Without exaggeration, the intestines can be called one of the most “nervous” organs human body. It reacts very sensitively to any negative external factors, stress, as well as disruptions in the functioning of other organs and systems. But at the same time, the intestine has good compensatory abilities, so most often the response is limited to the occurrence of functional disorders. By their nature, they are not diseases, but they can have a chronic course and bring a lot of human discomfort. Let's look at everything possible options such functional disorders in more detail and define drugs for therapy.

Not a disease, but a problem...

Functional disorders are conditions that are caused by disturbances in the functioning of the intestines and are not associated with infection, injury, inflammation or other significant pathological process. They arise due to excessively high sensitivity of the intestines to external stimuli and manifests itself as motor impairment. Such gastrointestinal disorders are quite common among the population. According to numerous reports, IBS alone affects 16 to 26% of people around the world 1,2,3. Such conditions include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain syndrome and flatulence (bloating).

All of the listed conditions are grouped into several classes according to the professionally developed “Rome Criteria”, which were developed with the participation of leading gastroenterologists from around the world.

According to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), which is mainly used by modern doctors, these pathological conditions are in groups K58 and K59.

In addition to those listed, the “Roman Criteria” also describe functional disorders of other organs of the digestive system. Separately, functional disorders are identified in children and adolescents, who suffer from similar disorders no less often than adults.

Abdominal pain syndrome

Pain is one of the most common symptoms that occurs with most diseases of the digestive system. This is a kind of signal that there is a serious disturbance in the functioning of the digestive system.

Functional abdominal pain syndrome refers to pain in the abdominal area that bothers a person almost constantly or often recurs over a period of 3 months and is not associated with eating, defecation or the menstrual cycle, or any diseases internal organs.

The mechanism of occurrence of functional abdominal pain is not completely clear. It is assumed that its development is based on increased sensitivity of pain receptors, the formation of the so-called “memory of pain.” As a result, non-painful stimuli are inadequately perceived by both peripheral nerve cells (responsible for the occurrence of nerve impulses) and central parts nervous system(perceive the impulses that appear).

Causes. The appearance of functional abdominal pain can be caused by severe neuropsychic stress, repeated exposure to a traumatic situation, emotional pressure from loved ones, previous surgeries, as well as gynecological diseases and related interventions in women.

Symptoms. It is noteworthy that this syndrome has no characteristic features.Most often, a person complains of very frequent pain that covers the entire abdomen, does not have a clear localization and is not associated with errors in nutrition. In this case, the pain syndrome is usually severe and prevents a person from leading a normal lifestyle. At night and during sleep, such pain does not bother a person.

Diagnostics functional abdominal pain is extremely difficult. Even laboratory tests do not show any pathological shifts or changes. Despite this, it is still necessary to undergo such studies, since the diagnosis of abdominal pain syndrome is made only by exclusion.

Treatment of functional abdominal pain syndrome may include several drugs from different pharmacological groups:

1. As an emergency treatment for severe pain, it is recommended to use antispasmodics: drotaverine (), Buscopan, pinaveria bromide ( Dicetel), mebeverine ( Duspatalin, Sparex, Niaspam).
2. To prevent new exacerbations and reduce the intensity of chronic abdominal pain, you can use herbal infusions that have a calming, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effect. You can choose a set of medicinal herbs or a special herbal mixture that is suitable for you using. In addition, you can use herbal preparations - Iberogast, Plantex.
3. Considering that psycho-emotional stress increases the severity of abdominal pain, long-term course use of over-the-counter sedatives is recommended - Persen, Novo-Passit, Afobazole, Passifit, Phytosedan etc.

It is important to note that NSAIDs (diclofenac, Nurofen, Mig, Ibuprofen) and non-narcotic analgesics are not recommended for severe abdominal pain. Firstly, in case of functional abdominal pain syndrome, these drugs may not have the desired therapeutic effect. Secondly, for more serious diseases (stomach or duodenal ulcer, intestinal obstruction, acute cholecystitis, etc.), these drugs will only lead to imaginary well-being, while the disease will progress. Almost every surgeon knows similar cases when the patient was “sat” on painkillers and was eventually taken by ambulance directly to the operating table.

Functional constipation or diarrhea

These conditions, like other intestinal disorders of a functional nature, are usually isolated only when their occurrence is not associated with diseases or persistent pathological changes in the intestine. Both constipation and loose stool can occur separately or alternate from time to time.

Most often, the cause of disturbances in the frequency of bowel movements and stool consistency is not proper nutrition: excess or deficiency of plant fiber, abuse of high-carbohydrate foods (sweets), stale foods, lack of fluid and others. Also the reason may be stressful situation, a sharp change in the usual daily routine, taking certain medications.

Symptoms. Functional diarrhea is characterized by the absence of pain and discomfort and flatulence. Immediately after eating or in a situation associated with increased anxiety, a persistent urge to defecate is often observed. At the same time, bowel movements become more frequent from 3 to 8 times a day. Functional constipation may manifest itself as decreased frequency of bowel movements. In this case, there is a change in the consistency of the stool (too dense, lumpy), and there may be a need for additional straining.

