Years of life: 1901 - 1932
The ancestors of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, the second wife of I.V. Stalin, came from serfs, and her parents were professional revolutionaries. Their marriage turned out to be happy, it was not overshadowed even by the fact that Olga Evgenievna Alliluyeva, having a very expansive nature, was sometimes carried away by some man: sometimes a Hungarian, sometimes a Pole, sometimes a Bulgarian, sometimes a Turk. When her next hobby passed, peace and tranquility returned to the family again.

Nadezhda was born in Baku and spent her childhood in the Caucasus. According to family legend, in 1903 Joseph Stalin saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the embankment. Fourteen years later they met again - a sixteen-year-old high school student and a thirty-eight-year-old exiled revolutionary who returned from Siberia. Soon they got married...

In 1921, Nadezhda and Stalin had their first child, who was named Vasily. The boy was mainly cared for by his grandparents and servants. In 1926, Svetlana was born.

At this time Nadezhda actively participated in social work, and the main responsibilities for caring for the girl lay with the teacher. After the death of V.I. Lenin, Alliluyeva, his former secretary, began working in the magazine “Revolution and Culture”. Having no education other than six classes at the gymnasium, she was ready to do any work, just so as not to sit with children within the Kremlin walls.

From the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva: “She was very beautiful and wore good perfume. In the evenings, my mother came to my bed, kissed me, touched me with her hands and left, but the smell remained, and I fell asleep in a fragrant cloud.”

Meanwhile, having truly unlimited possibilities, Nadezhda Sergeevna by nature remained a modest and thrifty woman. Her grandson, director A.V. Burdonsky (son of Vasily), in one interview gave a very characteristic example: “Once in the fifties, my grandmother’s sister, Anna Sergeevna Alliluyeva, gave us a chest where Nadezhda Sergeevna’s things were kept. I was struck by the modesty of her dresses. An old jacket with patches under the arms, a worn skirt made of dark wool, covered in patches on the inside. And it was worn by a young woman who was said to love beautiful clothes.”
“Stalin’s marriage with Alliluyeva cannot be called happy,” writes historian Alexander Kolesnik in the book “Truth and Myths about Stalin’s Family.” - He was most often busy with work. He spent most of his time in the Kremlin. His wife clearly missed his attention. She left him several times along with her children Vasily and Svetlana, and shortly before her death she even talked about moving in with relatives after graduating from the Industrial Academy, where she studied.”

With daughter Svetlana

More and more often, Nadezhda Sergeevna turned to God (despite revolutionary ideas, she was a believer). Maybe this saved her for a while. But it still didn’t save me from the fatal step...

The year 1926 turned out to be difficult for the leader’s family... Svetlana Alliluyeva writes: “Somehow back in 1926, when I was six months old, my parents quarreled, and my mother, taking me, my brother and the nanny, went to Leningrad to visit my grandfather, never to return. She intended to start working there and gradually create for herself independent life. The quarrel arose because of rudeness; the reason was small, but obviously it was a long-standing, accumulated irritation. However, the resentment passed. My nanny told me that my father called from Moscow and wanted to come “to make peace” and take everyone home. But my mother answered the phone, not without evil wit: “Why do you need to go, it will cost the state too much! I’ll come myself.” And everyone returned home..."

I.V. Stalin, N.S. Allilueva, E.D. Voroshilova, K.E. Voroshilov. Sochi, 1932

Everyone who knew Nadezhda well spoke of her as an extremely nervous, excitable person. In this respect, the spouses were similar to each other, although Stalin himself knew how to hide his feelings. One of the women who knew Nadezhda Sergeevna said: “It was generally noticeable that she was a little bit of “that one.” As they say now, with violets in your head.” Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, remembering her, also admitted that “she was a little mentally ill, in the presence of others she sawed and humiliated him (Stalin).”

Mentally unwell... Researchers agree on one thing: Nadezhda Sergeevna went to Berlin for consultation about severe headaches. And the doctors allegedly refused to operate on her. Although the disease was more than serious - fusion of the cranial sutures.

“What his wife Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva discovered about Stalin and what she knew about him that made her life impossible will probably never be known,” suggests A. Kolesnik. “Her psyche could not stand it, and on the night of November 8-9, 1932, N. S. Alliluyeva passed away.”

Larisa Vasilyeva gives an interesting version of the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna in her book: “Once, it was about a week before November seventh, Alliluyeva told her friend that something terrible would soon happen to her. She is cursed from birth because she is Stalin’s daughter and his wife at the same time... Stalin allegedly told her this himself at the time of a quarrel. And when she was dumbfounded, he tried to improve the situation: he joked, they say. She pressed her mother against the wall, who had had a good time in her youth, and she admitted that she was really close to Stalin and her husband at the same time... and, to be honest, she doesn’t know which of them gave birth to Nadya...”

J.V. Stalin did not go to the funeral of the mother of his children. Her family and friends buried her. Following the coffin were Avel Enukidze and Alexander Svanidze, each of whom Muscovites mistook for Stalin. There is also a version that J.V. Stalin himself shot his wife. But to date there is no evidence of this.

According to eyewitnesses, Alliluyeva was jealous of Stalin’s wives of his associates and even the hairdresser who had Joseph Vissarionovich shaved. Maybe there really were reasons for jealousy. At one time, the book “Confession of Stalin’s Mistress” about the opera singer Vera Davydova, with whom the leader allegedly often visited Sochi, became a sensation.

“We can assume that Alliluyeva knew about their relationship,” says Sochi historian Yuri Alexandrov. - Stalin met Davydova in the spring of 1932, and judging by the active participation he took in her move from Leningrad to Moscow, Davydova made a great impression on Stalin. When I talked to old workers at Stalin’s Sochi dacha, none of them could remember Davydov. But my sister-hostess and librarian Elizaveta Popkova told me that his second cousin, an opera singer named Mchedlidze, often came to see Stalin. I searched for information about Mchedlidze for a long time and found it in... Soviet encyclopedia: “Vera Davydova (Mchedlidze), opera singer, People's Artist THE USSR".

