecturer, assistant, senior and junior researcher... Modern educational process: basic concepts and terms
rank- TITLE, I, cf Title, name, officially assigned to someone, determined by the degree of merit, professional qualifications, official position. Academic title of professor. I am a minister, this is much more than you may think, but in my... Dictionary Russian nouns
Academic title- Academic title ACADEMIC TITLE is awarded to university teachers and researchers (usually with academic degrees) depending on scientific qualifications and the complexity of the creative problems being solved. Positions in... ... are also called by academic rank. Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Assigned to university teachers and researchers (usually with academic degrees) depending on their scientific qualifications and the complexity of the research problems being solved. * * * ACADEMIC TITLE ACADEMIC TITLE awarded to university teachers and... encyclopedic Dictionary
Many people are confused about the positions, degrees and titles of teachers and researchers working at universities. And this is not surprising...
Let's figure this out.
The fact is that university employees are characterized immediately by four directions :
1. Academic position.
2. Administrative position.
3. Academic degree.
4. Academic title.
Table 1
List of academic positions
Full title | abbreviation | Full title | abbreviation |
1. Graduate student | asp. | 8. Researcher | ns |
2. Assistant | Ass. | 9. Teacher | Rev. |
3. Leading researcher | VNS | 10. Professor | prof. |
4. Chief Researcher | GNS | 11. Senior teacher | senior teacher |
doctoral student | 12. Trainee | trainee |
|
6. Associate Professor | Assoc. | 13. Senior Researcher | sns |
7. Junior Researcher | mns | 14. Student | stud. |
Positions are listed in alphabetical order. They give different rights and responsibilities to participate in the educational (academic) process. For example, a student can study, but cannot teach. The assistant can teach, but cannot independently develop his own training course, etc.
table 2
List of administrative positions
Full title | abbreviation |
Academic Secretary | Academician-Sec. |
Graduate student | asp. |
Assistant | Ass. |
Leading Researcher | VNS |
Leading Specialist | leading specialist |
Vice President | Vice President |
CEO | general director |
General designer | general design |
Chief Researcher | GNS |
Chief Editor | chief editor |
Chief Specialist | chief special |
Dean | dean |
Director | dir. |
Doctoral student | doctoral student |
Assistant professor | Assoc. |
Head of the department | head of department |
Station Manager | station manager |
Deputy academic secretary | Deputy Academic Secretary |
Deputy general director | Deputy General Director |
Deputy editor-in-chief | Deputy Chief Editor |
Deputy dean | Deputy Dec. |
Deputy directors | deputy director |
Deputy chairman | deputy chairman |
Deputy head | deputy manager |
Deputy leader (manager, chief) of the group | deputy head of group |
Deputy head (manager, chief) of the laboratory | deputy head of laboratory |
Deputy head (manager, chief) of the department | deputy head of department |
Deputy head (manager, chief, chairman) of the department | deputy head of department |
Deputy head (manager, chief) of the sector | deputy leader of the sect. |
Deputy head (manager, chief, chairman) of the center (scientific, educational, etc.) | deputy head of the center |
Consultant | cons. |
Laboratory assistant | lab. |
Junior Researcher | mns |
Scientific consultant | scientific cons. |
Researcher | ns |
Head of Department | start control |
Head of the expedition | head of expedition |
Chairman. | prev |
The president | Prez. |
Teacher | Rev. |
Vice-Rector | vice-rector |
Professor | prof. |
Editor | ed. |
Rector | rector |
Leader (manager, chief) of the group | hand gr. |
Head (manager, chief) of the laboratory | head of laboratory |
Head (manager, chief) of the department | head of department |
Head (manager, chief, chairman) of the department | head of department |
Head (manager, chief) of the sector | leader of the sect. |
Head (manager, chief, chairman) of a center (scientific, educational, etc.) | head of the center |
Advisor | advisor |
Specialist (zoologist, programmer, geologist, engineer, etc.) | specialist. |
Senior specialist (geologist, zoologist, engineer, etc.) | senior specialist |
Senior Assistant | st.lab. |
Senior Lecturer | senior teacher |
Senior technician | senior technical |
Trainee | trainee |
Senior Researcher | sns |
Student | stud. |
Technician | tech. |
Scientific Secretary | academic secretary |
Other positions | etc. |
Positions are listed in alphabetical order. It is in accordance with administrative positions that university employees receive salaries, or rather, official salaries. The higher the position, the higher the salary. These positions are of particular importance to the HR and Accounting departments. They arrange all employees into a hierarchy of superiors and subordinates.