If constipation/diarrhea continues to bother you for several months (3 or more), then this is a serious reason to consult a doctor, since a long-term disturbance in the frequency and nature of stool can provoke the development of chronic intestinal damage or be a symptom of another hidden pathology.

Treatment of functional constipation or diarrhea It is necessary to use remedies that will help eliminate symptoms and improve bowel function.

1. For both constipation and diarrhea, an alkaline solution is recommended. mineral water without gas. It is used in short courses of 10-14 days - “Narzan”, “Essentuki”, “Slavyanovskaya”, “Borjomi”.
2. For both conditions, it is advisable to use drugs and dietary supplements from the group of pre- and probiotics: Acipol, Bactisubtil, Lactofiltrum, Maxilac this article.
3. Laxatives ( Duphalac, Microlax, Guttalax, Normaze, Guttasil, Senna) and antidiarrheal ( Imodium, Lomepramide, Hydrasec) products should be used for a short time, since in case of functional disorders they can have Negative influence on bowel function.
4. For functional diarrhea, enterosorbenes are recommended - Smecta, Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan.
5. For functional constipation, you can take medications and dietary supplements with plant fiber - bran, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), preparations based on kelp and plantain (Mukofalk, Psyllum, kelp thallus).

Functional flatulence

Flatulence is usually called an intestinal disorder, which is accompanied by excessive formation of gas in the intestines or a violation of its elimination, which leads to the accumulation of gas and bloating.

Flatulence may accompany some gastrointestinal diseases or occur as an independent functional disorder in healthy person. In this case its cause most often become:

• disturbance of intestinal microflora;
• frequent consumption of foods that increase gas formation;
• lack of digestive enzymes;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• wearing tight clothes.

Symptoms. Flatulence is manifested not only by an increase in the volume of gases released, but also by a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, rumbling and “transfusion” in the area of ​​the large intestine, feelings of discomfort and fullness, heaviness and painful spasms. It is especially worth noting that the severity of symptoms of flatulence depends not so much on the amount of accumulated gases, but on the sensitivity of intestinal receptors and the psycho-emotional state of the sick person.

In some cases, with severe chronic flatulence, a person is bothered by extraintestinal symptoms: shortness of breath, interruptions in heart function, burning behind the sternum, pressing pain in the right hypochondrium, sleep disturbances and general weakness.

Treatment of functional flatulence based on taking the following medications:

1. Taking enterosorbents can reduce gas formation - Smecta, Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan.
2. Antispasmodics - drotaverine ( No-shpa, No-shpa Forte, Spasmol), Buscopan, mebeverine ( Duspatalin, Sparex, Niaspam).
3. For frequent flatulence, medications and dietary supplements are recommended that restore normal intestinal microflora - Bifiform, Bificol, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, Linux. You can learn more about the drugs in this group and choose the most suitable drug for you using this article.
4. Taking prokinetics based on timebutine can help reduce bloating and speed up the elimination of intestinal gases ( Trimedat, Neobutin).
5. For elimination intestinal symptoms For flatulence, you can use the so-called carminatives - simethicone, dimethicone, bromopride.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

This disorder is a common functional disorder that is accompanied by chronic abdominal pain associated with defecation and an accompanying change in the frequency and/or nature of stool.

Causes. The development of the syndrome is based on two main mechanisms: visceral hypersensitivity (i.e., excessive intestinal reaction to any irritants) and intestinal motility disorders that develop under the influence of extraintestinal stress factors. Most often, IBS occurs in people with a congenital predisposition, who are unstable to psycho-emotional stress, who have had gastrointestinal diseases, or who suffer from intestinal dysbiosis. The risk of developing pathology is increased by frequent stress and previous severe intestinal infections, which led to dysbiosis.

Symptoms. IBS is very diverse in its manifestations, and the nature of complaints among patients can vary greatly. The main symptom of IBS is often diarrhea, in other cases it is constipation. There are also mixed stool disorders such as constipation and diarrhea, which are accompanied by severe pain and discomfort in the abdominal area. IBS pain often worsens after eating and never occurs during night sleep.

Diagnostics. It is based on the clinical symptoms of the disease and is carried out by excluding other gastrointestinal pathologies. The diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome is made if characteristic symptoms are observed more than 3 days a month over the past 3 months with a total duration of the disorder of at least six months.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome carried out using the following means:

1. To reduce pain, you can use antispasmodics - drotaverine ( No-shpa, No-shpa Forte, Spasmol), pinaverium bromide ( Dicetel), mebeverine ( Duspatalin, Sparex, Niaspam).
2. For recurrent diarrhea (preferably after consultation with a doctor), you can take loperamide-based antidiarrheal drugs ( Imodimum, Lopedium, Diara).
3. If constipation predominates, it is advisable to limit the intake of dietary supplements and preparations with plant fiber or osmotic laxatives based on lactulose ( Duphalac, Normaze, Portalak, Dinolak).
4. In most cases, sedatives and anti-anxiety medications are recommended for IBS - Afobazole, Phytosedan, Persen etc.