Stalin regarded his wife's suicide as a betrayal. In the diary of Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s friend, Maria Svanidze, who was shot as an “enemy of the people” in 1942, there is an entry dated April 1935: “...And then Joseph said: How is it that Nadya... could shoot herself. She did something very bad." Sashiko inserted a remark - how could she leave two children. “What children, they forgot about her in a few days, but she crippled me for life. Let's drink to Nadya! - said Joseph. And we all drank to the health of dear Nadya, who left us so cruelly..."

Joseph Stalin with his wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva in a Rolls-Royce car. Pavel Udalov is driving. Moscow Kremlin. 1923. RGALI

“The first days he was shocked,” Svetlana wrote. - He said that he himself didn’t want to live anymore... They were afraid to leave their father alone, he was in such a state. At times he felt some kind of anger and rage. This was explained by the fact that his mother left him a letter.
Apparently she wrote it at night. I never saw him, of course. It was probably destroyed right there, but it was there, those who saw it told me about it. It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. This was not just a personal letter: it was partly a political letter. And, after reading it, my father might have thought that my mother was only with him for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere next to the opposition of those years.

Stalin - actor Duta Skhirtladze, Nadezhda Alliluyeva - actress Olga Budina

He was shocked and angry by this, and when he came to say goodbye to the civil memorial service, he approached the coffin for a minute, suddenly pushed it away from him with his hands and, turning, walked away. And he didn’t go to the funeral.”

Angered by his wife's suicide, Stalin imprisoned and executed many of her relatives. Even the harmless sisters, far from politics, were arrested: “They know too much and talk too much.”

Vladimir Alliluyev in his book “Chronicle of a Family” cites an eyewitness account that in October 1941, “when the fate of Moscow hung in the balance and the evacuation of the government to Kuibyshev was expected, Stalin came to Novodevichye to say goodbye to Nadezhda. Security officer of the Secretary General A.T. Rybin claims that Stalin came to Novodevichye several times at night and sat silently for a long time on a marble bench installed opposite the monument.”

Former assistant commandant of Stalin's dacha Pyotr Lozgachev said that in Last year Throughout his life, Joseph Vissarionovich began to remember more and more often about Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In the dining room, a portrait of her appeared on the wall from somewhere (obviously, the same one that, on the orders of the leader, was painted by the artist Gerasimov in the morgue). Stalin used to stand in front of him for a long time and think about something...

Text by E. N. Oboymina and O. V. Tatkova

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It is unlikely that any adult in Russia, or indeed in the world, needs to be told about Stalin the politician. Much less is known about Stalin as a person, but he was a husband, father and, as it turns out, a great lover of women, at least during his stormy revolutionary youth. True, the fates of those closest to him always turned out tragically. Dismissing fiction, myths and gossip, Anews talks about the wives and children of the leader.

Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze

First wife

At the age of 27, Stalin married the 21-year-old daughter of a Georgian nobleman. Her brother, with whom he once studied at the theological seminary, was his close friend. They got married secretly, at night, in a mountain monastery in Tiflis, because Joseph was already hiding from the authorities as an underground Bolshevik.

Marriage concluded by Great love, lasted only 16 months: Kato gave birth to a son, Yakov, and at the age of 22 she died in her husband’s arms, either from transient consumption or from typhus. According to legend, the inconsolable widower allegedly told a friend at the funeral: “My last warm feelings for people died with her.”

Even if these words are fiction, here is a real fact: years later Stalin's repressions They destroyed almost all of Catherine’s relatives. The same brother and his wife were shot, elder sister. And his brother’s son was kept in a psychiatric hospital until Stalin’s death.

Yakov Dzhugashvili

First son

Stalin's firstborn was raised by Kato's relatives. He first saw his father at the age of 14, when he already had new family. It is believed that Stalin never fell in love with the “wolf cub,” as he himself called him, and was even jealous of his wife, who was only five and a half years older than Yasha. He severely punished the teenager for the slightest offenses, sometimes he did not let him go home, forcing him to spend the night on the stairs. When, at the age of 18, the son married against the will of his father, the relationship completely deteriorated. In desperation, Yakov tried to shoot himself, but the bullet went right through, he was saved, and Stalin distanced himself even more from the “bully and blackmailer” and mocked him: “Ha, I didn’t hit!”

In June 1941, Yakov Dzhugashvili went to the front, and to the most difficult sector - near Vitebsk. His battery distinguished itself in one of the largest tank battles, and Stalin’s son, along with other fighters, was nominated for the award.

But soon Yakov was captured. His portraits immediately appeared on fascist leaflets designed to demoralize Soviet soldiers. There is a myth that Stalin allegedly refused to exchange his son for the German military leader Paulus, saying: “I don’t exchange a soldier for a field marshal!” Historians doubt that the Germans even proposed such an exchange, and the phrase itself is heard in the Soviet film epic “Liberation” and, apparently, is an invention of the screenwriters.

German photo: Stalin's son in captivity

And the following photograph of the captive Yakov Dzhugashvili is published for the first time: only recently it was found in the photo archive of the military leader of the Third Reich, Wolfram von Richthofen.

Yakov spent two years in captivity and did not cooperate with the Germans under any pressure. He died in the camp in April 1943: he provoked a sentry to fire a fatal shot by rushing to the barbed wire fence. According to a common version, Yakov fell into despair after hearing Stalin’s words on the radio that “there are no prisoners of war in the Red Army, there are only traitors and traitors to the Motherland.” However, most likely, this “spectacular phrase” was attributed to Stalin later.

Meanwhile, Yakov Dzhugashvili’s relatives, in particular his daughter and half-brother Artem Sergeev, were convinced all their lives that he died in battle in June 1941, and his time in captivity, including photos and interrogation reports, was from beginning to end played out by the Germans for propaganda purposes. However, in 2007, the FSB confirmed the fact of his captivity.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Second and last wife

Stalin married for the second time at the age of 40, his wife was 23 years younger - a fresh graduate of the gymnasium, who looked with adoration at the seasoned revolutionary, who had just returned from yet another Siberian exile.