List of academic degrees
Russia has introduced two academic degrees:
1. PhD - primary. For example, a candidate of medical sciences - candidate of medical sciences - candidate of medical sciences.
2.
Ph.D- higher . For example, Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences.
In order to obtain such a degree, it is necessary to create a special scientific work called “a dissertation for the academic degree of a candidate of such and such sciences” or “a dissertation for the academic degree of a doctor of such and such sciences.” In addition, this dissertation still needs to be “defended” in a specially designated place - the Dissertation Council. Specialists in a related scientific field there will decide whether the submitted dissertation corresponds to the desired degree. So an academic degree may or may not be awarded. Writing and defending a dissertation is not a simple and easy job, therefore the scientific and organizational value of candidates and doctors of science is clearly higher than that of them, but before defending their academic degree.
True, we are threatened by the emergence of several more degrees, modeled on Western ones, but, naturally, in the Russian way.
Bachelor- in fact, this is our same graduate of a technical school or a dropout student from a university with an “incomplete higher education”, but who defended his thesis, for which he receives a bachelor’s “degree”. This is the lowest possible academic degree.
master- in the recent past, this was simply a university graduate who defended his thesis, and not just passed state exams. But now the student's thesis began to be called the VKR ("graduate qualifying work") and ceased to give a master's level. Now you will have to spend an additional 2 years (for additional money) at the university and do, essentially, a second thesis, now a master’s thesis. Only then will it be possible to be called a “master”. And this work will be called a “master’s thesis”, like a candidate’s or doctoral dissertation. A master's degree is an academic degree that reflects the appropriate educational level of the graduate, readiness for research and scientific-pedagogical activities. The master's degree is awarded based on the results of the defense of the master's thesis.
"Doctor of Philosophy" or "PhD"- a popular degree abroad, in terms of scientific weight it is something intermediate between graduation diploma work and a classic Soviet candidate's dissertation. True, pessimists fear that over time they will begin to demand a hybrid of more high level- something between a candidate's and doctoral dissertation. Life will show what will actually hatch from this gilded egg: a chicken or a crocodile...
An approximate analogue of the academic degree of Doctor of Science in countries with a “single-stage” system of academic degrees is the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree, in countries with a “two-stage” system (for example, in Germany) - a habilitated (habilitated) doctor. After completing the habilitation procedure, i.e. defense of the second doctoral dissertation (more significant than the first), the applicant is awarded the title of habilitated doctor (doctor habilitatus, Dr. habil.)
There is also a system of academic degrees for “professional” rather than scientific research work. Thus, for example, Doctor of Laws (DL), Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc. degrees are considered in many countries to constitute a professional rather than an academic/research doctorate, i.e. the holder of such a degree is expected to deals with relevant practical activities, not science. Since obtaining such degrees does not require completion of independent scientific research, then a professional doctorate is not usually considered an academic degree. Whether a degree is classified as a professional or research doctorate varies by country and even by university. For example, in the USA and Canada the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth it is research.
Honorary degree
There is also a workaround for obtaining an academic degree without scientific work. This is the so-called “honorary degree” of Doctor of Science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa). It is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and have gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are attracted to teaching and give lectures at the best universities in many countries around the world. An honorary Doctor of Science degree is not awarded in medicine. An honorary degree may be awarded or withdrawn.