In addition to medicinal methods, attention should be paid to Special attention diet and products consumed. There is no evidence yet that diet for IBS can have a significant impact on the course of this functional disorder. However, rational and varied diet will never harm the body. Consume more fiber and exclude from your diet those foods that increase gas formation (including cabbage, peas, beans, grapes, kvass, potatoes, etc.).

For diarrhea, fruit and berry jelly and jellies, white bread crackers and semolina porridge, and lean meats can have a good effect. For constipation, drinking plenty of fluids, plums and prunes in any form, buckwheat and oatmeal, and vegetable oil are recommended.

The most important rule for patients with IBS is to be less nervous and try to eliminate the provoking factor from your life. After all, there is nothing more important than your own health!

List of used literature:

1. Wouters M. M., Vicario M., J. Santos The role of mast cells in functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (English) // Gut. - 2015. - No. 65. - P. 155-168.
2. Sperber D. A., Drossman D. A., Quigley E. M. A global view of irritable bowel syndrome: Rome World Gastroenterology Symposium (English) // Am. J. Gastroenterol. - 2012. - No. 107(11). - P. 1602-1609.

The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for processing food entering the body, extracting useful substances from it and transferring them into the blood, as well as removing them from the body. Any failure in this process can cause serious disruption to the functioning of the whole organism, so if problems with the gastrointestinal tract appear, they must be resolved as quickly as possible. The correct approach to troubleshooting problems in the gastrointestinal tract helps prevent very serious complications, sometimes leading to death or disability.

Organ structure

The organs of the gastrointestinal tract are elements of a whole mechanism, in which each of them is responsible for a specific area of ​​​​work. The basis of the gastrointestinal tract is:

• oral cavity;
• swallowing canal connecting the esophagus to the mouth;
• the esophagus, which connects the stomach to the mouth;
• muscular pouch of the stomach;
• initial section of the small intestine 12;
• intestinal sections;
• liver.

The mouth is a collection of chewing and swallowing segments, salivary glands, microflora and taste buds. The process of digestion itself begins with the entry of food into the oral cavity, where it turns into a soft mass under the influence of saliva. The secretion secreted by the salivary glands helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates, some of which enters the circulatory system. Doctors advise chewing food well in order to prepare the food processing process and stimulate the work of other organs involved in its processing.

A special role is given to the esophagus, which delivers food to the stomach. The esophagus is located vertically to the chest, its lower part passes into the abdominal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, entwined with a muscle loop. If there are no disturbances in the functioning of the stomach, it is located below the diaphragm. This prevents food from entering the esophagus.

Anatomical data

The stomach is a cavity-shaped organ in the form of a bag that can accept more than 1 liter of contents. It is in this organ that the most important work of the gastrointestinal tract takes place - chemical processing of food and its disinfection. This process is facilitated by the juice secreted by the cells of the gastric mucosa, which consists of water, mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes involved in the breakdown of protein. Its acidic reaction is normal. Only Helicobacter does not die in hydrochloric acid; on the contrary, it provokes peptic ulcers.

At high acidity levels, the gastric mucosa is protected by substances that make up the bicarbonate mucous barrier. With a low level of protective functions, the stomach can be affected by its own gastric juice, which can provoke the appearance of ulcerative and erosive pathologies. There are situations when gastric juice entering the esophagus leads to injury to the inner layer of the esophagus, causing heartburn. Low acidity weakens the process of digesting food and reduces resistance to infections.

In addition, the stomach is surrounded by blood vessels; they carry blood and nerve receptors that help in its work. Food digested in the stomach enters the small intestine, where the breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates occurs. The small intestine begins with the duodenum, the central organ of the digestive process. The main ducts of the digestive glands exit into it - from the liver - bile ducts, pancreas.

In addition, it is an important hormonal organ that regulates the intensity of gastric peristalsis, the activity of the gallbladder and pancreas. Its hormones affect the increase in leukocytes in the blood and the energy metabolism process. A disorder in the functioning of this important organ leads to a malfunction in the entire digestive system of the body.

Only hard-to-digest food remains enter the colon. Biological processes associated with microorganisms occur in it. The largest digestive gland in the body is the liver. It neutralizes dangerous toxins and participates in metabolism. Liver cells secrete bile, which is needed to digest fats and remove toxic substances that are insoluble in water. Bile then leaves the liver through the bile ducts.

Possible diseases

If all processes of the digestive tract work in a timely manner, accurately, the abdominal organs and digestive glands demonstrate a normal pace of work, then we can talk about complete digestion and assimilation of food. In addition, a sufficient amount of gastric juice and enzymes should be released. The key to healthy digestion is the normal state of the intestinal mucosa and microflora.

To a greater extent, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are of an inflammatory nature. This process is the body's response to a certain type of injury, which exhibits different symptoms:

• disturbances in blood supply;
• swelling;
• functional disruptions in the functioning of the diseased organ.

A failed organ can cause illness in other nearby organs. Many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are a consequence of each other. Thus, chronic pancreatitis can provoke inflammation of the duodenum, cholangitis - chronic pancreatitis.