Nadezhda was the daughter of Stalin’s longtime associates, and he also had an affair with her mother Olga in his youth. Now, years later, she became his mother-in-law.

The marriage of Joseph and Nadezhda, initially happy, eventually became unbearable for both. Memories of their family are very contradictory: some said that Stalin was gentle at home, and she enforced strict discipline and easily flared up, others said that he was constantly rude, and she endured and accumulated grievances until tragedy struck...

In November 1932, after another public altercation with her husband while visiting Voroshilov, Nadezhda returned home, retired to the bedroom and shot herself in the heart. No one heard the shot, only the next morning she was found dead. She was 31 years old.

There were also different stories about Stalin's reaction. According to some, he was shocked and cried at the funeral. Others remember that he was furious and said over his wife’s coffin: “I didn’t know that you were my enemy.” One way or another, with family relationships was forever over. Subsequently, numerous novels were attributed to Stalin, including with the first beauty of the Soviet screen, Lyubov Orlova, but these were mostly unconfirmed rumors and myths.

Vasily Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

Second son

Nadezhda gave birth to two children for Stalin. When she committed suicide, her 12-year-old son and 6-year-old daughter found themselves under the supervision of not only nannies and housekeepers, but also male guards led by General Vlasik. It was them that Vasily later blamed for the fact that from a young age he became addicted to smoking and alcohol.

Subsequently, being a military pilot and fighting bravely in the war, he more than once received penalties and demotions “in the name of Stalin” for hooligan actions. For example, he was removed from command of a regiment for fishing with the use of aircraft shells, as a result of which his weapons engineer was killed and one of the best pilots was wounded.

Or after the war, a year before Stalin’s death, he lost his position as commander of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District when he showed up drunk at a government holiday reception and was rude to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief.

Immediately after the death of the leader, the life of Aviation Lieutenant General Vasily Stalin went downhill. He began to spread left and right that his father had been poisoned, and when the Minister of Defense decided to appoint his troubled son to a position away from Moscow, he did not obey his order. He was transferred to the reserve without the right to wear a uniform, and then he did the irreparable - he conveyed his version of Stalin’s poisoning to foreigners, hoping to receive protection from them.

But instead of abroad younger son Stalin, a decorated participant in the Great Patriotic War, ended up in prison, where he spent 8 years, from April 1953 to April 1961. The angry Soviet leadership brought a lot of accusations on him, including frankly ridiculous ones, but Vasily admitted to everything without exception during interrogation. At the end of his sentence, he was “exiled” to Kazan, but he did not live even a year in freedom: he died in March 1962, just a couple of days before his 41st birthday. According to the official conclusion, from alcohol poisoning.

Svetlana Alliluyeva (Lana Peters)

Stalin's daughter

Naturally or not, the only one of the children whom Stalin doted on gave him nothing but trouble during his lifetime, and after his death she fled abroad and in the end completely abandoned her homeland, where she was threatened with the fate of suffering moral punishment for the rest of her days. father's sins.

From a young age, she started countless affairs, sometimes destructive for her chosen ones. When, at the age of 16, she fell in love with 40-year-old film screenwriter Alexei Kapler, Stalin arrested him and exiled him to Vorkuta, completely forgetting how he himself, at the same age, seduced young Nadezhda, Svetlana’s mother.

Svetlana only had five official husbands, including an Indian and an American. Having escaped to India in 1966, she became a “defector”, leaving her 20-year-old son and 16-year-old daughter behind in the USSR. They did not forgive such betrayal. The son is no longer in the world, and the daughter, who is now approaching 70, abruptly interrupts the inquisitive journalists: “You are mistaken, she is not my mother.”

In America, Svetlana, who became Lana Peters by marriage, had her third daughter, Olga. With her, she suddenly returned to the USSR in the mid-80s, but did not take root either in Moscow or in Georgia and eventually finally left for the USA, renouncing her native citizenship. Her personal life never worked out. She died in a nursing home in 2011, her burial place is unknown.

Svetlana Alliluyeva: “Wherever I go - to Switzerland, or India, even Australia, even some lonely island, I will always be a political prisoner in the name of my father.”

Stalin had three more sons - two illegitimate, born from his mistresses in exile, and one adopted. Surprisingly, their fates were not so tragic, on the contrary, as if distance from their father or lack of blood relationship saved them from evil fate.

Artem Sergeev

Stalin's adopted son

His own father was the legendary Bolshevik “Comrade Artem”, a revolutionary comrade-in-arms and close friend of Stalin. When his son was three months old, he died in a train accident, and Stalin took him into his family.

Artem was the same age as Vasily Stalin; the guys were inseparable from childhood. From the age of two and a half, both were raised in a boarding school for “Kremlin” children, however, in order not to raise a “children’s elite,” exactly the same number of real street children were placed with them. Everyone was taught to work equally. The children of party members returned home only on weekends, and were obliged to invite orphans to their home.

According to Vasily’s memoirs, Stalin “loved Artyom very much and set him as an example.” However, Stalin did not give any concessions to the diligent Artyom, who, unlike Vasily, studied well and with interest. So, after the war, he had a rather difficult time at the Artillery Academy due to excessive drilling and nagging teachers. Then it turned out that Stalin personally demanded that adopted son treated more strictly.

After Stalin's death, Artem Sergeev became a great military leader and retired with the rank of major general of artillery. He is considered one of the founders of anti-aircraft missile forces THE USSR. He died in 2008 at the age of 86. Until the end of his life he remained a devoted communist.

