We continue to publish materials on the development of domestic astronautics. Today our story is dedicated to Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Thanks to his talent as a scientist and the character of a commander, world science and technology were enriched with many wonderful discoveries, and a huge contribution was made to space exploration.

Childhood and adolescence

In the Ukrainian town of Zhitomir, a son was born in the family of engineer Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev in 1907. But soon after Seryozha’s birth, the family broke up, and his mother gave her little son to the care of her parents in Nizhyn. Here A five-year-old boy saw an airplane fly for the first time. The turns of a huge, man-made bird, controlled by man, captured his imagination.

Soon Sergei, his mother and stepfather settled in Odessa. Teenager spent hours watching seaplanes fly over the sea, cherishing the dream of flying. The pilots noticed an inquisitive, smart boy and soon he became a reliable assistant to the mechanic of the hydraulic squad. And finally the day came when he was allowed to take off in a seaplane. The impressions of the flight only strengthened his desire to connect his life with aeronautics.

Seryozha studied at home under the guidance of his stepfather and mother, I read a lot about aviation. He entered school only at the age of 15. He studied with pleasure, impressing his teachers with his excellent memory and clear thinking. Already at this age he was distinguished by his organization, combining study, work, sport sections and even music. His every day was planned down to the minute, but when a gliding circle opened in the city, the young man became an active participant. And a year later he presented his first project of a non-motorized aircraft.

Birth of a dream

In the 1930s, interest in extra-atmospheric flights and space in general appeared in Russia. A society of interplanetary flight enthusiasts organized in Moscow. He becomes an honorary member of society. His idea of ​​making extra-stratospheric flights on jet vehicles was fueled by science fiction novels, giving rise to new bold ideas and projects.

In 1930, a meeting between Sergei Korolev and K. E. Tsiolkovsky took place. The conversation between these two people predetermined not only the fate of the future general designer, but also the entire space industry. Parting with Tsiolkovsky, he was already firmly convinced - from now on, the meaning of his life will be the creation of rockets and flight to other celestial bodies. The young man was especially attracted by the Red Planet - Mars. Since then, he has subordinated his every step to the fulfillment of this dream.

At the Moscow Institute, where Sergei studied, lectures on aircraft engineering were given by the famous aircraft designer Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev. He noticed a talented student and took him for an internship at his design bureau, becoming the head of his graduation project. Their friendship and cooperation continued for many years.

First rocket

In the newly created GIRD group during these years, which united rocketry enthusiasts, Sergei headed the technical council. Here On his life's path he meets a true like-minded person - F.A. Zander. For a whole year, their youth team worked for free, devoting all their time and energy to the new business. Two years later, the first liquid Soviet rocket took off into the sky. In 18 seconds, it moved 400m away from its home planet. And let her life path was short-lived. But it was a success! This means they are on the right track.

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

The year 1933 brought good news to the Girdovites - the Jet Research Institute was created. The work on creating rockets has entered a qualitatively new level.

But wave of repression, which swept across the country in 1937, overwhelmed many prominent specialists in the aviation industry. In 1938, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was also arrested. Many hours interrogations and unbearable living conditions did not break him. On the wall of Butyrka prison he left calculations for his first radio-controlled rocket.

After 2 years, Korolev ends up in a new place of detention - a Moscow special prison, where works together with Tupolev in the prison design bureau on the design of new bombers and guided aerial torpedoes. “Zeks” are first-class engineers and designers who worked with great dedication on defense orders.

A year before the end of the war, Korolev is released. And already in 1945 he was appointed chief technical director of the research institute for the study of the German V-2 rocket.

Missiles are defense and science

For this purpose, Korolev and a group of Soviet specialists are sent to Germany. Where the British organized an exhibition of this the latest weapons Wehrmacht. Thorough Study V-2, it was necessary to build its complete analogue, but from domestic materials. The task was completed.

The Soviet equivalent of the missile was known as the R-1. But Korolev’s design ideas work tirelessly. With his enthusiasm and efficiency, he infects the entire team working on the order. Sergey Pavlovich is designing a missile capable of hitting targets at a distance of 600 km.

The arms race that unfolded against the backdrop of the Cold War showed the need to create intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear charge. Korolev brilliantly solves this problem. Thanks to his scientific genius the military industry was equipped with medium- and intercontinental-range missiles. They became the basis of the USSR's nuclear missile shield. It was followed by more advanced models with a flight range of up to 3000 km.