Complex pathology can complicate symptoms and treatment. Chronic diseases have a long course with periods of relapse, which forces patients to constantly support the system with the help of therapy that reduces the risk of recurrence and complications of the disease.

Disorder in children

Digestive diseases in children are observed no less frequently than colds and viruses. Often these types of diseases cause disorders not only of the stomach and intestines, but also of many other organs, which affects the general condition of the child. At the same time, metabolism and indicators of water-salt balance are disrupted. This condition is called intestinal toxicosis, the symptoms of which require medical attention. IN Lately Data from the World Health Organization indicate frequent cases of death due to ailments of the digestive system suffered by children in the first years of life.

Gastrointestinal pathologies in children can appear against the background of other pathologies of the heart, respiratory and urinary systems of the body due to intoxication, hypoxia, disruptions in the circulatory system, disorders of the central nervous system and motor skills. Spasms (dyskinesia) of many parts of the stomach and intestines can occur due to impaired muscle tone due to pathology of the child’s nervous system.

Signs of acute diseases of the digestive system manifest themselves in the form of toxicosis, characterized by elevated body temperature, pallor, dehydration, and weight loss. As a rule, severe symptoms, the treatment of which requires hospitalization, are especially dangerous for children in the first year of life. For intestinal infections, doctors prescribe compliance with the epidemiological regime at home or in a hospital setting.

Animals and pathology

Cats and other animals also suffer from gastrointestinal diseases. The most common in cats and other pets are:

1. Acute catarrhal gastritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach with impaired motility and secretion. The disease can occur as a result of the cat eating low-quality food that was difficult for her to digest. This can also happen due to overeating, heart failure, and concomitant infectious diseases. Symptoms and treatment of the disease are chronic types of disease, therefore a diet is prescribed and the animal’s condition is constantly monitored until stable remission is established.
2. Peptic ulcer disease in dogs and cat breeds is characterized by the appearance of ulcers on the gastric mucosa. The reason for this is heavy, roughage, stress, ingestion of traumatic objects, and pancreatitis. Diet and vitamin therapy are indicated for treatment.
3. Acute gastroenteritis manifests itself in the form of inflammation of the stomach and intestines, mucosa and submucosa, and muscle layer. The disease is very similar in symptoms to acute gastritis, but with the addition of sudden weight loss and decreased muscle tone. Treatment therapy includes antibiotics, emetics and laxatives, vitamins, and diet.
4. Poisoning of various natures with lead, salt, nicotine.
5. The most serious disease in dogs and cats is stomach or intestinal cancer.

Therapeutic measures

Seeing a doctor with subsequent diagnosis and treatment should begin when the first signs of the disease appear: acute or dull pain in the abdominal cavity, frequent heartburn, vomiting, bad smell from the mouth, increased flatulence, alternating diarrhea and constipation, if a sharp decrease in body weight begins. After diagnosis, the doctor prescribes treatment appropriate to the disease with a mandatory dietary type of nutrition.

It is urgent to quit the habit of eating dry food, and also give up spicy, salty and other types of aggressive food. Under no circumstances should overeating be allowed. Nutrition should be complete and varied. It should include soups, cereals, boiled meat, and vegetables approved by a nutritionist. You should not eat foods that cause rotting or fermentation processes in the intestines. The food should be warm. You need to eat in small portions, but often, up to six times a day.

It is necessary to stop smoking and drinking alcoholic drinks. It’s worth spending more time in places that fill you with positive emotions, because one of the main reasons for the development of gastrointestinal diseases is stress.

As a preventive measure, an ultrasound examination of the internal digestive organs should be performed once a year in order to be able to eliminate the beginning negative processes in the body.

Very often, the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases includes the use of herbal herbal remedies based on herbs such as chamomile, calamus, aloe, mint, calendula, celandine, rose hips, St. John's wort and others, which have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The effectiveness of natural components is especially recognized in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by the Helicobacter bacterium. To eliminate painful symptoms, herbal medicine includes plants that have an antimicrobial effect, can reduce the activity of hydrochloric acid, and protect the mucous membrane from external influences.

The most effective are: chamomile, calamus (root), flax seeds. Plants are prepared in the form of decoctions and infusions. Due to the fact that these plants do not have allergic and adverse reactions, they are allowed to be used by children.

Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract - what is it? Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a syndrome characterized by impaired movement of intestinal contents due to a mechanical obstruction or functional impairment of motility.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract)

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are becoming more and more common. The active lifestyle of a modern person often does not leave time for the quiet consumption of healthy food. Fast food snacking has become a significant problem.

Stress and the environment, regular use of antibiotics with subsequent dysbacteriosis complete what was started by poor nutrition, and as a result, a person begins to get sick: the organs cannot withstand the harsh attack of unfavorable factors.

Gastrointestinal diseases have become significantly younger. Gastritis became a mass phenomenon even in childhood and high school, dysbacteriosis affects a significant proportion of children of different ages. As a result, such serious illnesses gastrointestinal organs, such as colitis of various origins, problems with the pancreas begin, which leads to a predisposition to diabetes mellitus.

That is why diseases of the gastrointestinal tract should be identified and treated promptly before they begin to take a chronic form.