Mistresses and illegitimate children

British specialist Soviet history Simon Seabag Montefiori, an award-winning documentary filmmaker, toured the area in the 1990s. former USSR and found a lot of unpublished documents in the archives. It turned out that young Stalin was surprisingly amorous and was fond of women of different ages and estates and after the death of his first wife, in the years Siberian exiles, had big number mistresses

17-year-old high school graduate Onufrieva's field he sent passionate cards (one of them is pictured). Postscript: “I have your kiss, transmitted to me through Petka. I kiss you back, and not just kiss you, but passionately (you just shouldn’t kiss!). Joseph".

He had affairs with fellow party members - Vera Schweitzer And Lyudmila Steel.

And on a noblewoman from Odessa Stefania Petrovskaya he was even planning to get married.

However, Stalin married two sons with simple peasant women from the distant wilderness.

Konstantin Stepanovich Kuzakov

Illegitimate son from his cohabitant in Solvychegodsk, Maria Kuzakova

The son of a young widow who sheltered the exiled Stalin, he graduated from a university in Leningrad and made a dizzying career - from a non-partisan university teacher to the head of cinematography at the USSR Ministry of Culture and one of the leaders of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. He recalled in 1995: “My origins were not a big secret, but I always managed to avoid answering when asked about it. But I guess my promotion is also related to my abilities.”

Only in mature age he saw Stalin closely for the first time, and it happened in the buffet of the Presidium of the Supreme Council. Kuzakov, as a member of the Central Committee apparatus responsible for propaganda, was involved in political editing of speeches. “I didn’t even have time to take a step towards Stalin. The bell rang and members of the Politburo went into the hall. Stalin stopped and looked at me. I felt that he wanted to tell me something. I wanted to rush towards him, but something stopped me. Probably, subconsciously, I understood that public recognition of my relationship would bring me nothing but big troubles. Stalin waved his phone and walked slowly..."

After this, Stalin, under the pretext of a work consultation, wanted to arrange a personal reception for Kuzakov, but he did not hear the phone call, having fallen fast asleep after a late meeting. Only the next morning they told him that he had missed it. Then Konstantin saw Stalin more than once, both close and from afar, but they never spoke to each other, and he never called again. “I think he didn’t want to make me a tool in the hands of intriguers.”

However, in 1947, Kuzakov almost came under repression due to Beria’s intrigues. He was expelled from the party for “loss of vigilance” and removed from all posts. Beria demanded his arrest at the Politburo. But Stalin saved his unrecognized son. As Zhdanov later told him, Stalin walked along the table for a long time, smoked and then said: “I see no reason for the arrest of Kuzakov.”

Kuzakov was reinstated in the party on the day of Beria’s arrest, and his career resumed. He retired under Gorbachev, in 1987, at the age of 75. Died in 1996.

Alexander Yakovlevich Davydov

Illegitimate son from his cohabitant in Kureika, Lidiya Pereprygina

And here there was almost a criminal story, because 34-year-old Stalin began living with Lydia when she was only 14. Under the threat of gendarmerie prosecution for seducing a minor, he promised to later marry her, but fled from exile earlier. At the time of his disappearance, she was pregnant and without him gave birth to a son, Alexander.

There is evidence that at first the runaway father corresponded with Lydia. Then, a rumor spread that Stalin had been killed at the front, and she married fisherman Yakov Davydov, who adopted her child.

There is documentary evidence that in 1946, 67-year-old Stalin suddenly wanted to find out about their fate and conveyed a laconic order to find bearers of such and such surnames. Based on the results of the search, Stalin was given brief information- such and such live there. And all the personal and juicy details that became clear in the process surfaced only 10 years later, already under Khrushchev, when the campaign to expose the cult of personality began.

Alexander Davydov lived simple life Soviet soldier and a hard worker. He took part in the Great Patriotic and Korean Wars, rising to the rank of major. After leaving the army, he lived with his family in Novokuznetsk, working in low-level positions - as a foreman, head of a factory canteen. Died in 1987.

On September 22, 1901, Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva was born. She got married early, and her chosen one was none other than Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin himself.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs. She studied at the Industrial Academy and was a classmate of Nikita Khrushchev. It was Alliluyeva who introduced Khrushchev to Stalin. The life of the first lady was not the easiest test for Nadezhda Sergeevna. And on the night of November 8-9, Alliluyeva shot herself with a Walter pistol. She was only 31 years old.

SmartNews collected five possible reasons death of the leader's wife.

RESULT AND HUMILIATION

According to one of the common versions, Nadezhda Alliluyeva shot herself because she could not bear the insult inflicted on her by Stalin. The insult was inflicted on Nadezhda during the holiday dedicated to the 15th anniversary October revolution. Then Stalin, without hesitation, told his wife rude and offensive words. Offended, Alliluyeva silently left the holiday and headed to the Kremlin apartment.

The Kremlin servants noticed Alliluyeva’s excited state when she returned to her apartment. After some time, a shot was heard from her room. Stalin received many expressions of sympathy and moved on to the order of the day.

JEALOUSY AND SUFFERING

A version worthy of a whole love story, tells that after the banquet on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, Stalin did not go to his wife’s apartment. Concerned, Alliluyeva began to find out where her husband had gone and called one of Comrade Stalin’s dachas. Over the phone, the officer on duty confirmed to Nadezhda that Joseph Vissarionovich was in the house. In the conversation, the officer also added that Stalin was not alone, but with a woman.

Nadezhda did not write suicide notes. When Stalin returned home in the morning, his wife was already dead.

CONSPIRACY AND DEPRESSION

There is an assumption that serious psychological pressure was exerted on Nadezhda Alliluyeva. Trotsky himself allegedly tried to influence the moral state of Stalin’s wife. They tried to distort Alliluyeva’s ideology through stories about her husband. Opponents of the existing order heaped slander on Stalin and passed on to his wife information about the leader’s brutal reprisals against cadre party members. According to this version, Trotsky hoped that Alliluyeva would not stand it and would create a political scandal. By doing this, she would ensure Stalin’s speedy and bloodless departure from his post. However, the information that Alliluyeva was fed had a different effect. Nadezhda Sergeevna fell into a deep depression, which deprived her of her sanity, and she shot herself.