So, an academic degree confirms the scientific qualifications of its holder and his ability for fruitful scientific activity.
List of academic titles
In Russia, according to unified register academic degrees and titles, approved in 2002, provide for the followingacademic titles:
1. Assistant professor by specialty according to the nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers or by department of an educational institution.Academic title of associate professor assigned to employees scientific organizations for research activities, and for employees of higher education educational institutions- for scientific and pedagogical activities.
2. Professor by specialty or department.Academic title of professor awarded to employees of higher educational institutions and scientific organizations for scientific and pedagogical activities and training of graduate students.
3. Corresponding Member(corresponding member) of the Academy of Sciences.
4. Full member (academician) of the Academy of Sciences.
System academic titles more confusing than the system academic degrees . So, there are different titles by specialty And by department. In addition, there are only scientific degrees (scientists), and titles - both scientific and pedagogical (teaching). Academic degrees are officially registered only by the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission), and all academic titles are officially registered by the Higher Attestation Commission, the Ministry of Education, and Russian Academy Sci.
How can we distinguish between the concepts of “academic degree” and “academic title” in order to reduce the often observed confusion in this regard?
Speaking about academic titles, one should distinguish title or simply the position held from academic title, which you can have without holding a similar position. Yes, you can borrow job title professor or associate professor, but not have the same ranks, confirmed by the presence of a certificate. On the contrary, you can have rank professor or associate professor, have the appropriate official certificate, but work not as a professor, but, for example, as a house manager, or even not work at all. So professors with the title of professor can work, alas, not as professors at all.
The matter is further complicated by the fact that people who work as professors, but do not have the same academic title, tend to call themselves professors, although in reality they only occupy professorship. It is curious that the military is more modest in this regard: for example, a colonel holding a general's position job title, does not call himself a general until he receives a general's title rank.
So, ranks "Associate Professor" or "Professor"supported by official certificates. Purely job titles "Associate Professor" or "Professor", are not associated with the official assignment of the same academic title.
At the same time, in order to occupy a decent position in a university or research institution, it is desirable (and sometimes mandatory) to have academic degree. The presence of an academic degree, position and required activities in this position give the right to receive academic title.
Academic degrees are awarded as a result of defending dissertations, and academic titles assigned based on the results of scientific and pedagogical activities.
About availability academic degree testifies diploma candidate or doctor of sciences, but about the availability academic title - certificate associate professor, professor. So official supporting documents for degrees And ranks are called differently.
Non-state degrees and titles
And you should definitely know about one more interesting detail. In Russia there are many non-state
educational institutions: academies, universities, institutes, which sometimes have their own non-state dissertation councils. Some of them dare to completely separate from the state in the person of the Higher Attestation Commission and begin to award academic degrees, not just candidates, but even doctors of sciences without the participation of the Higher Attestation Commission
, in the same way as is customary abroad, but in completely different conditions. After protection like this "non-state"
Scientists are immediately issued diplomas sealed with seals, popularly called “crusts,” the forms of which are not difficult to produce or buy. The question of their legal force raises reasonable doubts...
According to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2002 No. 74, only diplomas issued by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation or other authorized state bodies are valid as documents for the award of academic degrees provided for by the state certification system.
Academicians and Corresponding Members
Now in Russia scientific academies with their academicians and corresponding members form a whole pyramid.
On first level, at the top of this academic pyramid is created by Peter the Great in 1724. Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) , which includes about a thousand corresponding members and full members (academics). This is the holy of holies of Russian science.
On second level academic pyramid are state branch academies , such as the Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, the Academy of Architecture and Construction, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Academy of Arts and, to some extent, the Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN). They also include full members (academicians) and corresponding members, but their state academic “scholarships” are one and a half, or even two times lower than in the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, in general, only the Academy itself has the right to pay money, without state support.