Symptoms and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

Knowing the symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases and treatment, you can think about it. The symptoms are quite rich, and by paying attention to its features, you can not only confidently contact doctors, but also take care of a more proper diet, regimen, and other treatment and preventive measures.

Symptoms of housing and communal services diseases include:

The “top” of the abdomen is occupied by the epigastric region and hypochondrium (right and left, respectively). This is a kind of arc, the pain on which is characteristic of colitis, an inflammatory process in the lower esophagus, fundic gastritis, gastric dilatation and the initial stage of food poisoning.

If this symptom is also accompanied by vomiting, then it is appropriate to assume that this is an ulcer, but it is difficult to determine in the stomach or duodenum. In addition, this is also typical for intestinal obstruction.

In the right hypochondrium is the liver and the gallbladder located underneath it. Strong pain and colic usually comes from them. A similar sensation on the left side is inherent in gastritis (especially in tandem with nausea and the ensuing consequences), acute pancreatitis and other digestive diseases.

The middle of the abdomen is allocated to the mesogastrium. In the navel area, the concentration of pain is associated with intestinal dysfunction. It could be inflammation small intestine, enteritis, Crohn's disease, etc.

At the same level, only on the right, pain is attributed to hepatitis, and on the left - ulcerative colitis, inflammation of polyps and problems with the colon.

Hypogastrium, also known as the lowest “level” of the abdomen. Pain in its area rarely indicates diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. More often it comes from the bladder or genitals. But on the right there is appendicitis, it can make itself felt in this place, as well as intestinal infections with diseases of the cecum. The left iliac space contains the sigmoid colon, which can become inflamed and painful. It is also appropriate to assume dysentery.

1. Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases help make the correct diagnosis.
2. During the initial examination, the patient is palpated, auscultated, and percussed (tapped).
3. The medical history itself is not enough. Having established, according to the patient, the symptoms of housing and communal services diseases, treatment does not begin without conducting various types of laboratory and instrumental studies (probing, pH-metry, gastrography and manometry). At the same time, it is important not only to determine the disease, but also its root cause, since only its elimination can completely restore health to the patient.
4. Radiation diagnostics - ultrasound, x-ray, scintigraphy, used by the doctor to clarify the diagnosis.

The treatment itself, depending on the result, can be conservative or surgical. Conservative treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract involves drug treatment, the prescription of various diets, physical therapy, and homeopathic methods can be used.

Sometimes the disease requires surgery. In such cases, the patient is prepared for surgery by restricting food and drink, and if necessary, enemas are given. After surgical intervention, a rehabilitation course is carried out, the main methods of which are the use of antiseptics and antibiotics and strict adherence to the prescribed diets.

Features of the treatment of certain diseases of housing and communal services

Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, their symptoms and treatment are highlighted separately, since this kind of disease is advanced and requires a long-term serious approach on the part of the doctor and the patient himself.

The following were common among patients:

• Chronic colitis and enterocolitis.
• Chronic cholecystitis.
• Chronic pancreatitis.
• Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract require the attention of a gastroenterologist and infectious disease specialist. In addition, they very often proceed similarly to other, non-infectious diseases.

Common pathogens include:

1. Bacteria:

• Typhoid fever.
• Salmonella.
• Cholera.
• The bacterial toxin is botulism.
• Staphylococcus.

Viruses:

• Rotavirus.
• Enterovirus.

Treatment of such diseases involves not only the task of eliminating the infection, but also eliminating dehydration of the body, and then long-term work to restore the natural microflora.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children are characterized by an acute course and severe tolerability. They are usually accompanied by severe weakness, rapid dehydration, high temperature and severe nervousness.

Often the disease is accompanied by vague symptoms. The incidence is statistically characterized by bursts of two age-related peaks, which depend on age and occur at 5-6 years, 10-11 years, and are explained by the physiological and social distinctive features of age.

May hurt:

Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diet for housing and communal services diseases is almost crucial during the recovery period and important during treatment.

Its violations can provoke a relapse of the disorder.