ILLNESS AND TORMENT

One of the most prosaic reasons that prompted Alliluyeva to commit suicide is considered to be migraine. The author of such popular books as “The Kremlin Wives” and “Children of the Kremlin,” Larisa Vasilyeva, in her interview with journalist Andrei Knyazev, claims that it was the constant headaches, which at times became simply unbearable, that brought Alliluyeva to such despair that she was able to stop her torment only with a pistol.

But there is a boring truth of life: this woman had a serious brain disease. She went for treatment to Düsseldorf, where her brother’s family then lived. Difficult relations with Stalin certainly played a role. It was unbearable for this proud woman when her husband, for example, at one party said to her: “Hey, you.” But the worst thing for Alliluyeva was the monstrous headaches that could lead to suicide... Real facts always less interesting than gossip.

Mysterious death Nadezhda Alliluyeva

The name of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva became known to the Soviet people only after her death. On those cold November days of 1932, people who knew this young woman intimately said goodbye to her. They did not want to make a circus out of the funeral, but Stalin ordered otherwise. The funeral procession, which passed through the central streets of Moscow, attracted a crowd of thousands. Everyone wanted to see off the wife of the “Father of Nations” on her last journey. These funerals could only be compared with the mourning ceremonies previously held for the death of Russian empresses.

The unexpected death of a thirty-year-old woman, and the first lady of the state, could not but raise a lot of questions. Since foreign journalists who were in Moscow at that time were unable to obtain information of interest from the official authorities, the foreign press was full of reports about a variety of reasons for the untimely death of Stalin’s wife.

Citizens of the USSR, who also wanted to know what caused this sudden death, for a long time were in the dark. Various rumors spread around Moscow, according to which Nadezhda Alliluyeva died in a car accident, died from an acute attack of appendicitis. A number of other assumptions have also been made.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin’s version turned out to be completely different. He officially stated that his wife, who had been ill for several weeks, got out of bed too early, this caused serious complications, resulting in death.

Stalin could not say that Nadezhda Sergeevna was seriously ill, since a few hours before her death she was seen alive and well at a concert in the Kremlin dedicated to the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. Alliluyeva chatted cheerfully with high-ranking government and party officials and their wives.

What happened the real reason such an early death of this young woman?

There are three versions: according to the first of them, Nadezhda Alliluyeva committed suicide; supporters of the second version (these were mainly OGPU employees) argued that the first lady of the state was killed by Stalin himself; according to the third version, Nadezhda Sergeevna was shot dead on the orders of her husband. To understand this complicated matter, it is necessary to recall the entire history of the relationship between the Secretary General and his wife.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva

They got married in 1919, Stalin was then 40 years old, and his young wife was only a little over 17. An experienced man who knows the taste family life(Alliluyeva was his second wife), and a young girl, almost a child... Could their marriage have become happy?

Nadezhda Sergeevna was, so to speak, a hereditary revolutionary. Her father, Sergei Yakovlevich, was one of the first among Russian workers to join the ranks of the Russian Social Democratic Party; he took an active part in three Russian revolutions and Civil War. Nadezhda's mother also took part in the revolutionary actions of Russian workers.

The girl was born in 1901 in Baku; her childhood years occurred during the Caucasian period of the Alliluyev family’s life. Here in 1903 Sergei Yakovlevich met Joseph Dzhugashvili.

According to family legend, the future dictator saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the Baku embankment.

After 14 years, Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva met again, this time in St. Petersburg. Nadya was studying at the gymnasium at that time, and thirty-eight-year-old Joseph Vissarionovich had recently returned from Siberia.

The sixteen-year-old girl was very far from politics. She was more interested in pressing questions about food and shelter than global problems world revolution.

In her diary of those years, Nadezhda noted: “We have no plans to leave St. Petersburg. Provisions are good so far. Eggs, milk, bread, meat can be obtained, although expensive. In general, we can live, although we (and everyone in general) are in a terrible mood... it’s boring, you can’t go anywhere.”

Nadezhda Sergeevna rejected rumors about a Bolshevik attack in the last days of October 1917 as completely groundless. But the revolution was accomplished.

In January 1918, together with other high school students, Nadya attended the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies several times. “Quite interesting,” she wrote down the impressions of those days in her diary. “Especially when Trotsky or Lenin speak, the rest speak very sluggishly and meaninglessly.”

Nevertheless, Nadezhda, who considered all other politicians uninteresting, agreed to marry Joseph Stalin. The newlyweds settled in Moscow, Alliluyeva went to work in Lenin's secretariat under Fotieva (a few months earlier she had become a member of the RCP(b)).

In 1921, the family welcomed its first child, who was named Vasily. Nadezhda Sergeevna, who devoted all her strength to social work, could not pay due attention to the child. Joseph Vissarionovich was also very busy. Alliluyeva’s parents took care of raising little Vasily, and the servants also provided all possible assistance.

In 1926, a second child was born. The girl was named Svetlana. This time Nadezhda decided to raise the child on her own.

Together with a nanny who helped care for her daughter, she lived for some time at a dacha near Moscow.

However, matters required Alliluyeva’s presence in Moscow. Around the same time, she began collaborating with the magazine “Revolution and Culture”; she often had to go on business trips.

Nadezhda Sergeevna tried not to forget about her beloved daughter: the girl had all the best - clothes, toys, food. Son Vasya also did not go unnoticed.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva was good friend for your daughter. Even without being next to Svetlana, she gave her practical advice.

Unfortunately, only one letter from Nadezhda Sergeevna to her daughter has survived, asking her to be smart and reasonable: “Vasya wrote to me, a girl is playing pranks. It's terribly boring to receive letters like this about a girl.

I thought that I left her big and sensible, but it turns out that she is very small and does not know how to live like an adult... Be sure to answer me how you decided to live further, seriously or somehow...”