On third level so many have already arisen non-state , public academies , and in them"public" academicians and corresponding members that it is not easy to count them. But in these"academies" state academic scholarships are not paid at all, and even, on the contrary, in order to become a participant, one must pay an entrance fee - as a kind of payment for the right to bear the title of corresponding member or full member of such a non-state public Academy.
Related « public academies» the abroad our former compatriots. They quickly trade in titles, diplomas and certificates, making money on this, and not on science. And in Russia the number is growing"foreign academicians ", having beautiful"candy wrappers ", with entries on foreign language, as if confirming their mythical international scientific status...
This article is, rather, informative in nature, and will be useful to many students and teachers who rightfully call themselves comprehensively developed individuals. On the agenda is a simple question: what is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title.
Some will say that the difference is fundamental, but from the teaching staff fatal mistake not knowing such basic things.
Some terminology on the topic
So, academic degree And rank– this is the sequence of teacher qualifications. It’s like in the navy: each officer has his own rank and, according to it, occupies a certain position, receives wages with allowances and so on. In the field of pedagogy, everything is similar, only titles and degrees are called slightly differently.
Accordingly, each teacher strives for an extraordinary award of an academic degree or title, which will have a beneficial effect not only on his prospects for the future, but also on the family budget.
However, as in the navy, for beautiful eyes It is impossible to obtain such privileges; you must not only confirm your high qualifications, but also complete mandatory work in writing.
To understand in more detail what’s what, it’s worth finding out what academic degrees and titles there are in the Russian Federation, and only then discussing issues of privileges and rewards.
Types of academic titles
All academic titles, as well as the procedure for obtaining them, on the territory of the Russian Federation were approved back in 2002, and since then no amendments or adjustments have been made to the legislative document.
So what are your options?
Assistant professor- This is the most common title at the university. Most often, associate professors are teachers - lecturers.
In addition, it may be research fellows and other teachers of higher educational institutions who were nominated by the academic council of the faculty.
What does this mean?
A teacher may hold the position of associate professor, but not correspond to this title. This appointment responsibility is assumed by senior management based on the ability and competence of the applicant.
This is a good start for a teacher, since by holding the position of associate professor, you can soon receive this academic title.
How is this possible?
To improve your qualifications and be awarded such an honorary title, you must:
Work as an assistant professor for at least a year;
It is mandatory to have at least 5 years of scientific and teaching experience;
Professor is a teacher of a high level of competence with in-depth knowledge in a particular field of science or art.
It is also possible to obtain this title, but this requires:
To be a scientific and pedagogical worker;
Teach at universities;
Have your own scientific achievements;
Be an employee state academies sciences according to official certification documents.
In general, you need to have not only teaching experience in your work, but also a “head on your shoulders” - to make discoveries, introduce know-how, publish reference books and didactic material, and also rapidly progress in the field of education being studied.
So get this honorary title It’s not easy at all, but it’s not difficult to lose.
In conclusion, we can add that both academic titles of “Assistant Professor” or “Professor” must be in mandatory supported by an official document.
If the teacher simply holds the position of associate professor or professor, then he does not have the appropriate documentation; Moreover, he can be shifted to another position when hiring a certified professor or associate professor.
Among the academic titles also known corresponding member And full member of the Academy of Sciences.
We will not discuss these titles in detail, since they do not occur so often in student life.
Types of academic degrees and their features
With academic degrees, the situation is much simpler, since there are only two of them, and they are well known to everyone - Ph.D(high) and PhD(primary degree).
All interested teachers can obtain one of the degrees, but in this case it is necessary to additionally defend a dissertation.
Several more degrees have appeared in domestic pedagogy, following the example of their Western colleagues.
These are bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees, but they relate more to students than to senior teaching staff.