1. No. 1. Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract during exacerbation of peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and recovery after acute gastritis. Allows you to normalize the activity of the stomach, its peristalsis, protecting the mucous membranes and providing normal nutrition for the body.
2. The diet includes yesterday's bread (white), soups with heavily boiled cereals, seasoned with butter or a mixture of milk and eggs. Meat and fish should be obtained in ground form - suitable steam cutlets, meatballs, possibly baked with vegetables. Boil or bake vegetables, consume low-fat dairy products. Drink lightly brewed tea, juices, cocoa, rose hips.
3. No. 1a) for the same diseases is indicated for the first four days of treatment. A gentle diet for gastrointestinal diseases allows you to quickly heal ulcers, resist inflammatory processes, and is indicated if you have to remain in bed. All food is consumed in grated, liquid or gruel, pre-cooked or steamed. There are temperature restrictions: +60-15 degrees. The feeding process is based on the crushed principle, the last food being warm milk. Fermented milk products and vegetables are excluded, but cereals, eggs and fat-free meat are suitable. Berries as part of decoctions, juices, jelly or jellies.
4. No. 2b) when the course of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis with high acidity subsides. Less strict than No. 1a), it allows non-acidic grated cottage cheese, white bread crumbs, thinly sliced, grated vegetables.
5. No. 2 is indicated for chronic colitis, enterocolitis and gastritis with high acidity. In addition, with concomitant diseases of the pancreas, biliary tract and liver. Products that are borderline in temperature are excluded; fried ones are suitable if a hard crust does not form after such processing. Yesterday bread, savory pastries, meat and fish are not fatty, vegetables and fruits are ripe and after heat treatment.
6. No. 3 is designed to improve bowel activity in case of chronic bowel problems. Meals are fractional, 5-6 times daily. In the morning on an empty stomach 1 tbsp. l. honey with a glass of water. In the evening, dried fruits, kefir. Any bread, but yesterday's baked bread. Food can be cured by boiling or steaming; vegetables are allowed raw. Weak tea, instant coffee, all other drinks are allowed, except alcoholic and sweet waters.
7. No. 4 - diet for housing and communal services diseases, with diarrhea. The task is to reduce the number of inflammatory processes, reduce the development of fermentation and rotting in the housing and communal services. For this purpose, chemical and physical components that can affect the mucous membrane are limited: food is ground, boiled or steamed, white bread, or maybe slightly dried. Lean meat and fish, minced several times. Soups and broths, non-acidic cottage cheese, immediately after cooking. Eggs can occasionally be soft-boiled. Cereals - buckwheat, rice, oatmeal. Drink decoctions of quince, dogwood, bird cherry, tea and black coffee.
8. No. 4b) is prescribed after exacerbation of chronic intestinal diseases, improvement of acute diseases. Diet recipes for gastrointestinal diseases in such cases include minced meat and fish without fat, fermented milk (without strong acid) products, rice, buckwheat, oatmeal in a well-cooked version. Recommended vegetables include potatoes, pumpkin, zucchini, carrots and cauliflower. Drinks according to diet option No. 1. All food is boiled or cooked in a double boiler, in grated or chopped form.
9. No. 4c) - a diet for housing and communal services diseases, the purpose of which is to ensure sufficient nutrition of the body in case of incomplete functioning of the intestinal tract. It is used during recovery from acute intestinal diseases and during periods of remission after exacerbation of chronic diseases. Eat food in 5-6 sittings. Day-baked bread can be dried fresh, but a small amount of dry biscuits is allowed. Baking without baking, no more than a couple of uses per week. Soups, meat with minimum quantity fat is allowed not only chopped, but also in a whole piece. All dairy products with a limited amount of fat, mild cheeses. Oatmeal, rice, and buckwheat cook well. Raw fruits - apples, pears, watermelon, oranges and peeled grapes. Vegetables according to diet No. 4b). Drink juices diluted in half with cooled boiling water; milk is added to the usual drinks, but not cream.
10. Dietary table No. 5 for gastrointestinal diseases is intended during the period of recovery after an exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis and hepatitis, recovery after acute cholecystitis and hepatitis, gallstones and cirrhosis of the liver. Recipes for such diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include food from a steamer, boiled, stewed and baked. Only high fiber foods and tough meats are ground. Savory pastries with various savory and non-spicy fillings. Soups with milk, vegetables, cereals, pasta. Baked meat is allowed without a crust. The dairy group is represented by low-fat cottage cheese and milk. Vegetables and fruits are allowed in their raw form, as long as they are not sour. The patient prefers sweet dishes, then sweeteners are used instead of some of the sugar. Drinks according to diet No. 4c).

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases

It is much easier and less painful to avoid the disease instead of treating it. Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases includes basic rules of a healthy lifestyle:

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in children consists of the same rules, but more attention is paid to diet and the quality of prepared dishes. In addition to fried foods, children are limited in their consumption of spicy, too hot or cold foods, sour and sweet foods.

It is very important to teach children to always wash their hands before eating, not to eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, and to spend money on school lunches in the cafeteria, and not on hot dogs. In addition, categorically exclude products that contain harmful dyes and preservatives, sugary waters, and unnatural seasonings.

Exercise therapy for gastrointestinal diseases

During the rehabilitation period for housing and communal services diseases, therapeutic exercise (PT) and herbal medicine are widely used. Exercise therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract helps improve blood circulation, restore motor functionality, strengthen the abdominal muscles and improve the health of the body in general.

Indications for performing exercises are diseases:

• Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers
• Colitis and enterocolitis
• Splanchnoptosis
• Diaphragmatic hernia
• Biliary dyskinesia.

The exercises consist of bending over different sides, turns, abdominal and leg work. In particular, the legs work in the supine position for extension, flexion, crossing, lifting, spreading.

For colitis with a tendency to constipation, there are many relaxation exercises, in the case of intestinal atony - with greater load and the use of strength complexes.

Required condition performing exercises - state 2 hours after eating. In addition, calm walking on level ground, swimming and bathing are recommended. Loads are carefully dosed and increased gradually. For some diseases, a special massage is prescribed that covers certain areas.