In the memory of Svetlana, who lost her dearest person early, her mother remained “very beautiful, smooth, smelling of perfume.”

Later, Stalin's daughter said that the first years of her life were the happiest.

The same cannot be said about the marriage of Alliluyeva and Stalin. Relations between them became more and more chilly every year.

Joseph Vissarionovich often went overnight to his dacha in Zubalovo. Sometimes alone, sometimes with friends, but most often accompanied by actresses, whom all high-ranking Kremlin figures loved very much.

Some contemporaries claimed that even during Alliluyeva’s life, Stalin began dating Lazar Kaganovich’s sister Rosa. The woman often visited the leader’s Kremlin chambers, as well as Stalin’s dacha.

Nadezhda Sergeevna knew very well about her husband’s love affairs and was very jealous of him. Apparently, she really loved this man, who could not find any other words for her except “fool” and other rude words.

Stalin showed his discontent and contempt in the most offensive way, and Nadezhda endured all this. She repeatedly attempted to leave her husband with her children, but each time she was forced to return.

According to some eyewitnesses, a few days before her death, Alliluyeva made an important decision - to finally move in with her relatives and end all relations with her husband.

It is worth noting that Joseph Vissarionovich was a despot not only in relation to the people of his country. His family members also felt a lot of pressure, perhaps even more than anyone else.

Stalin liked his decisions not to be discussed and to be carried out unquestioningly, but Nadezhda Sergeevna was an intelligent woman with a strong character, she knew how to defend her opinion. This is evidenced by the following fact.

In 1929, Alliluyeva expressed a desire to begin her studies at the institute. Stalin resisted this for a long time; he rejected all arguments as insignificant. Avel Enukidze and Sergo Ordzhonikidze came to the woman’s aid, and together they managed to convince the leader of the need for Nadezhda to receive an education.

Soon she became a student at one of the Moscow universities. Only one director knew that Stalin’s wife was studying at the institute.

With his consent, two secret agents of the OGPU were admitted to the faculty under the guise of students, whose duty was to ensure the safety of Nadezhda Alliluyeva.

The secretary general's wife came to the institute by car. The driver who took her to classes stopped a few blocks before the institute; Nadezhda covered the remaining distance on foot. Later, when she was given a new GAZ car, she learned to drive on her own.

Stalin made a big mistake by allowing his wife to enter the world of ordinary citizens. Communication with fellow students opened Nadezhda’s eyes to what was happening in the country. Previously, she knew about government policy only from newspapers and official speeches, which reported that everything was fine in the Land of the Soviets.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

In reality, everything turned out to be completely different: the beautiful pictures of the life of Soviet people were darkened by forced collectivization and unjust expulsions of peasants, mass repressions and famine in Ukraine and the Volga region.

Naively believing that her husband did not know what was going on in the state, Alliluyeva told him and Enukidze about the institute conversations. Stalin tried to avoid this topic, accusing his wife of collecting gossip spread by Trotskyists everywhere. However, left alone, he cursed Nadezhda with the worst words and threatened to ban her from attending classes at the institute.

Soon after this, fierce purges began in all universities and technical schools. OGPU employees and members of the party control commission carefully checked the students' trustworthiness.

Stalin carried out his threat, and two months of student life disappeared from Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s life. Thanks to the support of Enukidze, who convinced the “father of nations” that his decision was wrong, she was able to graduate from college.

Studying at a university contributed to expanding not only my circle of interests, but also my circle of friends. Nadezhda made many friends and acquaintances. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin became one of her closest comrades in those years.

Under the influence of communication with this man and fellow students, Alliluyeva soon developed independent judgments, which she openly expressed to her power-hungry husband.

Stalin's dissatisfaction grew every day, he needed an obedient like-minded woman, and Nadezhda Sergeevna began to allow herself critical remarks about party and government officials who carried out the party's policy in life under the strict guidance of the Secretary General. The desire to learn as much as possible about the life of her native people at this stage of its history forced Nadezhda Sergeevna to turn Special attention on such problems of national importance as famine in the Volga region and Ukraine, the repressive policies of the authorities. The case of Ryutin, who dared to speak out against Stalin, did not escape her notice.

The policy pursued by her husband no longer seemed correct to Alliluyeva. The differences between her and Stalin gradually intensified, eventually developing into severe contradictions.

“Betrayal” - this is how Joseph Vissarionovich described the behavior of his wife.

It seemed to him that Nadezhda Sergeevna’s communication with Bukharin was to blame, but he could not openly object to their relationship.

Only once, quietly approaching Nadya and Nikolai Ivanovich, who were walking along the paths of the park, Stalin dropped scary word“I’ll kill.” Bukharin took these words as a joke, but Nadezhda Sergeevna, who knew her husband’s character very well, was frightened. Tragedy occurred shortly after this incident.

On November 7, 1932, widespread celebrations were planned for the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. After the parade held on Red Square, all high-ranking party and statesmen My wives and I went to a reception at the Bolshoi Theater.

However, one day was not enough to celebrate such a significant date. The next day, November 8, another reception was held in the huge banquet hall, which was attended by Stalin and Alliluyeva.

According to eyewitnesses, the Secretary General sat opposite his wife and threw balls rolled from bread pulp at her. According to another version, he threw tangerine peels at Alliluyeva.

For Nadezhda Sergeevna, who experienced such humiliation in front of several hundred people, the holiday was hopelessly ruined. After leaving the banquet hall, she headed home. Polina Zhemchuzhina, Molotov’s wife, also left with her.

Some argue that Ordzhonikidze’s wife Zinaida, with whom the first lady had friendly relations, acted as a comforter. However, Alliluyeva had practically no real friends, except for Alexandra Yulianovna Kanel, the head physician of the Kremlin hospital.

On the night of the same day, Nadezhda Sergeevna passed away. Her lifeless body was discovered on the floor in a pool of blood by Carolina Vasilievna Til, who worked as a housekeeper in the house of the Secretary General.