Bachelor's degree You can become one after graduating from a technical school or vocational school, as well as after university, when you simply didn’t have enough energy for a master’s degree and an extra two years of study. This is the lowest of all existing academic degrees.
master differs from a bachelor's degree by two additional years of study. The student’s task is to continue his studies after the bachelor’s degree, and based on the results, successfully defend his thesis project and pass all state exams.
"Ph.D"- This is generally a European degree, which is more popular abroad. But for last years She has gotten along well in Russian pedagogy, and is the next step after the master’s degree.
What is the best choice?
As practice shows, obtaining an academic degree is much more difficult, which is why the vast majority of teachers opt for an academic title.
To understand all the difficulties and pitfalls, it is important to always remember the following characteristics:
1. If the applicant brilliantly completed and defended his dissertation, then he is awarded an academic degree; and if he has acceptable experience, knowledge and position in teaching practice, then he is entitled to be awarded an academic title.
2. A certificate of a professor or associate professor confirms an academic title, while a diploma of a doctor or candidate of sciences confirms an academic degree.
3. Getting a degree is more difficult.
And now everything is the same, but in accessible language! So, if you work as a teacher at a university, you definitely have to “grow up.”
This requires obtaining an academic degree and academic title. Let me clarify right away that this is not a matter of one day or even a month, but if desired, it is quite achievable.
Of course, the first five years of your teaching should be devoted to gaining experience, but during this time it is recommended to take an active part in scientific developments, participate in conferences and study your dissertation in depth.
Then everything depends on abilities and ambitions, but it’s worth clarifying right away: An academic degree is a colossal work in terms of intellectual activity, and an academic title is, rather, gratitude for the years of work and great luck.
If we speak in the language of sailors, then military rank are given for length of service, and an extraordinary title (in our case, an academic degree) is given to those who have distinguished themselves unplanned.
As practice shows, most domestic teachers choose academic titles and strive to write a dissertation, but scientific works and don't even think about it.
Here, to each his own: it’s up to the teacher to decide! In any case, to holders of an academic degree are treated with more respect, but they don’t always pay attention to titles.
Honorary degree: what is it and who is it awarded to?
To obtain an advanced degree without much hassle, another option is an “honorary degree” of Doctor of Science.
It is issued by academies, higher education institutions or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements.
But what's the catch?
The fact is that the applicant for an honorary degree must distinguish himself greatly, or achieve unrealistic success in his specialty.
If, again, we compare it with the nautical theme, then this is a presentation for an extraordinary title or award.
Such teachers are always in good standing, and many universities around the world are ready to provide them with work at any time.
Having an honorary diploma is the biggest life luck, which allows you to realize yourself to the maximum in your chosen area of knowledge.
It’s worth mentioning right away that such a diploma is not issued in medicine; and an honorary degree can either be assigned or be removed in the future.
In any case, an academic degree confirms the scientific qualifications and competence of its owner, as well as his abilities for successful scientific activity.
Academic degrees and non-state titles
There is one more detail that must be known when selecting teaching staff.
The fact is that in the modern education system, many non-state educational institutions have appeared and are successfully functioning.
These are institutes, academies, and universities; in which the management prefers to permanently separate from the Higher Attestation Commission.
Such self-proclaimed commissions independently award academic titles and degrees, and this can be not only a candidate of science, but also a doctor of science.
Moreover, after completing an illegal dissertation defense (it is possible that it is fake), the newly minted “doctor or candidate of sciences” receives a diploma with signatures and seals.
From a legal point of view, such a document is not valid, but these teachers can dishonestly occupy prestigious and highly paid positions, enjoy respect and be role models in public universities.
That is why in this issue It is important to be vigilant, and when hiring, be able to promptly recognize a legitimate document from a fake one.
The decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved on January 30, 2002, states that “as documents on the award of academic degrees, only those diplomas that were issued by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation or authorized state bodies have legal force.”
Conclusion: On this note, I end my publication, but I advise everyone not to get lost and be able to correctly distinguish an academic degree from a title. For some this is very important.
Now you know about What is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title?.