Space Assault

Working on orders from the War Ministry, Sergei Pavlovich never never parted with the dream of human space flight. In parallel with his work in the defense industry, he uses the vertical launch of R-1 and R-5 rockets to study near space and the influence of various cosmic factors on highly developed animals. The means of their life support and return to earth were worked out very carefully. Thus he laid the foundation for human space flight.

The space age of mankind dates back to October 4, 1957. It was on this day that he began his journey around his home planet. For two weeks, radio amateurs around the world listened with bated breath to his call signs.

In two years The first rocket launches towards the Moon, the next one delivers a pennant with the coat of arms of the USSR to its surface, photographs the side of our satellite invisible from Earth and transmits the pictures to Earth.

And on April 12, 1961, the whole world rejoiced when it learned about the fantastic news -. First spaceship made only one turn, because no one imagined how weightlessness and psychological stress would affect a person. This was followed by longer flights with various tasks and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov going into outer space.

Sergei Pavlovich is very treated the astronauts with care, often talked with them, highly appreciated their courage and dedication to the profession.

Under the leadership of Korolev, projects for interplanetary stations and satellites were developed for various purposes, new spaceships. The pinnacle of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev’s design thought was the flight of ships to Mars and Venus, the creation of the Molniya-1 communications satellite.

So this outstanding designer, an excellent organizer, step by step, realized his youthful dream - an assault on space.

Invisible Man

He passed away the day before his 59th birthday in 1966. And only then did the country and the whole world learn the name and surname of the person whom the press, radio and television were simply called General Designer. The secrecy regime has been lifted.

During his lifetime, Academician Korolev was awarded two orders of Hero of Socialist Labor. Recognition of his enormous services to humanity were monuments erected in his homeland, in the Moscow region, where the great designer built ships and at the cosmodrome, where the road to the Universe began.

History does not know a person who loved the sky more intensely and devotedly.

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Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich - Soviet designer, creator missile weapons and rocket and space technology. The most significant personality of the twentieth century in space shipbuilding.

Biography

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir, in Ukraine, which was then part of Russian Empire. Father, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, worked as a teacher of Russian literature. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko.

In 1915, Korolev entered the gymnasium in Kyiv. Two years later, after graduating from preparatory classes, he transferred to the Odessa gymnasium. Sergei did not stay here for long - the gymnasium soon stopped working. Korolev studies at a unified labor school for four months, after which he switches to home education. He was taught by his mother and stepfather, who had pedagogical and engineering education.

In 1921, Sergei met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and enthusiastically immersed himself in aviation life. At the age of 17, he had already defended the project of a non-motorized aircraft before a special commission.

In 1924, Korolev became a student at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, studying aviation technology. Sergey masters all engineering disciplines perfectly in two years. After this, he transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School.

In 1931, Korolev, together with Friedrich Zander, achieved the creation of a Study Group jet propulsion. This organization will soon begin to create rocket aircraft. On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of an aircraft took place.

In the same year, the Jet Research Institute was created, in which Korolev became deputy director. Until 1938, Sergei Pavlovich headed the department of rocket aircraft. During this time, the department tested anti-aircraft, cruise, ballistic missiles, anti-aircraft solid fuel and aircraft missiles for firing at different types goals.

On June 27, 1938, Korolev was accused of sabotage and arrested. Torture was used during interrogations. Military Collegium The Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Korolev to 10 years in prison in a forced labor camp. In 1939, Korolev was sent to Kolyma, and in 1940 he was returned to Moscow and left to work in the prison design bureaus.

At first, Korolev works at TsKB-29, which is headed by Tupolev. Then Sergei Pavlovich is transferred to OKB-16 of Kazan. In 1943 he was appointed chief designer of the group. rocket launchers.

In July 1944, Korolev was released early and began developing ballistic missiles. In 1950, the R-1 rocket entered service, which was a complete copy of the V-2.

Korolev then works to create strategic missiles. In 1957, the first sea- and mobile land-based ballistic missiles were introduced. In the same year, the first artificial satellite entered orbit around the Earth. In 1958-1959, three automatic devices were sent to the Moon.