Svetlana Alliluyeva later recalled: “Shaking with fear, she ran to our nursery and called the nanny with her, she could not say anything. They went together. Mom was lying covered in blood next to her bed, in her hand was a small Walther pistol. Two years before the terrible tragedy, this lady’s weapon was given to Nadezhda by her brother Pavel, who worked in the Soviet trade mission in Germany in the 1930s.

There is no exact information about whether Stalin was at home on the night of November 8–9, 1932. According to one version, he went to the dacha, Alliluyeva called him there several times, but he left her calls unanswered.

According to supporters of the second version, Joseph Vissarionovich was at home, his bedroom was located opposite his wife’s room, so he could not hear the shots.

Molotov argued that in that terrible night Stalin, heavily fueled by alcohol at the banquet, was fast asleep in his bedroom. He was allegedly upset by the news of his wife’s death, he even cried. In addition, Molotov added that Alliluyeva “was a bit of a psychopath at that time.”

Fearing information leaks, Stalin personally controlled all messages received by the press. It was important to demonstrate that the head of the Soviet state was not involved in what happened, hence the talk that he was at the dacha and did not see anything.

However, from the testimony of one of the guards the opposite follows. That night he was at work and dozed off when his sleep was interrupted by a sound similar to the knock of a door closing.

Opening his eyes, the man saw Stalin leaving his wife’s room. Thus, the guard could hear both the sound of a door slamming and a pistol shot.

People who study data on the Alliluyeva case argue that Stalin did not necessarily shoot himself. He could provoke his wife, and she committed suicide in his presence.

It is known that Nadezhda Alliluyeva left a suicide letter, but Stalin destroyed it immediately after reading it. The Secretary General could not allow anyone else to find out the contents of this message.

Other facts indicate that Alliluyeva did not commit suicide, but was killed. Thus, Dr. Kazakov, who was on duty at the Kremlin hospital on the night of November 8-9, 1932, and was invited to examine the death of the first lady, refused to sign the suicide report drawn up earlier.

According to the doctor, the shot was fired from a distance of 3–4 m, and the deceased could not independently shoot herself in the left temple, since she was not left-handed.

Alexandra Kanel, invited to the Kremlin apartment of Alliluyeva and Stalin on November 9, also refused to sign a medical report according to which the secretary general’s wife died suddenly from an acute attack of appendicitis.

Other doctors at the Kremlin Hospital, including Dr. Levin and Professor Pletnev, also did not sign this document. The latter were arrested during the purges of 1937 and executed.

Alexandra Canel was removed from office a little earlier, in 1935. Soon she died, allegedly from meningitis. This is how Stalin dealt with people who opposed his will.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Book 3. Paths. Roads. Meetings author Sidorov Georgy Alekseevich

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Stalin and Alliluyeva

Stalin and Alliluyeva

Joseph Dzhugashvili was born in 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori, Tiflis province and came from a lower class. From his youth he was professional revolutionary. His pseudonym is Stalin. He became a Soviet statesman, political and military figure, general secretary Central Committee All-Union communist party(Bolsheviks) since 1922, head of the Soviet government (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars since 1941, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR since 1946), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

On the night of July 16, 1906, in the Tiflis Church of St. David, twenty-seven-year-old Joseph Dzhugashvili married twenty-year-old Ekaterina Svanidze. They were secretly married by Koba’s classmate at the seminary, priest Khristisiy Khinvaleli. Catherine was already expecting a child and gave birth to him in 1907. This was Stalin's eldest son Yakov. Three years later, the wife died of typhus. During the funeral of his wife, Stalin's mind became clouded, and when the coffin with Kato was lowered into the grave, Stalin jumped into it and was hardly removed back. At her grave, Stalin told those around him that a cold stone had entered his heart. He lost all sympathy for people. Stalin's first-born Yakov Dzhugashvili was raised by his mother Kato.

Jacob was captured by the Germans during World War II. In 1943, Yakov was shot and killed in the German concentration camp Sachsenhausen while trying to escape. Yakov was married three times and had a son, Evgeniy, this direct male line of the Dzhugashvili family still exists.

In 1919, Stalin married for the second time. His new wife was the eighteen-year-old daughter of the Russian revolutionary Sergei Alliluyev. She was born in Baku and spent her childhood in the Caucasus. In St. Petersburg she studied at the gymnasium.

Stalin knew the Alliluyev family since the late 1890s. According to family legend, young Joseph saved Nadezhda when she fell into the sea from an embankment in Baku. It was in 1903, Nadya was just a baby.

Nadya's father, Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev, had been a party member since 1896 and actively participated in the revolutionary movement. His apartment in Petrograd was constantly used by the Bolsheviks for secret meetings. After February 1917, Stalin came from exile in Turukhansk to Petrograd and lived with S.Ya. Alliluyeva. It was then that Stalin met Nadya again. An affair began between him, a thirty-eight-year-old revolutionary, and a sixteen-year-old girl. The romantic girl could not help but be carried away by the revolutionary hero, as he seemed to her at that time full of adventures, tragedies and victories.

In 1918, Nadezhda began working at the Council of People's Commissars as a secretary-typist. In the same year, Stalin was sent to Tsaritsyn as extraordinary commissioner for food supplies. Eastern Front. Nadezhda was part of Stalin's secretariat and accompanied him with her father. On this business trip they got to know each other better. In 1918 they got married. Their marriage was officially registered on March 24, 1919.

In 1921, a son, Vasily, was born into the family, and in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana. Nadya at this time actively participated in social work. The main responsibilities for caring for the girl lay with the teacher.

Nadezhda was an extremely modest woman. Since 1929, she studied at the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of Textile Industry. Over the years, Nadezhda became more and more actively involved in public life.

Stalin's marriage to Alliluyeva cannot be called happy. He was most often busy with work. He spent most of his time in the Kremlin. His wife clearly missed his attention. She left him several times with her children Vasily and Svetlana, and shortly before her death she even talked about moving in with relatives after graduating from the Industrial Academy. Of course, she was aware of her husband's affairs.