Separately, physical therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract uses breathing exercises that help not only restore the body as a whole, but also organize proper blood circulation in all problem areas human body.

In order to get advice or join a group for therapeutic exercises, you must contact a physiotherapist, a specialist involved in the recovery of patients after housing and communal diseases, or a trainer for therapeutic exercises.

If the patient is going to use any complex independently, it is necessary to first obtain the advice of a specialist who will take into account not only the general diagnosis of the patient. But also his current state.

Herbal medicine for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is indicated because the patient’s body is usually weakened, and carefully selected mixtures can quickly fill human organs with nutrients without damaging them painful places housing and communal services

Various infusions, decoctions and juices will help you quickly get rid of vitamin deficiency, anemia, are instantly absorbed and at the same time additionally treat diseases, acting gently and accurately.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are quite treatable, and even the most complex problems can often be cured. This is only possible if the patient and the doctor actively cooperate, the patient strictly follows the doctor’s recommendations and carries out all the appointments even after the disappearance of unpleasant symptoms.

Diets and exercise therapy can only be a good help in recovery, and not an opportunity for independent treatment.

According to statistics, recently, disruptions and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract occupy a leading place among other diseases. Residents of large cities are especially susceptible to them. The reason for this is the wrong lifestyle and constant stress. Therefore, by the age of 30, every fourth person suffers from gastrointestinal diseases.

Characteristics of the digestive system

It's no secret that the digestive tract plays a very important role in the functioning of the body. With its help we get vitamins, microelements, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and useful acids. Some of them serve as building material for cells and provide us with energy. Other substances contribute to the smooth functioning of organs and systems. Therefore, gastrointestinal diseases can not only disrupt the normal rhythm of a person’s life, affecting his health, but in some cases lead to death.

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following components: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines, which includes the thin, thick and straight sections. The main functions of all these organs are: the breakdown of food, the removal of its remains from the body, the production of useful enzymes that promote proper digestion and absorption of necessary substances. Without the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, a person feels discomfort, he feels unwell, which, due to lack of treatment, can become chronic.

Causes of diseases

There are a lot of them and most of them relate to the wrong lifestyle. The main causes of gastrointestinal diseases are as follows:

1. Unbalanced diet: constant dieting, overeating, unhealthy snacks and chewing on the go, regular visits to establishments selling fast food, lack of healthy fiber, instead, the predominance of animal fats and hard-to-digest carbohydrates in the diet.
2. Ecology: low quality drinking water, Availability large quantity nitrates and pesticides in vegetables, antibiotics and preservatives in meat products.

Acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases have a number of signs that make it easy to determine whether you have problems with this part of the body. These include the following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain. With ulcers it is sharp, with frequent localization, in the case of appendicitis and hernia - strong, pulsating, when a person has colic - cramping.
• Heartburn. Painful sensations are typical for it with an ulcer, intensification - with a hernia.
• Belching. Sour indicates indigestion, with the smell of rotten eggs - a pathological retention of food in the stomach and intestines.

Symptoms also include vomiting and nausea, which are more typical of chronic diseases. For example, for gastritis. If the vomit contains bloody issues and clots, this could be an open ulcer or stomach cancer. If a patient regularly suffers from flatulence, he may be diagnosed with dysbiosis, pancreatic secretory insufficiency, or complete or partial intestinal obstruction.

Other signs

Gastrointestinal diseases also have less pronounced symptoms that indicate damage to the digestive system: bad breath, a feeling of bitterness, the appearance of a white coating on the tongue, poor appetite (especially an aversion to meat products), constant thirst, increased salivation, a sharp decrease in body weight, the development of anemia, pallor, dizziness, weakness, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, prolonged bowel dysfunction (constipation or diarrhea), as well as the appearance of bloody discharge in the stool.

These symptoms in themselves are not dangerous, but can disrupt the normal rhythm of life, affect its quality, and also indicate the development of pathology. Therefore, the sooner you see a doctor, the faster and easier the treatment will be, the therapy will work effectively and the result will be complete healing. If the disease is not detected early and not treated, it can cause serious complications or will regularly worsen for the rest of your life.

Major diseases

They are typical for a larger percentage of patients who seek medical help. Firstly, this is gastritis, the development of which is provoked by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, as well as errors in nutrition, the presence bad habits and constant neuroses. With gastritis, the mucous membrane of the gastric walls suffers, which is why a person feels pain and suffers from indigestion. Secondly, it is a stomach and duodenal ulcer. Among other things, it is characterized by painful sensations, heartburn, and problems with digestion of food. An ulcer is formed when the gastrointestinal tract is damaged and the integrity of the tissue is damaged, and this can lead to life-threatening complications.

The third and most common gastrointestinal disease is colitis. Occurs under the influence of pathogenic bacteria, against the background of infection. It is localized in the intestinal mucosa and is inflammatory in nature. Nonspecific colitis causes ulcerative lesions, which cause peritonitis, intestinal bleeding, malignant tumors and obstruction.

