Interjections- Interjections are a class of unchangeable words that serve for the undifferentiated expression of emotional and emotionally volitional reactions to the surrounding reality. Interjections are neither a significant nor a functional part of speech. From significant words... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Interjections- – a class of unchangeable words that serve for the undifferentiated expression of emotional and emotionally volitional reactions to the surrounding reality. Many interjections originate from emotional exclamations and sounds accompanying... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media

Interjections

Interjections- 1. Interjections are separated or highlighted by commas if pronounced without exclamatory intonation, for example: Oh, send for the doctor! (Turgenev); Hey, you'll ruin yourself, don't indulge Thomas! (Dostoevsky); Chu, the cricket behind the stove began to crackle... chu,... ... A reference book on spelling and style

Interjections- a class of unchangeable words that serve for an undifferentiated and grammatically unformed expression of emotions and expressions of will. M. occupy an isolated position in the system of parts of speech. Unlike the service parts of speech, they are not involved in the expression... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

interjections- Words that express emotions, moods, volitional impulses, but do not name them: Oh! (delight) This is wonderful! Ah (sorry) how long it takes... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

interjections- An incomplete part of speech that expresses feelings, emotional impulses, appeals, but does not name them: Oh! (delight) This is wonderful! Ah (sorry) how long it takes...

interjections by structure- Morphologically indivisible, do not have forms of word formation and inflection. Simple non-derivative interjections: Ah! ABOUT! Well! Sometimes these complexes are repeated: oh oh, oh oh oh. The class of interjections is replenished by the transition to significant interjections... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

verbal interjections- Interjections formed from verbs. Often found in colloquial speech as an expression of its ellipticity, expressiveness: jump, skip, look... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

imperative interjections- (from Latin imperativus imperative) interjections see imperative interjections (interjection in the article) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

interjection analysis scheme- 1) a word in the text; 2) part of speech, categorical meaning; 3) interjection category by meaning: emotional/motivational; subcategory by meaning: expression of delight, disapproval, condemnation, ridicule, grief, melancholy, etc.; expression of call, command,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• Grammar of the Turkish language Phonetics morphology etymology semantics syntax spelling punctuation marks Volume 3 Function words postpositions conjunctions and particles interjections affixes sentence spelling rules punctuation marks, Genish E., This book presents the entire grammar of the modern Turkish language. The book was written based on fifteen years of experience teaching Turkish to Russian students. IN… Category: Other languages Buy for 415 RUR
• Interjections in speech, text and dictionary, Sharonov Igor Alekseevich, What is an interjection? What is its linguistic, semiotic and social status? What role does interjection play in oral communication and in literary texts? Attention in the book... Category: Linguistics and linguistics Publisher:

Interjections in German are also designated by the following terms: Ausrufewerter, Ausdrucksworter or Empfindungsworter.

Interjections are exclamations or words that convey feelings. They are used in conversations to convey feelings and emotions or to attract the attention of the interlocutor. In oral speech, such words can be heard quite often, but in writing they can only be found in fiction, comics and personal correspondence.

Depending on what exactly the speaker wants to convey, several types of interjections can be distinguished:

• interjections to express joy, regret, disgust, fear, pain, surprise: hurra,brr,auweh,oje, igitt, aua, echt
• onomatopoeia and words that act as a commentary on information or the current situation: hihi, haha,hatschi,rums,blub, bim, gong,clacks,boing,peng
• sounds made by animals and birds: grr, kikeriki,miau,muh, wow
• interjections that are used to attract attention also include those familiar to us na,ja,naja,okay and greetings: he, hallo, tschüs, ciao, servus.

Interjections refer to particles and, accordingly, do not change their shape. Most often they are found at the beginning of a sentence and are separated by a comma or semicolon. An interjection can also stand alone before the main phrase, in which case it is usually followed by an exclamation mark.

Examples of interjections:

Some interjections (for example, ach,ah,hm) display different emotions depending on the intonation with which they were said.

Words from other parts of speech can also become interjections:
Gesundheit!- Be healthy!
Verdammt!/Mensch!- Crap!
MeineGüte! – My God!

In comics, shortened verb forms are often used to convey sounds or emotions:
schnief, brüll, knarr, knutsch, seufz.

Creative tasks Game tasks

Photo: Nikolay Myasnikov / “Live Berlin”

The language system is not only grammar and words, it is also gestures, non-verbal communication and many, many emotions. On the one hand, emotional coloring perfectly sets off speech and gives a feeling of immersion in the language, on the other hand, interjections are not parts of a sentence, do not have grammatical forms and should not be combined with other words in a sentence, so you can express your feelings with them, practically without knowing the language .

Joy

Let's start with the pleasant things. In Russian, joy sounds like “Hurray!” or borrowed from the English “Yahoo”. The Germans have several such interjections at once: the same Hurra!(pronounce with aspiration and a slight accent), Jippi! And Juhu!

Often, out of joy, we also exclaim “Oh my God!”, which in German would sound like Ach du meine Güte!