On the night of November 8-9, 1932, Nadezhda Alliluyeva passed away. She committed suicide in her Kremlin apartment. The newspapers published a report that N.S. Alliluyeva “died suddenly.” Nothing was said about the cause of death. It is generally accepted that the reason for her suicide was an exacerbation of the disease. She often suffered from severe headaches. She apparently had a malunion of the bones of the cranial vault, and suicide is not uncommon in such cases.

In her memoirs, daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva testified: “...The father was shocked by what happened... because he did not understand: why?... He asked those around him: was he inattentive? Didn’t he respect her as a wife, as a person?... The first days he was shocked. He said that he himself didn’t want to live anymore... They were afraid to leave my father alone, he was in such a state.”

N.S. Alliluyeva was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery. Stalin did not attend the funeral. Subsequently, he came to Novodevichye several times at night and sat silently for a long time at the grave on a marble bench installed opposite the monument.

Son Vasily became an officer in the Soviet air force and participated in command positions in the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. After the war, he led the air defense of the Moscow region with the rank of lieutenant general. After Stalin's death, he was arrested and died shortly after his release in 1960. Daughter Svetlana asked for political asylum at the United States Embassy in Delhi on March 6, 1967 and moved to the United States that same year. She died in the USA in 2011.

This text is an introductory fragment.

Myth No. 5. Often meeting with Stalin, AL. Beria gained his trust and sought appointment to the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, although Stalin's wife - Nadezhda Alliluyeva - was the first to see through Beria and could not stand him, but Joseph Vissarionovich did not believe her. And this is also complete

Myth No. 99. Stalin was born on December 21, 1879. Myth No. 100, Stalin proved himself to be a villain because he was born on December 21. The first myth is one of the most durable and harmless in all anti-Stalinism. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was also personally involved in the emergence of the myth. This happened

Myth No. 104. Stalin is a half-educated seminarian Myth No. 105. Stalin is an “outstanding mediocrity” The combination of these myths is one of the foundations of all anti-Stalinism. The authorship belongs to Trotsky. Satanic from anger at Stalin, he used the “demon of the world revolution” in his propaganda

Myth No. 118. Stalin deliberately built a regime of one-man power. Myth No. 119. In order to establish a regime of sole power, Stalin destroyed the “Leninist guard”. To be honest, the most correct name for this myth would be the following: “Why Bebel should not be confused with

Svetlana Alliluyeva 20 letters to a friend In memory of my mother These letters were written in the summer of 1963 in the village of Zhukovka, not far from Moscow, over a period of thirty-five days. The free form of the letters allowed me to be absolutely sincere, and I consider what was written to be a confession. Then I don't

NADEZHDA ALLILUYEVA CORRESPONDENCE WITH WIFE 1930. Comrade Stalin is awarded the second Order of the Red Banner for his enormous services on the front of socialist construction. And, indeed, his merits are truly enormous. The course towards collectivization is being successfully implemented

KREMLIN BANQUET Stalin and Alliluyeva In the house of Nadezhda Alliluyeva and Joseph Stalin, a Baltic German woman, Karolina Vasilievna Til, served as housekeeper. She was the first to see Nadezhda Sergeevna on the floor in a pool of blood, when it was still unclear whether it was murder or

Nadezhda Alliluyeva. I love you, Joseph Stalin Nadezhda, without taking a sip of the wine, put the glass on the table. “Hey, you!” Drink! - Stalin shouted. “I’m not hey to you!” - she answered, raising her voice slightly, and at that same second orange peels flew into her face. Slowly, very slowly

N. S. Alliluyeva – I.V. To Stalin (September 12, 1930) Hello, Joseph! I received the letter. Thanks for the lemons, of course they will come in handy. We live well, but it’s already quite winter-like – last night it was minus 7 Celsius. In the morning all the roofs were completely white with frost. It’s very good that you

N. S. Alliluyeva to I. V. Stalin (September 19, 1930) Hello, Joseph! How is your health? Arrived t.t. (Ukhanov and someone else) say that you look and feel very bad. I know that you are getting better (this is from letters). On this occasion I was attacked by Molotovs with

N.S. Alliluyeva to I.V. Stalin (September 30, 1930) Hello, Joseph! Once again I start with the same thing - I received a letter. I’m very glad that you are enjoying the southern sun. It’s not bad in Moscow now either, the weather has improved, but it’s definitely autumn in the forest. The day goes by quickly. So far everyone is healthy.

N. S. Alliluyeva to I. V. Stalin (October 6, 1930) There’s no news from you in Lately. I asked Dvinsky about the post office, he said that he had not been there for a long time. Probably, I was carried away by the quail trip, or I’m just too lazy to write. And there’s already a snowy blizzard in Moscow. Now it's circling with all its might.

Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva Historians still cannot come to an unambiguous conclusion: did Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the wife of the tyrant and “leader of all nations” Joseph Stalin, commit suicide or did her husband himself give the order to eliminate her? The one who doesn't flinch

Svetlana Alliluyeva May 8, 1961 Dear darling Vladimir Alekseevich! Excuse such a free address to you, but, really, having read your wonderful lyrical stories, I would like to call you as affectionately as possible, as much as possible in an official letter from the reader to

NADYA ALLILUEVA Dog's devotion and wife's devotion So strange, so tragically similar. For a husband's sin - guilty without guilt. If the husband is unhappy, the wife is also unhappy. Dictator, and fanatic, and executioner! That's how he is at work. At the parade. But next to him I hear the quiet cry of His wife,

21 December. Stalin was born (1879), Ivan Ilyin died (1954) Stalin, Ilyin and the brotherhood To tell the truth, the author of these lines does not favor the magic of numbers, calendars and birthdays. Brezhnev was born on December 19, Stalin and Saakashvili on the 21st, the Cheka and I on the 20th, and who am I after that? True, my big one