In 1960, the triumph of Korolev and his associates came: the R-7 intercontinental two-stage missile was put into service.

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was sent into low-Earth orbit for the first time on the Vostok-1 manned spacecraft. It was finest hour not only Gagarin, but also Korolev, who demonstrated his design talents to the whole world. After this, the Vostok-2 and Soyuz spacecraft were designed, and the creation of a project for a heavy orbital station and a heavy interplanetary spacecraft began.

On January 14, 1966, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev died. The official cause of death was heart failure, which occurred after intestinal surgery.

Major achievements of Korolev

• A pioneer in many areas of rocket and space technology and missile weapons.
• Made a decisive contribution to the creation of manned spacecraft.
• Ensured the USSR had strategic nuclear missile weapons, which became the country’s “shield”.
• Became key figure in the field of space exploration.
• Founder of practical astronautics.
• Lenin Prize laureate. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Important dates in the biography of the Queen

• January 12, 1907 - birth in Zhitomir.
• 1915 - admission to the Kyiv gymnasium for preparatory courses.
• 1917 – admission to the Odessa gymnasium.
• 1922-1924 - training at a construction vocational school.
• 1924 – admission to the Kiev Polytechnic Institute.
• 1926 - transfer to the Moscow Higher Technical School.
• 1931 – creation of GIRD.
• 1933 – the first successful launch of a GIRD rocket. Creation of the Jet Research Institute. Start of work on the creation of combat missiles at different types fuel.
• 1938 - arrest. Sentenced to 10 years in prison.
• 1939 – Kolyma.
• 1940 - return to Moscow, work in prison design bureaus.
• 1944 - early release. The development of ballistic missiles begins.
• 1950 – the R-1 missile entered service.
• 1957 - creation of the first ballistic missiles. Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
• 1960 – the R-7 missile entered service.
• 1961 - first manned flight spacecraft"Vostok-1".
• January 14, 1966 - Sergei Pavlovich Korolev died of heart failure.

• After the war, under the guise of an artillery captain, he went to the British to scout out information about the V-2. The British quickly declassified it, since they forgot to provide the Queen with front-line medals and orders.
• At school I was a C student, in almost all subjects.
• The cosmonauts have a legend according to which Gagarin and Komarov demanded that Korolev’s ashes be sent in a special apparatus to the Moon.

Many foreigners associate Russia with space. But in our country the word cosmos is primarily associated with the surname Korolev.

Sergei Pavlovich was born in January 1907, in the city of Zhitomir. His father, Pavel Yakovlevich, was a simple teacher; he taught Russian literature at school. Mother Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko was also a teacher.

As a child, Sergei differed from his peers in his passion for technology. This thrust was not without talent. And passion multiplied by talent always yields great results.

This is what happened with Korolev. At the age of 17, he developed a design for his first aircraft - a non-motorized aircraft.

In 1924, Sergei Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute at the Faculty of Aviation Engineering. In two years of study, I mastered all general engineering subjects. In 1926, he moved to and continued his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School - Moscow Higher Technical School.

During his studies, Sergei Pavlovich established himself as a talented designer. He built a number of aircraft: “Koktebel”, “Red Star”, as well as the SK-4 aircraft.

These models were interesting from a point of view. In the fall of 1931, Korolev and Zander created, with permission from above, a group for the study of jet propulsion. A year later, this group became a de facto state laboratory engaged in the development of rocket and aircraft.

In 1933, the Jet Research Institute was founded, with Kleimenov becoming its director. Sergei Pavlovich became his deputy. Korolev's fate was difficult.

In 1938, he went to prison on trumped-up charges. Two years later, the state still needed his services. While in prison, he took a large part in the creation of TU-2.

In 1946, Sergei Pavlovich was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles. He is in as soon as possible developed several generations of ballistic missiles, which are typical in better side differed from their counterparts.

The next step in his life was the development of a launch vehicle for atomic warheads. Again, he coped with this task brilliantly. In 1956, the first domestically produced missile with a nuclear warhead was put into service. Subsequently, developments in this direction did not stop and Korolev managed to create several modifications.

Soon the space exploration program began. And this could not have happened without his knowledge and skills. Sergei Pavlovich created the first manned spacecraft in world history. The name of the ship is “Vostok”.