Mockery

Where a Russian says, “Serves you right,” a German will hiss Ätsch. Other variations of laughter "ha-ha", "ho-ho", "hee-hee" are identical: Haha, Hoho, Hihi, except that in German you have to laugh louder.

Astonishment

"Yah?!" or a drawn-out “Yes-ah?” you will say when you are surprised by a mug of beer as a gift from the establishment. Echt? Oho!- the Germans will repeat when they bring them a free drink. Or they will exclaim Na so was!- meaning the good old “Well, well!”

Threat

Strictly speaking, the Russian cartoon-winged interjection “Well, wait a minute!” has long ceased to be a threat, but the truncated “Well!” may well sound intimidating. About the same as German Na or Oha, pronounced with emphasis.

Disappointment

Disgust

Expressing your “fi” in German is also not difficult, you just need to change a couple of letters. For example, the native “Fu” will sound like Pfui or Bäh, in case of emergency Igitt or Ihh.

Pain

It would seem that such a “biological” and internationally universal emotional trigger, but interjections on it differ in all languages. In Russian, as a rule, they “oikayut” or say “Au” (which is almost international), in German it will sound like Ausch or Aua.

Astonishment

In Russian people are surprised with “Wow” or simply “Oh-oh-oh”, translated into German it will sound playful O la la, Hoi or Uiih.

Onomatopoeia

Sounds in different languages ​​is a terribly interesting topic. Why do cats meow in German with a completely different accent, or why do objects “clank” or “fall” with a completely different sound?

It's simple: at the stage of the emergence of languages, people's speech was precisely an imitation of various sounds. Hearing the same sound, speakers of different languages ​​interpret it in their own way, which indicates the flexibility and elasticity of language systems. Therefore, keep in mind that if you suddenly forgot the German word for “pig” and decided to try to explain it with the help of sounds, nothing will work. In Germany, pigs do not grunt, but “oink”:

• Oink-oink - Oink-Oink
• Meow - Miau
• Woof - Wuff
• F-f-f- Summ
• Kukareku - Kikeriki
• Chick-chirp - Tirili
• Clink - Klirr
• Click - Schwups
• Squish-squish - Blubb-Blubb

Interjections in Germanare a special part of speech. They are used to express feelings and emotions without naming them.

Interjections add emotional coloring to speech. In German, like in any other language, there are many interjections that are used in colloquial speech. The use of interjections colors speech and makes it more lively.

hurra! - hooray! (joy, inspiration)
jippie! - hooray! (joy, inspiration)
juchhe! -hooray! (joy, elation)
juh(u)! - hurray! (joy, elation)
heisa! - hurray! (joy, inspiration)

hey! - gay! /Hey! (reassurance)
ah! ach! - ah! (pleasure)
aha! - aha! / that's how! /that's the problem! (guess, approval, agreement)
topp! - good enough!/okay! /aha! /deal! (consent, approval)
ätsch! - well, it serves it right!/ Serves you right! /aha! here you go!/ (mockery, gloating)
nanu! - yes well! /what are you doing! / really?! /here's another! (surprise or displeasure)

Haha! hähä! - ha-ha! (mockery, ridicule)
hoho! - ho-ho! (mockery, ridicule)
hehe! - hehe! (mockery, giggle)
hihi! - hi! hee! (mockery, giggle)
hoppla - hopla! (surprise, surprise)
oho! - Wow! (surprise, surprise)

Eht? - yes?!/ yes well?! (astonishment)
tja - yes indeed! (unpleasant surprise, skepticism)
hoha - well, wait a minute! (threat, indignation, anger)
na - well! /wait for it! (threat, indignation, anger)
hmm! - hm! (thought, doubt)
pfui - ugh! /Ugh! (disgust)
bäh - fi! (contempt, disgust)
igitt - ugh! /Ugh! (disgust, disgust)
äks - fie!/fu! (disgust, disgust)
huhu - hoo-hoo! / Ouch! (feeling cold or afraid)
hu - oh!/ wow!/ oh! /ugh! (disgust, horror)
brr - brr! (disgust or feeling cold)
au - oh! /ay! (bodily pain)
autsch - oh! / ah! (bodily pain)
aua - oh! /Oh! (bodily pain)

Ojemine - oh my God! (regret or heartache)
auweh - oh! / ah! /Alas! (regret or heartache)
oh weh - oh! /Oh! (mental pain)
o la la - ah! /Oh! (big surprise)
hoi, io - oh! /ooo! (joyful surprise)
oh, fine! - Wow! (joyful surprise)
oje - oh my god! (regret)

Herrje - my fathers! (regret, heartache)
Mahlzeit! - bon appetit!/ good health!/ hello! /Bye! (greeting, goodbye at lunchtime)
pst - be quiet!/ shhh! (call to calm down)
sch - shh! / quiet! /away!/ ugh! (a call to calm down a person or animal)
husch - alive! /march! (order, incentive)
hussa - fas!/atu! (order to grab given to dogs)
he - hey!/ gay! (encouraging, shouting)