Other diseases

Their list is huge. What gastrointestinal diseases are most common among patients? First of all, it is pancreatitis and dysbacteriosis. The first refers to inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, which is characterized by vomiting, nausea, indigestion and pain. The second is the consequences of changes in the natural state of the intestinal microflora, as a result of which its full functioning is disrupted, problems arise with the digestibility of food and its normal excretion from the body.

The most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include the following ailments: cholecystitis - inflammation of the gallbladder, which is accompanied by bitterness in the mouth, nausea, pain, problems with stool and dyspeptic symptoms; cirrhosis of the liver - a deadly disease in which large-scale damage to the cells of the organ occurs. Digestive diseases are also called hemorrhoids and appendicitis.

Clinical picture in children

Unfortunately, recently there has been an increase in cases of digestive pathologies in children. Gastrointestinal diseases in children occur due to several factors: poor environment, heredity and poor nutrition. As for the latter, it manifests itself in the uncontrolled consumption by minors of carbonated drinks, fast food products, and sweets that contain emulsifiers, dyes and preservatives. Doctors say that intestinal diseases in children most often manifest themselves at 5-6 and 9-11 years old. The clinical picture is as follows: the baby has a stomach ache, feels nauseous or vomits, and complains of diarrhea or constipation.

Even babies are not protected from illnesses. They often suffer from so-called colic. The reason is artificial feeding. Therefore, doctors never tire of insisting that breast milk is the best nutrition for the youngest children. It not only has a beneficial effect on the stomach, but also helps strengthen the immune system. An organism that receives sufficient amounts natural vitamins, microelements and antibodies from mother's milk, can also provide decent resistance to various bacteria that cause gastrointestinal tract diseases.

Intestinal diseases in children

Acute intestinal diseases of children are classified as a separate group of gastrointestinal diseases. These are salmonellosis and dysentery, which cause intoxication, dehydration and various dyspeptic disorders. Such symptoms are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization. Interestingly, it is children who most often suffer from intestinal infections. This is due to the fact that in babies the body’s defense mechanisms still work imperfectly. The reasons are also children’s ignorance of sanitary standards and the physiological characteristics of their gastrointestinal tract.

Acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can provoke a delay physical development, “kill” the immune system and cause a number of other serious complications and irreversible consequences. They are usually accompanied complete absence loss of appetite, fever, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The baby complains of weakness and fatigue, he is lethargic and lethargic. Such a child needs medical care: Antibacterial therapy is prescribed by a pediatric gastroenterologist.

Treatment

First you need to contact a specialized doctor - a gastroenterologist. Only after passing necessary tests and conducting examinations, he will make an accurate diagnosis. Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, its duration and intensity will depend on the specific disease, the form and stage of its development, the degree of neglect, and the general condition of the patient. Drug therapy is usually used, but in some cases surgical intervention is urgently required.

Tactics are selected individually. The following drugs are usually prescribed:

• Antacids - neutralize gastric juice.
• Alginates - normalize acidity.
• Prokinetics - stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
• Antispasmodics - relieve spasms of smooth muscles.
• Antibiotics and probiotics.
• Enterosorbents - against intoxication.
• Antimicrobial agents.
• Enzyme digestive preparations, etc.

In combination with drug treatment, traditional medicine is also used: infusions and decoctions of medicinal plants. For example, immortelle, nettle, yarrow, lemon balm. They are very effective, but you can only take them under the supervision of your doctor.

Diet for gastrointestinal diseases

All diseases from this series are so different that specific recommendations can be given only after a detailed study of the diagnosis. The diet is subject to adjustment in each individual case. But there are also general requirements for the patient’s diet. Firstly, you need to eat often - 6 times a day. Portions should not be large; it is best if the dish is rare or crushed. This way you won't overload your stomach and intestines. Secondly, the patient needs to drink 2 liters of water per day.

The diet for gastrointestinal diseases must be gentle. Preference should be given to souffles, purees, omelets, low-fat fish and meat broths. Fried, smoked, canned, pickled, salted - under strict ban. You should also give up various sauces, semi-finished products, seasonings and spices. It is also better to exclude vegetables that cause fermentation processes. These are all legumes, corn, peas, cabbage, turnips and radishes. Other vegetables must be thoroughly boiled or stewed. Food should be fresh and easy to digest. The more fiber in the diet and the less refined food, the better the gastrointestinal tract will function.

Prevention

First of all, it’s still the same balanced and proper nutrition. Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases includes the following measures: compliance with the rules of sanitary food preparation and personal hygiene. This way you will protect yourself and your family from intestinal infections. Eat only healthy products: vegetables, fruits, herbs, low-fat dairy products, fish and meat. Try to ensure that proteins, fats and carbohydrates are in the correct ratio in your daily diet.

Gastrointestinal diseases “love” passive people very much. Therefore, try to move more, play sports, and spend a lot of time outdoors. An excellent option would be swimming, light running, aerobics and even walking. Give up bad habits - they provoke disruptions in the functioning of the intestines and stomach. Try to protect yourself from stress, don’t be too nervous, take natural sedatives: valerian or motherwort. If the first alarming symptoms occur, consult a doctor immediately - this way you will avoid the progression of the disease and prevent it from becoming chronic, and, of course, achieve a complete recovery.