On this ship, a man flew into space for the first time. And this man was Yuri. Under the leadership of Korolev space program continues to develop, following Gagarin, Titov, Nikolaev, Popovich, Bykovsky, Tereshkova, Leonov fly into space.

The rapid development of astronautics in the USSR does not end only with the development of manned spacecraft. Korolev creates several drones with scientific purposes.

Satellites are launched into space to study the Earth's radiation belts. Telecommunications and radio broadcasting satellites are also launched into space.

Sergei Pavlovich was seriously ill and died in early 1966. Korolev is a Great Russian scientist, his contribution to the development of space can hardly be overestimated. Thanks to its scientific activity, is known not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961). Founder of practical astronautics.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (now in Ukraine) in the family of Russian literature teacher Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877-1929). He was about three years old when his parents divorced.

In 1915, S.P. Korolev entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, and in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa. After the closure of the gymnasium, he studied at the Construction Vocational School, from which he graduated in 1924, receiving the specialty of a tile builder.

In 1924-1927, S.P. Korolev studied at the aeromechanical department of the Moscow Higher Technical University. , in 1927 he began working at the factories of the All-Union Aviation Association. In 1929, he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, defending his graduation project for the light-engine aircraft SK-4 under the guidance of aircraft designer A. N. Tupolev. In 1930, S.P. Korolev graduated from the Moscow Pilot School. From June 1930 he was a senior engineer at TsAGI. He developed a number of designs for successfully flown gliders.

Rocket and space systems, the development of which was headed by S.P. Korolev, made it possible for the first time in the world to launch artificial satellites of the Earth and the Sun, fly automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon, Venus and Mars, and make a soft landing on the surface of the Moon. Under his leadership, artificial Earth satellites of the Electron and Molniya-1 series, many satellites of the Cosmos series, and the first copies of interplanetary reconnaissance aircraft of the Zond series were created. S.P. Korolev trained many talented scientists and engineers.

S.P. Korolev was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), awarded three orders, the Order of the Badge of Honor. In 1957 he became a Lenin Prize laureate.

S.P. Korolev died on January 14, 1966 as a result of an unsuccessful operation. His ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square.

In the history of space exploration, the name of S.P. Korolev is associated with the era of the first remarkable achievements. The outstanding organizational skills and talent of a great scientist allowed him to direct the work of many research and design teams to solve large complex problems for a number of years. The scientific and technical ideas of S.P. Korolev have been widely used in rocket and space technology. He was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive. He is a pioneer in many main areas of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology.

The name of S.P. Korolev, as one of the founders of practical cosmonautics, was given to the largest formation (thalassoid) on back side Moons.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is an academician whose name is known, as a rule, to all educated people on the planet. What is the reason for such popularity? What did this undoubtedly talented man manage to create that stories about him have been retold for several decades?

Like all Soviet scientists, he made a significant contribution to the development of world science. But that's not all. He was the first. The first who managed to conquer outer space. Of course, after him there were and will be the most talented specialists who dedicated and are devoting their work to the exploration of the galaxy. But it is Sergei Pavlovich Korolev who is considered a pioneer.

In fact, you can talk about this person endlessly, each time being surprised by his talent, perseverance and determination.

Section 1. Childhood and adolescence

Sergei Korolev, whose biography is quite rich, was born in the Ukrainian city of Zhitomir on January 12, 1907. His parents separated early, the boy did not remember his own father at all, as he was brought up in his mother’s family in the city of Nizhyn. It was there in 1911 that Sergei saw the pilot Utochkin flying in an airplane. To say that this event simply impressed him is to say nothing. The teenager was indescribably delighted.

In 1917, Korolev and his mother moved to Odessa to live with his stepfather. A detachment of seaplanes was then located in South Palmyra. And pure chance brought the teenager together with mechanic V. Dolganov, who subsequently began to teach him all the intricacies. The boy spent the whole summer with the crew, helping prepare the planes for flights, and for a very a short time was able to become an indispensable and trouble-free assistant to local mechanics and pilots.

Sergei Korolev was unable to immediately obtain a certificate of general secondary education; as a result, he graduated from a two-year construction school, where he studied very diligently. Throughout his studies, Korolev continued to participate in the life of the hydroaviation detachment. And the guy’s reputation as a brilliant mechanic was firmly established.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was a member of the Aviation Society of Ukraine, gave lectures on gliding, and took part in the construction of a glider designed by the famous pilot K. A. Artseulov. After a while, he entered the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, where he was considered one of the most educated fur students. faculty.