Miau - meow! (onomatopoeia of animals, meowing of a cat)
summ - w-w-w! (onomatopoeia, insect buzzing)
kikeriki - crow! (onomatopoeia, rooster crow)
tirili - tra-la-la! (onomatopoeia, birdsong)
wuff - woof! (onomatopoeia, dog barking)
hatschi - apchi! (onomatopoeia, sneezing)
huah-a-a! (onomatopoeia, yawn)
ticktack - tick-tock (onomatopoeia, clock ticking)
bums - boom! (onomatopoeia, beat)
klirr - clang! (onomatopoeia, tinkling, rattling)
schwups - clap!/click!/grab! (flapping, snapping, grabbing)
blubb-blubb - squish-squelch! (onomatopoeia, squelching)

More a few examples:

My fathers! - Du meine Güte!,

Damn it! Thunder and lightning! - Donnerwetter!,

Here you go! - Da haben wir den Salat!,

Oh, I can't! - Ich werde Mutter!,

Fuck you! - Du kannst mich am Abend besuchen!,

We bet! - Jede Wette!,

Nothing like this! -Kein Bein!,

I was left in a daze! - Ich schieße in die Pilze

And one more helpful advice: If you hear “Fahr halt!”, it may confuse you, because fahren means to go, and halten means to stop. So what to do? Drive! Because halt in this case is a particle that means “same”:

Fahr halt! - Come on!

Halt! - Stop! (this is no longer a particle, but the imperative mood of the verb halten)

halt (Partikel, particle) - I suppose, I guess...

halten (Verb, verb) - stop, hold (and many more meanings).

Some interjections haveconstant defined value:

o weh! - oh!, alas!
hurra! - hooray!
bravo! - bravo!
hello! - Hello!
pst! - shh!, tsut!

Other interjections ambiguous , they can have different meanings in different situations:

ach! - ah!
oh! - Oh!
au! - ah!

Can be used as interjectionswords from other parts of speechor phrases:

Achtung! - Attention!
Um Himmels willen! - For God's sake!
Los! - Let's! Get started!
Zum Teufel! - Damn it!
Verdammt! - A curse!

Interjections also includeonomatopoeia:

hahaha! - ha-ha-ha!
toi, toi, toi! - ugh, ugh, ugh!
miau! - meow!
ticktack! - tick-tock!

Interjections can be non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivative interjections are understood as all kinds of exclamations of people, endowed with a certain meaning and serving to express will and express various emotions, for example: "Oh! – Ah!”, “Ugh! – Pfui!”, “Hey! - Ei!" etc. Derived interjections are understood as phrases, words and whole sentences with lost structural division and erased nominative function, for example: “My fathers! - Du meine Güte!”, “Damn it! Thunder and lightning! - Donnerwetter!”, “Here you go! “Da haben wir den Salat!”, “Oh, I can’t! – Ich werde Mutter!”, “Fuck you! – Du kannst mich am Abend besuchen!”, “I bet! – Jede Wette!”, “Nothing like that! – Kein Bein!”, “I was left in a precipitate! – Ich schieße in die Pilze”, etc.

Non-derivative interjections are overwhelmingly monosyllabic words that are not divided into morphemes, while derivatives retain connections with significant words, for example: “Just think! - Sieh mal an!”, “God! – Herrgott!”, “Damn! “Verdammt!” etc..

One of the most productive types of derivative interjections are denominative ones.

Both derivative and non-derivative interjections are equally characterized by the ability to express a volitional or emotional reaction of the face, morphological immutability and the ability to form statements independently. However, there are not only similarities between them, but also differences. Indefinite interjections appear in speech either as separate statements or as parts of sentences. In contrast, derived interjections are mostly separate statements, for example: "God bless! – Gott sei Dank!", "Verdammt! - Damn it! and so on.

Most non-derivative interjections depend entirely on context and have no explicit meaning, for example: “Ah! - Ach! “can express sadness, grief, complaint, surprise, embarrassment and many other feelings arising from the context. Among the derived interjections, on the contrary, there are a lot of units that have a specific meaning, which is associated with maintaining a connection with their original meaning.

The number of non-derivative interjections in speech is not particularly large, and the number of derivatives is constantly increasing due to the formation of new ones.

Derivative interjections can be classified as follows:

• Interjections formed from other parts of speech (nominative), for example: from nouns - “Oh heaven! - Himmel!”, “Oh God! – Gott”; from the verbs “Tell me! – Sieh mal an!”; from participles - “I don’t care! - Verflucht! “Damn it! – Verdammt!”; from adverbs - “Get away! – Weg!”, “Wow! - Allerhand"; from pronouns – “You! – Du!”; from prepositions and words with modal meaning - “Come on! – Auf!”, “Oh no! - Nein!

• Interjections can also represent entire idiomatic expressions, which are characterized by syntactic inseparability, for example: “Lord, help me! – Gott steh mir bei!”, “Here you go! “Da haben wir’s!” and so on. From a syntactic point of view, idiomatic interjections can exhibit a wide variety of sentence patterns, for example: “Say for mercy! “Mach mich nicht schwach!”, “You can’t say anything! - Alle Achtung!", "Damn you! “Der Teufel soll alles holen!” etc.