In 1926, after two years of study in Kyiv, the talented young man transferred to Moscow to major in aeromechanics (MVTU). In March 1927, Korolev graduated from gliding school with honors.

Section 2. Arrest and work for the KGB

In his autobiography chief designer recalled that he was arrested very unexpectedly (it happened on June 27, 1938) on charges of sabotage. Like many famous people at that time, he was subjected to torture. There is also evidence that both jaws were broken.

On September 25, 1938, the scientist was included in the list of special persons whose cases were considered by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In that list he was listed in the first (execution) category. But the court on September 27, 1938 sentenced him to only 10 years in labor camp. A few years later, the term was reduced, and he was released in 1944. During this time, Sergei went through Butyrka in Moscow, a prison in Novocherkassk and Kolyma, where he was engaged in “general work” at a gold mine.

The future chief designer returned to Moscow on March 2, 1940, where just 4 months later he was convicted a second time. In the NKVD prison TsKB-29, he participated in the construction of Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers. Such talents were the reason for Korolev’s transfer to another design bureau at aircraft plant No. 16 in Kazan. In 1943, he was appointed to a responsible position in the production of rocket launchers. In July 1944, the scientist was released early on the personal orders of I.V. Stalin.

Section 3. Sergei Korolev - academician. Scientific works

Achievements in the field deserve special attention. So, this talented Soviet specialist took part in the following projects aimed at:

• Development In 1956, under his strict leadership, a two-stage ballistic missile R-7, its modification was in service with the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1957, he created the first rockets powered by stable fuel components.
• Creation of the first artificial satellite of our planet. S.P. Korolev developed it on the basis of a combat rocket with a three- and four-stage carrier. As a result, this one was launched on October 4, 1957.
• Construction of various satellites and launching vehicles to the Moon. Among other things, he managed to develop a geophysical satellite, paired Electron satellites and automatic stations to the Moon.
• The assembly of the Vostok-1 manned spacecraft, which made possible the world's first human flight - Yu. A. Gagarin - in low-Earth orbit. For this, the Queen was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time.

Section 4. Love and space of a scientist

Korolev’s first kiss with the girl of his dreams, oddly enough, happened on the roof. He lived in Odessa and fell in love with Ksenia Vincentini, sought her favor for a long time, and only before leaving for the Kiev Polytechnic Institute did he propose to her. Ksenia replied that she would wait until Sergei finished his studies. It so happened that she studied to become a doctor in Kharkov, and he studied in Kyiv, and then in Moscow. Korolev constantly tried to get Ksenia’s consent to the marriage; she resisted for several more years, but in the end she became his wife, and Sergei took his beloved to Moscow.

However, unfortunately, soon after this, Korolev quickly loses interest in his wife and becomes interested in other women. As a result, such adventures of the husband brought the woman to this point and she decides to leave him. Their daughter Natasha found out about her father’s “infidelities” at the age of 12, and as a result, the rift between daughter and father remained for the rest of his life.

It turns out that the famous Academician Korolev was never able to become loving and caring husband and father.

Section 5. Exhausting inner loneliness

His second wife, Nina, had no easier time with his adventures. Sergei Pavlovich continued to disappear on endless business trips, suffering from loneliness.

He often turns to his wife for advice, writes letters to her, talks about his difficulties and experiences, eternal problems in his soul and But soon she begins to get tired of his eternal torment and confessions, she stops responding to them, and he feels even more lonely.

Section 6: Medical History and Death

Everything happened too suddenly. A man lived, worked for the good of his Motherland, glorified his country, when suddenly he was gone. There were no solemn speeches, no magnificent funerals, or even articles on the topic “S.P. Korolev, a world-famous academician, has passed away.”

Citizens of the USSR learned about what happened from the press. On January 16, 1966, a medical report on the cause of Korolev’s death was published in the Pravda newspaper. It turned out that he for a long time was sick, and several pestered him at once serious illnesses: sarcoma of the rectum, sclerosis of the arteries of the brain and Just on this day, Sergei Pavlovich underwent surgery to remove the tumor, but he died due to heart failure right on the operating table, without regaining consciousness.